THIRD INTERNATIONAL DISPOSAL CONFERENCE · Dr Stig Johansson, Tel. +46 36 163734, E-mail:...

THE SWEDISH SECTION FOR DETONICS AND COMBUSTIONaffiliated with The Combustion Institute

and

The Competence Centre for Energetic Materials, KCEM

THIRD INTERNATIONAL DISPOSALCONFERENCE

and

EXHIBITION

KARLSKOGA, SWEDEN, 10-11 November 2003

ABSTRACTS, PROGRAMME

AND

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Version 6 November 2003

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CONTENT

PageContent 2

Information 3

Participants 3

Programme 14

Map of Karlskoga 28

Abstracts by the following speakers:Paper No.

Michael Liberman (plenary lecture) 5 1

Per-Anders Bergman 17 13Elisabet Blom 6 2Elinor Bolyos 7 3Erik Dahlquist 8 4Eriksson, Hans 21 18Roberto Folchi 9 5Lillemor Gustavsson 10 6Nico van Ham 11 7Joakim Hägvall 11 8Inger Johansson 12 9Sofie Jönsson 13 10Janne Kjellsson 16 11Stefan Lamnevik 16 12Tomas Lundahl 18 14Barbro Maijgren & Stig Pettersson 19 15Emma Nehrenheim 19 16Johnny Ohlson 20 17Susanne Rostmark 21 19Bengt Sahlin 22 20Stefan Sjökvist 23 21Arild Skirstad 24 22Lars Stenmark 25 23Dennis Taylor 25 24Ian G. Wallace 26 25Hans Wallin 27 26Kristina Zetterlund 27 27

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INFORMATION

Time: Monday and Tuesday, 10-11 November 2003.

Venue: Hotel Alfred Nobel, Karlskoga.

Parking: The hotel will advise you.

Lunches: At the restaurant Underbar just across the street from thehotel.

Banquet: Monday 10 November at 19:00 at Bofors Hotel.

Study visit options Wednesday 12 November:

• Chematur Engineering: Demonstration of super-critical wateroxidation (Lars Stenmark).

• Karlskoga Heat and Power Plant: Energy recovery from waste (PerLidell)

• Vingåkersverken, Vingåker (Pekka Eriksson).

Scientific Board:Professor Dan Loyd, Tel. +46 13 281112, E-mail: [email protected] David Lawrence, Tel. +46 13 286609, E-mail: [email protected] Stig Johansson, Tel. +46 36 163734, E-mail: [email protected]

THIRD INTERNATIONAL DISPOSAL CONFERENCE

KARLSKOGA, SWEDEN, 10 - 11 NOVEMBER 2003

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Alenfelt, Per, Nammo LIAB AB, Lindesberg, SwedenAndersen, Øivind, Nordic Explosives Expert Group A/S, Selbu, NorwayBergman, Per-Anders, Sydkraft SAKAB AB, Kumla, SwedenBlom, Elisabet, ÅF, Linköping, SwedenBolyos, Elinor, Umeå University, Umeå, SwedenCalsson, Staffan, Bofors BEPAB AB, Karlskoga, SwedenDahlquist, Erik, Mälardalen University, Västerås, SwedenDrivstuen, Olav, Nordic Explosives Expert Group A/S, Selbu, NorwayEriksson, Hans, Katrineholms Patentbyrå AB, Katrineholm, SwedenEriksson, Pekka, Nammo Demil Division, Vingåker, SwedenEvjen, Anders, Nordic Explosives Expert Group A/S, Selbu, Norway

mailto:[email protected]



4Folchi, Roberto, Nitrex, ItalyGustavsson, Lillemor, Örebro University, Örebro, Swedenvan Ham, Nico, TNO, Rijswijk, NetherlandsHanus, Marcel, Military Institute for Weapon and Ammunition

Technology, Slavicin, Czech RepublicHägvall, Joakim, FOI, Grindsjön, Tumba, SwedenJensen, Karin, Saab Bofors Dynamics AB, Karlskoga, SwedenJohansson, Inger, Örebro University, Örebro, SwedenJohansson, Stig, Section for Detonics & Combustion, Jönköping, SwedenJönsson, Sofie, Örebro University, Örebro, SwedenKanerva, Milja, Finnish Defence Forces, Tampere, FinlandKjellsson, Janne, The Swedish Defence Forces, Stockholm, SwedenKjøsnes, Ole B., Nordic Explosives Expert Group A/S, Selbu, NorwayKykylä, Kari, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, FinlandLamnevik, Stefan, Stefan Lamnevik AB, Stjärnhov, SwedenLatvala, Toivo, Finnish Defence Forces, Tampere, FinlandLawrence, David, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLiberman, Michael, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenLoyd, Dan, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLundahl, Tomas, Växjö, SwedenMaijgren, Barbro, QPM Consultants, Haverdal, SwedenNehrenheim, Emma, Mälardalen University, Västerås, SwedenNilsson, Erik, KCEM, Karlskoga, SwedenNyberg, Klas, KCEM, Karlskoga, SwedenOhlson, Johnny, Dynasafe AB, Karlskoga, SwedenOhlson, Örjan, Saab Bofors Dynamics, Eskilstuna, SwedenPettersson, Stig, Swedish Standards Institute, Stockholm, SwedenPrytz, Alf, Saab Bofors Dynamics AB, Karlskoga, SwedenRopstad, Odd, DSB, Tønsberg, NorwayRostmark, Susanne, Luleå Technical University, Luleå, SwedenSahlin, Bengt, Ragn-Sells Miljökonsult AB, Sollentuna, SwedenSalmela, Leo, Finnish Defence Forces, Tampere, FinlandSjökvist, Stefan, FOI, Linköping, SwedenSjökvist, Sune, NEXPLO, Karlskoga, SwedenSkirstad, Arild, Nammo NAD AS, Løkken Verk, NorwayStenmark, Lars, Chematur Engineering AB, Karlskoga, SwedenSöderberg, Björn, Nammo LIAB AB, Lindesberg, SwedenTaylor, Dennis, Bodycote CMK, Karlskoga, SwedenUppsäll, Magnus, FOI, Linköping, SwedenWallace, Ian G., Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon, UKWallin, Hans, KCEM, Karlskoga, SwedenWidlund, Thomas, Saab Bofors Dynamics AB, Karlskoga, SwedenZetterlund, Kristina, Ministry of Defence, Stockholm, SwedenÖrnebring, Nils, SAAB Bofors Dynamics AB, Karlskoga, Sweden.

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PLENARY SESSION

1. Flame, Detonation, Explosion – When, Where, and Howthey Occur

Michael LibermanDepartment of Physics, Uppsala University, SE-751 21 Uppsala,

SwedenE-mail: [email protected]

If the temperature of a fuel-oxygen mixture is raised sufficientlyhighly, a violent exothermic reaction is initiated. This violent reac-tion, which is called combustion, has a wide variety of uses: chemicalcombustion releases the energy required in engines and power plants;the similar process of thermonuclear reactions provides the heat instars. Combustion is also involved in explosions for both peaceful andmilitary purposes. In the past decades, there has been a considerableprogress in understanding combustion processes and regimes ofcombustion propagation. This review focuses solely on explainingvarious phenomena of premixed combustion: (1) flame propagation,(2) detonation waves, (3) when and how explosions occur, (4) thetransition from flame to detonation, and (5) when ignition of com-bustion involves phases of deflagration or detonation. Additionally,the paper will include a discussion of what pollutants are producedduring combustion, and of how clean and efficient combustion canbe achieved. Examples of typical combustion scenarios, includingflames propagating in tubes, closed chambers, or engines are over-viewed along with events of the thermonuclear Supernova.

Results obtained during past decades on the dynamics of flames,the understanding of the nature of burning, and mathematicaldescriptions and numerical modelling of combustion are outlined. Ishall talk about such prominent scientists as Yakob Zel’dovich andLev Landau, who were at the origin of modern combustion theory andmade fundamental contributions to the understanding of combus-tion.


62. Temperature Measurement for Meeting the EU Directive

on Waste Incineration

Elisabet Blom and Dan LoydLinköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden

E-mail: [email protected]

During the last couple of years, waste incineration has becomemore sophisticated and more attention is being paid to waste as anenergy resource for normal, solid-fuel boilers. The latest version ofthe EU directive regarding combustion of waste (Directive2000/76/EU of December 4, 2000) contains still stricter require-ments concerning air and water pollution. A fundamental requirementis that the flue gas shall attain a temperature of at least 850 ºC for 2seconds, thereby ensuring that carbonaceous, post-combustioncompounds are fully oxidised.

The possibility of using thermocouples for measuring the tempera-ture of the flue gas has been investigated. The project was dividedinto two parts: one that compared calculated and measured tem-peratures in a waste-fuel, grate boiler, and one in which measure-ments were made in a wood-fuel, bubbling-bed boiler. The conclu-sions of the two parts are presented here.

Temperature measurements were made in a 20 MW bubbling-bedboiler, manufactured by Kværner Co., using type-N and type-Kthermocouples. Due to the weather conditions in April 2002, whenthe measurements were made, the boiler load was reduced to 11.5MW during the measurements. It was not possible to increase thenumber of measuring holes in the boiler wall; we had to use theexisting ones. The placing of the measuring holes was not optimal, butgood enough for showing that thermocouples can be used in thisspecial application.

The thermal boundary layer at the left hand side of the boiler is atleast 350 mm wide, which is thicker than expected, since there isrelatively good mixing of the gases. The measurements made close tothe roof of the boiler showed that the thermal boundary layer wassignificantly thinner than at the wall; it was suspected that theyshould be more equal.

The measurements on the left and right hand side of the boilerrevealed that the greatest temperature difference between the twosides depended on the load, the fuel, and some other combustion-related factors.

Between the thermocouple and the suction pyrometer, differencesof up to 70 K were registered, the biggest ones seen during tempera-ture transients. As expected, the time delay of the thermocouples waslonger than for the suction pyrometer.

The conclusions of the measurements are:


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• Thermocouples can be used to measure the temperature ina boiler, provided that the measurement errors can becompensated for theoretically.

• Thermocouples of type-N perform better in this applica-tion than thermocouples of type-K.

3. Biomass as an Energy Source: The Challenges and the PathForward

Elinor Bolyos, David Lawrence1 and Anders NordinEnergy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry

Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden1Chemical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

Modern society is highly dependent upon oil but world oil reservesare limited, corresponding to about 40 years, at the present con-sumption rate. Additionally, Europe is struggling to develop technolo-gies for reducing CO2 emissions. As a partial solution to these pro-blems, in February 2003, Tony Blair and Göran Persson pledged todouble the use of renewable energy sources in the European Union by2010, so that 12 % of electricity production comes from renewablesources.

Beyond reducing the use of fossil fuels, Sweden has also made it itsgoal to replace nuclear energy with sustainable use of renewableresources. This goal is supposed to be implemented within an inter-mediate time period, mainly by the increased use of domestic bio-mass. Several estimates of present and future biomass fuel supplieshave indicated that an expansion from the present 90 TWh/year to amaximum of about 150-210 TWh/year by the year 2025 could befeasible. However, as experience has already shown, switching fromfossil fuels to using biomass and waste as fuels introduces some signi-ficant challenges that must be overcome. For example, biomass andwaste can contain significant amounts of Na and K as well as trace ele-ments such as Hg, P, Cu, Cr, As, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cl. The alkali metalstogether with P, Zn and Cl have a strong tendency to act as fluxingagents, decreasing the melting point of ashes to the point that, undercombustion conditions, they form sticky, corrosive melts that are de-posited on boiler surfaces. The deposits greatly reduce heat transferin the furnace and corrode heat transfer surfaces. In addition, volatilemetal chlorides are often formed, resulting in deposition on surfaces,with subsequent Cl-induced corrosion.

Simple measures to diminish these problems by using mixtures offuels or inexpensive additives, thereby changing the melting and con-densation temperatures and the specification of the ash system, have

8been proposed, but are primarily ad hoc and not guaranteed to work.At this point, solutions to these problems, which will allow biomass tobe used sustainably, as desired by the politicians, can only come fromincreased knowledge of the underlying chemistry involving Na, K andthe trace elements under combustion conditions. A survey of theliterature quickly shows that there is very little available, especially ofsufficient quality to allow models to be developed to allow the extentof fouling and corrosion problems to be identified and studied. Thelatter, of course, must be the outcome of any work in this area.

Work is currently underway at Umeå and Linköping Universities todetermine and model the elementary, gas-phase, chemical reactionsthat occur when K, Na, Hg, Cd, etc., are released into a combustionenvironment, as during the burning of biomass. Specially designedreactors have been built and coupled to a molecular-beam, massspectrometer (MBMS). The latter has seen virtually no use in this fieldand yet allows the possibility of identifying and quantifying the pre-sence of reactive intermediate species hereto immeasurable. Expe-rience and results from this novel technique will be presented alongwith the models developed.

4. Environmental and Economic Aspects Concerning the Re-use of Explosives

Erik Dahlquist and Emma NehrenheimMälardalen University, SE-721 23 Västerås, Sweden


When munitions such as air-bombs and sea-mines are subjected toa disposal process focused on "Resources, Recovery, and Recycling"(R 3), almost all of the explosive is melted and removed from thecasing prior to further handling. The casing scraps with the remainsof the explosives need, however, to be de-contaminated before themetal can be recovered in a recycling process.

Decontamination, i.e., the cleaning of the emptied casings, is doneby means of a burn-out process. In this study, heating the ammunitioncasings in an open wood fire is compared with heating the casingsunder controlled conditions in an oven equipped for after-burning ofthe fumes from the pyrolized explosives. The burned-out casings aresent for re-smelting without further treatment.

An alternative is to cool the casings cryogenically to about -100 °Cand crush them before putting the material into the fire or charging itinto the oven. The fragmentation method is less risky and, at the sametime, the burned-out scrap becomes easier to handle. There may also


9be a possibility to remove the tars and residual explosive mecha-nically after cooling, why burning may not be needed.

Our calculations show that the crushing of cooled casings followedby heating in simple wood fires is slightly more economical for a dis-posal company than using an oven for the burn-out process. However,in a wider perspective, heating in open-air fires costs society twice asmuch as heating in ovens due to the fact that the resulting air pollu-tion reduces the production of crops and increases corrosion of, e.g.,cars. If we can use the cryogenic method without having to heat-treatafterwards this will be the by far most economical way.

5. Explosion and Fire Hazard Assessment for Explosives,Ammunition, and Fertilizer Facilities Following EU Directive96/82/EU "SEVESO": Contribution for Guidelines Proposal

Roberto FolchiNitrex, Italy


The European Directive 96/82/EC, “ Seveso II”, requires the quantifi-cation of the impact induced in the event of a major accident. How-ever, for explosive materials, no Eurocode, procedures, algorithms,nor specific reference values for damage calculations were specifiedwithin the Directive. In order to confirm the validity of “ Seveso II RiskAssessments” damage calculations, EU member states can only referback to their own previously existing legislation on explosives. Butcalculation methods, scaling laws, and reference values for safetydistances vary from one member state to another. Also, the progressthat has been made in improving the quality and safety of modern ex-plosives has not necessarily been reflected in all state legislation,some of which is more than 50 years old.

A strong need exists, within Europe, for the adoption of a harmo-nised approach for assessing the potential damage from major acci-dents involving explosives.

This article illustrates a methodology suitable for use as the basis ofachieving a consistent approach within Europe. The procedure pre-sented here is a development of a method first used for undertakingthe explosion and fire hazard assessments for mass detonatingexplosives, which was published in the March/April 2003 issue of the“Journal of Explosives Engineering”. The original method has beenfurther refined, by experience from the consideration of ammunitionand oxidising agents, and also extended to include not only the maxi-mum possible impact of an accident but also the maximum probableimpact. Formulae for the first approximation calculation of the effectsinduced in the surroundings by impacting factors due to the


10occurrence of the accident are proposed. Threshold values for eachimpacting factors are given with reference to damage severity levels.A graphical representation of the results from the hazard assessmentis achieved by the use of iso-damage areas in which boundaries of theseverity damage levels are fixed for each given probability of occur-rence of the major accident.

A list of bibliographic references is included.

6. Biological Treatment of Sludge Containing Residues ofExplosives and Pharmaceuticals

Lillemor Gustavsson, Sofie Jönsson and Bert van BavelÖrebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden


Sweden has many wastewater treatment plants that store the pro-cess sludge at deposition sites. From the year 2005, there will be re-strictions concerning the depositing of any organic waste. This legi-slation thus calls for the development of new methods or improve-ment of established techniques for sludge management. This study de-scribes established methods for sludge treatment, degradation of thesludge under different oxygen concentrations, and toxicity of recalci-trant nitro-substituted compounds and their degradation products.

We have examined the sludge produced in a wastewater treatmentfacility at Cambrex AB, Karlskoga. This facility receives wastewaterfrom a pharmaceutical and an ammunition plant. The sludge containslarge amounts of nitro-substituted compounds, which are cytotoxic,mutagenic, and even carcinogenic.

The aim of the study was to use aerobic composting, anaerobic di-gestion, and constructed wetlands to follow the degradation of nitro-substituted compounds and changes in toxicity during treatment. Thesludge is examined before and after treatment with both chemicalanalyses and bioassays.

Chemical analysis such as HPLC and GC shows that the concentra-tion of some substances decrease while others increase during thetreatment. RDX and HMX were degraded below their detection limits,and all TNT and DNT isomers were reduced during both anaerobic andaerobic treatment. The toxicity tests showed different results de-pending on which test and species were at hand, and between diffe-rent treatments. The toxicity tests applied in the study were Microtox,dioxin-like activity, and growth of plants.

In the future, the above-mentioned three biological treatmentmethods will be evaluated and compared according to degradationand mineralisation potential, and to possible detoxification to find themost suitable method for this particular sludge.


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7. A Mobile Facility for Destruction of Munitons andExplosives

Nico van HamTNO, P. O. Box 45 2280 AA Rijswijk, Netherlands


Munitions and explosives that must be destroyed are usually in apoor condition. This is certainly the case with uxo from past wars.Any transportation of these munitions must be avoided. TNO deve-loped a mobile concept for the handling of uxo for the NetherlandsMoD. This facility makes use of waterjet cutting and washout toseparate the explosives from the metal parts of the ammunition. Theexplosives are subsequently desensitized by water and additives sothat transport and storage will be possible as Class 4.1 materials. Finaldestruction can be realised in a commercial waste incinerator.

8. Environmental Research on Munitions at FOI

Joakim HägvallSwedish Defence Research Agency, FOI

Weapons and Protection Division,Grindsjön Research Centre, SE-147 25 Tumba, Sweden


The environmental constraint on all activity in society increases.Conventional munitions are not an exception, and there is an increa-sing need of new methods to evaluate and to limit the effect thatmunitions have on the environment. This is the subject of a numberof research projects at FOI in Sweden. The range of these projects iswide and varies from theoretical studies to the actual measurementsat a site. This presentation will cover two of these projects.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool to examine the environmentalimpact of a service or a product during its whole life cycle. In the LCA,data is collected from "cradle to grave" for a specific service or pro-duct. Using databases and evaluation codes, a picture of the environ-mental impact can be drawn. Hereby, the life cycle part responsiblefor the most severe environmental impact can be identified, andcomparison can be made between different impact sources and withother systems. This study also includes the use of a simplified LCAcalled the MECO method. MECO is a much faster method, but it doesnot include all the data that a qualitative LCA does. The goals of theproject are to get an idea of the impact of the munitions’ life cycle, tosee which part or parts have the most severe environmental impact,



12and to see if the qualitative and the simplified LCA differ in theirresults.

The need for new demilitarisation methods is accentuated in thesedays, especially the re-use of higher value explosives. Here the drivingforce is not only environmental, but also economical. This projectaims at the re-use of HMX and RDX. Especially, already availablemethods are evaluated on different RDX or HMX containing explo-sives. The examined methods originate from TPL Inc and from NexploAB. The project aims to look at how well the selected methods fulfilcurrent and future Swedish needs.

9. Organic Compounds in Residues from Incineration of MSWand Biofuels

Inger JohanssonÖrebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.


Organic material in three different incineration residues was exa-mined. The residues were bottom ash from municipal solid waste in-cineration (MSWI), fly ash from the incineration of biofuels in aheating plant, and a mixture of biofuel and papermill ash. The MSWIbottom ash was examined for water leachable components. Changesof the organic carbon during open-air storage were also followed.Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were examined inall three ashes.

The total amount of organic carbon in the MSWI bottom ash de-creased during open-air storage. Concentrations of organic carbon inaqueous extracts of the ash were similar, though, resulting in increa-sing percentage of organic carbon over the course of time. The com-position of the water leachable organic carbon changed during theopen-air weathering towards an increasing amount of hydrophilicorganic acids.

Levels of PAHs in the different ashes varied widely. In the MSWIbottom ash and the heating plant ash the levels were low, but in thebiofuel and papermill ash mixture, the PAH levels exceeded the Swe-dish generic guidelines for PAHs in soil. The distribution of PAHs wassimilar in all ashes and was dominated by the low molecular weightPAHs naphthalene and phenanthrene.


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10. Analysis of Organic Nitrogen Compounds and theirTransformation in Biologically Treated Sludge from

Pharamceutical and Explosives Industries

Sofie Jönsson, Lillemor Gustavsson and Bert van BavelÖrebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden


Many nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) and explosives are of en-vironmental concern because of their toxicity and their tendency totransform to more watersoluble compounds. These compounds arewidely spread in the environment due to the large amounts used inindustrial and military activities. Complex mixtures can be formedduring different degradation and transformation processes in the en-vironment. These mixtures are difficult to analyse. Despite severalstudies, the transformation processes and reaction products of NACsin soil and water systems are still largely unknown.

In this study, sludge, from a water treatment plant that takes careof wastewater from pharmaceutical and explosives industries, wasbiologically treated. Transformation and degradation of the explosivesand nitroaromatics in the sludge during the different treatments wasstudied. The sludge was treated under aerobic or anaerobic condi-tions. LC/MS and GC/MS were used to analyse the explosives andnitroaromatics in the sludge, before and during the treatments. Massspectrometric detectors can be used for identifying unknown sub-stances by specific fragmentation patterns. LC-MS is used for polarand thermally unstable compounds while GC-MS has the advantage ofavailable spectral libraries for comparison and identification of un-known compounds.

This study showed a decrease in the amount of explosives andnitroaromatics during both the aerobic and anaerobic treatments,except for some pharmaceutical compounds that seem to accumulatein the treated sludge. The degradation of nitroaromatics seems tohave been successful for both the aerobic and the anaerobic system.


14Third International Disposal Conference, Karlskoga

10-11 November 2003Programme

Presentation time 15 min., discussion 5 min.

Monday, 10 November8:00-8:30 Registration.Session chairman: Dr Klas Nyberg08:30-08:45Opening of the conference by the Section’s vice president,

Professor Dan Loyd, followed by an Opening speech by theMayor of Karlskoga, Margareta Karlsson.

08:45-09:30M. Liberman: 1. Plenary lecture: Flame, Detonation,Explosion – When, Where, and How They Occur.

09:30-9:50 E. Nehrenheim: 16. Mass Detonation or Recovery – Environ-mental Impact of Different Ammunition Destruction Methods.

9:50-10:15 Coffee break.10:15-10:35J. Ohlson: 17. Destruction of Conventional and Chemical

Munitions in a Dynasafe Static Kiln.10:35-10:55N. van Ham: 7. A Mobile Facility for Destruction of

Ammunition and Explosives.10:55-11:15A. Skirstad: 22. Underground Detonation – The Environ-

mental and Safe Process.11:15-11:35D. Taylor: 24. Testing of Explosives Stability and Remaining

Shelf Life of Components in Ammunition Before Recovery,Modernisation, or Demilitarisation.

11:35-11:55J. Kjellsson: 11. Investigation, Mapping, and Location ofDumped Ammunition. A Project of the Swedish Armed Forces.

11:55-13:10 Lunch.

Session chairman: Professor David Lawrence.13:10-13:30L. Stenmark: 23. Super-critical Fluid Technologies within

Chematur Engineering AB.13:30-13:50I. G. Wallace: 25. Addressing Environmental Issues During

Acquisition.13:50-14:10B. Sahlin: 20. Risk Analysis and Risk Assessment in the Pro-

duction of Energy from Waste and Biomass Fuel.14:10-14:30R. Folchi: 5. Explosion and Fire Hazard Assessment.14:30-14:50J. Hägvall: 8. Environmental Research on Munitions at FOI.

14:50-15:10 Coffee break.15:10 Bus leaving for the Nobel Museum at Karlskoga.15:20-ca. 17Visiting the museum.

19:00 Conference dinner at Bofors Hotel.

15Tuesday, 11 November

Session chairman: Professor Ian G. Wallace08:30-08:50E. Dahlquist: 4. Environmental and Economic Aspects on Re-

use of Explosives.08:50-09:10T. Lundahl: 14. Fires in Swedish Match Factories in the

1920’s Caused by White Phosphorus-contaminated RedPhosphorus.

09:10-09:30L. Gustavsson: 6. Biological Treatment of an Industrial SludgeContaining Explosives and Pharmaceutical Residues.

09:30-09:50S. Jönsson: 10. Analysis of Organic Nitrogen Compounds andtheir Transformation in Biologically Treated Sludge fromPharmaceutical and Explosives Industries.

09:50-10:10 Coffee break.10:10-10:30P.-A. Bergman: 13. Soil remediation. An Overview of Existing

Technologies.10:30-10:50S. Sjökvist: 21. Temporal Behaviour of Mines and Objects

Similar to Mines.10:50-11:10E. Bolyos: 3. Biomass as an Energy Source: The Challenges

and the Path Forward.11:10-11:40B. Maijgren & S. Pettersson: 15. Energy Recovery from Packa-

ging Waste – the Result of 12 Years’ Standardisation Work.11:40-12:00I. Johansson: 9. Organic Compounds in Residues from

Incineration of MSW and Biofuels.

12:00-13:20 Lunch.

Session chairman: Professor Dan Loyd13:20-13:40E. Blom: 2. Temperature Measurement in Connection with

Waste Incineration in a Bubbling Fluid Bed.13:40-14:00K. Zetterlund: 27. Weapons of Mass Destruction – a Gigantic

Disposal Challenge.14:00-14:20S. Rostmark: 19. Remediation of Mercury-polluted

Sediments through Deep-freezing.

14:20-14:50 Coffee break.14:50-15:10S. Lamnevik: 12. New Training CD ROM Package on

Inflammable Materials.15:10-15:30H. Wallin: 26. Workplace-based Education of Workers in the

European Explosives Industry.15:30-15:50Hans Eriksson: Creativity – a Powerful Tool in Creating New

Order from Chaos. A Brief Retrospect of Alfred Nobel’s Ideasand Inventions.

Ca. 15:50 Closing the conference.

1611. Investigation, Mapping, and Location of Dumped

Ammunition. A project of The Swedish Armed Forces.

Janne KjellssonSwedish Defence Forces, SE-106 87 Stockholm, Sweden


Old ammunition and explosives have been dumped in the Baltic Sea,small lakes, and depleted mines up to 1965. So far, the SwedishArmed Forces have mapped 106 different dump sites, most of them inlakes (75) and in the Baltic Sea (25). The locations are spread all overthe country. When the Armed Forces started this project, the purposewas to:

• find the exact location for each dumping;• investigate the risks for the environment and decide what

sort of environmental influence is possible in the future;• assess the likelihood of spontaneous combustion;• explore the possibilities of salvaging the ammunition, if

needed.

A short summary of the results of our investigations and tests is:

• there are no good methods to locate ammunition buried inthe bottom sediment of the sea;

• dumped ammunition is not harmful to the environment;• there is no risk of spontaneous combustion as long as you do

not move the ammunition;• there is no reason, from an environmental point of view, to

salvage dumped ammunition.

12. New Training CD ROM Package on Inflammable Materials

Stefan LamnevikStefan Lamnevik AB, SE-640 51 Stjärnhov, Sweden


A new educational package on Flammable Materials has been cre-ated for employees in the Swedish Industry, especially the explosivesindustry and the chemical industry.

All material is included in a CD-ROM, which contains informationon learning and how to study, facts with text, sound and animations,quick tests, exercises in a virtual lab, examination questions, simplecommunication system via Internet, and a teacher’s follow-up system,



17where he or she can follow the progress of each pupil, correct exami-nation questions, etc.

The content is divided into three blocks:

PHENOMENA : Combustion, explosive limits, ignition energies,heat of combustion.FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCES: Gases, liquids, solids, spontaneous-ly flammable substances, self-heating substances, dangerous-when-wet substances.PREVENTATIVE MEASURES: Indoor fires, control of ignitionsources, extinction techniques, fire detectors.

The package has been tested on test panels from the industry withhigh and low education merits, and has been very successful for all.

Study times have varied from 2 to 4 weeks for getting a qualifiedexamination.

The package is in Swedish but can easily be translated into otherlanguages.

13. Soil Remediation: an Overview of Existing Technologies

Per-Anders BergmanSydkraft SAKAB AB, SE-692 85 Kumla, Sweden


In Sweden, excavation and landfilling are, at present, the most pre-vailing ways of handling contaminated soil. This presentation will pro-vide examples of different remediation methods that result in the de-struction of contaminants, or when it comes to metals, ways to greatlyminimise the volume of the contaminated soil. All the examples of themethods given here have the following in common: all have beencommercialised in Sweden, and all technologies result in soil cleanenough for re-use. The presentation clearly demonstrates the broadspectrum of concepts available for treating a variety of contaminantsin soil in an environmentally sustainable way.

The presented examples have been selected based on the steady andhigh frequency of objects polluted with PAH-s, chlorinated solvents,nitroaromatic compounds, and metals. The following treatmentmethods are described in the presentation:

• for PAH-s – biological field treatment, bio-reactor treatment,continuous wet chemical treatment, thermal destruction.


18• for chlorinated solvents – cyclical biological treatment,

evaporation and capturing (in situ), thermal destruction.

• for nitroaromatic compounds – cyclical biological treatment,physico-chemical destruction.

• for metals – wet chemical treatment performed in batches orby continuous-flow technology.

14. Fires in Swedish Match Factories in he 1920’s Caused byWhite-phosphorus-contaminated Red Phosphorus

Tomas LundahlVäxjö, Sweden


Rediscovered documents reveal problems in the Swedish match in-dustry due to contaminated red phosphorus in the 1920’s.

Over the years, more than 150 match factories were established inSweden. In the 1860’s, the production of safety matches requiring redphosphorus in the friction composition began to soar. The cheaperphosphorus matches with white phosphorus in the head compositionwere also produced until the white phosphorus ban phased them outin the 1910’s. Factory buildings, in which phosphorus matches wereproduced, often had fire accidents.

During the first world war, Sweden was blockaded by the AlliesEngland and France, and could only import raw materials at the end ofthe war following the Swedish “Modus Vivendi agreement”. After thewar, the chemicals that could be imported were of poor quality, andthe match industry had to learn how to purify the red phosphorus.

In the spring of 1922, the problems with the red phosphorus escal-ated, and whole consignments of red phosphorus batches had to bereturned to the producer in Germany.

On the 30th of May 1922, Växjö Match factory burned down. Toprotect the small town from fire, over 1200 available personnel wereput to work at night in order to fight the fire.

The police investigation the next day could not conclude any reasonfor the outbreak of the fire. The day after, boxes with red phosphorusthat had been moved to a safe place far away from the fire, ignitedspontaneously.

On the 16th of June 1922, a head office memorandum was sent tothe Swedish match factories urging them to hermetically solder thosemetal boxes that contained red phosphorus of poor quality and storethem separately.


19On the 24th of July 1922, one match factory reported on a test de-

livery of 500 kg red phosphorus that it was contaminated with whitephosphorus and thus unusable.

My interest for this case arose in the 1960’s when an old man re-lated to me of a transport in the early 1920’s of metal boxes to asecret location.

15. Energy Recovery from Packaging Waste – the Result of 12Years’ Standardisation Work

Barbro Maijgren and Stig PetterssonQPM Consultants, Swedish Standards Institute (SIS)SE-310 42 Haverdal, Sweden SE-118 80 Stockholm, SwedenE-mail:[email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

The Swedish Standards Institute manages Swedish participation ininternational standardisation work within CEN and ISO.

CEN runs more than 200 technical committees in various areas,some of these related to fuels, fireworks, and explosives. The techni-cal committee on packaging produces standards to support the Euro-pean Council and Parliament Directive on Packaging and PackagingWaste, 94/62/EC. One of these standards concerns energy recovery.

This standard gives the requirements for a packaging to be recover-able in the form of energy. The main requirement, provision of calori-fic gain, was derived for the ideal, adiabatic case by thermodynamiccalculations. Data for a number of different packaging materials usedtoday were collected. By statistical treatment of these data, a realminimum net calorific value for a packaging to be claimed energy re-coverable was derived.

16. Mass Detonation or Recovery – Environmental Impactof Different Ammunition Destruction Methods

Emma NehrenheimMälardalen University, SE-721 23 Västerås, Sweden


A close examination of Swedish ammunition disposal reveals, amongother things, that the use of resources and energy, not the least in con-nection with transportation, seems to be an often-neglected, environ-mental-impact issue. Being international in nature, the problems con-nected with these issues can be solved only by international co-opera-tion.



20The Swedish Defence Material Administration (FMV) is a state agen-

cy that can influence factors which have the potential to affect the en-vironment. For example, in connection with tender inquiries on openammunition disposal, FMV could define a number of environmentally-related requirements. One such potential environmental requirement,which concerns transportation, has been studied closely at MälardalenUniversity. It was found that the environmental aspects of transpor-tation are as a rule neglected in an overall assessment. Road transpor-tation of ammunition as well as handling at the disposal site are indeedimportant stages of the entire disposal process.

Today’s main reason for the ammunition industry to pay due atten-tion to the eventual disposal process is that recovery of materials inconnection with ammunition disposal considerably reduces the en-vironmental impact. Furthermore, selling the recovered materials is aprofitable side effect. Another side effect of careful planning of thistype of processing is the positive influence on human health and bio-logical diversity.

17. Destruction of Conventional and Chemical Munitions in aDynasafe Static Kiln

Johnny OhlsonDynasafe AB, SE-691 80 Karlskoga, Sweden


The Static Kiln is a hot detonation chamber developed by DynasafeAB to be used for destruction of conventional and chemical muni-tions. The destruction of munitions is carried out at high temperatureunder gas-tight condition. The Static Kiln has been used for destruc-tion of small arms ammunition, antipersonnel mines, incendiarymunitions, white phosphorus, smoke munitions, stockpile and non-stockpile as well as chemical munitions.

An overview will be given in the presentation of the design prin-ciples of the equipment, the destruction process, examples of theremains of the munitions, and experience and lessons learned frommany years of operation of different Static Kilns.


2118. Creativity – a Powerful Tool in Creating New Order from

Chaos. A brief retrospect of Alfred Nobel’s ideas andinventions

Hans ErikssonKatrineholms Patentbyrå AB, SE-641 21 Katrineholm, Sweden

E-mail; [email protected]

Alfred Nobel is still one of the most well-known Swedes ever, inspite of the fact that he has been dead for more than 100 years.

In the autumn when we Scandinavians are waiting for the light andsun to return we are reminded of Alfred Nobel´s spirit and work inthe Nobel Prize ceremony. We think we know Al fred Nobel and hiswork pretty well, but the process to fully understand a genius is slowand, in fact, requires entrance to, or at least a glance into, the sameworld of ideas as he once created. We can do that by studying Nobel´slife and work, and in this presentation I want to comment on hispatents in different technical fields in an attempt to explain why hewas capable to do a lot more than “just” invent the Dynamite.

19. Remediation of Polluted Sediments throughUnderwater Deep Freezing

Susanne Rostmark and Sven KnutssonLuleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden


Artificial ground freezing (AFG) is a well established technique firstpractised in South Wales in 1862. Since then many different tempo-rary and permanent applications have been developed. AFG is mostlyused in tunnels and for stabilising excavations, but there is an in-creasing interest in using AFG for environmental protection and forusing freeze/thaw cycles for remediation of contaminated soil. Freezedredging is a novel dredging technique developed at Luleå Universityof Technology in co-operation with industrial partners. The contami-nated sediment is first stabilised by freezing, and then the frozensediment is lifted up above the water with a minimum of disturbanceof the surrounding soil. Full-scale field tests have been performedwith very good results. It has been hypothesised that underwaterfreezing can be used also for removal or radioactive material, fragilecontainers with hazardous content, and ammunition.

This paper describes the basic principles of the technology andlessons learned from the full scale tests. It also deals with conside-



22rations necessary for designing a system for underwater freezing ofdifferent materials.

20. Risk Analysis and Risk Assessment in the Production ofEnergy from Waste and Biomass Fuel

Bengt SahlinRagn-Sells Miljökonsult AB, SE-19127 Sollentuna, Sweden


Refuse-collection and disposal employees have by tradition beenprone to many kinds of work injuries. Their injury risk is about threetimes that of working life in general. With the introduction of the eco-cyclic society, e.g., in the pre-separation sector, new jobs are beingcreated. We have reason to believe that these jobs will create majorwork environment problems in the next few years.

Since the beginning of the 1980’s, waste started to be used as afuel, and there has been an increased use of biomass fuel for theproduction of energy. Many and severe accidents have occurred withlosses of material, equipment, and with injured workers.

The work environment authority has also set up several new codesof practice (Provisions/Ordinance) demanding the employer to makerisk analyses and risk assessment. The latest is AFS 2003:3, Arbete iexplosionsfarlig miljö (Work in explosive environment).

Looking upon the possibilities of preventing not only accidents andoccupational diseases but also fires, there is a need for using differentmethods and also different experts when doing risk analysis and riskassessments for production of energy from waste and biomass fuel.

This paper provides the reader with some experiences and ques-tions for the future for the prevention of human suffering and lossesof materials, equipments by total risk analysis and risk assessmentincluding safety of machinery, ergonomics, chemicals, physical andbiological factors, fire and fire protection.


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21. Temporal Behaviour of Mines and Objects Similar toMines

Stefan Sjökvist and Dan LoydLinköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden


The overall objective of the present mine project is to investigatethe possibility of using airborne infrared (IR) sensors for detectingminefield features. In this paper a method is proposed for temporalthermal analysis, based on the extraction of relevant temperature in-formation from diurnal IR images and utilising a combination of ther-mal modelling and signal and image processing. The paper focuses onthe temporal thermal behaviour of relevant objects, e.g., land mines,and how the heat transfer simulations can enhance the possibilities toextract information from airborne collected IR images.

Airborne data were acquired using an IR sensor mounted on an un-manned aerial vehicle (UAV), in this case a helicopter (CAMCOPT-ER™), from a real field test performed in May 2003 of suspectedmine-polluted areas in Croatia. At the same time, a weather stationwas used in order to provide actual weather data, and a temperaturelogger recorded a number of temperatures in the soil and in referencemarkers on the soil.

A numerical model with a set of relevant data, such as geometry,material properties, and surface coefficients is used for predicting thetemperatures on the surfaces during the diurnal cycle. The actualweather conditions set the boundary conditions at the surface. Theoutput from the simulations is an estimation of the temperature con-trasts between the investigated area and the local background. Thepredicted contrasts are then compared with the acquired images fromthe real minefield. The result of the comparison will give essential in-formation for detecting objects and minefields.

The paper also includes some results of temporal thermal beha-viour extracted from measurements and analysis of different objectsin a real minefield in Croatia. The relevance of the method and pos-sible future development are discussed.


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22. Underground Detonation – The Environmental and SafeProcess

Arild SkirstadNammo NAD as, NO-7332 Løkken Verk, Norway


Due to its extremely solid rock, the old copper mine in LøkkenVerk is most suitable for the purpose of underground detonation ofammunition to be disposed of. Such tests started in 1990, and thediscontinued Løkken Verk copper mine company was transformedinto the Nammo NAD (Norwegian Ammunition Disposal Company) inthe same year.

The first years, Nammo NAD was owned by the Orkla company inNorway. Since 2002, Nammo NAD has been a part of Nammo’s DemilDivision. Today the number of employees is 14.

Ammunition is now prepared for detonation at the main level at810 meters. The main process area (the demolition site) is at the levelof around 930 meters.

The ammunition is transported down to the level of 810 by anelevator. The demolition sites are parts of the mine’s tunnel system.

Air has to be pumped in and out of the mine by ventilation fans;approximately 35 thousand cubic metres an hour. The mine has anatural inflow of about 30 thousand cubic meters of water a year.This water is pumped out in four steps via four sludge separators, andinto the Wallenberg mine, which is a closed mine but in use forcollecting water from the complete mine system in Løkken Verk. Aswe deliver water to this system, we have to send in water samples foranalysis to the Norwegian environmental department (NIVA).

Nammo NAD is an ISO 9001 certified company. The ISO 14001 stan-dard will be implemented this year.

The air and gas outlets from our activity are of no significance, andan outlet concession is not needed according to the Norwegian en-vironmental authorities. Because of the detonations being performeddeep down in the mountain, there is no human exposure to noise,fumes, dust, or vibration.

All materials (empty boxes, etc.), which have to be moved back tothe ground level from the production areas, are inspected and signedfor.

We have a very good lightning protection system; the work will bestopped if we get an alert for this.

Our operators have to qualify through a basic ammunition handlingcourse. This is a tough one, as indicated by the fact that only 50 % ofthe personnel pass the exam.


25Ammunition is stored in four different areas. Two outdoor storages

and two storage areas down in the mine at Løkken Verk. The minestorage is at the level 810 meters underground; three different minetunnels are approved for storing 5 tons of NEW in each. Desirableitems will always be stored underground, where they are thief-proof.

The charges are built during the day, and at the end of the day theywill be blown. Before the charge is set off, every operator has to leavethe mine. Because of the limited area of the demolition “chambers”,inspection is easy. The demolition chambers will be used over andover again.

23. Supercritical Fluid Technologies Within ChematurEngineering AB

Lars StenmarkChematur Engineering AB, SE-691 27 Karlskoga, Sweden


The Chematur Engineering group of companies provides the chemi-cal industry with process plants based on proprietary as well as licen-sed supercritical-fluid technologies. The range of equipment andapplications include supercritical carbon dioxide and supercriticalwater oxidation (SCWO). The Chematur Engineering demonstrationplant for SCWO is described in detail, and results from some treat-ability studies are given, including the treatment of de-inking sludgeand sewage sludge. The results clearly show that SCWO is a veryeffective method for the treatment of sludge.

24. Testing of Explosives Stability and Remaining Shelf Lifeof Components in Ammunition Before Recovery,

Modernisation, or Demilitarisation

Dennis TaylorBodycote CMK, Box 431, SE-691 27 Karlskoga, Sweden


Ammunition, rocket motors, explosives, etc., need frequent investi-gations regarding safety, present status, and remaining shelf life.

Before a decision is made and money is spent on, e.g., expensivemodernisation projects, it is of vital importance to get informationabout the safety of handling objects and the expected remaining shelflife of all ageing sensitive materials and components.



26This presentation will describe some typical ammunition and mis-

sile objects that are exposed to status and shelf life tests and moderntest methods.

An ageing-sensitive and potentially unstable part in ammunition isthe nitrocellulose propellant charge. Pyrotechnical components likeigniters and tracers are the most probable life-limiting components.A typical ageing sensitive component in rocket motors is the solidcomposite propellant made of CTPB or HTPB, with ammonium per-chlorate as oxidiser.

During ageing mechanical properties will deteriorate and cause un-stable burning with possibly hazardous consequences. Many frequent-ly used materials such as plastics, rubbers, adhesives, etc., tend to bevery ageing-sensitive when exposed to explosives.

25. Addressing Environmental and Disposal Issues DuringMunitions Aquisition

Ian G. WallaceCranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon SN6 8LA, UK


Many of the problems of the disposal of munitions at the end oftheir lives are a consequence of the decisions taken during the acqui-sition phase. The smart acquisition process, introduced by the UKMinistry of Defence in the past few years, seeks to address some ofthe disposability and environmental issues at the key decision pointsearly in the acquisition process. The business case for any munitionacquisition needs to consider the whole life costs, which include thosefor disposal as well as examining the implication of ownership on theenvironment. This paper describes some of the work underway in theUK to develop standards and methodologies to enable environmentaland disposability requirements to be specified at the acquisitionstage. In particular, it describes the application of Environmental andSafety Compliance Levels (ESCL’s) in munitions acquisition.


2726. "EXCERT", a European Pilot Project for Developing andMaintaining Skills and Competence for Personnel in the

Explosives Sector

Hans WallinKCEM AB, SE-691 51 Karlskoga, Sweden


Explosives accidents have claimed the lives of more than a thousandpeople around the world since the turn of the Millennium. Added tothe loss of life has been a significant loss of material values in theform of production resources and capability. Many of the accidentshave been caused, not by failure of design, but by human failure.Much of the human failure can be attributed to lack of necessarycompetence, skills, and training of the people concerned. This paperdescribes some of the initiatives being taken in Sweden and in theLeonardo da Vinci programme of the European Union to ensure thatworkers at all levels in the explosives community within the EU havethe skills and competence required to safely sustain activities invol-ving explosives. It will describe the development and evolution of arange of explosives competence and the training and qualificationsframework being developed to generate and maintain the compe-tence. Finally, the paper will refer to some of the novel trainingapproaches that are being applied in Sweden.

27. Weapons of Mass Destruction – a Gigantic DisposalChallenge

Kristina ZetterlundMinistry of Defence, SE-103 33 Stockholm, Sweden


When on 11 September 2001 the airplanes flew into the WorldTrade Center, the world froze. The attack was not only a tragedy ofmassive proportions in terms of lost lives, but it also signified athreshold in terms of what terrorists were prepared to do in order toachieve their objectives. The anthrax attacks during the autumn of2001 added to concerns over the gigantic threat posed by weapons ofmass destruction (WMD). In addition, WMD proliferation on a statelevel has come under the world’s spotlights with the war against Iraqand countries like North Korea stealing the headlines. Perhaps lesshighlighted are dangers such as the world's large number of tacticalnuclear weapons and the widespread existence of radiological, chemi-cal, and biological material and know-how. In this presentation, thenature and size of the WMD threat will be discussed as well aspotential ways of countering that threat.



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Map showing the situation of Bofors Hotelwhere

a traditional Scanian "Mårtens Gås"-dinner will be servedMonday night.

BoforsHotell

HotelAlfred Nobel

THIRD INTERNATIONAL DISPOSAL CONFERENCE · Dr Stig Johansson, Tel. +46 36 163734, E-mail:...

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