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High Power Microwave Tubes:Basics and Trends

Volume 2

High Power Microwave Tubes:Basics and Trends

Volume 2

Vishal KesariMicrowave Tube Research and Development Centre, Bangalore, India

B N BasuSir J C Bose School of Engineering, Mankundu, India

Morgan & Claypool Publishers

Copyright ª 2018 Morgan & Claypool Publishers

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval systemor transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recordingor otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, or as expressly permitted by law orunder terms agreed with the appropriate rights organization. Multiple copying is permitted inaccordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, the CopyrightClearance Centre and other reproduction rights organisations.

Rights & PermissionsTo obtain permission to re-use copyrighted material from Morgan & Claypool Publishers, pleasecontact info@morganclaypool.com.

ISBN 978-1-6817-4704-0 (ebook)ISBN 978-1-6817-4705-7 (print)ISBN 978-1-6817-4706-4 (mobi)

DOI 10.1088/978-1-6817-4704-0

Version: 20180101

IOP Concise PhysicsISSN 2053-2571 (online)ISSN 2054-7307 (print)

A Morgan & Claypool publication as part of IOP Concise PhysicsPublished by Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 1210 Fifth Avenue, Suite 250, San Rafael, CA,94901, USA

IOP Publishing, Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol BS1 6HG, UK

Dedicated to the Late Professor N C Vaidya, who established the Centre of Researchin Microwave Tubes at Banaras Hindu University

Contents

Preface ix

Acknowledgment x

Author biographies xi

6 Qualitative description of conventional and familiarmicrowave tubes

6-1

6.1 Travelling-wave tubes 6-1

6.1.1 Phenomenological description 6-1

6.1.2 Wideband performance 6-3

6.1.3 Efficiency considerations 6-5

6.1.4 Thermal management and output power 6-6

6.1.5 Backward-wave excitation, its suppression and role ofattenuators

6-7

6.1.6 Extension of the design to the millimeter-wave regime 6-9

6.1.7 RF input/output couplers 6-9

6.1.8 Control of gain and phase variations 6-10

6.1.9 Requirement of space qualification 6-11

6.1.10 Dual-mode operation 6-12

6.1.11 Performance improvement by external means 6-12

6.1.12 Backward-wave oscillator 6-12

6.2 Klystrons 6-13

6.2.1 Two-cavity klystron 6-14

6.2.2 Multi-cavity klystron 6-15

6.2.3 Multi-beam klystron (MBK) 6-16

6.3 Klystron variants 6-17

6.3.1 Reflex klystron 6-17

6.3.2 Inductive output tube 6-20

6.3.3 Extended interaction klystron (EIK) 6-20

6.3.4 Extended interaction oscillator (EIO) 6-22

6.3.5 Twystron 6-23

6.4 Crossed-field tubes 6-23

6.4.1 Magnetron 6-24

6.4.2 Crossed-field amplifier (CFA) and carcinotron 6-28

References 6-30

vii

7 Fast-wave tubes 7-1

7.1 Cyclotron resonance maser (CRM) and Weibel instabilities 7-3

7.2 Gyrotron 7-5

7.2.1 Higher beam-harmonic operation 7-8

7.2.2 Mode selectivity 7-10

7.3 Gyro-backward-wave oscillator 7-11

7.4 Gyro-klystron 7-12

7.5 Gyro-travelling-wave tube 7-13

7.5.1 Grazing intersection 7-14

7.6 Cyclotron auto-resonance maser (CARM) 7-16

7.7 Slow-wave cyclotron amplifier (SWCA) 7-17

7.8 Hybrid gyro-tubes 7-18

7.9 Peniotron 7-19

References 7-21

8 Vacuum microelectronic, plasma-filled and high powermicrowave (HPM) tubes

8-1

8.1 Vacuum microelectronic (VME) MWTs 8-1

8.1.1 Vacuum microelectronic (VME) technology 8-1

8.1.2 Typical vacuum-microelectronic (VME) MWTs 8-4

8.2 Plasma-filled MWTs 8-7

8.2.1 Plasma-cathode electron (PCE) gun 8-8

8.2.2 Typical plasma-filled MWTs 8-9

8.3 High power microwave (HPM) MWTs 8-12

8.3.1 Relativistic MWTs 8-14

8.3.2 Some other high power Cerenkov tubes 8-19

8.3.3 Vircator—bremsstrahlung radiation HPM tube 8-21

8.3.4 MILO—M-type HPM tube requiring no externalmagnetic field

8-23

References 8-26

9 Frequency and power ranges of common microwave tubes 9-1

References 9-6

10 Epilogue 10-1

High Power Microwave Tubes: Basics and Trends

viii

Preface

This is volume 2 of the book. The development of this book is due to the initiativeand inspiration of Professor Akhlesh Lakhtakia of Pennsylvania State University. Itis a continuation of volume 1, which described the historical timeline of thedevelopment of microwave tubes (MWTs), the high-frequency limitations of tradi-tional electron tubes and the means of overcoming them, the factors making MWTssuperior to solid-state devices (chapter 1), the classification, applications and trendsof research and development in MWTs (chapter 2), some judiciously-selectedenabling concepts that will help newcomers to understand the behavior of MWTs(chapter 3), the basic concepts of electron guns, magnetic focusing structures andcollectors for the formation, confinement and collection of an electron beam(chapter 4), and the analyses of the beam-absent and beam-present interactionstructures of MWTs (chapter 5).

This volume begins with chapter 6, in which we have discussed conventionalMWTs (TWTs, klystrons, including multi-cavity and multi-beam klystrons, klystronvariants including reflex klystron, IOT, EIK, EIO and twystron, and crossed-fieldtubes, namely, magnetron, CFA and carcinotron). In chapter 7 we have exploredfast-wave tubes (gyrotron, gyro-BWO, gyro-klystron, gyro-TWT, CARM, SWCA,hybrid gyro-tubes and peniotron). In chapter 8 we have discussed vacuum micro-electronic tubes (klystrino module, THz gyrotron and clinotron BWO); plasma-assisted tubes (PWT, plasma-filled TWT, BWO, including PASOTRON andgyrotron); and HPM (high power microwave) tubes (relativistic TWT, relativisticBWO, RELTRON (a variant of relativistic klystron), relativistic magnetron, highpower Cerenkov tubes including SWO, RDG or orotron, MWCG and MWDG,bremsstrahlung radiation type tube, namely, vircator, and the M-type tube MILO).In chapter 9 one can find handy information about the frequency and power rangesof common MWTs, though more such information has been provided at relevantplaces in the rest of the book as and where necessary. Chapter 10 sums up theauthors’ attempt to elucidate the various aspects of the basics of, and developmentaltrends in, high power MWTs.

The scope of ever-expanding applications of MWTs in the high-power and high-frequency regimes will continue to sustain and intensify the research and develop-ment in MWTs in the coming years. We will be happy if our effort to present thebasics and trends of MWTs in this book proves to be useful.

ix

Acknowledgment

We profusely express our gratitude to Professor Akhlesh Laktakia for stimulating usto write this book. Mr Wayne Yuhasz has provided us with constant guidance inliaison with Professor Laktakia in the development of the manuscript. We sincerelythank Mr Joel Claypool of Morgan & Claypool Publishers for his suggestions toimprove the presentation of the book. We sincerely acknowledge the support wehave received from Mr B GuhaMallick, Chairman, SKFGI, and Dr S Kamath,Director, MTRDC.

We sincerely thank Mr Amit Varshney for drawing the figures, and Mr RaktimGuha, Dr Udit Narayan Pal, Dr SMaurya, Dr Ranjan Kumar Barik, Dr S KDatta,and Dr Vishnu Srivastava for helping us to develop the reference section of thebook. We wish to record our sincere thanks to Ms Sreelatha Menon for editing someportions of the manuscript of this book.

We would also like to acknowledge MsM Jayalaxmi, Librarian MTRDC, for hersupport in providing us with the published literature available at the TechnicalInformation Centre of MTRDC.

Vishal Kesari and B N Basu

x

Author biographies

Vishal Kesari

Vishal Kesari received a MSc (Physics) degree from PurvanchalUniversity, India, and a PhD (Electronics Engineering) degree fromthe Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IT-BHU)(now known as IIT-BHU), India, in 2001 and 2006, respectively.He has worked as a Research Fellow at the Centre of AdvancedStudy, Electronics Engineering Department, IT-BHU, andsignificantly contributed to sponsored research projects at the

Centre of Research in Microwave Tubes, IT-BHU. He served as a lecturer at theBirla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, India, and the Indian Institute of InformationTechnology, Allahabad, India, before joining as a scientist at the Microwave TubeResearch and Development Centre, Defence Research and DevelopmentOrganisation, Bengaluru, India. His research interests include microwave andmillimeter-wave vacuum electronic devices. He has authored two books: (i) Analysisof Disc-loaded Circular Waveguides for Wideband Gyro-TWTs (Lambert AcademicPublishing AG & Co., Germany, 2009), and (ii) High Power Microwave Tubes:Basics and Trends (IOP Concise Physics; Morgan & Claypool Publishers, London,2018) (with B N Basu as the co-author), and numerous research papers inpeer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings. He has, to his credit, a numberof international and departmental level awards including the DRDO YoungScientist Award, 2012. He has acted as a reviewer for various peer-reviewed journalsand conference proceedings. He is a life member of the Vacuum Electronic Devicesand Application Society, India.

B N Basu

B N Basu received BTech, MTech and PhD degrees from theInstitute of Radiophysics and Electronics, Calcutta University in1965, 1966 and 1976, respectively. He served several organizationsin India: RIT, Jamshedpur; CSIR-CEERI, Pilani; DRDO-DLRL,Hyderabad; IT-BHU, Varanasi; IFTM University, Moradabad;and SKFGI, Mankundu. He took visiting assignments abroad atLancaster University, UK; Seoul National University, Korea; and

KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany. He was the CSIR Distinguished Visiting Scientist atCSIR-CEERI, Pilani, and Consultant at DRDO-MTRDC, Bengaluru. He played apivotal role in establishing MOUs (i) between the Department of ElectronicsEngineering, BHU and CSIR-CEERI, Pilani; (ii) between Seoul NationalUniversity and CSIR-CEERI, Pilani; and (iii) between SKFGI, Mankundu andCSIR-CEERI, Pilani. He was President of the Vacuum Electron Devices andApplication Society, Bengaluru. He has authored (or co-authored) more than a

xi

hundred research papers in journals of international repute (including 37 in IEEETransactions) and six monograph chapters in the area of microwave tubes. He hasauthored four books: (i) Electromagnetic Theory and Applications in Beam-WaveElectronics (World Scientific, Singapore/New Jersey/London/Hong Kong, 1996) (ii)Technical Writing (Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, 2007), (iii) EngineeringElectromagnetics Essentials (Universities Press, Hyderabad, 2015) (distributed byOrient Blackswan, India) and (iv) High Power Microwave Tubes: Basics and Trends(IOP Concise Physics; Morgan & Claypool Publishers, London, 2018) (with VishalKesari as the co-author). He is on the Editorial Board of the Journal ofElectromagnetic Waves and Applications and he guest-edited a Special Issue onMicrowave Tubes and Applications: Issue 17, Vol 31, 2017 of the Journal ofElectromagnetic Waves and Applications (Taylor and Francis publication). Heserved on the Technical Committee on Vacuum Electronic Devices of the IEEEElectron Devices Society. He is a recipient of the SVC Aiya Memorial Award ofIETE, Lifetime Achievement Award of the Vacuum Electronic Devices andApplication Society, India and ISM Microwave Pioneer Award, Bengaluru.

High Power Microwave Tubes: Basics and Trends

xii