Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648

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Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 “The Religious War to End All Religious Wars”

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Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648. “The Religious War to End All Religious Wars”. Causes of the Thirty Years’ War. Calvinism spread into HRE Increasing mistrust between Catholics and Protestants Peace of Augsburg failed - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648

Page 1: Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648

Thirty Years’ War1618-1648

“The Religious War to End All Religious Wars”

Page 2: Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648

Causes of the Thirty Years’ War

Calvinism spread into HREIncreasing mistrust between

Catholics and ProtestantsPeace of Augsburg failedCatastrophic war resulted – HRE

and several other European nations – most important war of the 17th century

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First Phase - Bohemian Phase

Habsburgs wanted to crush Bohemian Protestantism

Two Catholic HRE officials are thrown from palace window - “defenestration of Prague”

HRE forces invaded Bohemia and crushed revolt (1618-1625)

Forced conversion to Catholicism, ended Protestantism in Bohemia

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Second Phase – Danish Phase

Protestant Danes invade HRE to protect fellow Protestants

Many Catholic victories vs. Danish armies

Height of Catholic power during war (1625-1629)

Albrecht von Wallenstein – mercenary leader of Catholic forces

1629 – Edict of Restitution – Emperor ordered all church territories seized since 1552 to be returned to Catholic Church – annulled in a few years

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Third Phase – Swedish Phase

Lutheran King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden entered war to rescue Protestants in HRE

Swedes won victories over Catholic armies (1630-1635)

Gustavus killed in battle in 1632; Sweden defeated in 1634, signed truce

Albrecht von Wallenstein assassinated in 1634

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Fourth Phase – International Phase

Bourbon France feared Catholic victory for HRE = German unity

Cardinal Richelieu (French prime minister) allied France with Protestant forces to fight Emperor

France declared war on Spain and HRE, began to bankroll war effort for others (1635-1648)

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International PhaseFrench, Dutch, Swedes, and

mercenary armies invaded HRE Invading armies looted and

burned their way across HRE, destroying agriculture and trading centers

Neither side capable of winning a decisive victory

Peace agreement reached in 1648

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Results of Thirty Years’ War

Peace of Westphalia (1648): Renewed Peace of Augsburg – added

Calvinism to choices Netherlands and Switzerland given

their independence Pope denied right to intervene in HRE

affairs 300+ German states and cities

became independent – beginning of the end for HRE

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Results of Thirty Years’ War

France, Sweden, Brandenburg (Prussia) grew in territory and international stature

Spain and HRE weakened, loss of stature

Germany devastated – population decreased by 1/3 or more in certain areas

Ended the wars of religion – politics now more important

Began the rise of France as the dominant power of Europe


Chapter Thirty The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648

Chapter Thirty The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648

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The Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648

The Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648

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Thirty Years War Review 1618-1648. Characteristics The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.

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The Thirty Years War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire (Germany) was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the.

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novella.mhhe.comnovella.mhhe.com/.../1029082/SAQs_Period_1.docx  · Web viewThe map above shows the major participants and the major battles of the Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648.

The Thirty Years War 1618-1648. The Thirty Years War is complex. Main conflict b/w the different states who had religious differences.

The Thirty Years War 1618-1648. The Thirty Years War is complex. Main conflict b/w the different states who had religious differences.