Health Effects Associated With Traffic- Related Air Pollution
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Health Effects Associated With Traffic- Related Air Pollution Health Effects Associated With Traffic- Health Effects Associated With Traffic- Related Air Pollution Related Air Pollution March 22, 2007 March 22, 2007 Air Resources Board California Environmental Protection Agency
Transcript of Health Effects Associated With Traffic- Related Air Pollution
Health Effects Associated With Traffic-Related Air Pollution
Health Effects Associated With Traffic-Health Effects Associated With Traffic-Related Air PollutionRelated Air Pollution
March 22, 2007March 22, 2007
Air Resources BoardCalifornia Environmental Protection Agency
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Hazards of TrafficHazards of Traffic
CO
NOX
Hydrocarbons PM
Toxics
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Southern CaliforniaChildren’s Health Study
Southern CaliforniaSouthern CaliforniaChildren’s Health StudyChildren’s Health Study
l 10+ year study followed ~ 5,500 children’s chronicexposures to air pollution – ARB funded
l Landmark study on children’s health effects
l Adverse effects on lung function growth, asthma,school attendance
l 100+ publications
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l Subset of 1,500 SouthernCalifornia Children
l Followed for 8 years
l Traffic exposure on LungFunction Growth
– Residential distance tofreeways
Traffic and Children’s HealthTraffic and Children’s Health
“Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to18 years of age: a cohort study”. Gauderman WJ et al.Lancet, February 2007; 369 (9561): 571-7.
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Traffic Associated Decreases in LungFunction at 18 Years and 8 Year Development
Traffic Associated Decreases in LungTraffic Associated Decreases in LungFunction at 18 Years and 8 Year DevelopmentFunction at 18 Years and 8 Year Development
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-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
<500 m
500-1000 m
1000-1500 m
18 years of age Difference after8 years growth
** *
*Statistically significant (p<.05)
Per
cen
t D
ecre
ase
(FE
V1)
Freeway Distance
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Health ImplicationsHealth ImplicationsHealth Implications
l Adverse effects of local trafficexposure
l Effects independent ofregional air quality
l Enhanced vulnerability
l Changes likely permanent
l Long-term health implications
– Greatest effect may occur laterin life
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Development of Lung FunctionDevelopment of Lung FunctionDevelopment of Lung Function
Reduced (projected)
Normal
Level belowwhichsymptomsmay occurL
evel
of
lun
g f
un
ctio
n
Birth 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Age
Adapted from Strachan et al 1997; Courtesy of USC
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Methods to Measure Exposure to TrafficMethods to Measure Exposure to TrafficMethods to Measure Exposure to Traffic
l Measurements of traffic-related pollutants
l Freeways/Major RoadExposure:
– Distance
– Traffic volume and/or type
– Traffic-modeled exposure
l In-vehicle studies
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Health Effects Seen in the Infant(Pre- and Post-Natal)
Health Effects Seen in the InfantHealth Effects Seen in the Infant(Pre- and Post-Natal)(Pre- and Post-Natal)
l Low birth weight: 36% increase inprevalence among those with trafficexposure and high CO 1
l Premature birth: 27% increase inprevalence among those with trafficexposure and high CO 1
l Cardiac birth defects: Up to 3Xincrease in risk with traffic-relatedpollutants 2
1. Wilhelm M, et al. 2005. Local variations in CO and particulate air pollution and adverse birth outcomes in LosAngeles County, California, USA.. Environ Health Perspect. 113(9) 212-21
2. Ritz B, et al. 2002 Ambient air pollution and risk of birth defects in Southern California. Am J Epidemiol, 155:17-25
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Health Effects Seen in Childrenand Adolescents
Health Effects Seen in ChildrenHealth Effects Seen in Childrenand Adolescentsand Adolescents
l Asthma: 89% increase in risk with closeresidence to freeway 1
l With long-term close residence to traffic 2
– Ever had asthma: 85% increase in risk
– Current treatment for asthma: ~2.5X increasein risk
– Wheezing: ~2.7X increase in risk
l Acute respiratory symptoms: 5-8% increasein risk with schools close to traffic 3
1. Gauderman WJ, et al. 2005. Childhood Asthma and Exposure to Traffic and Nitrogen Dioxide.Epidemiology, 16:737-743
2. McConnell R, et al. 2006. Traffic, susceptibility, and childhood asthma. Environ Health Perspect.114(5):766-72
3. Kim, et al. 2004. Traffic-related Air Pollution near Busy Roads, The East Bay Children’s respiratoryHealth Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 170(5):520-6
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Current ARB Research Studies onTraffic and Health
Current ARB Research Studies onCurrent ARB Research Studies onTraffic and HealthTraffic and Health
l Refining Estimates of Exposure for the EastBay Children’s Respiratory Health Study
l Cardiovascular Health Effects of Fine andUltrafine Particles during Freeway Travel
l Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease in theCalifornia Teachers Study Cohort
l Future Studies
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MitigationMitigationMitigationl California's Diesel Risk Reduction
Plan– Emission standards for heavy duty
vehicles
– Carl Moyer Program
l Motor vehicle standards forcars/light trucks
l Goods Movement EmissionReduction Plan
l Land use guidelines
l No new schools within 500 feet fromfreeways (SB 352, Escutia, 2003)
Health Effects Associated With Traffic-Related Air Pollution
Health Effects Associated With Traffic-Related Air Pollution
March 22, 2007March 22, 2007
Air Resources BoardCalifornia Environmental Protection Agency
