Traffic, Pollution and Health Part 1:Monitors

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UK Air Pollution PM and to right Hours with O3 above 80 μg/m 3 http://tinyurl.com/aqura

description

City-wide vehicle emission monitoring plan for Ottawa and Alta Vista Drive pilot project

Transcript of Traffic, Pollution and Health Part 1:Monitors

Page 1: Traffic, Pollution and Health Part 1:Monitors

UK Air Pollution PM and to right Hours with O3 above 80

μg/m 3http://tinyurl.com/aqura

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UK Air Pollution Networkshttp://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/reports/cat05/0408161

000_Defra_AQ_Brochure_2004_s.pdf

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London Air Quality Networkhttp://www.londonair.org.uk/london/asp/home.asp

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Local Air Quality Management Areas (UK)http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/laqm/laqm.php

• Since 1997 local authorities in the UK have been carrying out a review and assessment of air quality in their area. The aim of the review is to assist authorities in carrying out their statutory duty to work towards meeting the national air quality objectives. If a local authority finds any places where the objectives are not likely to be achieved, it must declare an Air Quality Management Area there

This Local Authority has declared an Air Quality Management Area

This Local Authority currently has no Air Quality Management Areas

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Technical Breach Areas - City of Yorkhttp://www.york.gov.uk/environment/airquality/Tech_breach.pdf

• In York the five areas of concern are located on or near to the inner ring road, characterized by their enclosed nature and long periods of congested traffic

• In each case there are residential properties located within 5m of the kerbside which constitute ‘relevant’ locations for the purpose of Local Air Quality Management.

• Relevant locations can be defined as outdoor, non-occupational locations (e.g. schools, care homes, hospitals and residential properties) where members of the public are likely to be regularly exposed to pollutants over the averaging time of the air quality objectives.

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Local Air Quality Management Objectives - Technical Guidance LAQM.TG(09) - February 2009

http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/local/guidance/pdf/tech-guidance-laqm-tg-09.pdf

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Sources and Health Effects of Regulated Pollutants (UK)

http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/local/guidance/pdf/tech-guidance-laqm-tg-09.pdf

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Exceedences and percentiles (UK)

http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/local/guidance/pdf/tech-guidance-laqm-tg-09.pdf

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Emission Sources and Pollutants (UK)http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/local/guidance/pdf/tech-guidance-laqm-tg-09.pdf

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Roadside Monitoring Locations (UK)http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/local/guidance/pdf/tech-guidance-laqm-tg-09.pdf

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Exposure to Roadside NO2 Emissions (UK)http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/local/guidance/pdf/tech-guidance-laqm-tg-09.pdf

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PM Emissions from Stoves (UK)http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/local/guidance/pdf/tech-guidance-laqm-tg-09.pdf

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Equipment for Monitoring (UK)http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/local/guidance/pdf/tech-guidance-laqm-tg-09.pdf

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Siting Criteria for Monitors (UK)http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/local/guidance/pdf/tech-guidance-laqm-tg-09.pdf

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DIURNAL TRAFFIC FLOWS (UK)http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/local/guidance/pdf/tech-guidance-laqm-tg-09.pdf

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Montreal Air Quality Networkhttp://www.rsqa.qc.ca

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CALCULATION OF MOBILE EMISSIONS ON A FINE GRIDCoordinator: Michael Florian (Centre for Research on Transportation, Environment Canada, Ministère des Transports du Québec) October, 2005Summary: a procedure that takes climate data entered by the user and calculates hourly polluting emissions on a fine (1 km) grid for the Metropolitan Montréal area- using Mobile6.2 EPA emissions model and EMME/2 traffic management model

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Distribution of NO2 in TorontoRef:CMAJ • SEPT. 2, 2003; 169 (5)

Relation between income, air pollution and mortality: a cohort study( Finkelstein er al) http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/169/5/397.pdf

http://tinyurl.com/7qvyu

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NO2 Distribution- TorontoRef:http://www.ehponline.org/members/2009/11533/11533.pdf

"A Cohort Study of Traffic-related Air Pollution and Mortality in Toronto, Canada“ Jerrett et al(2009)

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NO2 spatial distribution- VancouverRef: Spatial variations in estimated chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution in working populations: A simulation by Eleanor M Setton1 , C Peter Keller1 , Denise Cloutier-Fisher1

and Perry W Hystad2 (International Journal of Health Geographics 2008, 7:39)http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/7/1/39

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New York City Community Air SurveyRef:http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/eode/nyccas.shtml

• collects air samples at 150 locations throughout the five boroughs at street level, where people walk along sidewalks, and where traffic-related pollution is usually higher

• NYCCAS locations represent a wide variety of environments found in New York City —sidewalks, busy streets, parks, and quiet neighborhood roads

• NYCCAS will monitor pollutants that cause health problems and come from motor vehicles and other sources like boilers or furnaces in buildings

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All Choked Up - HEAVY TRAFFIC, DIRTY AIR AND THE RISK TO NEW YORKERS (MARCH 2007)

Ref:http://www.edf.org/documents/6117_AllChokedUp_NYCTrafficandHealthReport.pdf

• This Manhattan map overlays the population 18 years of age and younger on the 500-foot zone.

• Deeper red colors show higher percentage of youth residential populations.

• Two million people in New York City live within 500 feet of major roadways

• In Manhattan, over 75% of the total population lives within 500 feet of a congested road.

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Model 3300 Ogawa Passive Sampler

http://www.ogawausa.com/passive.html• low cost, no power

req’ments• can determine pollutant

levels with “saturation” sampling at many sites.

• outdoors: a smaller shelter for all gases except ozone (O3), and a larger shelter for O3 sampling that is suitable for other gases as well

• can assess average exposure of individuals to selected pollutants over 8- or 24-hour period.

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Assessing Spatial Variability of Ambient Nitrogen Dioxide in

Montreal, Canada, with a Land-Use Regression Model

Nicolas L. Gilbert Health Canada, Mark S. Goldberg McGill Univ, Bernardo Beckerman Univ of Southern Calif, Jeffrey R. Brook Meteorological Service of Canada, Michael Jerrett Univ of

Southern CalifJ. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 55:1059–1063 (2005)

http://www.environmental-expert.com/Files%5C6477%5Carticles%5C4780%5Cgilbert.pdf

• In May 2003, NO2 was measured for 14 consecutive days at 67 sites across the city using Ogawa passive diffusion samplers.

• Concentrations ranged from 4.9 to 21.2 ppb (median 11.8 ppb)

In multiple regression analyses,*distance from the nearest highway,*traffic count on the nearest

highway*length of highways and *major roads within 100 m, and*population density showed

significant associations with NO2 (multiple correlation >70%)

These analyses confirm the valueof land-use regression modeling toassign exposures in large-scaleepidemiologic studies.IMPLICATIONSAccurate assessments of exposure totraffic-related air pollution are criticalfor both epidemiologic studies and forthe assessment of health impacts ofcurrent traffic patterns and futuredevelopment of road networks. For

thispurpose, land-use regression modelingappears to be a promising approach,

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Ultrafine particles near and on roadsJeff Brook, Meteorological Service of Canada, EC

http://www.irr-neram.ca/about/May%2019%20Workshop/NERAM-Probe%20(Brook).ppt

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14:52 15:28 16:04 16:40 17:16 17:52 18:28 19:04 19:40

401 Windsor to TorontoWindsor Busy Roads

Number per cubic centimeterNumber per cubic centimeter

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East West Light Rail Env AssessmentProject Area

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GRIMM Model 1.107Mini Environmental PM

Monitoring Station• The Grimm 1.107 monitor performs particulate size

measurements by 90-degree laser light scattering. Air with multiple particle sizes passes through a flat laser beam produced by an ultra low maintenance laser diode. A 15-channel pulse height analyzer for size classification detects the scattering signals. Due to the lack of a sample heater inlet even aerosols and semi volatile liquid particles can be identified. These counts from each precisely sized pulse channel are converted to mass using a well-established equation and the data is then formatted for USA EPA categories of PM10 and PM2.5. The user can also program several averaging functions.

• The Environmental Weather Housing, Model 165, consists of a fiberglass frame that supports the optical instrument (# 107) on a central mounting plate. All the electronic and mechanical components, such as the moisture absorbent container, the ventilation system, the heating and control system, the temperature and humidity sensor, and the DC power supply, are mounted on the same frame to minimize vibration.

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LEARIAN- Streetboxhttp://www.learian.com/

• The Streetbox is a unique battery powered pollution monitor which is capable of gathering real time information on a wide range of gaseous species simultaneously. It can be deployed in less than 5 minutes and is fully automatic in use. Offering a battery life of over 1 year and a logging memory in excess of 170 days the Streetbox is the UK’s biggest selling roadside pollution monitor.

• The Streetbox combined range offers a product range exclusively designed for local air quality authorities. By using approved technologies for both gaseous and particle monitoring the combined range allows the user to gather both gaeous and particle real time information from the same instrument. The combined unit is housed in a fully weatherproof unit measuring less than 250mm by 250mm and weighing only 5kg.

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Wood Burning Stoves and High PM Levels in Montreal

Ref: Globe and Mail Feb. 5, 2009 http://tinyurl.com/bcm77p47 per cent of the fine particulate matter in Quebec's air comes from fireplaces and wood stoves

Environment Canada has issued 25 smog alerts for Montreal since the start of winter, 18 last month alone.

The Lung Association says atmospheric pollution is responsible for 1,540 premature deaths in the Montreal region annually

Montreal would prohibit the installation of wood stoves in new or existing homes. Stoves that burn wood pellets would still be allowed.

The city's executive committee approved the wood-burning bylaw yesterday and will present it to city council on Feb. 23.

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LEARIAN Streetbox Gold• Streetbox Gold Range• • Improved Data Management• • Combined NO2 & PM10 Real time operation• • Extended Calibration Period• • Fully Weatherproof• • Over 170 days of logging time before

download• • Wide range of communication options• Planning and monitoring any declared air

quality• Management areas is difficult enough without

having to worry about which monitors to use. The new Streetbox Gold combines USEPA approved technology and NETCEN ratified product to offer a single piece of equipment which is capable of monitoring both NO2 and dust particles simultaneously in real time. Weighing less than 4Kg, the Gold monitor can be easily fixed to any suitable piece of street furniture within minutes.

• Combined NO2 and PM10• Roadside Pollution Monitor

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How to Deal with Different Health Outcomes? Monica Campbell, Environmental Protection Office, Toronto Public Health

http://www.irr-neram.ca/about/May%2019%20Workshop/Monica%20Campbell%20talk.ppt

Premature mortality (acute)177

Cardiovascular hospitalization421

Respiratory hospitalizations597

Adult chronic bronchitis 1,186

Emergency room visits 5,981

Bronchitis in children

11,997

Asthma symptom days 71,930

Pyramid of Health Effects

Toronto Annual Estimates for Inhalable Particulates (PM10)

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Some Policy Questions of Local Significance Monica Campbell, Environmental Protection Office, Toronto Public Health

http://www.irr-neram.ca/about/May%2019%20Workshop/Monica%20Campbell%20talk.ppt

How does health burden shift if: Network of surface designated transit lanes introduced? Road congestion pricing is introduced? Bicycle network is created that reduces space for cars? Older vehicles are required to be retrofit or retired? Zoning is changed to reduce urban sprawl? Existing point sources are required to meet health-based

air quality standards? Comprehensive energy conservation plan is

implemented? Coal-fired power plants are replaced with natural gas?

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City Monitoring Proposal (1 of 2)

1. Obtain 10 monitoring units from Learian Streetbox at $7 K each or Grimm Model 1.107 at $20 K each (cost < $200 K)

2. Install 5 along the 417 east-west between St Laurent and Bayshore at 5 km intervals. Install 2 each on major arterial roads: St Laurent, Hunt Club, Woodroffe, Wellington, Bank, Bronson as well as major collector roads crossing residential areas, such as Alta Vista Drive, Heron Road, Carling Ave etc

3. Obtain hourly data for at least one year from each unit, stored in memory at remote units, transferred via phone line to central PC at monthly intervals

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City Monitoring Proposal2 of 2

4. Identify periods when PM 2.5 readings exceed 50 micro gm/m3 and compare relationship between all monitor readings and with MOE AQI station at Wurtemburg/Rideau

5. From results of 2005 Origin Destination Survey, determine relationship between traffic volume and average daily PM reading at monitor sites. Identify additional sites where new readings are needed and surplus old sites where measurements can be adequately estimated from nearby readings. If no surplus sites are identified, obtain new monitoring equipment for new requirements

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Next Steps - summarySpring 2006 - Draft Project Plan and obtain funding

Summer 2006 - Obtain 10 monitoring stations

Xmas 2006 - Identify sites and install equipment, begin measurements

Fall 2007 Analysis of PM data for readings above 50 micro gm/m3 (Dec 06 to Sep 07)

Xmas 2007 Final report and recommendations (incorporate 1 full year of data) including plan for city-wide traffic management/reduction to eliminate high pollution periods