Indian Jou rnal of Traditiona l Knowledge Vol. 1(1), July 2002, pp. 40-50

Traditional pest contro]: A retrospection

P. Narayanasamy

Department of Entomology, Fac ulty of Agriculture, Allnamalai Uni vers ity, Annamalainagar 608002, Tami l Nadu.lndia; Fax: 95-4 144-38080,38 145

Received 18 December 2001

The paper rev iews scope and utility of traditi ona l pest contro l knowledge for the present situati on arising due to hazards and ill-e ffect s of chem ical pesti c ides in agric ultu re. From a vast co llec tion o f pest cont ro l techniques used for generations by the rural farmers, packages of "Traditional Pes t Manage ment' (TPM) are introduced fo r c rops li ke rice, brinjal . Mel/(Ii and to mato.

Key words : Tradit io nal pes t cont ro l

The ill effects of the sy ntheti c pesticides are scaling up day by day . The pest problems continue to persist and the human tragedies do occur peri odically in various parts of the country. As an answer to thi s imbroglio, the traditional know­ledge left behind by our predecessors appears promi sing in conjuncti on with the modern deve lopments which have resulted In ava il ability of vari ous bi ological preparations particu larly microbial pes ti cides and insect secretions as pheromones. Our fore- fathers have used varieties of pl ant-based products, crop res idues li ke husk, shell , ash, an imal products like cow urine, cow dung, milk. and minerals like red earth , sand etc. (Table I) for protection and nutrition 0 ('

crop plants. Most of these materials, whi ch are safe, biodegradable, less persistent and eas ily available in and

around the farmers' lands, are the focus of attention today. The indigenous practices involving these products were carefull y planned and have appl ication value even today. Such treasures exi sting in the remote vi Ilages and tri bal trac ts are set to van ish from us due to organi sed urbani sat ion and unlimited ambi tions of man.

In the li ght of the above, there is an awakening to promote such trad it ional technologies I n crop product ion in various countries including Ind ia. To cope-up with thi s, efforts to doc ument and rev itali ze the age-o ld agricultural practices of pes t control are on the ri se . It is in thi s background, the present paper rev iews the statu s of indigenous pest control and presents the packages of pest control practices for crops like ri ce and certain vegetables.

NARA Y ANASAMY: TRADITIONAL PEST CONTROL 41

Table I- Biolog icals, mineral s and other materia ls used in traditi onal pest cont ro l

I. Rice f1 0Llr 15 Calci um carbonate

2. Charcoal 16 Tamarind seed

3. Kitchen ash 17 Asafoetida

4. Goat hair 18 Saw dust

5. Tender coconut 19 Ri ver sand

6. GroLlndnLlt 20 Copper sulphate

7. Clay 2 1 Kerosene

8. Rag i husk 22 Ox horn

9. Ri ce husk 23 Cow dung

10. Chi cken excreta 24 Co w urine

II. Sugar 25 Fi sh oil

12. Com mon salt 26 BUller milk

13. Coconut 27 Mercury

14. Red eanh

Baskaran & Narayanasamy 10

Historicnl perspectives of indigenous pest control

Pest contro l practices of our ancestors are ev ident from protohistoric, hi stori c and Ved ic peri ods. Storage of grains in cy lindri ca l pits dug In earth or in granari es or containers made of ropes and plastered w ith mud or in well-baked clay pots, scaring away birds by sling ball s, initiation of mi xed-cropping technique, contro lled use o f water in irri gati on o f fields etc are some 0 1· the practices found in use during these periods. i

During Vedic era, culti vators kept away birds from cornfields by making din and noise and se tting traps or di gg ing pi t fall s and fix traps in the fi eld to drive away the wi ld animals. Seed treatment with cow dung, milky juice or SO /WI/Ilil

Table 2- Pest control plants of Vedi c era

SI. No. Common naille Sc ientific name

I. Ajasr ingi - Odilia pillll{lw

2. Asoka - Sartlca asoca

3. Aswath a FiclIS relig ioSil

4. Arka - Ca/olropis g ig{l lliea

5. Kakadas ingi Gwwllr/ropsis pell/{lphylla

6. Ku verakshi Bigl/{Jilia slIaveo/ell s

7. Maharksha

Ellphorbia lirucalli (Vijra)

8. Neem A~{ldimchra ill dica

9. Nyagrotha FiclIs illdica

10 . Palasa Blile{l jimldos{I

II. Stapuspa t'\ lI erhlllll sOlVa

12. Sikhandi (Juh a) Jaslllil l lllli IlllriclI/m/1I11

13. Vida nga ElIlbelia ribes

Narayanasamyl

illdiclIIlI , coconut water, Elllbelia ribes and cow ghee , etc were in vogue.

Since then use o f plant parts in various affairs of agri culture was on the increase and people domesticated varieti es o f plants around their habitation and agricul tura l fie lds. Instances of best known plants species used by man during Vedic and the periods therea fter are cited in Tab les 2 and 3.

In the first century B.C. and sixth century A .D. Shih Shary-han brought out an encyc lopaed ia of agri culture in China l isling a large number of prac ti ces fo r sustainable agriculture. Roychoudhari enli sted numerous traditional agri cultural practi ces found in Indian ancient texts on V rikshayurveda (tree medicine), and Asura- Vaicl yaka (treatments of horse and

42 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL I, No. I, JULY 2002

Table 3 - Important traditi ona l pest contro l plants

Plants Parts used Maj or mode of action Target pests

Acarus calallllls Rhi zo me COlllact po ison repellent Ants

A I/illlll cepa Bulb, leaf Repe llent A ll pests

AI/illlll Sa/iVIIIIl Bulb Repelle nt All pests

Annona sqllalllosa Leaf, seed Contact poison All pes ts

A zadirachra indica Leaf, seed Repellent , anti feedant , BPH , GLH Aphids,

growth regulator larvae

AdhalOda vasica Leaf Antifeedant , repell ent Stored pests, rice pests

Acacia nilotica Fl owers, stem

wood ash Contact po ison , antifeedant Termite, stored pests

Aga ve alllericana Leaf Contact and sto mach poi son Ri ce leaf fo lder

Calotropis gigantea Leaf Stomach poison Larvae

CapsiculIl jl'llte.l'cens Fruit Stomach po ison Larvae, sucking pests

Chrysanthelllulll Flower Contac t and stomach po ison All pests

cinerariaej olilllll

CII rCllllla dOlll est ica Rhi zome Contact po ison Ri ce pes ts, stored pes ts

Cycas revoilira Male cone Repelle nt Rice earhead bug

Datllra stralllonilllll Leaf Anti feedant Larvae

Ipomoea cameo Lea f Stomach poison Larvae

ssp. jistlilosa

Melia azadirach Bark , leaf, seed Attractant , repell ent

Nicotialla tabac/.lln Leaf Repellent , stomach poison Sucking pests, la rvae

Ocimlllll sanctlllll Leaf Repellent , antifeedant Rice pests, beetles,

fruit flies

Piper nignllll Seed Stomach po ison Larvae, beetles

POllgalllia pinnara Oil cake Antifeedant Stored pests

Tecoll1a indica Flower Contact po ison Stored pests

Vitex neglilldo Leaf Contact poison, Stored pests,

growth regulator suc king pests, larvae

Zingiber officinale Rhi zome Repellent Stored pests

Baskaran & Narayanasamy 10

other animals) . Indigenous botanical knowledge in agriculture with reference to seed treatment, pest contro l, seed storage, horticulture etc. was compiled by Mazumdar3

. Chandrakanth and Basavaradhya4 and Vijayalakshmi and Shyamsundar5 traced records of ancient

texts of Indi a viz., Varah amihira, Brihathsamhita (5 A.D.) Vrikshayurveda of Loko pakakra (5 A.D .) and Sarangadhara Samhita (13 A.D .) 111

respect of plant protection techniques.

In India during the early period, the knowledge of pest control in agriculture

ARA Y A ASAMY : TRADITIONAL PEST CONTROL 43

was propagated th rough folk songs, fo lklores, proverbs, riddles, street dances, etc.6-S

It is al so found that the world Tami I poet Thiruvalluvar in hi s classical masterpiece, 'Thirukkural', has made a mention of infestation of stem borer in rice and subsequent loss of the crop. Di seases in betelvine and coconut have also been indicated. In parti cular, the following ' kural ' (couplet) illustrates growing of crops with proper manure care and protection agai nst pests and di seases.

'Erinum nanral eruvidudal kattapin Neerinum nandraam kappu ' .......... .

(Couplet No. 1038)

References on traditional agri culture are also found in the ancient Sanskri t literature. The sages have said that preservation of the best kind of seeds from the attack of the pests would bring prosperity to the culti vators'!. It is therefore clear that our traditi onal knowledge in agri culture dates back to prehi storic, hi stori c, Ved ic and medieval periods.

To promote the cause of tradi tional knowledge in human welfa re and agriculture, first ever national gathering of sc ienti sts, peasants, arti sa ns, ex tension workers etc. under a title, ' Indigenous technologies for sustainable agri culture' was organi sed at Indian Agri cultural Research Institute, New Delhi in 1993. Foll owing this, three Congresses on 'Traditional sciences and technologies of Indi a' were held at Bombay (1993), Chennai (1995) and Varanasi (1998) . These congregati ons have gi ven an

excellent opportunity to the participants to exchange and di sseminate details of various kinds of traditional knowledge in agriculture and other life acti vities.

Traditional pest control

Thus it is important that such traditional farm prac tices are promoted and encouraged among the farming communities as an effort not only to tap the local knowledge but also to make use of locally available resources in crop production. It is in thi s context, the author and hi s team of research scholars made a pioneering study to collate pest control techniques of yes teryears prevailing in remote vill ages and tribal pockets in Tamilnadu . This led us to in troduce a new concept in pest cont ro l namely 'Traditional pest control'. All the tradition-bound materi als used in pest contro l are named as 'Traditional pesticides' .

Baskaran and arayanasamy 10

documented and catalogued 1000 odd indigenous pest contro l techniques, of whi ch 700 pertain to fi eld and horticultural crops and the res t to grain storage. A set of 22 traditional practices was evaluated against pests of rice in laboratory and fi eld condi tions and another set numbering 21 against stored grain pestsll. Then Rethina Raj a l2 tes ted mi xtures of plant products in specific combinations against pests of brinjal, bhelldi and tomato and came out with recommendations. In the li ght of these, detailed findings of our seri es of in vesti gations made so fa r are di scussed here.

44 INDiAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE. VOL I, No. I . JULY 2002

Traditional practices against the pests of rice

Among the se lected traditional pesticides tes ted, general leaf mi xture + asafoetida extract followed by tobacco leaf waste ex tract, brick kiln ash and ash gave very good control o f the brown planthopper (BPH). It is noted that 1l10nocrotophos did not fair well. Odour of Cycas male cone affected the landing of the BPH on the plant. Effectiveness of similar traditional materials has already been made known 13- 17. Neem products,

Jatropha plant extract and green chilli were also equally effec ti ve against the hopper. Development o f crude oi I from Jatropha as a source o f safe and effective pesticide is a break through in the control of weevil of ri ce grains, cockroaches, rat s, housefl ies, etc. 18 Pungency of chilly might be a poss ible reason for its eff"ecti veness. Neem through its bi tter principles ca llee! meliacins like azadirachtin, nimbin , salannin, meliantrio l etc. has been reported to be

.. d . I 11 1!) anti tee ant ag"lI nst severa pests " . In a fi eld tri al, lowest popul ati on of the

green lea fh opper (GLH) was observed in plots treated wi th rice bran+kerosene mixture. However, brick kiln ash, saw dusl+kerosene too checked the GLH incidence effec tively. Thi s finding

f" I I' I~ 17 P con IrITIS t le ear ler reports . . resence of silica in the rice bran, kiln ash and the saw dust might be the killing principle. Other traditional substances like tobacco waste extract, Cycas cone, and lIIahuva oil had shown moderate action on the population of the GLH and white backed planthopper throughout the crop period.

Li me + ash and green ch ill i ex tract were found effec tive against the lea f fo lder. The presence of silica in the ash and lime mi ght have deterred the larvae from feed ing.

Cow dung ex tract, Cycas cone and brick k iln ash were superi or agai nst the ye llow ri ce borer. The strong odou r of the Cycas flo wer emanating due to putrefaction of proteins and amino <Icids in the presence of moisture migh t have deterred the adult moth from lay ing eggs on the plant. The cow dung ex tract by it s coat on the ri ce lea f would have deterred the moth s from ov ipos ition .

Treatments such as Vitex I/eg l/I/do lea f ex tract fo llowed by neem oil , agave flesh ex tract and tobacco lea f waste ex tract effec ti ve ly reduced the borer incidence . Effecti veness o f neem oi I as a pesticide has been abundantly quoted l

!) -2 1.

A mong differen t concentrations of Cycas cone ex tract, 25 % concen tration repelled the earhead bug to the maxi mum followed by 20% ex tract. M ost of the pre­starved bugs fed on the inflorescence of paddy treated w ith Cycas water ex tract; however, no mortality was encoun tered . Hence the farmers keep the Cycas cone pieces in the field bunds at the ti me of flowering stage of the ri ce pl ant to tack le the bug menace (Fig. 1). Thi s is in vogue in the Puliyangudi taluk of Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu l 6

.

Pests of stored paddy In trial s conducted at the godowns of

Central Warehousing Corporation and the Food Corporation of I ndia, V. negul/do

leaf dust followed by neem seed kernel powder were effecti ve against

NARA Y ANASAMY: TRADIT IONAL PEST CONTROL 45

Rhi::.operlha dOll1inica. The efficacy of the neem seed kernel may be due to its ri ch content of' ll1eliacins and 0.2-0.3 % azadiractin and 30% oil though neem leaves, seed coat and bark also contain these but in small quantiti es22

. In both the ex periments Ellcalypllls and Cinnall /o lIllIlIl tree bark mixture 4% was totally ineffec ti ve against the pest as . • "11 lnl erred by Ebsan. -· It was observed that efficiency of the treatments was stead il y good up to 75 days but thereafter the acti vi ty decreased and hence a second treatment of the seed is required to be given to keep the pest populati on under chec kll . In the subsequent study, treatments such as Ad/lOloda leaf dust 10%, ash 5%, Cycas cone powder 10%, neem leaf powder 10%, neem seed kernel powder 5%, V. neg llndo leaf powder 10% and tobacco lea f dus t 5% were given. Of these, neem seed kernel powder 5% gave superior check of R. dOll1inica followed by tobacco leaf dust 5%. Repe ll ency of nee ll1 seed kernel against the beetle was uniform up to 120 days.

In a laboratory study , nee m and dalllra leaf mi xture had caused hi ghest morta lity of the pest foll owed by V. neg llndo leaf dust. Maximum mortality of TriboliwlI caslallCUlII was recorded wi th the neem seed kernel powder 2% followed by Ipolll oea 4%. In fact the mortality of the pest was witnessed from third day onward ~onfirm ing the earlier findings24

.26

.

Regarding Corcyra cephalollica max i mum mortal i ty was caused by V. lI eg lllldo lea f powder fo ll owed by neem lea f powder, Adhatoda leaf powder. Pupation of C. cep/lOlollica larvae was

inhibited by V. lI eg lllldo leaf powder and tobacco leaf waste. Common ash disrupted the adult emergence to the maximum. Presence of sili ca in the ash mi ght be the principle respons ible for the mortality of the tes t insect; aberration of the body ti ssues was its common feature.

Traditional practices against pests of vegetables

Brinjal

In a fi eld trial, damage by fruit borer (Le llcillodes orbollalis) was kept low due to a mixture of extract of garlic , kerosene and green chilli and another mi xture hav ing garli c, on ion and chilli powder. The insec ticidal property may be due to pungency of garli c, onion and chilli . However, another ex tract containing agave, nux-vomica and neem leaves, POllgalllia cake and cow urine too controll ed the fruit borer and leaf beetl e (Ep ilachl lO vig illCl ioc/oPl lll cla la) incidence. These findings concur with the

I· ? 7·? ~ I"> II' f' ear ler reports- -. "epe lng nature 0

cow urine, bitterness of POlIgal1lia cake and poisonous nature of .nux-vomica accounted for the i nsecricidal property. These trea tments were detri mental to survival of larval population, feCL~ndity ,

egg hatchability , adult longev ity and adult emergence 111 Epilachlla beetl e (£. vig ill clioClopllllcla la).

Bhcndi

In field , mixture of garlic , kerosene and green chilli brought down incidence of fruit borer (Ea rias villella ) and lealllopper (A lI1rasca devaslallS) infest ing bliel/cli seedlings .]

46 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL I, No. I, JULY 2002

Fig. !-Male cone of Cycas

Tomato The fruit borer (Helicoverpa annigera)

and leaf caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) were controlled effectively by the treatment comprising garlic, kerosene and green chilli. These treatments also hindered adult emergence in H. armigera and S. litura besides inducing adult malformation to certain extent.

A wild chilli (Capsicum frutescens Linn .) (Tamil: Kaandhari chilli) grows commonly in the . hilly tracts around Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu. The unripe fruits are very small (Fig. 2) having high level of pungency . The farmers of the tract use the chilli fruit as a spray against pests of rice and other crops 12

. Rethina Raja and Narayanasam/0 recorded pupal mortality and inhibited adult emergence in S. litura and H. armigera due to green chilli paste treatment.

Economics of traditional pesticides Regarding economics of plant

protection with traditional pesticides, it is observed that the inert dust materials like ash and brick kiln ash are cheap and available in abundance. But neem oil, garlic and mahuva oil cost about Rs. 60 a litre. The cost of crop protection for an hectare could be within Rs. 290/-.

As the plants of Agave, milk weed and Ipomoea are abundantly seen in and around the agricultural fields , waste lands and along the road sides, they may be used profitably besides managing them. Cycas flower if processed as powder or as an extract and preserved will be useful against the pests of rice and other crops.

So far as the pest control in the storage grains is concerned, most of the plant products are available commonly . If tobacco leaf waste could be collected from the field, there will be no cost. Thus the traditional pesticides are cheaper.

In the light of the above, the fo llowing packages of "Traditional pest management", separate for rice and certain vegetables, are suggested for

NARA Y ANASAMY: TRADITIONAL PEST CONTROL 47

Fig. 2- Capsicum ji·utescens- plant

sustainable agriculture 11'12

•31

•32

, which would encourage the farmers to go in for pesticide-free crop protection to a certain extent .

1. Traditional pest management in rice

Dosages Pests

• Leaf mixture ex tract I% spray + asafoetida mi xture BPH,

• Tobacco leaf waste 5% spray GLH, leaf

extrac t fo lder,

• Rice bran+kerosene 37kg/ha stem borer

• Vitex negundo leaf 5% spray extract

Dosages Pests

• Lime ash mixture 37kg/ha Earhead

Cycas cone pieces 370g/ha bug, BPH,

• leaf fo lder,

• Cow dung extract 2% spray stem borer, caterpill ars

• Brick ki ln ash 37kg/ha and other

• Ipomoea leaf 2% spray chewers

extract

2. Traditional pest management in brinjal

• Spray extract of leaves of Agave + Nux vomica+cow urine+Pongamia seed cake.

• Spray extract of leaves of Adhatoda vasica + Aegle marmelos + Vitex

48 I DIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE. VOL I , No. I , JUL Y 2002

neg /ll/ do + Neem seed kernel + Asafoetida + Cow urine.

3. Traditional pest management in bhelldi and tomato

• Spray ex tract of garli c + kerosene + green chilli .

• Spray leaf ex tract or Ag([ve

([lI/ ericCl l/a.

• Spray extract of garli c + onIon + ch i II i powder.

The final ex trac t shall be di luted in the water at 1:8 rati o. The treatmen ts shall be delivered alternative ly at 30, 45, 60, 75 days after planting in the respec ti ve crop.

4. Traditional pest management in stored paddy seeds in godown

• Vilex lI eg ll/llfo le<lf powder

• Nccll1 SCL!d kernL!l powckr

• Tob<lcCO leaf vas tc powder

• NCL!1ll Ica f powdcr

• COlllmon ash

Conclusion and future ,·ecommendation

4 kg/ I OOkg SCL!ds

2 kg/ I OOkg SL!c (/s

2 kg/ I OOJ..g SCL!(/s

-I kg/ I OO"g SL!L!ci s

2 kg/ I OOJ..g SL!cd s

We have a vas t wea lth of plant s, whi ch are rich sources of bio-active co mpounds . Several more might sti ll be lying unexp lored. More concerted erforts are needed to make the availabl e com pounds more poten t against pests and safer to the env iro nment by way of improved form ul at ions.

The farmers still have inhibition in using botanicals because they are IIlder the impress ion th at they are inferior to the modern pest icides as the former clo not ca use quick knock down effec t. Hence, an awareness among the farmers needs to be created in thi s regard .

The traditi onal ~ ubstances , whi ch are less freq uentl y used in India at presen t, may prov ide a suitable alternati ve to the chemical pesticides. If the practice of involving traditi onal substances along wi th other biolog ica l produc ts is followed for the pest problems, it is cert ain that the agri culture will be reall y green and the hu.man kind wi ll li ve in a very safe and healthy environment.

Acknowledgement The author expresses hi s gratefulness

to the authoriti es of Annama lai University for necessary fac iliti es.

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