Translation Patterns to Specify Processes in the PSL Ontology

Translation Patterns to Specify Processes in the PSL Ontology

Dr. A. Sánchez-Ruíz University of North

FloridaCIS Department

Associate Professor andCoordinator of the

Software Engineering Graduate Track

Gregory Hansen, President

Computer Aided Process Improvement – CAPI,

Inc.

5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling

5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

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Context

PSL

Interoperation

Domain: Manufacturing

Process


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Definition

“An Ontology is a formal explicit specification of a shared conceptualization for a domain of interest”

T. Gruber: “A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications”. In Knowledge Acquisition, Vol. 5, 1993, pp. 199-220.


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PSL Ontology

PSL: Process Specification Language Author: National Institute for Standards

and Technology (NIST – http://www.nist.gov/)

Domain of Application: Manufacturing Processes.

Sample of concepts and their relationships: activity, activity occurrence, duration, object, sub-activity, consumes …


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PSL Ontology

Documentation: http://www.mel.nist.gov/psl/

Formalism: First-Order Logic (FOL) Structure: Layered FOL theories

(lattice of theories related by ‘extension’).

Language: Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) … any FOL language would suffice (e.g. UML’s Object Constraint Language – OCL).


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Example of a PSL Specification: Simple Sequential Process

Consider a complex activity a, with primitive subactivities a1 and a2, respectively. Assume that we want to express the process characterized by occurrences of a1 followed by occurrences of a2, such that:• There are no occurrences before a1 and

after a2.• There are no occurrences of a between a1

and a2.


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[1](activity a)[2](activity a1)[3](activity a2)[4](subactivity a1 a)[5](subactivity a2 a)[6](primitive a1)[7](primitive a2)[8](forall (?occ_a)[9] (implies[10] (and (occurrence_of ?occ_a a) [11] (legal ?occ_a))[12] (exists (?occ_a1 ?occ_a2)[13] (and[14] (occurrence_of ?occ_a1 a1)[15] (legal ?occ_a1)[16] (occurrence_of ?occ_a2 a2)[17] (legal ?occ_a2)[18] (subactivity_occurrence ?occ_a1 ?occ_a)[19] (subactivity_occurrence ?occ_a2 ?occ_a)[20] (root_occ ?occ_a1 ?occ_a)[21] (next_subocc ?occ_a1 ?occ_a2 a)[22] (leaf_occ ?occ_a2 ?occ_a)))))


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[1]let a be an activity[2]let a1 be an activity [3]let a2 be an activity[4]let a1 be a subactivity of a[5]let a2 be a subactivity of a [6]let a1 be primitive[7]let a2 be primitive[8]for all ?occ_a:[9] if[10]?occ_a is an occurrence of a and [11] ?occ_a is legal, then[12]there exist ?occ_a1, ?occ_a2, such that[13] [14] ?occ_a1 is an occurrence of a1, and[15] ?occ_a1 is legal, and[16] ?occ_a2 is an occurrence of a2, and[17] ?occ_a2 is legal, and[18] ?occ_a1 is a subactivity occurrence of ?occ_a, and[19] ?occ_a2 is a subactivity occurrence of ?occ_a, and[20] ?occ_a1 is the root occurrence of ?occ_a, and[21] ?occ_a2 strictly follows ?occ_a1 in the activity tree of a, and[22] ?occ_a2 is the leaf occurrence of ?occ_a


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This Paper

Derives patterns that can be used to generate PSL specifications of processes comprised of activities, which can be complex/primitive, and are composed:• Sequentially.• Concurrently.


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Questions?

• • • Thanks!


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Outline

1. Starting with the Basics2. Definitions3. Examples/Applications4. Requirements5. Research Problems6. Summary7. References


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Starting with the Basics

From the Merrian-Webster Dictionary:

Main Entry: on·tol·o·gy Pronunciation: än-'tä-l&-jEFunction: nounEtymology: New Latin ontologia, from ont- + -logia -logy1 : a branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature and relations of being2 : a particular theory about the nature of being or the kinds of existents- on·tol·o·gist /-jist/ noun


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Definitions

ApplicationDomain

Application

Body ofConcepts

Applications

Local Lingo

Applications

Local Lingo

Applications

Local Lingo


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Definitions

ApplicationDomain:Cooking

Appetizers: Guacamole

Local Lingo: avocado (US, L.A.)


Local Lingo: Aguacate (L.A.)


Local Lingo: Palta (Chile)


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Definitions

ApplicationDomain

Application

Body ofConcepts

Applications

Local Lingo

Applications

Local Lingo

Applications

Local LingoOntology

:Common

Lingo!


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Definitions



Local Lingo: avocado (US, L.A.)


Local Lingo: Aguacate (L.A.)


Local Lingo: Palta (Chile)

Ontology:Scientific

Classification


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Definitions


Ontology:Scientific

Classification


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Definitions

A1

A2 A3

A4 A5

A1

A2 A3

A4 A5

Ontology!

Approaches toInteroperability


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Examples/Application

Web Ontology Language – OWL:• Resource Description Framework (RDF) and

its vocabulary description language (RDFS – RDF Scheme).

• DAML+OIL: joint effort …• DARPA Agent Markup Language (US)•Ontology Inference Language (ontoknowledge.org

Sponsored by European Community)

Fundamental Application: Semantic Web …


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Requirements

Formalism-based:• Syntax and Semantics• Model-based: set theory, logic, algebras

Ability to reason:• Use theorem provers, inference engines

Ability to transport knowledge (domain-specific, lingo-neutral)

Usability:• Humans do not directly use Ontologies, tools

enable their use


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Research Problems

Core (Domain-Independent):• New Formalisms (RDF, RDFS, F-Logic, Ontology

Algebras)• Frameworks/Tools to engineer ontologies

(ONTOCLEAN, OTKM). Domain-Dependent:

• Medical• Defense/Intelligence• Manufacturing• Software Engineering• Semantic Web• Modeling


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Summary

A1

A2 A3

A4 A5

Ontology!

Requirements:• Formalism-based• Ability to reason• Ability to transport

knowledge (domain-specific, lingo-neutral)

• Usability

Research:• Core research• Applied research


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References

Many references embedded in the document as hyperlinks.

S. Staab, R. Studer (Editors): “Handbook of Ontologies”. Springer-Verlag, 2004.

T. Berners-Lee, J. Hendler, O. Lassila: “The Semantic Web”. Scientific American, May 2001.

Translation Patterns to Specify Processes in the PSL Ontology

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