The Thirty Years’ WarThe Thirty Years’ War

1618-16481618-1648

The Logical Outcome of the The Logical Outcome of the Reformation in Germany?Reformation in Germany?

The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire After the Peace of AugsburgAfter the Peace of Augsburg

1555 The Peace of Augsburg – cuius regio, 1555 The Peace of Augsburg – cuius regio, eius religioeius religio

Demonstrated the internal weakness of Demonstrated the internal weakness of the Holy Roman Emperor (not his the Holy Roman Emperor (not his weakness over his own territories)weakness over his own territories)

Institutionalized the fragmentation of the Institutionalized the fragmentation of the German statesGerman states

Led to the developing Protestant kingdoms Led to the developing Protestant kingdoms making alliances with the Lutheran making alliances with the Lutheran German princes – often to counter the German princes – often to counter the political aims of the Habsburgspolitical aims of the Habsburgs

German speaking lands in the HRE German speaking lands in the HRE included about 360 independent political included about 360 independent political entities.entities.

These lands often viewed each other as These lands often viewed each other as economic, political and religious rivals.economic, political and religious rivals.

This usually was the key to the HRE’s This usually was the key to the HRE’s ability to control the Germansability to control the Germans

Germans – both Protestant and Catholic – Germans – both Protestant and Catholic – feared that the HRE’s religious aims were feared that the HRE’s religious aims were in actuality an attempt to unify the in actuality an attempt to unify the Germans politically.Germans politically.

Problems with the Peace of AugsburgProblems with the Peace of Augsburg

The Peace of Augsburg recognized The Peace of Augsburg recognized Lutheranism – but did not address or Lutheranism – but did not address or recognize Calvinism or any other Protestant recognize Calvinism or any other Protestant sect.sect.

The growing Calvinist movement felt at odds The growing Calvinist movement felt at odds with the Catholics and Lutheranswith the Catholics and Lutherans

ECCLESIASTICAL RESERVATION – Catholics ECCLESIASTICAL RESERVATION – Catholics were upset that despite the Peace of Augsburg were upset that despite the Peace of Augsburg – former Catholic clergy who had converted to – former Catholic clergy who had converted to Lutheranism were still in charge of churches, Lutheranism were still in charge of churches, lands, titles, and monies that in theory should lands, titles, and monies that in theory should have been returned to the Catholic Church.have been returned to the Catholic Church.

The PalatinateThe Palatinate

While not officially recognized as a Protestant While not officially recognized as a Protestant alternative – Calvinism had been adopted by alternative – Calvinism had been adopted by FREDERICK III, Elector Palatine in his lands FREDERICK III, Elector Palatine in his lands between France and Germany.between France and Germany.

This vital area was also part of the cross-roads This vital area was also part of the cross-roads that connected the banking and trade centers in that connected the banking and trade centers in the Netherlands with the center of Europe.the Netherlands with the center of Europe.

Calvinists in the Palatine received monies from Calvinists in the Palatine received monies from France, England and the Netherlands as a way to France, England and the Netherlands as a way to counter the Spanish/Habsburg attempt to counter the Spanish/Habsburg attempt to dominate Europe politically and religiously.dominate Europe politically and religiously.

The Protestant Union was established – linking The Protestant Union was established – linking the German Protestant leaders.the German Protestant leaders.

Frederick III Elector PalatineFrederick III Elector Palatine

The Lutherans feared the growing The Lutherans feared the growing political and religious power of the political and religious power of the Calvinists and rejected the Calvinist Calvinists and rejected the Calvinist denial of any real presence of Christ denial of any real presence of Christ in the Eucharist.in the Eucharist.

As the 17As the 17thth century began – the century began – the German states were ripe for war:German states were ripe for war:– ReligionReligion– EconomicsEconomics– Politics – internal and externalPolitics – internal and external

The Catholic LeagueThe Catholic League

Led by the Jesuits, the Catholics made bold Led by the Jesuits, the Catholics made bold moves in southern Germany to stop the moves in southern Germany to stop the advancement of Calvinism.advancement of Calvinism.

1609, Maximilian, the duke of Bavaria 1609, Maximilian, the duke of Bavaria organized THE CATHOLIC LEAGUE in order to organized THE CATHOLIC LEAGUE in order to counter balance the growing political power counter balance the growing political power of Protestant FRECERICK IV, ELECTOR of Protestant FRECERICK IV, ELECTOR PALATINE and his league of Protestants.PALATINE and his league of Protestants.

Both camps were arming themselves – all Both camps were arming themselves – all while the HRE tried to maintain peace and while the HRE tried to maintain peace and control.control.

Maximilian of BavariaMaximilian of Bavaria

The Bohemian Phase 1618-The Bohemian Phase 1618-16251625

The Thirty Years’ War had four distinct The Thirty Years’ War had four distinct phases – as the war evolved from a war phases – as the war evolved from a war based on religion to one based on based on religion to one based on European political rivalries.European political rivalries.

1618 – Ferdinand, archduke of Styria 1618 – Ferdinand, archduke of Styria became king of Bohemia.became king of Bohemia.

Educated by the Jesuits, Ferdinand was also Educated by the Jesuits, Ferdinand was also in line to become the next HRE.in line to become the next HRE.

Ferdinand was determined to restore Ferdinand was determined to restore Catholicism to his Habsburg lands – Catholicism to his Habsburg lands – Bohemia had a large Protestant population.Bohemia had a large Protestant population.

Ferdinand, King of Ferdinand, King of BohemiaBohemia

1618 – As king of Bohemia, Ferdinand 1618 – As king of Bohemia, Ferdinand revoked the religious freedom of the revoked the religious freedom of the Protestants in Bohemia.Protestants in Bohemia.

These rights had existed since 1575 These rights had existed since 1575 and had grown over time.and had grown over time.

May 1618 – Protestant leaders threw May 1618 – Protestant leaders threw Ferdinand’s representatives out of a Ferdinand’s representatives out of a window in the castle in Prague. “The window in the castle in Prague. “The Defenstration of Prague”Defenstration of Prague”

Prague CastlePrague Castle

1619 – Ferdinand elected HRE as 1619 – Ferdinand elected HRE as FERDINAND IIFERDINAND II

1619 – The Bohemians in Prague 1619 – The Bohemians in Prague publicly denied Ferdinand and publicly denied Ferdinand and declared FREDERICK V, ELECTOR declared FREDERICK V, ELECTOR PALATINE as their overlord. This PALATINE as their overlord. This Bohemian revolt began the war that Bohemian revolt began the war that would eventually engulf all of central would eventually engulf all of central Europe.Europe.

Frederick V, Elector Frederick V, Elector PalatinePalatine

Grandson of: Grandson of: Frederick IIIFrederick III

Grandson of: Grandson of: William of OrangeWilliam of Orange

Married – Elizabeth Married – Elizabeth Stuart – daughter Stuart – daughter of James I of of James I of England/VI of England/VI of ScotlandScotland

Ferdinand II’s response to the Bohemian Ferdinand II’s response to the Bohemian rebellionrebellion

Ferdinand received troops from:Ferdinand received troops from:– SpainSpain– Maximilian of BavariaMaximilian of Bavaria– John George I of Saxony - ****a Lutheran John George I of Saxony - ****a Lutheran

– acting as a – acting as a politiquepolitique – John George – John George wanted to lessen the power of the wanted to lessen the power of the Calvinist Frederick V – so he sided with Calvinist Frederick V – so he sided with the Catholics in order to develop his own the Catholics in order to develop his own political and Lutheran power.political and Lutheran power.

John George of SaxonyJohn George of Saxony

Count Johann von Tilly – Ferdinand’s Count Johann von Tilly – Ferdinand’s commander – defeated the troops of commander – defeated the troops of Frederick V at the BATTLE OF WHITE Frederick V at the BATTLE OF WHITE MOUNTAIN 1620.MOUNTAIN 1620.

This phase of the war ended with This phase of the war ended with Ferdinand subduing Bohemia and Ferdinand subduing Bohemia and conquering the Palatine.conquering the Palatine.

Maximilian of Bavaria took control of Maximilian of Bavaria took control of the Palatinethe Palatine

Johann von TillyJohann von Tilly

Battle of White MountainBattle of White Mountain

The Danish PhaseThe Danish Phase After the defeat of the Protestants in the After the defeat of the Protestants in the

Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Years’ War, Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Years’ War, the Protestants feared a re-Catholicization the Protestants feared a re-Catholicization of the entire Empire and a repudiation of of the entire Empire and a repudiation of the Peace of Augsburg.the Peace of Augsburg.

Christian IV, Lutheran king of Denmark, held Christian IV, Lutheran king of Denmark, held the duchy of Holstein which was in the the duchy of Holstein which was in the Empire. Encouraged by the English, French, Empire. Encouraged by the English, French, and the Dutch, and also wanting to extend and the Dutch, and also wanting to extend Danish influence in the North Sea – Danish influence in the North Sea – Christian IV took up the mantle of the Christian IV took up the mantle of the Protestant movement.Protestant movement.

Christian IVChristian IV

The Danish forces were quickly The Danish forces were quickly overwhelmed by MAXIMILIAN OF BAVARIA overwhelmed by MAXIMILIAN OF BAVARIA and ALBRECHT VON WALLENSTEIN.and ALBRECHT VON WALLENSTEIN.

Ferdinand II issued EDICT OF RESTITUTION Ferdinand II issued EDICT OF RESTITUTION 1629 which re-instituted the illegality of 1629 which re-instituted the illegality of Calvinism.Calvinism.

BUT – Ferdinand began to worry about the BUT – Ferdinand began to worry about the increasing power of Maximilian of Bavaria increasing power of Maximilian of Bavaria and Albrecht von Wallenstein.and Albrecht von Wallenstein.

The Swedish PeriodThe Swedish Period

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden took up Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden took up where Christian IV had failed.where Christian IV had failed.

He was financially supported by He was financially supported by France and Holland.France and Holland.

He also had internal support in the He also had internal support in the Empire from Saxony and Empire from Saxony and BRANDENBURG – leading to a massive BRANDENBURG – leading to a massive Protestant victory at THE BATTLE OF Protestant victory at THE BATTLE OF BREITENFELD in 1630. BUT….BREITENFELD in 1630. BUT….

Gustavus Adolphus – The Lion of the Gustavus Adolphus – The Lion of the NorthNorth

Gustavus Adolphus killed in battle at Gustavus Adolphus killed in battle at THE BATTLE OF LUTZEN 1632.THE BATTLE OF LUTZEN 1632.

Ferdinand II HRE had Albrecht von Ferdinand II HRE had Albrecht von Wallenstein assassinated in 1634 in Wallenstein assassinated in 1634 in order to keep Wallenstein from order to keep Wallenstein from becoming too powerful.becoming too powerful.

PEACE OF PRAGUE 1635 – Saxony PEACE OF PRAGUE 1635 – Saxony made peace with Ferdinand but the made peace with Ferdinand but the Swedish refused to stop their Swedish refused to stop their offenses.offenses.

WallensteinWallenstein

The Swedish-French PhaseThe Swedish-French Phase

The French entered the war with The French entered the war with Sweden in 1635.Sweden in 1635.

Cardinal Richelieu – the chief advisor Cardinal Richelieu – the chief advisor of Louis XIII – felt that defeating the of Louis XIII – felt that defeating the Habsburgs was far more important Habsburgs was far more important than supporting a Catholic cause.than supporting a Catholic cause.

German armies and people quickly German armies and people quickly destroyed – second only to the Black destroyed – second only to the Black Death in population losses.Death in population losses.

Cardinal RichelieuCardinal Richelieu

The Treaty of Westphalia The Treaty of Westphalia 16481648

1. all hostilities in HRE ended1. all hostilities in HRE ended 2. Edict of Restitution revoked2. Edict of Restitution revoked Peace of Augsburg reinstatedPeace of Augsburg reinstated Calvinism recognizedCalvinism recognized Swiss Confederacy given independenceSwiss Confederacy given independence United Provinces of Holland formally recognized as United Provinces of Holland formally recognized as

independentindependent Bavaria raised to an electorBavaria raised to an elector More self rule for German principalitiesMore self rule for German principalities France and Sweden guarantors of the treatyFrance and Sweden guarantors of the treaty BRANDENBURG-PRUSSIA the most dominate north BRANDENBURG-PRUSSIA the most dominate north

German stateGerman state France and Spain remained at war until 1659 TREATY France and Spain remained at war until 1659 TREATY

OF THE PYRENEESOF THE PYRENEES

Results of the Thirty Years’ Results of the Thirty Years’ WarWar

Devastated German populationDevastated German population HRE as a political unit never powerful HRE as a political unit never powerful

again again Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia

main German statesmain German states France the dominate nation on the France the dominate nation on the

continentcontinent Development of the growth of nation-Development of the growth of nation-

statesstates

Where was Where was England???England???