The 30 Years’ WarThe 30 Years’ War1618-16481618-1648

Historical BackgroundHistorical Background Because of the execution of Jan Hus in 1415, Because of the execution of Jan Hus in 1415,

Bohemia was a hotbed of contention between Bohemia was a hotbed of contention between Protestants and Catholics. (Protestants and Catholics. (Bohemia consisted of Bohemia consisted of Bohemia, Silesia, Moravia and Lusatia).Bohemia, Silesia, Moravia and Lusatia).

By 1600, Protestants outnumbered Catholics in By 1600, Protestants outnumbered Catholics in Bohemia but the Protestants were fragmented Bohemia but the Protestants were fragmented into denominations or sectsinto denominations or sects

Emperor Rudolph II issued a Letter of Majesty Emperor Rudolph II issued a Letter of Majesty granting some limited freedoms and tolerance to granting some limited freedoms and tolerance to Protestants but Rudolph died before Protestants fully Protestants but Rudolph died before Protestants fully enjoyed the limited freedomsenjoyed the limited freedoms

Catholics forbade Protestants to build churches Catholics forbade Protestants to build churches in towns where Protestant churches did not in towns where Protestant churches did not already existalready exist

Ferdinand II was to be the new King of Bohemia and Ferdinand II was to be the new King of Bohemia and Protestants feared for the worstProtestants feared for the worst

The Defenestration of The Defenestration of PraguePrague

Protestants set up a meeting with Catholic Protestants set up a meeting with Catholic officials in Prague on May 23, 1618.officials in Prague on May 23, 1618.

Meeting went badly, the Protestants seized two Meeting went badly, the Protestants seized two Catholic officials and tossed them out the Catholic officials and tossed them out the window; for kicks they tossed a secretary, too.window; for kicks they tossed a secretary, too.

This event is known as The Defenestration of This event is known as The Defenestration of Prague. Prague. The word defenestrate comes from Latin word The word defenestrate comes from Latin word for “window” and means “out the window”for “window” and means “out the window”

Survived the fall because they landed in a Survived the fall because they landed in a dungheap or ditch; Catholics claimed angels dungheap or ditch; Catholics claimed angels saved themsaved them

This was the spark that ignited the 30 Years’ WarThis was the spark that ignited the 30 Years’ War

Defenestration of PragueDefenestration of Prague

The 30 Years’ WarThe 30 Years’ War

Four Phases of the 30 Years’ War:Four Phases of the 30 Years’ War: The Bohemian PhaseThe Bohemian Phase The Danish PhaseThe Danish Phase The Swedish PhaseThe Swedish Phase The French PhaseThe French Phase

The Bohemian Phase (1618-The Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)1625)

Fighting between Catholics and Protestants Fighting between Catholics and Protestants began soon after the Defenestration in 1618began soon after the Defenestration in 1618

The Protestants used a force made up mostly of The Protestants used a force made up mostly of Czechs and deposed Ferdinand, King of Bohemia; Czechs and deposed Ferdinand, King of Bohemia; they chose Frederick V to take his placethey chose Frederick V to take his place

The Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, used The Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, used funds from the Catholic League and the Spanish funds from the Catholic League and the Spanish Habsburgs to build an armyHabsburgs to build an army

The Catholic forces crushed the Protestants at The Catholic forces crushed the Protestants at the Battle of White Mountain and the Jesuits the Battle of White Mountain and the Jesuits attempted to win over those Protestants who attempted to win over those Protestants who weren’t inclined to fightweren’t inclined to fight

The defeat and the propaganda had a different The defeat and the propaganda had a different effect than intendedeffect than intended

The Bohemian Phase (1618-The Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)1625) As the fighting went on, mercenaries joined the As the fighting went on, mercenaries joined the

fray looking to make some money in the warfray looking to make some money in the war Albrecht von Wallenstein, born a Czech Protestant, Albrecht von Wallenstein, born a Czech Protestant,

offered his services to the Emperoroffered his services to the Emperor Reluctantly the Emperor commissioned Wallenstein Reluctantly the Emperor commissioned Wallenstein

and his 125,000 soldiersand his 125,000 soldiers Wallenstein and his men unleashed destruction on Wallenstein and his men unleashed destruction on

GermanyGermany The Emperor had no control over Wallenstein or his The Emperor had no control over Wallenstein or his

men, thoughmen, though During the fighting in Bohemia, the Spanish During the fighting in Bohemia, the Spanish

attacked the holdings of Frederick along the Rhine attacked the holdings of Frederick along the Rhine RiverRiver

Frederick and the Protestants had their hands full Frederick and the Protestants had their hands full already and could not win back the land from Spainalready and could not win back the land from Spain

The Danish Phase (1625-The Danish Phase (1625-1630)1630) Habsburg enemies all over Europe were horrified at Habsburg enemies all over Europe were horrified at

Wallenstein’s anticsWallenstein’s antics King Christian IV of Denmark decided to enter the King Christian IV of Denmark decided to enter the

war to help the Protestants turn the tide in war to help the Protestants turn the tide in GermanyGermany

Wallenstein proved to be too much for ChristianWallenstein proved to be too much for Christian Feeling confident after Wallenstein’s successes, the Feeling confident after Wallenstein’s successes, the

Emperor issued the Edict of Restitution in 1629Emperor issued the Edict of Restitution in 1629 The Edict outlawed all sects of Christianity other The Edict outlawed all sects of Christianity other

than Catholicism and Lutheranismthan Catholicism and Lutheranism Lutheranism took a hit, though, because the Edict Lutheranism took a hit, though, because the Edict

restored Protestant-held once-Catholic lands to the restored Protestant-held once-Catholic lands to the Church, effectively undoing the Peace of AugsburgChurch, effectively undoing the Peace of Augsburg

The Danish Phase (1625-The Danish Phase (1625-1630)1630)

The Habsburgs reached the pinnacle The Habsburgs reached the pinnacle of their power by 1630of their power by 1630

Also by 1630, the Emperor felt Also by 1630, the Emperor felt pressure from across Europe to pressure from across Europe to control Wallenstein because he had control Wallenstein because he had become too powerful and become too powerful and unpredictableunpredictable

The Emperor made Wallenstein back The Emperor made Wallenstein back offoff

The Swedish Phase (1630-The Swedish Phase (1630-1635)1635)

Protestantism on the continent seemed to be in Protestantism on the continent seemed to be in trouble so King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden trouble so King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden entered his 100,000-man army in the contestentered his 100,000-man army in the contest

Gustavus Adolphus hoped to help the Protestants Gustavus Adolphus hoped to help the Protestants in Germany but he also hoped to exert his in Germany but he also hoped to exert his influence in the regioninfluence in the region

The French, at the urging of Cardinal Richelieu, The French, at the urging of Cardinal Richelieu, subsidized the Swedish forcessubsidized the Swedish forces

France hoped to undermine the Habsburgs by France hoped to undermine the Habsburgs by aiding the Habsburg enemiesaiding the Habsburg enemies

Gustavus Adolphus experienced success in the Gustavus Adolphus experienced success in the North so the Emperor reluctantly requested the North so the Emperor reluctantly requested the services of Wallenstein once againservices of Wallenstein once again

The Swedish Phase (1630-The Swedish Phase (1630-1635)1635)

Gustavus Adolphus suffered a wound Gustavus Adolphus suffered a wound in battle in 1632 and diedin battle in 1632 and died

By 1634, the Swedes were at the By 1634, the Swedes were at the point of defeatpoint of defeat

Things looked very bad for Things looked very bad for Protestants in Germany until…Protestants in Germany until…

The French Phase (1635-The French Phase (1635-1648)1648)

Wallenstein had been so angry at the Emperor Wallenstein had been so angry at the Emperor at his dismissal, he turned on the Emperor in at his dismissal, he turned on the Emperor in hopes of creating his own empirehopes of creating his own empire

In response, the Emperor had Wallenstein’s In response, the Emperor had Wallenstein’s own troops murder Wallensteinown troops murder Wallenstein

Some of the Protestant Princes jumped ship Some of the Protestant Princes jumped ship and joined forces with the Emperorand joined forces with the Emperor

France couldn’t stand to watch the Habsburg France couldn’t stand to watch the Habsburg power increase so the French officially entered power increase so the French officially entered the war on the side of the Protestantsthe war on the side of the Protestants

Neither side possessed the power to knock out Neither side possessed the power to knock out the other so the fighting dragged on until the other so the fighting dragged on until 16431643

The Peace of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia (1648)(1648) The 30 Years’ War officially ended in 1648 with The 30 Years’ War officially ended in 1648 with

the Peace of Westphaliathe Peace of Westphalia

The treaties recognized the sovereignty of the The treaties recognized the sovereignty of the 300+ German princes300+ German princes

The treaties disallowed papal meddling in The treaties disallowed papal meddling in German religious affairsGerman religious affairs

The treaties upheld the Peace of Augsburg, The treaties upheld the Peace of Augsburg, added Calvinism to the list of religions allowed added Calvinism to the list of religions allowed in German states and nullified the Edict of in German states and nullified the Edict of RestitutionRestitution

Immediate Results of the Immediate Results of the 30 Years’ War30 Years’ War

After the Peace in 1648, the northern states in After the Peace in 1648, the northern states in Germany remained primarily Protestant while Germany remained primarily Protestant while the southern states in Germany remained the southern states in Germany remained primarily Catholicprimarily Catholic

The United Provinces and Switzerland won The United Provinces and Switzerland won recognition as independent statesrecognition as independent states

German princes won the right to form German princes won the right to form alliances and sign treaties as long as they alliances and sign treaties as long as they didn’t declare war on the Holy Roman Empiredidn’t declare war on the Holy Roman Empire

Sweden won cash and land in the Baltic regionSweden won cash and land in the Baltic region France won the region of AlsaceFrance won the region of Alsace

Political Fallout from the 30 Political Fallout from the 30 Years’ WarYears’ War

Because Spain lost territory and France gained Because Spain lost territory and France gained territory, France stood alone as the most territory, France stood alone as the most powerful nation on the continentpowerful nation on the continent

France also benefited from the fragmentation of France also benefited from the fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire and the weakening of the Holy Roman Empire and the weakening of the Habsburg family influencethe Habsburg family influence

PoW= PoW= the political power of the Holy Roman Empire faded the political power of the Holy Roman Empire faded

into oblivion; into oblivion; the Habsburg family remained wealthy and strong, the Habsburg family remained wealthy and strong,

though, and would go on to rule the Austro-though, and would go on to rule the Austro-Hungarian Empire laterHungarian Empire later

The Aftermath in GermanyThe Aftermath in Germany Though Germans seemed to win politically Though Germans seemed to win politically

and religiously, the Germans lost in other and religiously, the Germans lost in other waysways

German homes, businesses and farms German homes, businesses and farms were destroyed en masse during the warwere destroyed en masse during the war

The German population took a major hit The German population took a major hit (millions dead from battle, disease and (millions dead from battle, disease and starvation over the course of the war and starvation over the course of the war and the years immediately following) and the the years immediately following) and the German population decreased by as much German population decreased by as much as 20% according to some sourcesas 20% according to some sources

Aftermath in Germany Aftermath in Germany (continued)(continued)

Food shortages plagued Germany and Food shortages plagued Germany and worsened the suffering of Germans worsened the suffering of Germans who survivedwho survived

Inflation crushed the German economy; Inflation crushed the German economy; food shortages and rising prices food shortages and rising prices coincided with the massive influx of coincided with the massive influx of gold and silver into Spaingold and silver into Spain

Trade routes in and around Germany Trade routes in and around Germany virtually disappearedvirtually disappeared

Ironically, a very few towns grew as Ironically, a very few towns grew as refugees moved in for safetyrefugees moved in for safety

Things You Must RememberThings You Must Remember The 30 Years War began as a war of The 30 Years War began as a war of

religion and developed into an religion and developed into an international war of politicsinternational war of politics

While the war started as a religious war, While the war started as a religious war, the war healed no religious woundsthe war healed no religious wounds

France proved that international politics France proved that international politics would be more important in the coming would be more important in the coming centuries than religioncenturies than religion

No participant in the 30 Years War No participant in the 30 Years War possessed a large enough army to knock possessed a large enough army to knock out its opponents; Louis XIV would learn out its opponents; Louis XIV would learn from thisfrom this

You must remember this …You must remember this …Continued)Continued)

The Alsace region would be hotly The Alsace region would be hotly contested even as late as World War IIcontested even as late as World War II

The Holy Roman Empire historically had The Holy Roman Empire historically had more influence in Germany than more influence in Germany than anywhere else in Europe; therefore, the anywhere else in Europe; therefore, the sovereignty of the German princes sovereignty of the German princes essentially meant the end of the Holy essentially meant the end of the Holy Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Because the vast majority of the fighting Because the vast majority of the fighting took place in Germany, the German took place in Germany, the German states suffered more than any other states suffered more than any other participantsparticipants