AD-RI55 64? FLEXIBLE SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS SIMULATOR(U) 1/3COMPUTER SCIENCES CORP FALLS CHURCH VA SYSTEMS DIVD F ARNAUD ET AL. 16 MAY 85 DCAIBB-7?-C-002B

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NAM Of a PERFORMING ORGANdIZATION W. OFFICE U'WIOL I&. NAME Of MONITORING ORGANIZATION

Computer Sciences Corp. II~~bi Defense Communications EngineeringI - Center

Se. ADDRESS Icily. 21"" ad ZIP CW60 7u. ADDRESS ICd.Sleir ond ZIP Cod.,,

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do. NAME Of FUNOftG/SPOftSOP1IMG OFFI$CE SYuMO&. 0. PROCUREMENT INoSTRUFAEL4T 01INTIFICATION NUMSER

ORGANIATIONContract DCAlO-77-C-0020* a. ADDRESS Iciy.SUN &*d ZIPC~ isifst. SOURCE 00 0 UNDIIG mOE.

PROGRAM PROJECT TASKC WORK UNITELEMEN1T POM NO. NtO. NtO.

11. T I T LE 1IaeIud. .SdeenfI C11IM 0119111116U ~FSCSS Phase III Final Report (U) ______~.

12. PeRSONA^L AUTHOWS)*Arnaud, Daniel F., Shattuck, James H.

1 3& TYPE Olt REPORT 131 TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF RAPORT D"!. 15.0., I PAGE COUNTFinal ~o.....Lj. o..Li 85/5/16 216

IS. SUPPLE MENTARY NOCTATIONd

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* This is a final report detailing the enhancements ~.o FSCSS made during*Phase III. It contains a description of the work performed and the acceptance

tests conducted to demonstrate the PSCSS enhancements. Test results arediscussed and analyzed.

* 0.DOS T AfUTIONAVASLAS.TYV OF AGSTOIACT St. ASTRACT ICUROTY CL.ASSIFICATION

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7: . . . . . . . . . . .

L

FLEXIBLE SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONSSYSTEMS SIMULATOR

PHASE III- FINAL REPORT

PREPARED FORTHE DEFENSE COMMUNICATIONS AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C.

* .. UNDER

CONTRACT OCAl 00-77-C-0020

MAY 1985

* **

SCINCO ORPRAIO

COMUTERSCITENCS CISONPRTO

TABLE OF CONTENTS

P Section 1- Introduction and Summary....................... 1-1

Section 2 - Reference Documents............................ 2-1

Section 3 - Description of Phase III Enhancements.......... 3-1

Ct Es................................. 3-13.2 Enhancements to the Input Process................. 3-133 Simulation Capabilities Enhancements .... .......... 3-2-.

3.3.1 Time Required for a Simulation.................... 3-23.2 Increased Range of Allowable Data Rates........... 3-23.3.3 Demodulator Signal-to-Noise Ratio Estimate ........ 3-23.3.4 Sample Rate Adjustment in Frequency Sample Filters 3-33.3.5 Time-Windowed Measurement Capability.............. 3-33.3.6 Output Process Enhancements....................... 3-43 4New Devices. ...................................... 3-4 "'

3.4.1 PN and PH Spreaders ............................... 3-43.4.2 Remodulation in a Satellite Elemento.............. 3-53.4.3 Convolutional and Block Interleavers............. 3-5

3.4.4 Convolutional and Block Deinterleavers........... 3-53' o34.5 Poles and Zeros Filter ............................ 3-5

- 3.4.6 Atmospheric Effects............................... 3-6*3o4.7 Soft-Decision Viterbi Decoding,...... .600......... 3-6

3.4.8 Phase Noise Generator........................... 3-63.4.9 Time Sample Storage and Reuse..................... 3-73.4.10 Nuclear Effects....... . . . .... *........ . .......... 3-73.5 Documentation Updates...,.... .................... 3-7

Section 4 - FSCSS Phase III Acceptance Tests.............. 4-1

4 .1 I n t r o d u c t i o n ........................o e o o~ 4 -14.2 PN and PH Spreaders and Despreaders (Test 2)...... 4-24.3 Poles and Zeros Filters (Test 3).................. 4-3

- 4.4 Block Interleavers (Test 4) ...................... 4-94.5 Synchronous Interleavers (Test 5)................. 4-94.6 Soft Decision Viterbi Decoding (Test 7)........... 4-94.7 MSK Soft Decision Decoding (Test 8)............... 4-104.8 Oscillator Phase Noise (Test 9) ................... 4-174.9 Remodulation (Test 10) 4....................... 4-224.10 Atmospheric Effects (Test 11) .................... 4-224.11 Nuclear Effects (Test 12) ........................ 4-254.12 MSK Modulators and Demodulators (Tests 7 & 8 of

Phase II) ....................................... 4-27

S.'Section 5 - Conclusions.................................... 5-1 .

" Appendix A -Acceptance Test Data Sheets.................... A-1

Appendix B - Acceptance Test Device Parameters............. B-1

"p%

~ -- :.:.:. : :: * --.-:-- --*. *: ---L._ -. .... .rol .. .. -'

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

V4-1 Narrowband BPSK Signal.o..................... 4-44-2 PH Spread Spectrum Signal...................0000090 4-44-3 DS Spread Spectrum Signal....................... 4-5

4-5 ITT for PHafter P-Z Fte........... 4-74-6 FFT for PH before P-Z Filter .......... .......000* 4-74-7 FFT for PN after P-Z Filter............ ........0400 4-84-8 CSER: PH hne................. 4-84-9 Block Diagram for Soft Decision Decoding Tests .... 4-114-10 Soft Decision Test PN-FH Spectrum..*.*..********. 4-134-11 Soft Decision Test PH Spectrum ....................6 4-134-12 Soft Decision Test DPSK Spectrum ..................0 4-144-13 Soft Decision Test 8FSK Spectrum......... ....00000 4-144-14 MSK Soft Decision Decoding Configuration.......... 4-154-15 Stored ..................... 4-164-16 Composite Spectrum..... o.00000000*0000000000000000 4-164-17 PLL Model and Measurement Pons......... 4-184-18 Phase Noise Testeut............. 4-21r4-19 CSER Measurement: Satellite Demodulator.oo.... . 4-234-20 CSER Measurement: Receive Earth Terminal

4-21 Demodulator.... ........ * . . .. . . . oosooo** 4-23 1

4-2 Atmospheric Effects Debugat. .... ..... 4-24*4-22 CIRF Amplitude Fading Plot6*0060000*0600*60....... 4-26

4-23 C.W. Test Spectrum before Nuclear Scintillation... 4-28U,4-24 CoW. Test Spectrum after Nuclear Scintillation.... 4-28

*4-25 BPSK I&Dnphase Voltage... 99600066060009606*006*0 4-29*4-26 BPSK I&D Quadrature Voltage,.......oo......*...... 4-30

4-27 BPSK Carrier Phase lt.............. 4-31L:

LIST OF TABLES

4-1 Results of Soft Decision Decoding Tests........... 4-124-2 Phase Noise Results. .o. . . ... .. .. ... .. o. ,. . . .. . 4-204-3 145K Thermal Noise Results.............. ......00000 4-32

*5-1 SATCOM Features Modeled by FSCSS.o..o.000000.... 5-2

-. . * *-." - - - -

SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY

V This FSCSS Phase III Final Report describes the work Lperformed during Phase III of Contract DCAl00-77-C-0020. The work

,. reported here includes the implementation of additional features

of the Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator* (FSCSS), the Phase III acceptance tests and the documentation of

the FSCSS Version 3.0 software.

" The work performed during Phase III falls into the following

" five categories:

. . Enhancements to the input process'

2 Addition of a color graphics capability;3 Enhancements to the output process,41 Simulation capabilities enhancements) &-

51 New devices. /The cain thru t of tne enhanements to th t process was V

to improve the user-friendliness of FSCSS. This consisted of '7'* simplifying the process of creating and editing devices, elements

and systems. A single edit command, rather than three separatecommands, is now used. In addition, new subcommands were added to

the element and system editing modes.

* A Tektronix color graphics terminal and printer were

purchased for FSCSS as part of the Phase III effort. Programs* were written that provide the capability to produce block diagrams

of elements and systems in the FSCSS data base. The capability to

plot tabular output data from the EFT and demodulator measurement

devices was also added.

" * Output was made into an independent process with its own data

I base. All output report processing is done at the FSCSS

. command/subcommand level, so the user no longer needs to use VAX. commands. A report definition subcommand has been added through

- which the user can select or deselect the printout of reports from

- -* 1-1C °

7 -r .7% . 7- - 7. 7 7 77.. . . .. T 7 - .- . . , - ,. -_ _ ' Z- . -7 .- r - -- .,--..-j ~ ~ - . %- . . - - . .

measurement devices activated during run parameter specification.

A plot subcommand is also available through which the user can

obtain high resolution plots of any activated FIT or any of eight

types of x-y plots for activated demodulator measurement devices.

Simulation capabilities enhancements were incorporated to

reduce simulation execution time, increase the range of allowable " '

data rates, extend the demodulator signal-to-noise ratio estimate

capability to all demodulators, adjust the sampling rate in

frequency sample filters so that all filter bandwidths are

allowable, and provide a time-window capability for all

measurement devices.

V-. New devices were added to FSCSS and several existing devices

were modified; namely:

1. PN and FH spreaders

2. Remodulation of signals demodulated in a satellite element

3. Synchronous and block interleavers

4. Synchronous and block deinterleavers

5. Poles and zeros filter .

6. Atmospheric effects update

7. Soft-decision decoding extension to additional modulation

schemes

8. Phase noise generator enhanced

9. Time sample storage and reuse

10. Nuclear effects

All these devices work except for minor problems in certain

modes of operation of the interleavers and atmospheric effects

devices. These will be analyzed and corrected during the main-

tenance phase of the contract. Problems left unresolved at the

end of Phase II (e.g., phase noise effects) have been corrected.

Section 2 lists the reference documents supporting this report.

Section 3 describes the work accomplished under FSCSS Phase III .>, ".

and summarizes the results of engineering testing and the

acceptance tests.

1.-

1-2.

section 4 presents and analyzes the results of the Phase III

Stage 2 acceptance tests performed in the period March 18, 1985 to

'UApril 1t 1985 and is supported by Appendix A, which contains the

data sheets filled out for each test and signed by witnessing DCEC

and CSC personnel. The FSCSS devices, elements and systems used

for all these tests are characterized in Appendix B.

II.Section 5 summarizes the state of FSCSS at the end of Phase

1-3

m 1r.'cr...,,- -V

SECTION 2 -REFERENCE DOCUMENTSI! C

This FSCSS Phase III Final Report is supported by the

following references:

1. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,

Phase 1A Final Report# 1 July 1979.

2. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,Phase II Interim Report, August 1983.

I -o p

3. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,Stage 2 Demo~nstration Plan, 8 July 1983.

4. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,

Demonstration 4 Report, August 1983.

5. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,

* ~* Demonstration 5 Report, March 1984.

6. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,

Phase II Final Report, March 1984.

7. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,

Phase III Communications Enhancement Design Plan,

November 1984.

8. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,

Nuclear Effects Code Interface Report, October 1984.

9. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,

-FO

Users Guide, March 1984.

10. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,

Standard Device Groups, March 1984.

11. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,

Maintenance Manual, March 1984.

2-1

12. Paul, H. and Kullstam, P., "Effects of Phase Noise and

Thermal Noise Upon Coherent PSK Demodulation .... ," Task

order 0208, Contract DCA1OO-73-C-00081 August 1974.

13. Gardner, F.M., "Phaselock Techniques," Wiley, 1966.

14. Kulistam, P.# "Comparison of Three Basic Methods to

Operate in Presence of Doppler Stress ...,'I Paper 74-438,-

AIAA 5th Communications Satellite Systems Conference,

April 1974.

15. Final Report on Increased Channel Bandwidth Study, CDRL

#A072, General Electric Company, March 1981.

16. Proakis, J.G., "Digital Communication," McGraw Hill, 1983. .

2-2

.. >.-" . ."" >" "_- ' .- '57" ';. _. 7. ." \.-....................-.-.... -.....-....-..-.-....-..-......" "q ,?._.- - r--

SECTION 3 - DESCRIPTION OF PHASE III ENHANCEMENTS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

During Phase III various enhancements were made to FSCSS.

The input and output processes were modified to provide improveduser-friendliness and great flexibility. The simulation process

was enhanced to reduce simulation run time and to provide expanded psimulation capabilities and results. New devices were added to

the modeling capabilities, and a color graphics system wasincorporated that provides the capability for higher resolution

.* plots of Fast Fourier transforms and x-y plots of demodulator .statistics. These enhancements are described in the following

paragraphs.

3.2 ENHANCEMENTS TO THE INPUT PROCESS

The FSCSS input process has been modified so that the singlecommand EDIT is used for device, element and system creation. It

is no longer necessary to use a different command (i.e., EDDY,

EDEL, and EDSV). The EDIT command operand specifies which editing .mode is to be entered. The element editing mode has also been

expanded to provide the capability to create new devices whileinserting or replacing devices.

A DRAW elements and systems command has been added thatproduces block diagrams on a color graphics terminal and printer.

. The screens have titles and subtitles, with system or elementdescriptor and the FSCSS entity name (e.g., SY45), respectively,as optional defaults. A default color scheme has been providedwhich the user can change using the graphics terminal function

keys. The DRAW capability has also been provided as a subcommand

in the element and system edit modes.

3-1...............

.. * * .. . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3 SIMULATION CAPABILITIES ENHANCEMENTS

3.3.1 Time Required for a Simulation -ow.

Simulation execution time is, among other things, a function

of array processor memory size and the number of calls to the

array processor. To reduce execution time, vector chaining of

array processor commands was incorporated where applicable.

Vector chaining reduces the number of calls to the array processor

by sending certain array processor operations as a group in one

call. In particular, this reduces the processing time of filters

by a factor of two to four.

3.3.2 Increased Range of Allowable Data Rates

The FSCSS global sampling frequency is determined by the

number of carriers included in a simulation, the bandwidth of

- these and the data rates. In turn, symbol rate divided by

sampling frequency determines the number of samples per channel

*[ symbol. For the highest data rate in a configuration, this number

must be at least equal to the minimum number of samples per symbol

specified in the run parameters. For a lower data rate this

number would be higher. In the Phase II FSCSS (Version 2.0),

there was an upper limit on the number of samples per channel

symbol. This limited the lowest data rate that could be

. simulated. The limit has been removed so that any data rate can

be simulated.

3.3.3 Demodulator Signal-to-Noise Ratio Estimate

FSCSS contains a capability within the demodulator

measurement device to estimate symbol error rate based on the

signals at the detector output. This device calculates a running

average of what might be termed the instantaneous error rate. At

the end of a simulation, it produces a demodulator performance

curve based on the addition of extra thermal noise to whatever

- degradation was present during the simulation. The algorithm used

is not valid for other than white Gaussian noise interference. It

3-2

- -

.* .-. .-..

does, however, produce a reasonable performance estimate in ashort simulation time (five or ten sample blocks). In contrast,the accurate measurement technique is to count bit errors, whichmay take many days of simulation time for an error rate of 1 in10,000.

An additional capability to estimate signal and "noise" levelat the demodulator input was implemented in all demodulators Lexcept APSK. The new algorithm bases these estimates on the mean

and variance of the demodulator output signals. The agreement"- with measured bit error rates is much better with this new

algorithm than with the old. For comparison, both old and new L* results are provided in the FSCSS "CSER" output.

* 3.3.4 Sample Rate Adjustment in Frequency Sample Filters

The FSCSS model for frequency sample (FS) filters is a finite

impulse response algorithm. The user's 30 or fewer frequency. domain points are extended across the full simulation bandwidth,

and a z-transform is calculated. Storage is provided for only 500points, which unrealistically limits the allowable lower bandwidth

of the filter if the simulation bandwidth is high. To remedy this

situation, a down-sampling technique has been incorporated. Thesampling rate at the input to the filter is reduced by factors oftwo until it is just greater than the global sampling frequency

"" (Fs) divided by four times the filter's 3-dB bandwidth

(Fs/4B). This guarantees that the number of impulse response

samples is 500 or less. The sampling rate is restored at thefilter output by duplicating samples as necessary.

3.3.5 Time-Windowed Measurement Capability

All FSCSS measurement devices have been modified to providetime windows. Output reports may be produced for each window and

. for the entire simulation. Power meters can have up to ten

. windows, and the other measurement devices can have two.

3-3

O~~~~~...... ...........°.,.-..°.°°..........o.....o.....o..... °. .. . . . . -o. . -•"

.... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .. .. .. " . .. .. . •. ... ....... ....... . ... . . . .. .

Ii3.3.6 Output Process Enhancements

The FSCSS output process has been reorganized so that all

reports and plots are generated using FSCSS commands, rather than

VAX command language. Upon completion, suspension or cancellation

of a run, output data is automatically stored in the output data

base labeled with a unique FSCSS run identifier. Using the OUTPUT

command, the user can custom tailor the output reports to be.:.

printed or obtain reports for all measurement devices activated

for that simulation. FSCSS diagnostic messages for the simulation . -*'

can also be displayed.

Graphical output of the FFT and demodulator reports are

obtained through the color graphics terminal and its associated -.- ,

printer. A plot definition subcommand is provided that allows the

user to change plot colors, grid lines, title, and subtitle.

Additionally, the frequency range of FFT plots can be varied to

allow focusing on particular areas of the spectrum.

The nine types of plots that have been provided are:

1. FFT

2. Computed symbol error rate

3. Inphase channel voltage

4. Quadrature channel voltage

5. Symbol phase versus symbol count6. Carrier phase versus symbol count

7. Phase error versus symbol count

8. Frequency estimate versus symbol count

9. Frequency rate estimate versus symbol count.

3.4 NEW DEVICES

* 3.4.1 PN and FH Spreaders

Pseudonoise (PN) and frequency hopping (FH) spreader devices

. were added that provide the capability to spread previously

'. modulated signals. In the case of FH, orthogonal hopping was

3-4

....................................... . "

added as an option in the spreader and despreader. In addition,

the orthogonal hopping option was added to all FH and PN/FH

5modulators and demodulators.3.4.2 Remodulation in a Satellite Element

The capability to remodulate a signal demodulated in a

satellite element was incorporated. All modulators were modified*to accept data bits output by demodulators, decoders and bit error

rate counters.

- 3.4.3 Convolutional and Block Interleavers

Convolutional and block encoders capable of bit and symbol

interleaving were added to FSCSS to operate with FSK modulators

and demodulators. The block interleavers also have a block

repetition option for up to 15 repetitions.

3.4.4 Convolutional and Block Deinterleavers

Convolutional and block decoders capable of bit and symbol

deinterleaving for hard or soft decision decoding have been added

to FSCSS. The FSK demodulator device was modified to output

symbols or symbol voltages (for soft-decision decoding) which are

passed on to the deinterleaver. For alphabet sizes greater than

two, a symbol-to-bit converter must be used after the

deinterleaver to convert the symbols to bits or bit voltages.

3.4.5 Poles and Zeros Filter

A poles and zeros filter device was added to model arbitrary

filters and, in particular, elliptic filters. The poles and zeros* are input by the user. The poles and zeros device uses these

" input values to calculate a residue for each of the pole

locations. An existing FSCSS routine then uses the poles and

residues to generate the recursive filter algorithm parametersthat model the filter.

3-5* * * .- .. . . ............-. --

. . . ..". -- - "r.*- ?.* ..

3.4.6 Atmospheric Effects

The atmospheric effects algorithms in FSCSS were updated withnewer, more refined models. in particular, the rain attenuation

model was changed. The new one includes depolarization losses in

the rain attenuation calculation. An algorithm was also added to

model the interference effects between links using orthogonally

polarized antennas for frequency reuse. The atmospheric

absorption model was changed to the new CCITT accepted model.

Lastly, the atmospheric absorption, cloud attenuation, and rainattenuation algorithms were modified to accept elevation angles of

less than six degrees.

3.4.7 Soft-Decision Viterbi Decoding

Soft-decision Viterbi decoding has been extended to DPSK,

M-FSK, FH, PN/FH and MSK modulated signals. Briefly, the task* consisted of modifying the demodulators to provide detector output

"* voltages, and adding a symbol-to-bit converter device for 4-, 8- ..* and 16-FSK. The function of the symbol-to-bit converter is to

determine the most likely received symbol and then assign thedemodulator output voltage to each of the bits of that symbol. . -

.- The Viterbi algorithm decoder then performs soft-decision decoding" on the bits.

3.4.8 Phase Noise Generator

The frequency translator phase noise generator was modified

to accept up to 50 spectral points. In addition, an option has

been provided whereby the user can enter the phase noise power

spectrum coefficients (H.) instead of the frequency samples,

where the spectrum is given by

2 3S(f) - H0 + Hl/f + H2/f + H3 /f3.

In this latter case, FSCSS calculates the 50 samples from the :--

coefficients. The greater number of samples allows for a more ..

3-6

................... . .. ..-. . * .* . . . . . . . . . .

- *.A . . *

S,-accurate representation of the spectrum both within and outside

the bandwidth of a demodulator phase lock loop.

3.4.9 Time Sample Storage and Reuse

A device (KEEPSAMPLES) was added to FSCSS to save time

samples of a composite signal in a disk file. In addition, the

noise source device was expanded to accept external noise files.

The saved samples can then be reused in simulations as noise

sources -- signals not to be demodulated.

3.4.10 Nuclear Effects

An algorithm that models ionospheric scintillation

disturbances caused by high-altitude nuclear detonations has been

added to the FSCSS Propagation Anomalies device. The model,

described in Reference 8, is based on L. Wittwer's Channel Impulse "

Response Function (CIRF).

3.5 DOCUMENTATION UPDATES

As part of the Phase III effort, the FSCSS User's Manual and

the FSCSS Maintenance Manual were updated to reflect the newdevices and enhancements. Final versions of the manuals were

delivered in April 1985.

1'

" -. 3-7

S. . .''. .* . % %

* ***.-.. 3 - -'-'

_ ."*iQ':,-

SECTION 4 - FSCSS PHASE III ACCEPTANCE TE 'S

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This section describes the Phase III acceptance tests

designed to demonstrate the correct operation of the Phase III

enhancements as described in Reference 7. The tests fall into

eight categories:

Spreaders and Despreaders

". Poles and Zeros Filters

- Block and Synchronous Interleavers

. - Soft Decision Viterbi Decoding for KSK, DPSK, FSK, FH and

- Phase Noise Enhancements

- Storage and Reuse of Signal Samples- Atmospheric Effects

.-." - Nuclear Effects

- Execution Time Reduction

The input, output and simulation capabilities enhancements were

demonstrated during the process of running the acceptance tests,

2 - rather than as separate tests. In particular, the plottingroutines were used routinely in most tests to show FFT plots and

demodulator performance. Element and system block diagrams

--obtained through the graphics terminal were used to illustrate the

S.. configurations being tested.

The following paragraphs present and analyze the results for.* all tests performed. Appendix A contains the test worksheets

. showing the configurations and the results. Each test sheet shows

* a block diagram, the major device parameters and how the required

operating point was set. Appendix B contains device parameter

sheets for each test configuration and includes block diagrams

obtained using the DRAW command.

o .".. -" ~4 -1 -..<..

-a ;<:

Two proposed tests were not run: one to demonstrate

execution time speedup (Test 1), and the other to demonstrate

synchronous interleaving/deinterleaving of a convolutionally

encoded/soft-decision decoded data stream using FSK modulation

(Test 6).

Test 1 was to consist of a rerun of the DEMO 5 system

(Reference 5), which contains many vector chained devices (e.g.,

filters and limiters). Execution times measured for various

phases of the run (device initialization and presimulation) wouldthen be compared to times documented in Reference 5. Unfortu-

nately, time did not permit reconstruction of this complex

demonstration system; and another suitably benchmarked system was

not available for comparison. However, based upon results of

early tests of vector chained devices, execution times are notably

faster, particularly in connection with filter devices. A

three-to-one speedup was measured for a filter intensive

configuration.

Test 6 was not run because of problems encountered in using

interleavers with other encoders and decoders. Instead, soft-

decision Viterbi algorithm decoding of FSK modulated signals was

included as part of Test 7 (7D) in which soft-decision decoding 'was demonstrated for various modulation schemes.

4.2 PN AND PH SPREADERS AND DESPREADERS (TEST 2)

This test is intended to validate the simulation of PN and PH

spreaders and despreaders. A BPSK waveform was used as the

narrowband signal to be spread. This signal was then frequency

hopped (spread) and direct sequence spread in the same transmit

element using parallel transmission paths. Then, these waveforms

were despread before being demodulated. A perfect, phase-coherent

carrier reference was used, achieved by acquiring the referencera

using a noiseless preamble in the device initialization phase and

then using a very narrow tracking loop bandwidth in the simulation

phase.

4-2

., ... ** * - *

* . . . . . . . .o- .- '- -

--:. The results of this test can be found on page A-1. The FFT

measurements taken before spreading and after FH and DS spreading

can be found in Figures 4-1 through 4-3. Figure 4-4 gives the

CSER calculation for the PN demodulator. These figures show thatFSCSS is accurately modeling both PN and FH spreaders. The spread

spectrum bandwidth for both types of spreaders is as expected. It

is proportional to the baseband bandwidth hopped over the number

of cells specified for the PH spreader and to the chipping rate in

the PN case. The FH spreader hopping cells were intentionally

* . chosen wider than necessary so that the hopping of the BPSK signal

would be clearly visible. Demodulation of the BPSK signals after

"1 '" despreading yielded the expected 0 bit error rates, indicating

that the spreaders introduced no performance degradation and,"* thus, operate correctly.

S4.3 POLES AND ZEROS FILTERS (TEST 3)

This test is intended to verify the operation of the FSCSS

poles and zeros filter. This filter allows one to model an

arbitrary filter by specifying normalized pole and zero locations,

a 3-dB bandwidth, and the center frequency.

In order to verify correct operation of the filter, a poles

and zeros (P-Z) filter was inserted into the wideband portion of

the PN channel used in the previous test. This filter was modeled

using pole and zero locations obtained from Reference 15, Case

#211, and a 3-dB bandwidth such that all but the main lobe of the

PN signal would be filtered out.

The results of this test can be found on page A-2. Figures

4-5 through 4-7 show the FFT plots, and Figure 4-8 shows the CSERmeasurements for the PN-channel BPSK demodulator.

Based on the above graphical output, there seems to be little

doubt that FSCSS is accurately modeling P-Z filters. The rolloff

and bandwidth of the filter agree with the general shape of the

filter specified in the Reference 15.

"' - 4-3

"..

B-4SK UITH S'YMOL INPUT AND SOFT DECISION DECODINGZ

SIYB, XTS,1 IKI

S

.R.............T .........

L

..35.. .... .... .... ...... .. .... ...

d -4

7925.0"6 MEMO66 2679.91

MAX POLER: -8.91 dBU eq my(z

TOT POLERs -0.53 dBU FSCSS RUN IDENTIFIER SOGBOM6

Figur,- 4-1. Narrowband BPSK Signal

349SK U1714 S"MO INUJT AND SOFT DECISION DEC00DING

SY6, XT39, 2803

S

P L.T -I ....... ..R

L -

P..2.......6... . ... ................

UE ~ .... ..... 4. .......... ......................

R

d

wlsae 2rq .weI~ 8679.96

MXPOLER: -12.92 dBUTO POWR s -8.5S3 dSIJ FSCSS RUN IDENTIFIER - S66BO66

Figure 4-2. FH Spread Spectrum Signal

4-4 -

B-4SK UIrTN S"vOL INPUT AND SOFT DECISION DECOING

SY, Xra, 1 K3

S

PECT -iRA .... .. . ....... ... .....L

E -as

R

d

MAX POWE: -24.84 AIU Freque.V (M19z)

TOT POLER i -0.63 dBU FSCSS inJ IDENTIFIER :SGBOMS

Figure 4-3. DS Spread Spectrum Signal

4-5

r F.

*DEMD - DA9 -- ACCEPT TEST 2: Ph AND FN ON OPSK NO NOISE

5Y6, XT89, 20C6

I SE S CSER

........ ........... . .......y i. . . . ... ... ...... ..........

a 18E-2.... ..... .. -- ----- ....... .......----

0

I ER ISE-4 .. +...... 4 .

R0 ~ ..... ..... V,.......... ...... t.............

R

A eES . .................~

T7 19E - .......

E

a 2 4 6 8 18 12 14 16 Is 88Es/lb (db)

FSCSS RUN IDENTIFIER - MOMS88

Figure 4-4(a). CSER Output

DEMD DAM5 - ACCEPT TEST 2: PH AND FM ON BPSK NO NOISE 4SYS, xT39, lace

1K 9 CSER

s . . . . . THEORY

B 1K-1...... ..... . ........... .....

0

E

R 1K-4 ------.....

A l.E.... ....A

........ -l................ ..........

IK-g .L J. .8 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 a8

Es/MO (db)

FSCSS RUN IDENTIFIER SOBU Li

Figure 4-4(b). CSER Output

4-6

2.

FrT - 31 - ACCEPT TEST 3 POLES AND EROS FILTER.

5SiU, XTI09, 28C5

SP -10

R ..... .... . ... ........... ...

A

L9 S -e.s - .. ..... ... 9........ ......

P ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ rqec -3(--t.. ... ... . .... ...z........)...

-3S9ER -.....9 d........r...... .........TOE OE:-.6dUVCS l DNIIR5880

R ~ Fgr .- 5 FF for.. ..... afe P-Z... Filter.. ... .................

TOT - CCP TS POER POLS AN ERUN F0IER . S@

SY60, XT10, 1803

E 0-

TR 28 - .. ... ..... .. ..

AL -25............. .. ...

P -36 .... * .......... --- ...............

ER -40 ----- . . . . ..... ... ... ... ... - ......

d - ---.. . . .. . -------- ----.................. ...

Frequency (M1z.)MAX POLEP: -22.27 dBLJSTOT POWER- -0l.69 dBLS FSCSS RUM IDENTIFIER SGOB0885

vFigure 4-6. FFT for PN before P-Z Filter

4-7

I R..* t.. 97- - - - --!

FTT - -- ACCEPT TEST 3 POLES AND EROS FILTER.

SY60, XT16S, 1BCS

8 . ........

T

A ~ -20 ..

L-38 . . :. .. . . ........

P-30. ..... . ... ... ... ... ... ... ..........

E

Fr-equency~ (M11z)MAX< POIER: -22.34 dBUTOT POLER: -1-20 dRU. FSCSS RUM IDENTIF IER SGeB@005

Figure 4-7. FFT for PN after P-Z Filter

DE1I)D - DA152 -- ACCEPT TEST g POLES AND 2EPOS FILTEP.

SY60, XT169, 18C8

S THEORY

0L

10 - ...... :........... ........ *... .....-........... ...

R 0 - ..... .......... :...... ........... ...............

0 1 0 E -9; . ........... ........... ..... .. . ... .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..

E

10E-9 - _______

8 2 4 '3 8 10 12 14 16 18 28E3/No (db)

FSCFS RUM IDENTIFIEP S60BOO05

Figure 4-8. CSER: PN Channel

4-8

4.4 BLOCK INTERLEAVERS (TEST 4)

The purpose of this set of tests is to verify the operation

Iof the block interleavers with both bit and symbol inputs.

Unfortunately, as discussed in Section 3, the block interleaver is

not currently accepting symbol inputs. This situation will be

corrected during the FSCSS maintenance phase.

P, The bit-input block interleaver test results are shown on

page A-3. A small interleaver size (8x32) was chosen to minimize

* the FSCSS run time. The test configuration contained two Bit" Error Rate (BER) counters -- one associated with the interleaver

and one with the data source. Thus, the error rate out of the

' demodulator (due to the channel) could be verified as well as the

error rate (end-to-end) of the entire configuration. The 0 BER

measured in both cases indicates that the FSCSS block interleaveris working correctly for bit inputs and outputs (hard decision). L

-.: 4.5 SYNCHRONOUS INTERLEAVERS (TEST 5)

The purpose of this set of tests is to verify the operation

of the FSCSS synchronous interleaver. Again, a problem was

uncovered with the use of symbols as input to the interleaver;therefore, only the bit (hard decision) test was run.

The results of this test can be found on page A-4. As with

the block interleaver, two separate BER counters were used to

verify the operation of the interleaver. The 0 Bit Error Rates

measured at both locations indicate that the synchronous

interleaver is performing as expected.

4.6 SOFT DECISION VITERBI DECODING (TEST 7)

This set of tests is intended to verify that the FH, PN-FH,

- DPSK and 8-FSK modems in FSCSS are now capable of passing

* soft-decision metrics to the Viterbi algorithm decoders.

4-9

L°° -

< '.i'-

Figure 4-9 shows the general test configuration used for this

set of tests. The 8-FSK configuration is different in that: (1)

a bit-to-symbol converter precedes the modulator to demonstrate -4symbol inputs to the modulator; and (2) a symbol-to-bit converter

is used after the demodulator to convert the demodulator output

symbol voltages to soft bits for use by the Viterbi algorithm -. ,"

decoder.

Test sheets and results are presented in pages A-5 through

A-8. A summary of the test results is contained in Table 4-1 and

FFT plots of the signal spectra are shown in Figures 4-10 through

4-13.

The Viterbi algorithm decoder was tested thoroughly during

the Phase II acceptance tests. The intent of this set of tests is

to demonstrate that the demodulators in question were correctly

modified to pass soft bits (i.e., demodulator output voltages) to

the Viterbi algorithm decoder. If this information is not passed

correctly, decoding errors would be expected, even in the absenceof thermal noise. The fact that no bit errors were detected

indicates that the demodulators and symbol-to-bit converter are .

operating correctly.

4.7 MSK SOFT DECISION DECODING (TEST 8)

This test is intended to demonstrate two capabilities:

soft-decision decoding for MSK demodulators, and the storage and

reuse of time samples.

The test setup is shown in Figure 4-14. The DPSK, PN-FH and

FH modulators used in the preceding set of tests were configured

into a transmit earth terminal. The resulting composite signal

was then transmitted to a satellite which contained a "Keep

Samples" device. The resulting stored samples were then reused

("regenerated") in conjunction with an MSK signal.

The results of these tests are shown on page A-9. Figures

4-15 and 4-16 show the FFTs taken minus and with the MSK

waveform. In order to simplify our testing, a "notch" was created

4-10

-..-.... ~J.-.._. *. ~- o-.* * *- °.- .

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p.

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444

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V4 1

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FFT - -- TEST PC(--FH SOFT DEC ISUN DEC00 1NGS

SY9, xT53. IF&&

7 -1R

L

d

-5 .. .......

FrMquencU t

TOT PO.C -. 15 d~ FSCSS iRN IDENTIFIER £8968885

Figure 4-10. Soft Decision Test PN-FH Spectrum

FFT - 7t-- TEST FM SOFT DECISIONS

SY?, XT57. IFB6

P -2

0 3

E

7986.889.8 7946.85FrequencU (M1z'

MA~X POLER: -13.44 dBULTOT POLIER% -8. 83 dBU FSCSS RUM4 IDENTIFIER -SOTE8885

Figure 4-11. Soft Decision Test FH Spectrum

4-13

EFT - ~ - TEST OF DPSK 9OFT DECISION DECODING.

SYIS, XT9S, 1AB5

C-is5 ~ .

RA . ......

L

P0 - ..... .. .. ......... .... ..

E 5. .... 4 ........... 5................ ...... .....4 .....

R

-4 .. . ..... 1........ ... .. ......

8936.M8 289 98243.996Frequenmy (114z)

MAX POWER- -19.64 dBUTOT POW.ERt -6.16S dBU VSCSS BRM IDENTIFIER SIBOMI

Figure 4-12. Soft Decision Test DPSK Spectrum

R-FSC U17 SWO. INPUT ANO SOFT DECISION DECODING

SYS, XT25, ADS

P

RA ..............L

P0 -36 .................................U.

S.... . . ..... ..... ......

R

d ~8-4 ... .......j......4......... 4 .......... S

69.788 7e.888 70.3M6Frequenty (1hz)

MAX POWER: -14.M dBUTOT POWSEt 8.88 dBu FSCGG RUN IOENTMEIR -S65CBM8

Figure 4-13. Soft Decision Test 8FSK Spectrum

4-14

dp;.

-- o

LI i o...

-- 4

* .,- ..0.

I VL

-- ml • i

I. \ .-4.

I I

i-ip --.'-'.

4-1-"-- - -I... .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-Ii :I.... - '- -'- ... -'- . .' ,. .','-'. ........ ,.',',"..... '' .... ... 0. .-.-... . .. ,. ".'.-.".. . . . .,-,-,-.-.. . ,

.1-o

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SYl2, SA9e, iC -

S S J

E ¢ -15 . ...... .- ..... . .. .. "........ -.. . ....... ........ :. .. ..... .. ..... .....- . .

T S -a _ ---- --- ..... -... ---- -.. - .---------.--. ...R

L

-49 _ -----......- 4-- ....-. 4 .... -t--. . .-... ... . .....E

i , :: 'L.?

B 114 T ..... "

W.M" 7953.666 e49.818Frequency (MHz)

MRX POER: -17.66 dBUTOT POLERt -9.96 dBU FSCSS Ri IMEIITIFER S12ROM3

Figure 4-15. Stored Spectrum

FFT - "r- TEST SAM "S .ES ON SrT DECISM.. .

SY39, RV1U, 1A3' '.

-... ...... ... .... ...SP -to l. . .

E -15 . . ... ............. . ........ ........ ........ ....... ...... .........

R '°

A i.

L

PE ....... ..... ...... ...... ........

d 6.. ............. ........... ......... .. ........ :....... - - ..

.... . .7953. M s849.8 18'

Frequenc (MlHz)MX POtR -19.43 di" -TOT POLItRt -11.46 dU FSCSS RUN DEHINI£ R S3@JSOS7

Figure 4-16. Composite Spectrum

4-16

q ~ ~ . . . .* -, * *** .° :o..°S.

t7

in the spectrum to be stored by making the transmit filters have a

very sharp cutoff. Due to the absence of thermal noise or

adjacent channel interference in this notch, the demodulated MSK

*, signal had a 0 BER, as expected.

- -: 4.8 OSCILLATOR PHASE NOISE (TEST 9)

The purpose of this test is to verify the operation of the

FSCSS oscillator phase noise model. This model has been revised

to allow for a more realistic number of points (50) to specify the

spectral characteristics of the oscillator phase noise. A

capability has also been added that allows the user to specify

coefficients of the phase characteristic and to have FSCSS

calculate the 50 sample points.

- Phase and thermal noise degradations are measured indirectly

*by using the demodulator statistics measurements in FSCSS. The

effect of the thermal noise which passes through the loop filter

and subsequently perturbs the local oscillator is measured at the

output of the local oscillator. It is given by the variance of

.U oscillator phase. The degradation due to the oscillator phase

noise which is not cancelled out by the loop filter is measured at

the phase lock loop (PLL) and is given by the variance of PLL

error. A PLL model showing the measurement points is given in

Figure 4-17.

The procedure followed was to measure each degradation

separately in the absence of the other and then compare the

results with those given in Reference 12. The results of these

- - tests are shown on page A-10. There was very good agreement in

the thermal noise portion of the runs--within 0.4 dB of the value

given in Reference 12. The phase portion of the results, however,

%him was about 4 dB low according to the reference. A study was

undertaken to determine the cause of the discrepancy. The PLL

bandwidth was varied + 2 Hz from the optimum of 10.89 Hz and the

thermal and phase noise tests repeated. The results of this

4-17

.................................................. ..1 °' - ' ," " ° "- ' " ' " ","-°,° *.***.*.%" •" * .** °: *° * .° * ."....*- - .- ..

LOCALOSCILLATO

VACOFOSCILLATOR

SIGNAL LO

+ H (w)

V zARIA.NCE OF PLL ERROR

Figure 4-17. PLL Model and Measurement Points

4-18

"- investigation are given in Table 4-2. A set of calculations of

the expected thermal and phase noise variance for an ideal

(*square" transfer function) loop filter were made and are also-. given in Table 4-2. Both calculated and measured results are _

given graphically in Figure 4-18.

As can be seen, the thermal noise measurements are

consistently about 0.8 dB above the calculated values. This isdue to the fact that the loop filter is not ideal. The noise -.-

equivalent bandwidth seems to be about 1.1 times the nominalbandwidth which is consistent with Figure 3-2 of Reference 12.

Thus, the thermal noise portion of the results tends to confirm

* . the results of Phase II Acceptance Tests (Reference 6) - the FSCSSphase lock loop implementation is working correctly.

j r The phase noise results of Figure 4-18 tell a lot about thenature of the problem. Firstly, the slope of the calculated and

" measured curves are the same, indicating that the spectral shape

of the phase noise is correct. Since the spectrum of the phase

increases sharply with falling frequency, one expects considerably

more power through the real PLL filter than through an ideal

. square filter. From the filter shape given in 3-2 of Reference

' - 12, one would expect roughly 6 dB more power through the real

filter than through a square filter. The measurement indicates

only 3 dB more. The results of this acceptance test and of thesefurther exploratory tests are therefore consistent. The FSCSS

phase noise process is correct except for a -3 dB constant

multiplier.

An examination of the FSCSS FREQTR module, which implementsthe phase noise generation, revealed that an error was introduced

in the code during the process of removing extraneous diagnostic

code used to find outstanding problems from Phase II. The input

noise process had been made real rather than complex by setting

" the imaginary part to zero. This, of course, results in the 3 dBreduction in power.

4-19

.: o.. ' . ,o " . .OO= •Oo •. . °- ° ° . .- o - * . - . - . - . ° . o , . . •. . . . . .

f% v%-, 7.- rr'

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4-20

-12 - --- .- I-.

-MEASURED .** -

-16 -

-1 -- 7

-A ASSUMING SQUARE PLL FILTER-i .7 _ _ __ _ _

S __ _- ----- _7__7

-18 _A -:.._ ..

p..7

-22

-24-4 S~: -zj* - PSENIE CALULAEDE£ '--d---- SUIGSURE PLFITD

-2 6HSM N 01 41

PLL Bandwidth in Hz

Figure 4-18. Phase Noise Test Results *9

4-21

I

This error was corrected and the expected 3 dB increase in

phase noise was measured. The correct result of this test is then2-18.1 dB (re 1 rad /Hz) measured versus -17.1 dB predicted by

Reference 12. This seems to be an excellent agreement in light of

the 2 Hz phase noise spectral line spacing used in the test.

4.9 REMODULATION (TEST 10)

The purpose of this test is to demonstrate the FSCSS

capability to demodulate and subsequently remodulate a signalonboard a satellite. In this test a noiseless, linear channel was

assumed since the essential point to be demonstrated is thecorrect passing of bits from the demodulator to the modulator for

remodulation.

A QPSK signal was used on the uplink and a differentially

encoded OQPSK was used on the downlink. The only losses were due . .

to free space. As expected, neither link had any bit errors. The

accompanying CSER plots (Figures 4-19 and 4-20), as well as adetailed analysis of the demodulator reports, indicate that FSCSS

is handling remodulation correctly. The results of these testsare shown on page A-11.

4.10 ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS (TEST 11)

These tests are intended to demonstrate that the

modifications to the atmospheric effects device operate correctly

on uplink and downlink paths. FSCSS was operated in the

interactive mode with debugging data switches turned on so that

the atmospheric effects calculations performed during thepresimulation phase could be observed and captured on the

Tektronix hard copy terminal, shown in Figure 4-21. Atmospheric

absorption, cloud attenuation, and rain attenuation values

obtained from Figure 4-21 were compared to hand calculations shown

in the test results on pages A-12 and A-13.

4-22

.......................

-

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REMO ACCEPTANCE TEST,GPSK TO OOPSK, I 1tPS, DIFF

SY89, SA93, 1RB3

1K8 - -CSER

S 8- THEORY

M.9 10E-e .........f....... -. . ... -----..... .. . ..... .....

0

R 9 -4 ... - .. . .. ..... ........ . ..... ... ~........ ...

....................... .......... .......... ..... .... .......... -----

E e-

a a 4 6 a is ia 14 16 18 20E5/ho (db)

FSCSS RUN IDIENTIFIER SMP

Figure 4-19. CSER Measurement: Satellite Demodulator

h REMOD ACCEPTANCE TEST,QPSK TO OQPSK, ltIPS, DIFF

5Y89, RV94, 1A64

i@EB 0CSER

THO-

L IBE- . ..............I....... .............. .... .-......

E

7 iE-S . .. ..

E

2 4 6 8 18 12 14 16 Is asEs/ho (db)

LFSCSS RU4 IDENTIF IER S9A8882

Figure 4-20. CSER Measurement:Receive Earth Terminal Demodulator

4-23

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Figure 4-21. Atmospheric Effects Debug Data

4-24

. .. . . . . . . . . .

Several minor problems were discovered during the test;

-" namely:

1. Atmospheric absorption - interpolation for water vapor W-4

3densities between 0 and 7.5 gm/m is not done correctly.

2. Downlink paths - the satellite's elevation angle is used

for the calculations instead of the receive earth

terminal's.

3. Cross-polarization - the rain model attenuation

calculation includes the effects of signal

depolarization, but the cross-polarization loss is being

added separately.

These problems will be corrected during the maintenance phase of

. the contract.

4.11 NUCLEAR EFFECTS (TEST 12)

S.-. This set of tests is intended to verify that the FSCSS

.. nuclear effects enhancement to the propagation anomalies device is

"a working correctly.

The Channel Impulse Response Function (CIRF) (Reference 8),

" "" which is the heart of the nuclear effects device, has been tested - -

' " off-line and verified to be working properly (Figure 4-22). Thisprogram was then integrated into the FSCSS environment fortesting. The CIRF function has been implemented essentially

"° directly from Reference 8. The original program generates 2048" . samples, which, given the signal decorrelation time (o 0),

determines the time interval spanned by the sequence. For FSCSSruns longer than that time span, multiple calls to the CIRF

routine are required. A modification was made to the CIRF routine

to provide a smooth transition between 2048-sample sequences.

Two separate tests were run to demonstrate operation of the

CIRF routine: a CW carrier test and a BPSK test. The re3ults of

these tests can be found on pages A-14 and A-15. In both cases,.' values were chosen for the nuclear effects device which seemed

L

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-......- .

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........ ;........ ." ....... "......... ........- ~ ' ' " ' . .:,

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.................. ........ :........ -. .........

L.... •. . .... ........... ....... J ......... | -> '

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.........a .o "

................... ........ ., .

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• r

- = :- I _ _ - -

"-'-.... ........ ..... ........

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4-26 4

.' : ,-3 0, , . , , .V -

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flag J E I-=) .

4-2 i,? ,..[3':

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- -- - - - - - - -. .

reasonable but which do not correspond to any particular

scenario: low absorption, small decorrelation times, and large

frequency selective bandwidths.

The results for the CW case are shown in Figures 4-23 and

4-24. Note that the signals have been "smeared", indicating that

phase perturbations exist on the channel giving the appearance ofa phase modulated waveform.

In the BPSK case we note that the inphase I&D voltage (Figure

*-. 4-25) now has a slowly (relative to the data rate) changing ..-* envelope. The quadrature I&D voltage (Figure 4-26), which we.- . normally expect to be 0, also has a changing envelope, again

* indicating that there is a phase perturbation on the channel.Likewise, the carrier phase (Figure 4-27) is changing quite

dramatically with time. Upon examining the detailed BER report on

our listing, we find that the PLL is able to track the signal for• [ some 193 bits, then loses lock and is unable to regain carrier

lock on the signal.

The above results lead us to believe that the nuclear effectsdevice is working correctly. Further tests will be conductedduring the maintenance phase to obtain quantitative results. --

" 4.12 MSK MODULATORS AND DEMODULATORS (TESTS 7 & 8 OF PHASE II)

The purpose of this set of tests is to verify the operation

of the MSK modem in the presence of thermal noise. A test

configuration was used which has a wide bandwidth and a completelylinear channel. The demodulator was "locked" during the

- presimulation phase using a noiseless preamble.

The results of this test are given on page A-16. Table 4-3

summarizes the results obtained. The BER to be obtained was based

* upon results given in Reference 16. Very close agreement with thetheoretical results was obtained.

.4-27. , % . . . . • ° - . - , . . ° . .. . , - °- - . °- .- . -. - o- ° °- ° o .- ° - .° ,, . ° - ° o . . . . . . . . . . - o . ° . . ° . . . .' ' *.

!17 , , , ." ," * . % .• % ° ° ' % ,,, ° ' , ° ., ' '- . "'' "% , ,• ", % ° ,","-' , , °

FVT -t 31 TEST NXJES UM~l CU'S.

SY23, XT191, 190

S

C

RA --- 1-p.

L

E3 ---- ......-- -

-U

7979.9w8 uS.eM 238.MFrequencU (Mlz)

MAX POWER: -1.66 dBUTOT POW.ER- 3. 81 dBU FSCSS RUN IDENTIFIER - 23A886

Figure 4-23. C. W. Test Spectrum beforeNuclear Scintillation

FF7 - 31f -- TEST MIXES WITH CU'S.

SY23, SA19N, 1ABEd.-

.........-5 ........ .... ........... ......

C

L

P

E -35 ......

E 5 ......

MXPWE:55.5 U

TOT POWER: 63.32 dBU FSCSS RUN IDENTIFIER S 23AeM6

Figure 4-24. C. W. Test Spectrum after- Nuclear Scintillation

4-28

DEM'O - DAI6S - TEST OF NUJKE EFFECTS. SPSK

SY44, SiA1714, 18C3

8.1E-01

pH

E

0LT

_2 7 -1 .....G.......... ...........

E

-8. 1E-01

-r 5 18 15 20 2 0 35 4 5 5

a 0EI1OD -DA189 -- TEST OF NUKE EFFECTS. BPSK

'SY44, Cp174, 18C3

* N 6.4E-01* . p

_V 0 .0E4000LT

3~.2E-01. .. .

E-6.4E-01 ....

50 52 54 56 58 68 6. .,4 66 613 7@TENS OF S'?rf0as

r;S RIJN TIENTIFIER . S44BOO06

Figure 4-25(b). BPSK I&D Inphase Voltage

4-29

';y44 5417-. FE

3...........

+

L

E .

0 526 LI 30 F 3 -10 -1S 505 '0 TENlS OF SYME-O5LSf

FS!:Sc RUIN IDEN~TIFIEP S44EZ Dr

Figure 4-26(a). BPSK I&D Quadrature Voltage

DEMIO - O1l8 -- rEST OF MATK EFFEC.TS. E P S P4

SY44. 5ts174, 1EC3

......0 .. . .. -. .... ..... ... .....TtU

T

C; 2 S-4 E56: 15C 15 6. 6s ,S 76TEllS L'F 3I'I1EOL

F C2 S PTI IMEr4TIFIEF £4E 0,0 Qr

Figure 4-26(b). BPSK I&D Quadrature Voltage

4-30

DEMDD -DAISB-TEST OF NIJKE EFFECTS. BPSK

SY44, SA174, 1BC3

- -~~S.3E-62w- r~?

A .

R - . ...... ............ ........... .. ... ...... .................

E1 -. 1E-e1 .... -.-... --......-t - -..........---- ..... ..........

p

A -1.3E-81 --- -- 1............. ------... . ---

d I - .E .. . ........ .........................................

TENS OF SWBO.S

FSCsS jRM IENTIF1ER :S44BeM6

Figure 4-27. BPSK Carrier Phase Plot

7 -

4-31

r340

fn f~

41

0 O

C4 0

-

02)

W, x0 C~4 ri

r co

., . . .. .

-7- -°7.7

SECTION 5 -CONCLUSIONS

The enhancements added to FSCSS during Phase III represented

a large effort over a compressed period of time. The result was

that all the enhancements could not be tested to our total

- satisfaction before the formal acceptance test phase. All devices

9passed acceptance tests successfully except for the block and

- .*. synchronous interleavers in configurations with other encoders,

and minor errors in the atmospheric effects phase noise

'- calculations. These problems will all be corrected during the

FSCSS maintenance phase.

• .Version 3.0 of FSCSS has met the goals established during

Phase III of the contract. Improved user-friendliness has been

achieved, a color graphics system has been integrated, simulation

speed has been improved, additional devices and capabilities have

been added, and unresolved problems left over from Phase II have-" been solved. Updated versions of both the User's and Software

Maintenance Manuals have been delivered. Table 5-1 summarizes the

! features modeled by FSCSS Version 3.0. L

-L

5-1

'-I-

.-...............................

Table 5-1. SATCOM Features Modeled by FSCSS

Data Sources Random, External Sequence

Encoders/Decoders Differential Convolutional (Viterbialgorithm decoding), Block andSynchronous Interleavers/Deinterleavers, Bit-to-Symbol andSymbol-to-Bit Converters

Modulators/Demodulators BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, 8PSK, 16PSK, DPSK, -

APSK, FSK, MSK, CPFSK, PN, FH(FSK),FH(PN)

Jammers/Interferers CW, SWEPT, PULSE, Demand Access withModulators Above

Filters Chebychev, Butterworth, Thompson,Transitional Butterworth/Thompson,Bessel, Legendre, Poles and Residues,Frequency Sample (30 Amplitude andPhase Points), Poles and Zeros

Limiters Hard, Soft (30 Amplitude and PhasePoints)

Frequency Translators Up, Down, Phase Noise (50 FrequencySamples on One Side of the Carrier)

Antennas Earth Coverage, Narrowbeam, MBA(Bessel Singlets), MBA (StoredSinglets), Phased Array, Gain,Adaptive (MBA, Phased Array)

Propagation Free Space Loss, Atmospheric Effects,Doppler, Scintillation, Cross-Polarization, Arbitrary Fluctuations,Transmission Loss, Nuclear Effects

Noise Sources Thermal Noise, Time Samples Storedfrom Previous Run .

Measurements Power, Fast Fourier Transform, BitError Rate, Demodulator RelatedStatistics all with Time WindowCapabilities

Multiple Access Techniques FDMA, SSMA, TDMA, SSTDMA, PNTDMA

Spreaders FH, PN

Despreaders/Correlators FH, P11, PN/FH

Standard Device Groups Stored Combinations of the Above toForm Specific Modems, Earth Terminalsand Satellites.

5-2

. . . .- '....-.-........ . . ... ...-, ., , i

APPEND IX A -ACCEPTANCE TEST DATA SHEETS

- I7

towl

* .. IIUSP*UW~W.~.n. .5- UU -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

w7 I

U..

ahla

,6go0 "'AA

w w

12 1 ..

,.. .. 7a-

0 0 - "-.- •

IL v

.- . U = 0 -.

-a- * - g "U

Nw ...

a-i 1d do41 P

-- CP 0

tm aas

96 ,. w In.-n

ca - a IdI

Cal a,-

,0.-"-

...

a A-1

7:a:

.- 4

AA

P-N 9.

as I

'0l .*

V .4

L44 m *I,,

aO

ja ... '

'.. a M- a

01t

w0 A .. 0

A-2

•~q . -. ,..-" .

ACCEPTANCE TEST 4: SYNCHRONOUS INTERLEAVER WITH 8-FSK

Test Configuration: SY12, XT36

~2 ) 2 " ~ 7 2-. ___o

~ ~ *• ._- .

Data Rate: 2.4 Kbps

Interleaver Size: 13 x 29

Modulator Frequency: 150 MHz

Frequency Spacing: 50.1 KR:

RESULTS

I Expected BER Measured BER No. of Bits

0 C

Performed by: QWitnessed by:

*Date:Aa!.2LI

'A-3 *

L

ACCEPTANCE TEST 5: BLOCK INTERLEAVER WITH 8-FSK, 2 REPETITIONS

Test Configuration: 5Y27, XT157

Data Rate: 2.4 Kbps

Inter].eaver Size: 8 x 32

*Modulator Frequency: 70 MHz

Frequency Spacing: 35 KHz

* RESULTS

Expected BER Measured BER No. of Bits

Performed by: _____ _____-

Witnessed by!C

Date: 1 S

A-4

0d 410

0 InU1 0

fx1 0-4 amo~4 96 9

a goa CL.'

-- 4

~ifl w 00 IcnC4 ..2 V

0 03 1-( * r4

CA 2 "q4 04 0. 1J a

94 . co. N ma c 4 0~

00 4 .

0~- C4 W $4 4 4 ~ f4a02 "9 4)4 7== T

oC to w.2 u 0IS a 043 0 00 A 1 u c

o) 0. 0> 0 ) C 0 wc

01 ". 0. 00 3 4 0 = 4 a (

.-4 M, w o)l94-

01~4 01.1I

* 001 .4 00 0A-5

ACCEPTAN4CE TEST 7B: SOFT DECISION DECODING OF FREQUENCY HOPPER

DEVICE PARAMIETERS:

H!DULATOR/DEMODULATOR FILTER

f 7900 MOIz Butte.rworth

Hopover 2 2 . 4 calls Pole

call - I ME~z wide fc - 7900 MO~z

2 FSK3 dB - .

Af - 50 k~zCODER/DECODERHopping Register - 20 bits k - '

Seed -10101

TLLO0Hz z .70740bt erSoft DetcisioySof bitecitDsioio

Symbol Output 02a 0.5

Qiantizer Wtrics

RESULTS: (d) P dB / d)EXPECTED BER MEASURED BER 1 ~ 2 dl P/ 2 (l

0 0 .3

Performed by:

Witnessed by:

Date: ~4 )r!

J.

A-6

:.:. '--':g'

pmp

ACCEPTANCE TEST 7C: DPSK SOFT DECISION DECODING

" DEVICE PAMETERS.

'ODULATOR/DED0ULATOR FILTER ENCODER/DECODER

f' 8040 Hz 11 Pole CS k.7

TL9#Ha a - .707 -1 dBipple I

No AGC 3 d86 .4M z Newry - 40 bi LM in. Signal Level - 3 bit Soft Quantization

. Soft Decision a 5

QuantiZe? Metrics -.-

RESULTS:

EXPECTED BER MEASURED BER PI (a) ?2 (dB) P1 /P 2 (dl)

Performd by: /*.' i

Wo. . ".itnessed by:Date:", - -

A-7

* *. * * * . *.. . .. . . .

ACCEPTANCE TEST 7D: SOFT DECISION DECODING OF 8-FSK WITH SYMBOL INPUTTO THE MODULATOR

Test Configuration: SYS, XT25

Data Rate: 2.4 Kbps

Modulator Frequency: 70 MHz

Frequency Spacing: 35 KHz

Viterbi Decoder: Rate , Constraint Length 7, 3-Bit Quantization

RESULTS

Expected BER Measured BER No. of Bits

'

Performed by: \)0 4)(

Witnessed by: -- _ _ 7'__-• 1.

Date: tA :

A-B- . . *. .. 7..

ACCEPTANCE TEST 8: STORED AND PLAYRACK SAMPLES J

- TRANSMITTER (1) STORED SAMPLES- DATA SOURCE ENCODER MODULATOR FILTER

250 SkbLE ANTNN

SAELT T 1)NSMITED 2 SPESSTLIT2

DAA ORC NCDR OULTR MLIIR NENAANTENNA AMPLIFIER STLAY SAMPLES ANTENNAA

6-0d 6.33 dB

RANCEIER (2) NS AELT 2

6 90d 04 0d

PVfre y

-~~~RCIE (2)ese by 'J,.tS.vK'-

DPe:fre by Y

i .7. . "

* A- 9

T. K ~ r

Iad

00

0-

0 .

wo9 go go

u I

* 0

0 W- L3

.t4 0 En Ia

ce 0 "4 4 C,4 :A

0 41 . 1 ". 4)- 0 C4I -v Z., ~

i-a 0: Ai

(3411 s. -0f4 64 to2 0 a-40 *m Z V12 ,-

U

A-10

ACCEPTANCE TEST 10: DEDD0ULATOR

- TRANSMITTER:

DATA SOURCE HDDULATOR AMPLIFIE ANTENNA

G GT

ANTENNA IAMPLIE DLAT DEOERE

DEVICE PARAMETERS:

Data Ratse

MODUI.ATOR/DEMODULATOR UPLINK IQDULATOR/DEAODULATOR DOWNLINK

icm BG~z Sc m :~

QPSK QPSK

TLL . z -. 707 ELL .

PU. . a-707 PUL.

I&D Detections I&D Detection

Hard Decision Bard Decision

Min. Signal -0 dB iN. Signal -0 43

RESULTS:

EXPECTED BER MEASURED BER 1 ~ d) P2 (dl P3

Performed by: .. -

Witnessed by:

A-i1

ACCEPTANCE TEST 11: ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS

I Test Configuration: SY53, XT236, SA152, RV176

Simulation Frequency: 10 GHz

:-" Atmospheric Absorption Water Vapor Density: 0 gm/m3

,I-.". .' -

Cloud Attenuation Water Vapor Density:

Cloud Thickness:

Cloud Temperature:

*-'. Rainfall Zone:. D1 *.

Time Availability: 0.9999

00 Isotherm Height: 4 km -.

Cross-Polarization: Linear Horizontal Tilt Angle: 30* .- Q

RESULTS

Atmospheric Effect Expected Measured

Atmospheric Absorption: C. - I

Cloud Attenuation: :2"i I

Rain Attenuation: ,' -

Cross-Polarization Loss: .

Performed by:

Witnessed by: .,4

LDate:A

A- 12

* -. , -_ A ... , *.e, p ... ".,. *..--..*- . . .- .. " % .% " .''', , ' " ' ' ".- - - , ", . . . .

ATTENUATION CALCULATIONS (EQUATIONS IN REFERENCE 7)

I * Cloud Attenuation:

A (dB) = 5 x 10 x M x L x F2 exp(0.0281(291-T))cscC

M =15g/m 3

L =10,000m

10F=10-GHz l0 Hz

T =300 K

5=14.0990

A (dB) =23.91C

Atmospheric Absorption

Total Zenith Attenuation (From Table 1) =0.051

8 14.0990

Aa (dB) = TZA csc

= 0.21

Rain Attenuation

R p= 37 nun/hr (Zone D1 . Availability =0.9999, Table 2)

Elevation Angle = 14.0990

D = 15.925 V=4.249

a = 0.0125 (From Table 3) u = 0.803

b = 1.18 (From Table 3) A = 35.660sp

a Rb 0.89 A R 36.768pc = -0.082

d = 1.633

A-i13

7LI

ACCEPTANCE TEST 12A: NUCLEAR EFFECTS WITH CW JAM4MERS

DEVICE PARAMETERS

MODULATORS ANTENNAS

C at f c 7990 MHz 90 dB Antenna Gain

CWat f -8010 MHz

FILTER AMPLIFIER

11 Pole CS Gain -25 dB

3 dB -30 MHz

F =8000 MHzC

0.01 dB Ripple

Propagation Anomalies Device

(Attached) 0.1

Performed by:

Witnessed by: ________

Date: LA~Al

A- 14

ACCEPTANCE TEST 12C: NUCLEAR EFFECTS ON BPSK

DEVICE PARAMETERS AMPLIFIER

Data Source -10 Kbps G - 200 dB

BPSK MODULATOR/DEMODULATOR ANTENNAS (Antenna Gain)

F 8000 MHz TX Uplink Gain -20 dBC

TLL -0 Hz, DF, z 0.707 RX Uplink Gain 20 dB

PLL -0 Hz, DF, z -0.707 2nd Order

3No AGO PROPAGATION ANOMALIES DEVICE

No Limiter (Attached)

Min. Sig. Level -0 dB

Hard Decision

RESULTS

OBSERVED BER NO. BITS

2048 1-100 500-1000

Received Signal Power-

Received Noise Power

SNR

BER Estimate-

Performed by: 1J

L ~Witnessed by: _________

16Date:

A-15

Ir.4

41

oo

z 00

coI 1 3_

E -4 x

~ X0 \j* c~~4 j

u - 3 ci 0- -

0F 0 W Z .

94-4

II 0~ in U3

wi w 1w

Q U4

C.~ *A 16

IT

APPENDIX B -ACCEPTANCE TEST DEVICE PARAMETERS

ACCEPTANCE TEST2

I

B-1

IL

P4

rz4

E-z x04

E-4S

E-.4

r IIAll a. z wb. I L 0 I

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a ~. aso~~~~ IV U 5 92 :-1.Q IN 6: do I ua W

0 a -1 Sl.r! 0 4

ago 4L 0 6 9LOS -6 O~0I

16

of' 0, -* I* I.' a

L - 6291E Iw I

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-- U -w S .61 - - - -

IL 6.

966. COg10 *

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lam.

9100 D.

CAUU

we Co- I

* 0-. .. 03 p

a_8 llo q sue 40 f- t.-

1- IAI Na92a 106 Ul I n -m am liNf i aa a 610 2 -

1!t 6.1S 16 U-.Jh. gle 13-v3 . ." a.

33V 16 a-. IV L-eOh~goh allIWO da S I 1

flag. 6. 0504* 6

~ *~ti~0 a..~B-4

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i77 T" 9" "

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1. it.6

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ai a MR!16 e~ @0 - e-4ee*O

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.- ,9 - -41i , Il..66 1 , .- a i

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4p STa1 0S i

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ft.. , ? " IL 1

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I

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3.04 6- 16 all C

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III,, Us: IV" J 12

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ISO 45 at Mg5 OA IQ 6- a

"-' :'" B-9""

.'-5

k;..-.- .- .- .- ,).. .,- .-..- ....- .+ .- .-' -" .'.,'.', . 40-' ' -' . . 5 ~ 0 4 -'. -'.".- -'+3 '-;-.' *

"" '." ", . .5" *O.OI'.O- .. ." 0 9 "

16111.14

86~ a 0

0LAl s @ 0em *0

A 66OSL

5-1 0 -b

a , a,6' t

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&,* 11 1 1

l~waB 10

I.L

if-f

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acl 00 ,.-. r-

u-. .:.-

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IM. i2.A ic,

LCL

To. O. 0 .0

j A.J C ..0 1 O=

S. , I- Q

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o ,. I fa &* a 0

4od 0 ,->>oo o o -"415L

Val" daL im IL.O IO-

I I > w

p.w

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-i.. .... -'-"-i - .- .-',, .. ..J I ,

ar, , . I S

o .. .z .

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. *"----*

". '-. - W. B -I ".I-'.'-.

...................... -. . -. -. .-. - - . - -. -. - . -z..& .

~>1'

ACCEPTANCE TEST 3

p.-

'p.

,~ gp~- -

E-12

.............................. ................

E4O

U 4rzE-4r

B-13

rww

.ac

IW. 1.;J

SalS

fe* 414440 4 1 -

H ot*. f- "h 0 -I - 4U

I- 64 40l(tcaat

I.E 0' 163

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981 0 l~

0 l 40u t. o 26 a .wIt - 1 , *. - o o. e

. 38ff U- I- =VIIAC l33o el- 1 S.

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3 .~a -~.u -wiGB1*14

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L taI- I- tl, 9- 10 6 o O 0 0 0 o

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i INS

41 IIIN.jI!

W* S d

il;00 04lf &ti S I IWW W W W W We aw w h

*.,-w e~ea IOIeKa a a e m ma a a m

.s p-uso *aa mmBmmam16 a m

* .. •.. .-.

som m o

Cu .. wm mI mb f f

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r. LI'%"

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a a- a-. n. a- a -, -L- l- W- a- a- 0 , .-

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ILwI- ~* I- l

*ho co ,p mimam mm maimHal

c:c

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. -15 a z0 0. 0w 0I 01.6.3 .. i. " ' ZBa a 0~ . ~

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p I-

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ma obaIa -

a x cm ma

b ON Ix 4x w

A

-a

B-1

10-

k

N.

N.

ACCEPTANCE TEST 4

(

I

Iq

9.

9; rd

B-i 9* ..

-.- 4'

.9...... - . *

IJ

en~

L4

-20

ago.

.01

aa

3.3'a

IL *I'A Iub~d 1A.

S M C

16 U SS 4a. 1-- I- a

kc a b In $su .. 0 st .000 p

.0. ub a II- '16 0 or. 1A R g.6

00 *i la Shf

0 46 0 n w 04

ra M00w tna~ Of- ; w0ww-Wa.O .01 N~ 3. wE * 9 I

-ji P. o . SN

wwq x ei. 0 3,a " ag. hO.

B-21

2L

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of~

00 00 0

OI I CIi.

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a.a415-CI

IL . 0 10 I

too 3:

4L IC@~

B -2 2 4

9~ Aoo 9, R.'

0.Mo 00600 VI -X . .

li lb 9%. j IO

SII

hihi

'S

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SI-I!

Sea a 0 If 1. 0 W - .

A eas n, N d ol~ ,,%

." -- ,,,

'Me W&Q a Me L = :.

-B-2

¢-" U •L. - 5 '' 0 'a a a -a.

II~lr: - --

** * - B-230*

6,, Om .

.0o.

,)J.=

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Of

Co

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C I OA

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o= SL- Kooame o 'hi * .i ,

66 0 " L V I w0 ==

Se-B -4-

gi ..

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I • " - --.°". '

ACCEPTANCE TEST 5

- - B-25

~ 5 -. ~ -*. .~- ,. ~ N - . . . . 5 5 - .

S.

Co

* 5'-

Co

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