Ulf.Olsson.Thn@Telia.comThe Development of Aeronautical Science and TechnologiesKTH 05 04 07

200BCThe principle of Archimedes. 500caInvention of the rocket in China.1232Rockets at the battle of Kai-fung-fu.1700Reaction principle by Isaac Newton.1783First flight in a balloon.1937The Hindenburg crash in New Jersey.From Archimedes to Newton The most important equationof all times

Around 1500Wan Hu braces himself for lift-off

1250 Roger Bacon suggests the orthopter.1490 Leonardo da Vinci sketches flying machines.1738 The Bernoulli equation and the Smeaton coefficient. 1870 Gustave Trouveflies 70 m in a flapping machine in France.2000 Renewed interest in Micro Air vehicles.Flapping flight and the power it takes to fly3 W/kg

60 W/kgCan a fly really fly??Yes it can, but it takes a lot of power

3 W/kg100 W/kg300 W/kgThe dwarf and the giants

Natures great invention George Cayley discovers the fixed lifting wing. Why did the birds have to develop that?

LmgVThe birds do it better

L/mg=1.5L/mg=1Min powerMin dragThe flight power curve

Why are they doing like this?

Log m gramsLog S cm2TitSwallowLarkKestrelStarlingPigeonBlackheaded GullCrowHerring GullBuzzardVultureAustralian craneBerkutBumblebeeThe Law of 2/3

Chart1

0

1.7355988997

2.1367205672

2.3222192947

2.3117538611

2.80140371

2.7781512504

2.790285164

3.0374264979

3.0334237555

3.2304489214

3.5289167003

3.9781805169

Sheet1

BumblebeeMesSvalaLrkaStareTornfalkSkrattmsDuvaKrkaGrtrutVrkGamAu tranaBerkut

Vikt kg1.75E-040.010.020.030.080.110.170.240.330.560.831.739.808

Yta m21.00E-040.010.010.020.020.060.060.060.110.110.170.340.95

Vikt g0.1758.618.53480112167241326555830172898008000

Yta cm2154.4137210205633600617109010801700338095100

log W-0.75696195130.93449845121.26717172841.5314789171.9030899872.04921802272.22271647112.38201704262.51321760012.74429298312.91907809243.23754373813.99122607573.903089987

log S0.001.742.142.322.312.802.782.793.043.033.233.533.98

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3

Long wings are better for gliding but harder to flap

L/D

0.01

Albatross

0.003

Jet liner

Sparrows

Gulls

Insects

1799 George Cayley discovers the lifting wing and invents the airplane.1842 William Henson patents an aerial steam carriage. Proposes airline.1859 J.J. Etienne Loire and the internal combustion engine.1871 Francis Wenham builds the first wind tunnell.1874 Felix du Temple makes the first powered hop.1896 Samuel Langley flies a large scale model.1903 The Wright Brothers first manned flight reaches the power of a gull (25 W/kg).The evolution of the fixed wing aircraft

Modern aeroplanesLilienthal stalling

The Wrights fighting Langley and the Smeaton coefficientK=??

Kutta-JoukowskiLudwig PrandtlTheodor von KarmanScience enters aeronautics

Flow

Downwash

Shed vortex

The golden age of the propeller 1919Junkers F13First all metal airliner1933Boeing 247First all metal monoplane airliner1935Douglas DC3Most successful propeller airliner1938Boeing 307 StratolinerFirst pressurised airliner1943Lockheed ConstellationFirst long range airliner

Charles Lindbergs Spirit of Saint Louis 1927

Flight speedBlade speedThe propeller meets the sound barrier

The jet engine arrives1888The Laval nozzle produces a supersonic jet1903Aegidius Elling builds the first successful gas turbine1930Frank Whittle patents a jet engine1935Adolf Busemann proposes the swept back wing1937Hans von Ohains first bench test of a jet engine1939Heinkel 178 first jet flight.1947Chuck Yeager breaks through the sound barrier Mach 11955F104 Starfighter Mach 21962SR71 Blackbird Mach 3

M1M=1

1930

Picture from the RAF museum at Cosford, Wolverhampton, England

WW2 JUMO 109-004B

1947 Volvos first jet engine

Mach 10.010.02CDThicknessSweepFriction dragWave dragThe swept back wing

1947 With a bang through the sound barrier

0.10.51.01052019001920194019601980200020202040WrightSR71DC3Year2050JaegerMachScramConcorde747PropellerJet engineRunning into the heat barrier

PRIVATE "TYPE=PICT;ALT=Blackbird"

The by-pass engine and the revolution in air travel1948First turboprop airliner . Vickers Viscount1949First jet airliner. de Havilland Comet1954Start of Boeings dominance of civil market. Boeing 7071960GE discloses the bypass engine1967Highest selling jet airliner launched. Boeing 7371969Worlds largest airliner. First widebody. Boeing 7471970Airbus formed 1982First composite primary. Airbus A3101989First fly-by-wire airliner. Airbus 320

Largest size each decade

Wright

HandleyPage

Tupolev

747

Dornier

DC10

A310

Galaxy

777

A380

Hughes

Passengers

Antonov

vac.ulol(a)memo.volvo.se

Chart1

1

40

100

64

700

1000

550

405

280

418

800

Year

Blad1

Materials ref ClevelandSpec str=sqr sigma/dens

SteelSteelAlAl-LiComp200020502100

Year19101930195019852020

Spec str2.94.87.68.51511.896249968818.726861112924.2302266929

log-0.970571293-0.7201593034-0.4694344261-0.40301953420-0.18235846330.22042013190.6231987272

Spec str

Friction coeff ref Cleveland

AircraftWrightWW1bombWW1fightLindbVegaPiper CB17Me262F80CometJetstar747

Year1903191519181927192919351940194419461954196019682000

Coeff0.020.0170.0130.010.00860.0090.00680.00590.0050.00360.00320.0030.0022

lambda0.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.1

pass1000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000

tau0.030.030.030.030.030.030.030.030.030.030.030.030.03

a9.59720905699.59720905699.59720905699.59720905699.59720905699.59720905699.59720905699.59720905699.59720905699.59720905699.59720905699.59720905699.5972090569

Mach0.850.850.850.850.850.850.850.850.850.850.850.850.85

fi0.87058477130.87058477130.87058477130.87058477130.87058477130.87058477130.87058477130.87058477130.87058477130.87058477130.87058477130.87058477130.8705847713

x0.58892733560.58892733560.58892733560.58892733560.58892733560.58892733560.58892733560.58892733560.58892733560.58892733560.58892733560.58892733560.5889273356

F1.5213261.5213261.5213261.5213261.5213261.5213261.5213261.5213261.5213261.5213261.5213261.5213261.521326

Cf0.020.0170.0130.010.00860.0090.00680.00590.0050.00360.00320.0030.0022

L/D12.103862110913.128481745515.012993244417.117445954418.458216674218.043372313620.757952267922.285016475824.207724221928.529076590730.259655277431.25203758736.4945173965

log-0.9848761953-0.9457621929-0.8803880603-0.8153234065-0.7773367269-0.7888355381-0.7172114907-0.6802124422-0.6363753089-0.5467526789-0.5136306629-0.4952293752-0.4039398483

2000205021001954

-0.30567346580.03677849690.3792304595-0.6207292714

55.270584810187.0335130701117.804017207432.2661679811

Efficiency ref WebbL/D129.4412

EngineGhostJT3CJT8D9JT9DRB211-535V25004083

SFC/hr1.030.90.780.690.650.590.52

Year1950195819681980198219881996200020502100

Effic0.20388349510.23333333330.26923076920.30434782610.32307692310.35593220340.4038461538

log-0.5332998609-0.4559319556-0.369745808-0.2916225271-0.251811973-0.1842857377-0.0894004112-0.07531433790.38785923170.8510328014

0.41107851770.63857262380.7888382984

Size REL 777

Year200020502100

L/D55.270584810187.0335130701117.8040172074129

eta0.41107851770.63857262380.78883829840.9

Strength11.896249968818.726861112924.230226692930

Fuel5555

Size323.9988616108796.33153273541332.40055488211782.364650402

Year19361959197219821992196319692100

Size211483752804401895163000

Largest size ezch decade (Cleveland)

AircraftWrightHandleyDornierTupolevHughesGalaxy747DC10A310777A3xx

Year19031918192919341947196819681970198219942005

Pax140100647001000550405280418800

&A

Sida &P

Blad1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Sida &P

Year

Blad2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Sida &P

Year

Blad3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Sida &P

Year

Blad4

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Sida &P

Year

Blad5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Year

Blad6

&A

Sida &P

Blad7

&A

Sida &P

Blad8

&A

Sida &P

Blad9

&A

Sida &P

Blad10

&A

Sida &P

Blad11

&A

Sida &P

Blad12

&A

Sida &P

Blad13

&A

Sida &P

Blad14

&A

Sida &P

Blad15

&A

Sida &P

Blad16

&A

Sida &P

&A

Sida &P

&A

Sida &P

&A

Sida &P

&A

Sida &P

?Transportation economy-size or speed? 1969Concorde-First supersonic airliner1971Boeing 2707 program-competitor to Concorde- cancelled1999NASA High-Speed Civil Transport program cancelled2002Boeing shelves Sonic Cruiser2003Concorde taken out of traffic

BILLIONSOF $1993

YEARS

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

2000

2005

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Excludes Tupelov, LET, Ilyushin and Antonov

BA&H analysis and forecasts

Note:

Source:

The lift-to-drag ratio kills supersonic

L/D01234Mach01020Concorde 1960ATSF1989NASA 1982747FlyingwingWaveriderB52SlewedwingNASA 2000Canard305Hypersonic

Ultraviolet radiation and climate change Heating 0.3-0.6 C in the 1900sRadiation+ 4% 1970-1992Ozon O3Water H2OCarbon dioxide CO2Methane CH4The environment as a new limit

Towards hydrogen?Source: J. Allen 1998WoodCoalOilCH4MethaneH2C2H5Ethanol

Litres/10 km/passengerCometA300B747-200B737-100DC9-30B727-100B707-120B747-400A320B767B737-300A340-300Source DLR/EC 99The civil transport of the future

Which is the most efficient aircraft?

Turbulent

Laminar

Supersonicwave drag

Flying wing

Flying saucers

Thermodynamic design of a civil jet engine

IntercoolerReheaterRegeneratorCoolerGeared fanDucted propfan IRRThe future civil engine

AltitudeMach numberStallStructureloadsFlutterSkin temperature1.211kmCombatSupercruiseAfterburnerblow out2.3Min time climbAccelerateEscapeMilitary engine requirements and design

F/gWeYearDovernRM6J79RM8AM53F101RM12F404F100M88EJ200F110F414F1190.50.70.90.30.1T-O acc g The importance of the Thrust-to-Weight ratio

Chart1

2.7

4.3

4.8

5.8

6.5

6.7

7.2

7.6

7.9

8.3

9.2

9.6

9

10

AIRCRAFT

Aircraft statistics (Flight 10 Oct 1987)

AircraftDOC/bhbh/hV km/hPAXFuel kg/hWemptyDOC/pkmFuel/pkmWe/paxCcrew

A300-30031481.188433455460877001.27723279521.8773531384254.2028985507

727-20020761.28651894309461641.52380952382.6357158149244.253968254

737-50017181.237971322100309602.00861183991.9961218205234.5454545455

MD8018851.198131722560355701.60412912271.8307159816206.8023255814

74752631.08896550106601694201.15341720782.1631493506308.0363636364

767-20025831.188502203780813751.62991443852.0213903743369.8863636364

DC1038791.1286038069201102231.32940024482.11750306290.0605263158

L101140761.1489440068951096471.29939597321.9281319911274.1175

1.16500

A310-2008512803740767501.5695820044274.1071428571

A320-2008401792000392701.3301409949219.3854748603

A33087037548501133001.4865900383302.1333333333

A340-20087037557601152001.7655172414307.2

757-2008502392885582601.4201329067243.7656903766

146-100689941594224532.4611678967238.8617021277

767-3008502693810871351.6663022086323.9219330855

F28657851475175472.6412391441206.4352941176

F1007721071776243552.1500169483227.6168224299

MD878131392458332532.1750864991239.2302158273

A3XX656286000435.9756097561

Learjet 45105307530.7

Saab20005013500270

Saab340358140232.5714285714

Cessna 750129072756747-400D747-100B747-300BA3XX-100A3XX-200

PAX101235508594107132139172179189220239269280345375376380400568452490555656

Wempty5307907281401350017547224532435530960332633557039270461648137558260871357675087700113300115200110233109647173970167985172350275000292000

PAX101235508594107132139172179189220239269280345375376380400550656

We/PAX530.7756232.5714285714270206.4352941176238.8617021277227.6168224299234.5454545455239.3021582734206.8023255814219.3854748603244.253968254369.8863636364243.7656903766323.9219330855274.1071428571254.2028985507302.1333333333306.3829787234290.0868421053274.1175306.2852112676445.1219512195

PAX101235508594107132139172179189220239269280345375376380400550656

DOC/pkm21.61.521.631.281.331.31.15

PAX101235508594107132139172220239269280345375376380400550

Fuel/pkm2.642.462.1522.171.832.021.421.661.571.881.491.772.121.922.16

AircraftPAXCcrewAircraftPAXWemptyCcrew

A300-300345612A300-30034587700612

727-200189463727-20018946164463

737-500132341737-50013230960341

MD80172281MD8017235570281

747550746747550169420746

767-200220495767-20022081375495

DC10380589DC10380110223589

L1011400688L1011400109647688

75723943375723958260433

DC9172271DC9172271

0.003233025

254.4548300308

AircraftPAXCmaintenAircraftPAXWemptyCmainten

A300-300345554A300-30034587700554

727-200189282727-20018946164282

737-500132300737-50013230960300

MD80172269MD8017235570269

747550966747550169420966

767-200220168DC10380110223636

DC10380636L1011400109647830

L1011400830DC9172285

757239108

DC9172285

0.0053784803

95.0566036939

767-20022081375168

MachTempS/d inchAverageNm/kg75723958260108

03000.60.60.1446

1.53500.60.60.1446

1.64000.550.580.13978

2.84500.610.580.13978

3.85000.590.60.1446

4.55500.570.580.13978

66000.560.570.13737

19281928193319361959196019631965196919701970197219811981198219821987199019911992199419001900

Size14121021149115189139516350405375149255280239179410335440418600

Year282833365960636569707072818182828790919294

Aircraft40Ford247DC3DC8B720727DC9747L1011DC10A300737767A310757A320MD11A340A330777

year19281928193319361959196019631965196919701970197219811981198219821987199019911992199420052050

log0.54559074130.47842609640.39902710430.72244535561.58761274981.47130681721.69542285541.55631499862.17057155531.98177517992.05175612852.01472325681.58761274981.83308835841.87661509151.80309456751.67067599332.05768940811.96097082812.09200267852.06705070032.24667233334

3.47952275530.84814879150.7807648660.70114692361.02577350051.90577984971.78538648582.01854335391.87326842712.54121580072.32658410012.40469433582.36317790241.90577984972.16474474912.21162958442.1326385451.99254308522.41138673242.30363056922.45032807812.42196980262.6320232147

3.87776428941001.408935393

5002.15490196

10002.5228787453

20003

30003.4771212547

Av Week Oct 15 1984Air&Cosmos Dec 5 1997 p 23

Aircraft727737MD80747767A300DC10L1011A3XX

Seats189130172550220345380400660

Fuel/pkm2.652.81.832.162.021.882.111.922.65

DOC/pkm1.522.071.621.151.621.281.331.3

Price of KeroseneAir Tp and Aeron Ind 1991

Year19701972197419781979198019811984198519861987199020002050

C/gallon353575759012014011011090606060300

Turbine entry tempTstoich=2300

Year19421946195419601963196819741975198419881995205019621970198019902000

Log-0.0757207139-0.0757207139-0.0377885609-0.03022398260.12163610110.15261016320.1998291060.30670712860.36797678530.4522976710.472100453310.04535887240.07572071390.11394335230.15261016320.1604110548

Temp1050105011001110131013501410154016101700172012101250130013501360

NameW1DerwentDartAvonConwaySpeyRB211-22CRB211-524RB211-535RB211-524

Thrust/weight

NameDovernRM6TF30RM8AM53F101F404RM12F100M88EJ200F110F414F119IHPTET

Year195019581961196619701977197919841986198919911992199319952009

F/W2.74.34.85.86.56.77.27.67.98.39.29.691020

&F

Sida &P

AIRCRAFT

5307

9072

8140

13500

17547

22453

24355

30960

33263

35570

39270

46164

81375

58260

87135

76750

87700

113300

115200

110233

109647

173970

167985

172350

275000

292000

&F

Sida &P

Wempty

PAX

10

12

35

50

85

94

107

2

139

1.6

179

1.52

1.63

239

269

280

1.28

375

376

1.33

1.3

1.15

&F

Sida &P

DOC/pkm

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

&F

Sida &P

Fuel/pkm

612

463

341

281

746

495

589

688

433

271

&F

Sida &P

Ccrew

PAX

554

282

300

269

966

168

636

830

108

285

&F

Sida &P

Cmainten

PAX

554

282

300

269

966

636

830

285

&F

Sida &P

Cmainten

Wempty

$/blockhr

612

463

341

281

746

495

589

688

433

&F

Sida &P

Ccrew

Wempty

$/blockhr

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Sida &P

PAX

We/PAX

0.5455907413

0.4784260964

0.3990271043

0.7224453556

1.5876127498

1.4713068172

1.6954228554

1.5563149986

2.1705715553

1.9817751799

2.0517561285

2.0147232568

1.5876127498

1.8330883584

1.8766150915

1.8030945675

1.6706759933

2.0576894081

1.9609708281

2.0920026785

2.0670507003

2.2466723333

4

&A

Sida &P

Year

14

12

10

21

149

115

189

139

516

350

405

375

149

255

280

239

179

410

335

440

418

&A

Sida &P

Year

Passengers

2.651.52

2.82.07

1.831.62

2.161.15

2.021.62

1.881.28

2.111.33

1.921.3

2.65660

&A

Sida &P

&A

Sida &P

Year

Kerosene Cents/gallon

Log

Off Design and Variable Cycles

The limits of the turbojet engine

Efficiency %MachMaxTITDesignpointThrottling downMain fuel=0Ramjet modeVjet=VTurboramjetKerosene

Chart1

15.5996943006

17.6421178415

19.6642799443

20.6478801252

19.6828006437

17.3309624156

12.5538809021

3.1699377569

Sheet1

DesignSupersonic fanPrecooledDesignSupersonic fanUncooledDesignSupersonic fanUncooledDesignSubsonic fanUncooled

HydroOff-designSupersonic fanHydrogenOff-designSupersonic fanKeroseneOff-designSupersonic fanKeroseneOff-designSubsonic fan

Mach1.5TurbojetRamjetMach1.5TurbojetRamjetMach1.5TurbojetRamjetMach1.5Turbojet

T0216T0216216216216216216216216216216216216216T0216T0216216216216216216216216216216216T0216T0216216216216216216216216216216T0216T0216216216216216216216216

p02.27E+04p02.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+04p02.27E+04p02.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+04p02.27E+04p02.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+04p02.27E+04p02.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+042.27E+04

gammac1.4gammac1.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.4gammac1.4gammac1.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.4gammac1.4gammac1.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.4gammac1.4gammac1.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.4

etaf0.9tauf01.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.9896739109etaf0.9tauf01.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.9896739109etaf0.9tauf01.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.9896739109etaf0.9tauf01.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.98967391091.9896739109

Cooler1etaf0.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9Cooler0etaf0.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9Cooler0etaf0.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9Cooler0etaf0.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9

f00.081Tfuel30303030303030303030303030f00.081Tfuel3030303030303030303030f00.081Tfuel298298298298298298298298298298f00.081Tfuel298298298298298298298298

hvapor550000etap00.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.5hvapor0etap000000000000hvapor0etap00000000000hvapor0etap000000000

Tfuel30mcore025.513094351225.513094351225.513094351225.513094351225.513094351225.513094351225.513094351225.513094351225.513094351225.513094351225.513094351225.513094351225.5130943512Tfuel30mcore032.417485720532.417485720532.417485720532.417485720532.417485720532.417485720532.417485720532.417485720532.417485720532.417485720532.4174857205Tfuel298mcore030.828613571130.828613571130.828613571130.828613571130.828613571130.828613571130.828613571130.828613571130.828613571130.8286135711Tfuel298mcore032.351440588332.351440588332.351440588332.351440588332.351440588332.351440588332.351440588332.3514405883

etap00.5f00.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.1etap00f00.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.1etap00f00.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.1etap00f00.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.1

pip00.95pip00.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95pip01pip011111111111pip01pip01111111111pip01pip011111111

Hfuel1.20E+08pt1303.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+05Hfuel1.20E+08pt1303.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+05Hfuel4.30E+07pt1303.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+053.31E+05Hfuel4.30E+07pt1302.79E+052.79E+052.79E+052.79E+052.79E+052.79E+052.79E+052.79E+05

Cpfuel14500Tt130486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495Cpfuel14500Tt130486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495Cpfuel1500Tt130486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495Cpfuel1500Tt130486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495486.3533474495

OPR20Hfuel1.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+08OPR20Hfuel1.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+081.20E+08OPR20Hfuel4.30E+074.30E+074.30E+074.30E+074.30E+074.30E+074.30E+074.30E+074.30E+074.30E+07OPR20Hfuel4.30E+074.30E+074.30E+074.30E+074.30E+074.30E+074.30E+074.30E+07

etac0.9hvapor550000550000550000550000550000550000550000550000550000550000550000550000550000etac0.9hvapor00000000000etac0.9hvapor0000000000etac0.9hvapor00000000

Tturbmet1500Cpfuel14500145001450014500145001450014500145001450014500145001450014500Tturbmet1500Cpfuel1450014500145001450014500145001450014500145001450014500Tturbmet1500Cpfuel1500150015001500150015001500150015001500Tturbmet1500Cpfuel15001500150015001500150015001500

Tt41800etac0.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9Tt41800etac0.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9Tt41800etac0.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9Tt41800etac0.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9

Tturbmax2000Tcm875875875875875875875875875875875875875Tturbmax2000Tcm875875875875875875875875875875875Tturbmax2000Tcm875875875875875875875875875875Tturbmax2000Tcm875875875875875875875875

etacomb1eps00.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.0424093217etacomb1eps00.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.0424093217etacomb1eps00.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.0424093217etacomb1eps00.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.04240932170.0424093217

Cpc1005fb00.01414074060.01414074060.01414074060.01414074060.01414074060.01414074060.01414074060.01414074060.01414074060.01414074060.01414074060.01414074060.0141407406Cpc1005fb00.01152135670.01152135670.01152135670.01152135670.01152135670.01152135670.01152135670.01152135670.01152135670.01152135670.0115213567Cpc1005fb00.03150524990.03150524990.03150524990.03150524990.03150524990.03150524990.03150524990.03150524990.03150524990.0315052499Cpc1005fb00.03150524990.03150524990.03150524990.03150524990.03150524990.03150524990.03150524990.0315052499

Cpt1244etacomb1111111111111Cpt1244etacomb11111111111Cpt1244etacomb1111111111Cpt1244etacomb11111111

gammat1.3Cpc1005100510051005100510051005100510051005100510051005gammat1.3Cpc10051005100510051005100510051005100510051005gammat1.3Cpc1005100510051005100510051005100510051005gammat1.3Cpc10051005100510051005100510051005

etat0.88Cpt1244124412441244124412441244124412441244124412441244etat0.88Cpt12441244124412441244124412441244124412441244etat0.88Cpt1244124412441244124412441244124412441244etat0.88Cpt12441244124412441244124412441244

etaj0.95gammat1.31.31.31.31.31.31.31.31.31.31.31.31.3etaj0.95gammat1.31.31.31.31.31.31.31.31.31.31.3etaj0.95gammat1.31.31.31.31.31.31.31.31.31.3etaj0.95gammat1.31.31.31.31.31.31.31.3

Fdry2.89E+04etat0.880.880.880.880.880.880.880.880.880.880.880.880.88Fdry2.89E+04etat0.880.880.880.880.880.880.880.880.880.880.88Fdry2.89E+04etat0.880.880.880.880.880.880.880.880.880.88Fdry2.89E+04etat0.880.880.880.880.880.880.880.88

etaba0.9etaj0.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95etaba0.9etaj0.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95etaba0.9etaj0.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95etaba0.9etaj0.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95

Cpa1500etaba0.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9Cpa1500etaba0.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9Cpa1450etaba0.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9Cpa1450etaba0.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9

Tta2700Cpa1500150015001500150015001500150015001500150015001500Tta2700Cpa15001500150015001500150015001500150015001500Tta2200Cpa1450145014501450145014501450145014501450Tta2200Cpa14501450145014501450145014501450

pia0.95Tta2700270027002700270027002700270027002700270027002700pia0.95Tta27002700270027002700270027002700270027002700pia0.95Tta2200220022002200220022002200220022002200pia0.95Tta22002200220022002200220022002200

pib0.95pia0.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95pib0.95pia0.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95pib0.95pia0.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95pib0.95pia0.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95

pim0.95pib0.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95pim0.95pib0.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95pim0.95pib0.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95pim0.95pib0.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95

Tsls288pim0.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95Tsls288pim0.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95Tsls288pim0.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95Tsls288pim0.950.950.950.950.950.950.950.95

M50.4A41.79E-021.79E-021.79E-021.79E-021.79E-021.79E-021.79E-021.79E-021.79E-021.79E-021.79E-021.79E-021.79E-02M50.4A42.15E-022.15E-022.15E-022.15E-022.15E-022.15E-022.15E-022.15E-022.15E-022.15E-022.15E-02M50.4A42.09E-022.09E-022.09E-022.09E-022.09E-022.09E-022.09E-022.09E-022.09E-022.09E-02M50.4A42.60E-022.60E-022.60E-022.60E-022.60E-022.60E-022.60E-022.60E-02

M21A452.65E-022.65E-022.65E-022.65E-022.65E-022.65E-022.65E-022.65E-022.65E-022.65E-022.65E-022.65E-022.65E-02M21A454.56E-024.56E-024.56E-024.56E-024.56E-024.56E-024.56E-024.56E-024.56E-024.56E-024.56E-02M21A454.36E-024.36E-024.36E-024.36E-024.36E-024.36E-024.36E-024.36E-024.36E-024.36E-02M20.4A455.42E-025.42E-025.42E-025.42E-025.42E-025.42E-025.42E-025.42E-02

N/Nmax0.9A51.14E-011.14E-011.14E-011.14E-011.14E-011.14E-011.14E-011.14E-011.14E-011.14E-011.14E-011.14E-011.14E-01N/Nmax0.9A51.44E-011.44E-011.44E-011.44E-011.44E-011.44E-011.44E-011.44E-011.44E-011.44E-011.44E-01N/Nmax0.9A51.40E-011.40E-011.40E-011.40E-011.40E-011.40E-011.40E-011.40E-011.40E-011.40E-01N/Nmax0.9A51.74E-011.74E-011.74E-011.74E-011.74E-011.74E-011.74E-011.74E-01

A139.12E-029.12E-029.12E-029.12E-029.12E-029.12E-029.12E-029.12E-029.12E-029.12E-029.12E-029.12E-029.12E-02A134.71E-024.71E-024.71E-024.71E-024.71E-024.71E-024.71E-024.71E-024.71E-024.71E-024.71E-02A135.06E-025.06E-025.06E-025.06E-025.06E-025.06E-025.06E-025.06E-025.06E-025.06E-02A136.30E-026.30E-026.30E-026.30E-026.30E-026.30E-026.30E-026.30E-02

pif4K0.07951862990.07951862990.07951862990.07951862990.07951862990.07951862990.07951862990.07951862990.07951862990.07951862990.07951862990.07951862990.0795186299pif4K0.15020211740.15020211740.15020211740.15020211740.15020211740.15020211740.15020211740.15020211740.15020211740.15020211740.1502021174pif4K0.14716740360.14716740360.14716740360.14716740360.14716740360.14716740360.14716740360.14716740360.14716740360.1471674036pif4K0.14716740360.14716740360.14716740360.14716740360.14716740360.14716740360.14716740360.1471674036

tau01.45Cooler1111111111111tau01.45Cooler00000000000tau01.45Cooler0000000000tau01.45Cooler00000000

pi03.6710306273f0.08130.07960.060.0480.0620.1210.1210.1180.1040.0260.0220.0190.019pi03.6710306273f0.08130.07960.060.0480.0620.1210.1210.1180.1040.0260.022pi03.6710306273f0.08130.07960.060.0480.0620.1210.1210.1180.1040.026pi03.6710306273f0.08130.07960.060.0480.0620.1210.1210.118

etake0.9950617284Mach1.51.7522.533.544.455677.5etake0.9950617284Mach1.51.6822.533.545677.35etake0.9950617284Mach1.51.6822.533.54566.7etake0.8843180247Mach1.51.6822.533.545

pid0.9922609532tau01.451.61251.82.252.83.454.24.872668.210.812.25pid0.9922609532tau01.451.564481.82.252.83.454.268.210.811.8045pid0.9922609532tau01.451.564481.82.252.83.454.268.29.978pid0.837264571tau01.451.564481.82.252.83.454.26

taud1taud1taud1taud1

Tt2313.2Design point Tt4Max Tt4Tt2313.2Design point Tt4Max Tt4Tt2313.2Design point Tt4Max Tt4Tt2313.2Design point Tt4Max Tt4

pt28.27E+04Tt418002001.724137931200020002000200020002000pt28.27E+04Tt418001942.1131034483pt28.27E+04Tt418001942.1131034483pt26.98E+04Tt418001942.1131034483

pt133.31E+05taufmax1.68253373161.61375126261.54981883941.43985507151.35345496821.28686200321.23563664551.20313503921.1649456518pt133.31E+05taufmax1.68253373161.63258968531.54981883941.43985507151.35345496821.2868620032pt133.31E+05taufmax1.68253373161.63258968531.54981883941.43985507151.35345496821.2868620032pt132.79E+05taufmax1.68253373161.63258968531.54981883941.43985507151.35345496821.2868620032

tauf1.5528523226pifmax5.14974715434.51528610953.97543766243.15285616412.59446611762.21322582921.94740354491.79056578431.6175691063tauf1.5528523226pifmax5.14974715434.68341564273.97543766243.15285616412.59446611762.2132258292tauf1.5528523226pifmax5.14974715434.68341564273.97543766243.15285616412.59446611762.2132258292tauf1.5528523226pifmax5.14974715434.68341564273.97543766243.15285616412.59446611762.2132258292

Tt13486.3533474495Design point pifDownrated pifRamjetTt13486.3533474495Design point pifRamjetTt13486.3533474495Design point pifRamjetTt13486.3533474495Design point pifRamjet

Tt23258.1766737248pif4443.1521.5551.371.281.0441111Tt23486.3533474495pif4431.941.3451.05311111Tt23486.3533474495pif4431.941.341.0531111Tt23486.3533474495pif4431.941.341.05311

Tfout263.1779966738M20.9991.16551.3321.6651.99822222222Tfout30M20.9991.118881.3321.6651.998222222Tfout298M20.9991.118881.3321.6651.99822222Tfout298M20.40.40.40.40.40.40.40.4

pt233.14E+05pi03.67103062735.32413466367.824449066917.085937536.73272180576.2722982385151.8352176697255.2557175062529.0897844412529.08978444121578.87767280334139.83607015976433.9296875pt233.31E+05pi03.67103062734.78955378447.824449066917.085937536.73272180576.2722982385151.8352176697529.08978444121578.87767280334139.83607015975651.5371634858pt233.31E+05pi03.67103062734.78955378447.824449066917.085937536.73272180576.2722982385151.8352176697529.08978444121578.87767280333137.9950097774pt232.79E+05pi03.67103062734.78955378447.824449066917.085937536.73272180576.2722982385151.8352176697529.0897844412

pic5etake0.99502210350.99502210350.99502210350.99502210350.99502210350.98650562270.9750.96459258250.948160.948160.92098765430.8958767180.8843180247pic5etake0.99502210350.99502210350.99502210350.99502210350.99502210350.98650562270.9750.948160.92098765430.8958767180.8877139607pic5etake0.99502210350.99502210350.99502210350.99502210350.99502210350.98650562270.9750.948160.92098765430.9031382721pic5etake0.88431802470.86520842650.836160.8008514560.77433283950.7538303040.737560.713442816

pt31.57E+06pid0.99219916690.98940143460.98618587240.9785231630.96926126330.89239840880.76386543010.63783449960.44634276290.44634276290.20674134840.08530276310.0540770438pt31.65E+06pid0.99219916690.99022712910.98618587240.9785231630.96926126330.89239840880.76386543010.44634276290.20674134840.08530276310.0620056771pt31.65E+06pid0.99219916690.99022712910.98618587240.9785231630.96926126330.89239840880.76386543010.44634276290.20674134840.1119075937pt31.40E+06pid0.8372645710.77363114440.64980660280.45931406560.30327332420.19170035270.11838488040.0445283264

tauc1.6668450876taud1111111111111tauc1.6668450876taud11111111111tauc1.6668450876taud1111111111tauc1.6668450876taud11111111

Tt3430.3405203386Tt2313.2348.3388.8486604.8745.2907.21052.352129612961771.22332.82646Tt3810.6756880484Tt2313.2337.92768388.8486604.8745.2907.212961771.22332.82549.772Tt3810.6756880484Tt2313.2337.92768388.8486604.8745.2907.212961771.22155.248Tt3810.6756880484Tt2313.2337.92768388.8486604.8745.2907.21296

fi0.3985489339pt28.27E+041.20E+051.75E+053.80E+058.08E+051.55E+062.63E+063.70E+065.36E+065.36E+067.41E+068.02E+067.90E+06fi0.3985489339pt28.27E+041.08E+051.75E+053.80E+058.08E+051.55E+062.63E+065.36E+067.41E+068.02E+067.95E+06fi0.3985489339pt28.27E+041.08E+051.75E+053.80E+058.08E+051.55E+062.63E+065.36E+067.41E+067.97E+06fi0.3985489339pt26.98E+048.41E+041.15E+051.78E+052.53E+053.32E+054.08E+055.35E+05

eps0.0424093217eps0.0424093217eps0.0424093217eps0.0424093217

fb0.0141407406tauf1.55285232261.55285232261.55285232261.43944086061.24613495361.15044746521.10510451851.08152088651.01376353641111fb0.0115213567tauf1.55285232261.55285232261.41731722421.234143411.09866228751.016529807411111fb0.0315052499tauf1.55285232261.55285232261.41731722421.234143411.0973640531.01652980741111fb0.0315052499tauf1.55285232261.55285232261.41731722421.234143411.0973640531.016529807411

Tt451656.866466118Tt13486.3533474495540.858463974603.7489830408699.568258251753.6624199499857.31345106521002.55081921831138.14066789891313.837543222312961771.22332.82646Tt451529.6361886631Tt13486.3533474495524.7517827709551.05293676599.7936972718664.4709514788757.5180124544907.212961771.22332.82549.772Tt451535.0986735126Tt13486.3533474495524.7517827709551.05293676599.7936972718663.6857792337757.5180124544907.212961771.22155.248Tt451535.0986735126Tt13486.3533474495524.7517827709551.05293676599.7936972718663.6857792337757.5180124544907.21296

pith0.6649686204pt133.31E+054.78E+057.01E+051.20E+061.62E+062.40E+063.61E+064.73E+065.60E+065.36E+067.41E+068.02E+067.90E+06pith0.4486762678pt133.31E+054.31E+055.25E+057.36E+051.09E+061.63E+062.63E+065.36E+067.41E+068.02E+067.95E+06pith0.4566217016pt133.31E+054.31E+055.25E+057.36E+051.08E+061.63E+062.63E+065.36E+067.41E+067.97E+06pith0.4566217016pt132.79E+053.36E+053.46E+053.46E+053.39E+053.49E+054.08E+055.35E+05

pt41.49E+06pt41.57E+06pt41.57E+06pt41.33E+06

pt459.92E+05Assume etap/pip in precoolerpt457.05E+05Assume etap/pip in precoolerpt457.17E+05Assume etap/pip in precoolerpt456.05E+05Assume etap/pip in precooler

Tt45p1602.1181974591etap0.50.490.480.460.460.440.420.410.4Tt45p1492.9628873046etap000000Tt45p1498.9112786088etap000000Tt45p1498.9112786088etap000000

pt53.31E+05pip0.950.950.960.970.970.980.980.990.99pt53.31E+05pip111111pt53.31E+05pip111111pt52.79E+05pip111111

Tt51281.6885832522Tt51280.3022574231Tt51280.8293772587Tt51280.8293772587

alfa1.3230272454Tt23258.1766737248290.5378166268328.3494711812391.5668594556420.777706773493.2955325965594.0794751466683.8029940603800.3025259334alfa0.5377494462Tt23486.3533474495524.7517827709551.05293676599.7936972718664.4709514788757.5180124544alfa0.6081053408Tt23486.3533474495524.7517827709551.05293676599.7936972718663.6857792337757.5180124544alfa0.6081053408Tt23486.3533474495524.7517827709551.05293676599.7936972718663.6857792337757.5180124544

Cp61108.7065535977Tfout226.0810738575241.4291383338258.8113858061281.4078660617298.654577064320.2331090076351.0439315807382.8340429019423.863925776130303030Cp61161.0434778783Tfout3030303030303030303030Cp61155.3587230526Tfout298298298298298298298298298298Cp61155.3587230526Tfout298298298298298298298298

gamma61.3492731058pt233.14E+054.54E+056.73E+051.16E+061.57E+062.35E+063.53E+064.68E+065.54E+06gamma61.3283589515pt233.31E+054.31E+055.25E+057.36E+051.09E+061.63E+06gamma61.3305085702pt233.31E+054.31E+055.25E+057.36E+051.08E+061.63E+06gamma61.3305085702pt232.79E+053.36E+053.46E+053.46E+053.39E+053.49E+05

Tt6873.5773681732Tt3430.3405203386481.9958874301519.6426340855582.8600223599612.0708696773684.5886955008785.372638051875.0961569647875Tt61041.7614028486Tt3810.6756880484874.6799313365875875875875Tt61024.5178634965Tt3810.6756880484874.6799313365875875875875Tt61024.5178634965Tt3810.6756880484874.6799313365875875875875

Fi53.97E-07Fi53.97E-07Fi53.97E-07Fi53.97E-07

M130.3859965777If Tt3>Tcm put Tt3=Tcm and obtain Tt4M130.3859965777If Tt3>Tcm put Tt3=Tcm and obtain Tt4fb=0M130.3859965777If Tt3>Tcm put Tt3=Tcm and obtain Tt4fb=0M130.3859965777If Tt3>Tcm put Tt3=Tcm and obtain Tt4fb=0

Fi131.05E-06Tt4down6448.9845524046110.64373132435715.31695664645054.36925402534748.9652670363990.78003215852937.06811668821998.9946638636780.9737988806Fi131.05E-06Tt4down2157.002114931943.88949539581797.91719791881527.40432248951168.4433660609652.029019005Fi131.05E-06Tt4down2157.002114931943.88949539581797.91719791881527.40432248951172.8010986754652.029019005Fi131.05E-06Tt4down2157.002114931943.88949539581797.91719791881527.40432248951172.8010986754652.029019005

Fi66.50E-07fbk0.01421819380.01583413460.01547227950.0149085230.01463385430.01399675190.01311009280.0123121991-0.0000732642Fi65.29E-07fbk0.01152135670.01245428050.01097454070.00821554890.0045786409-0.0006057591Fi65.41E-07fbk0.03150524990.03427085690.02993800780.02192459530.0116150739-0.0031381401Fi65.41E-07fbk0.03150524990.03427085690.02993800780.02192459530.0116150739-0.0031381401

fi61.21E-01Tt451656.8664661181842.54977697611840.96274013111840.96274013111840.96274013111840.96274013111840.96274013111840.9627401311718.8718323789fi61.19E-01Tt451529.63618866311650.40360306181527.86622786461297.9849591113992.9406984056554.092879738fi61.19E-01Tt451535.09867351261656.29736050821533.32239200591302.6201940951000.2030060393556.0716012035fi61.19E-01Tt451535.09867351261656.29736050821533.32239200591302.6201940951000.2030060393556.0716012035

M60.567131223Tt45p1602.11819745911781.78172222861781.53290304811783.66862803141784.65548209331787.1054114021790.51027816261793.5414815414718.3709053831M60.5673472122Tt45p1492.96288730461610.83488133121493.44588286651273.2026792136980.9477878163560.4992231133M60.5675073899Tt45p1498.91127860881617.25290838481499.34456562491278.1274612086988.1438577872562.2724779397M60.5675073899Tt45p1498.91127860881617.25290838481499.34456562491278.1274612086988.1438577872562.2724779397

mn61.0774131202pic54.92604179364.24629958543.50097309663.25581194972.8074756892.40923041952.1749188261.3245692724mn61.0957102234pic554.29107796263.28563555042.37972058771.574843964mn61.0939560556pic554.29107796263.28563555042.38860014211.574843964mn61.0939560556pic554.29107796263.28563555042.38860014211.574843964

mn50.8668811294pt31.57E+062.24E+062.86E+064.06E+065.10E+066.61E+068.52E+061.02E+077.34E+06mn50.8668811294pt31.65E+062.15E+062.25E+062.42E+062.59E+062.56E+06mn50.8668811294pt31.65E+062.15E+062.25E+062.42E+062.59E+062.56E+06mn50.8668811294pt31.40E+061.68E+061.49E+061.14E+068.09E+055.50E+05

A5/m54.40E-03pt41.49E+062.13E+062.71E+063.86E+064.85E+066.28E+068.09E+069.68E+066.97E+06A5/m54.40E-03pt41.57E+062.05E+062.14E+062.30E+062.46E+062.43E+06A5/m54.40E-03pt41.57E+062.05E+062.14E+062.30E+062.46E+062.43E+06A5/m55.22E-03pt41.33E+061.60E+061.41E+061.08E+067.69E+055.23E+05

mn130.7823922004pith0.66496862040.66496862040.66496862040.66496862040.66496862040.66496862040.66496862040.66496862040.6649686204mn130.7823922004pith0.44867626780.44867626780.44867626780.44867626780.44867626780.4486762678mn130.7823922004pith0.45662170160.45662170160.45662170160.45662170160.45662170160.4566217016mn130.7823922004pith0.45662170160.45662170160.45662170160.45662170160.45662170160.4566217016

A13/m132.70E-03pt459.92E+051.41E+061.80E+062.56E+063.22E+064.18E+065.38E+066.43E+064.64E+06A13/m132.70E-03pt457.05E+059.18E+059.61E+051.03E+061.10E+061.09E+06A13/m132.70E-03pt457.17E+059.34E+059.78E+051.05E+061.12E+061.11E+06A13/m133.20E-03pt456.05E+057.30E+056.45E+054.93E+053.51E+052.39E+05

m4line1.38901734931.38901734931.38901734931.38901734931.38901734931.38901734931.38901734931.38901734931.3890173493m4line1.38901734931.38901734931.38901734931.38901734931.38901734931.3890173493m4line1.38901734931.38901734931.38901734931.38901734931.38901734931.3890173493m4line1.38901734931.38901734931.38901734931.38901734931.38901734931.3890173493

pt62.52E+05mcore2.55E+013.44E+014.39E+016.25E+017.86E+011.02E+021.31E+021.57E+021.84E+02pt62.50E+05mcore3.24E+014.06E+014.43E+015.17E+016.34E+018.45E+01pt62.50E+05mcore3.08E+013.85E+014.21E+014.94E+016.10E+018.22E+01pt62.11E+05mcore3.24E+013.74E+013.45E+012.89E+012.37E+012.20E+01

Vjet923.8939111358Vjet1014.0410912106Vjet1005.1539555372Vjet978.2410812463

a0294.5993890014Assume bypass Machmax M3=1 choked bypass, adjust pif so that p5=p13a0294.5993890014Assume bypass Macha0294.5993890014Assume bypass Macha0294.5993890014Assume bypass Mach

V441.8990835021M13iter0.3870.370.1850.0950.211111111V441.8990835021M13iter0.3870.390.810.951111111V441.8990835021M13iter0.3870.390.850.97111111V441.8990835021M13iter0.3870.390.850.971111

Fspec487.6187582899mn130.7840716880.75527731880.40121939190.20915683460.43226138371.28101525591.28101525591.28101525591.28101525591.28101525591.28101525591.28101525591.2810152559Fspec579.7395582564mn130.7840716880.78907776961.23863068381.27827316281.28101525591.28101525591.28101525591.28101525591.28101525591.28101525591.2810152559Fspec582.9473795766mn130.7840716880.78907776961.25507469891.2800385841.28101525591.28101525591.28101525591.28101525591.28101525591.2810152559Fspec555.5072408035mn130.7840716880.78907776961.25507469891.2800385841.28101525591.28101525591.28101525591.2810152559

mtot5.93E+01m133.38E+014.47E+013.29E+012.72E+017.32E+013.02E+024.20E+025.17E+025.69E+025.49E+026.49E+026.12E+025.66E+02mtot4.98E+01m131.75E+012.20E+014.12E+015.71E+018.03E+011.12E+021.66E+022.83E+023.35E+023.16E+023.00E+02mtot4.96E+01m131.88E+012.37E+014.49E+016.15E+018.60E+011.21E+021.79E+023.05E+023.60E+023.51E+02mtot5.20E+01m131.97E+012.30E+013.68E+013.59E+013.35E+013.23E+013.45E+013.78E+01

mcore25.5130943512alfa1.33E+001.30E+007.49E-014.35E-019.31E-012.97E+003.20E+003.29E+003.10E+00mcore32.4174857205alfa5.39E-015.43E-019.31E-011.11E+001.27E+001.33E+00mcore30.8286135711alfa6.09E-016.15E-011.07E+001.24E+001.41E+001.47E+00mcore32.3514405883alfa6.09E-016.15E-011.07E+001.24E+001.41E+001.47E+00

A51.14E-01mtot5.93E+017.91E+017.69E+018.97E+011.52E+024.04E+025.51E+026.74E+027.53E+025.49E+026.49E+026.12E+025.66E+02A51.44E-01mtot4.99E+016.26E+018.54E+011.09E+021.44E+021.97E+021.66E+022.83E+023.35E+023.16E+023.00E+02A51.40E-01mtot4.96E+016.22E+018.70E+011.11E+021.47E+022.03E+021.79E+023.05E+023.60E+023.51E+02A51.74E-01mtot5.21E+016.05E+017.13E+016.47E+015.72E+015.43E+013.45E+013.78E+01

A139.12E-02Tt51.28E+031.43E+031.48E+031.54E+031.56E+031.43E+031.47E+031.50E+036.59E+02A134.71E-02Tt51.28E+031.38E+031.24E+031.08E+038.72E+025.37E+02A135.06E-02Tt51.28E+031.38E+031.24E+031.08E+038.75E+025.38E+02A136.30E-02Tt51.28E+031.38E+031.24E+031.08E+038.75E+025.38E+02

A62.05E-01pt5330244.45605715478367.277428695729929.7241791651242989.580472441640289.761180371405732.704181332046789.348207242669250.95036863038530.11622892A61.91E-01pt5330526.317976191429795.524545992389398.539360911461121.286487905618247.741268394886785.96351239A61.91E-01pt5330504.303091176430059.542767259378571.606098055450152.601382957615728.499896835891154.99348913A62.37E-01pt5278895.158115242335991.053433036249444.183032056211299.465645655192656.031976201191433.248763339

Fueldry3.61E-01pt5/pt139.99E-011.00E+001.04E+001.04E+001.01E+005.85E-015.67E-015.64E-015.43E-01Fueldry3.73E-01pt5/pt139.99E-019.98E-017.41E-016.26E-015.69E-015.45E-01Fueldry9.71E-01pt5/pt139.99E-019.99E-017.20E-016.11E-015.69E-015.48E-01Fueldry1.02E+00pt5/pt139.99E-019.99E-017.20E-016.11E-015.69E-015.48E-01

Efficdry2.95E-01M50.39814490190.38372187810.3169790490.26460867010.25650750720.39873798680.33314157010.31953641450.205413582Efficdry2.85E-01M50.39982897930.40028555790.45378271520.41939283130.33841498590.2196735691Efficdry3.06E-01M50.39969773930.40149230560.47540748050.41679065050.33758457590.2363823854Efficdry2.91E-01M50.39969773930.40149230560.47540748050.41679065050.33758457590.2363823854

Tt5/Tt24.09E+004.11E+003.81E+003.17E+002.57E+001.92E+001.62E+001.43E+005.09E-01Tt5/Tt24.09E+004.09E+003.20E+002.22E+001.44E+007.21E-01Tt5/Tt24.09E+004.09E+003.18E+002.21E+001.45E+007.21E-01Tt5/Tt24.09E+004.09E+003.18E+002.21E+001.45E+007.21E-01

fa0.066713516mn50.86357852480.83758745120.71041112130.60338316750.58631741970.86463539430.74220698630.71548270640.4758918243fa0.0421645535mn50.86657705220.86738867940.95848860350.90084472510.75244740610.5071697716fa0.0875188529mn50.86634365190.8695311170.99298964510.89634744860.75083926950.5433785763fa0.0875188529mn50.86634365190.8695311170.99298964510.89634744860.75083926950.5433785763

fb+fa0.0808542566mn5/mn51.01E+001.02E+001.03E+001.03E+001.01E+009.96E-011.04E+009.99E-011.01E+00fb+fa0.0536859102mn5/mn51.00E+001.00E+001.03E+001.01E+009.88E-011.06E+00fb+fa0.1190241028mn5/mn51.00E+009.98E-011.02E+001.03E+009.94E-019.89E-01fb+fa0.1190241028mn5/mn51.00E+009.98E-011.02E+001.03E+009.94E-019.89E-01

pt72.40E+05Iterate M13 line 85pt72.38E+05Iterate M13 line 85pt72.38E+05Iterate M13 line 85pt72.01E+05Iterate M13 line 85

Cp71500.7881208803Cp71500Cp71450Cp71450

gamma71.2364498343Cp61.11E+031.11E+031.14E+031.17E+031.13E+031.07E+031.06E+031.06E+031.06E+031.01E+031.01E+031.01E+031.01E+03gamma71.2366034625Cp61.16E+031.16E+031.13E+031.12E+031.11E+031.11E+031.01E+031.01E+031.01E+031.01E+031.01E+03gamma71.2467755804Cp61.16E+031.15E+031.12E+031.11E+031.10E+031.10E+031.01E+031.01E+031.01E+031.01E+03gamma71.2467755804Cp61.16E+031.15E+031.12E+031.11E+031.10E+031.10E+031.01E+031.01E+03

Vja1671.2983621138gamma61.34932669771.34876671271.33545670251.32419159461.34060809061.36849244341.37007244281.37066723641.36969818451.39972144851.39972144851.39972144851.3997214485Vja1668.9002175928gamma61.32840260321.32853322371.34068099321.34494640011.34841047041.34979271451.39972144851.39972144851.39972144851.39972144851.3997214485Vja1501.4151858527gamma61.33055410221.3306919071.34351916331.34754078071.35094496031.35234685811.39972144851.39972144851.39972144851.3997214485Vja1457.4283878178gamma61.33055410221.3306919071.34351916331.34754078071.35094496031.35234685811.39972144851.3997214485

Fspeca1287.6746034497Tt68.73E+029.78E+021.15E+031.32E+031.21E+031.03E+031.13E+031.24E+031.13E+031.30E+031.77E+032.33E+032.65E+03Fspeca1285.2657801369Tt61.04E+031.12E+039.48E+028.55E+027.67E+026.51E+029.07E+021.30E+031.77E+032.33E+032.55E+03Fspeca1170.6435209692Tt61.02E+031.10E+039.24E+028.40E+027.63E+026.57E+029.07E+021.30E+031.77E+032.16E+03Fspeca1123.4010349907Tt61.02E+031.10E+039.24E+028.40E+027.63E+026.57E+029.07E+021.30E+03

Fa7.63E+04fa0.0671782450.06368234350.04462006030.0334295780.04786562920.10735733570.10840983340.10562442290.10449754950.02627693640.02168463870.01625737780.0132306361Fa6.41E+04fa0.04220584940.04094204830.05542513920.06262837040.06956043480.07433147080.03003427090.02627693640.02168463870.01625737780.0141605764Fa5.80E+04fa0.08761846080.08386417410.11979583380.13582233580.15128188150.16220021930.05969751350.04882602850.0355386580.0248000467Fa5.84E+04fa0.08761846080.08386417410.11979583380.13582233580.15128188150.16220021930.05969751350.0488260285

Fuela2.0665606424f+fa0.08139643880.0795164780.06009233980.0483381010.06249948360.12135408760.12151992610.11793662190.10442428540.02627693640.02168463870.01625737780.0132306361Fuela1.7403622268f+fa0.05372720610.05339632880.06639967990.07084391930.07413907570.07372571170.03003427090.02627693640.02168463870.01625737780.0141605764Fuela3.6693480702f+fa0.11912371070.1181350310.14973384170.15774693110.16289695540.15906207920.05969751350.04882602850.0355386580.0248000467Fuela3.8506011896f+fa0.11912371070.1181350310.14973384170.15774693110.16289695540.15906207920.05969751350.0488260285

Effica1.36E-01etap0.44579817010.42823344810.34167155370.26800189130.32712697840.4961049410.48633984610.47282061420.43318889431111Effica1.36E-01etap00000000000Effica1.63E-01etap0000000000Effica1.56E-01etap00000000

mn21.2810152559pip9.48E-019.52E-019.60E-019.69E-019.74E-019.82E-019.85E-019.86E-019.85E-01mn21.2810152559pip1.00E+001.00E+001.00E+001.00E+001.00E+001.00E+000.00E+000.00E+000.00E+000.00E+000.00E+00mn21.2810152559pip1.00E+001.00E+001.00E+001.00E+001.00E+001.00E+000.00E+000.00E+000.00E+000.00E+00mn20.805599039pip1.00E+001.00E+001.00E+001.00E+001.00E+001.00E+000.00E+000.00E+00

A23.14E-01Iterate etap/pip line 64A22.64E-01Iterate etap/pip line 64A22.63E-01Iterate etap/pip line 64A25.19E-01Iterate etap/pip line 64

m4line1.3890173493m4line1.3890173493m4line1.3890173493m4line1.3890173493

A41.79E-02Fi53.94E-073.36E-072.44E-071.75E-071.64E-073.53E-072.65E-072.44E-072.62E-07A42.15E-02Fi53.97E-073.69E-074.81E-075.01E-074.58E-073.63E-07A42.09E-02Fi53.97E-073.70E-075.11E-074.99E-074.55E-074.13E-07A42.60E-02Fi53.97E-073.70E-075.11E-074.99E-074.55E-074.13E-07

A452.65E-02Fi131.06E-068.93E-072.53E-076.15E-082.34E-071.18E-061.01E-068.92E-077.73E-077.84E-075.73E-074.35E-073.84E-07A454.56E-02Fi131.06E-069.90E-071.78E-061.69E-061.53E-061.34E-061.12E-067.84E-075.73E-074.35E-073.98E-07A454.36E-02Fi131.06E-069.90E-071.81E-061.69E-061.53E-061.34E-061.12E-067.84E-075.73E-074.71E-07A455.42E-02Fi131.06E-069.90E-071.81E-061.69E-061.53E-061.34E-061.12E-067.84E-07

mndry1.3286957885Fi66.49E-075.48E-072.48E-071.20E-071.93E-078.07E-076.70E-076.05E-075.60E-077.84E-075.73E-074.35E-073.84E-07mndry1.3522929386Fi65.30E-074.94E-078.12E-078.63E-078.20E-076.88E-071.12E-067.84E-075.73E-074.35E-073.98E-07mndry1.3497421064Fi65.41E-075.06E-078.81E-078.89E-078.42E-077.65E-071.12E-067.84E-075.73E-074.71E-07mndry1.3497421064Fi65.41E-075.06E-078.81E-078.89E-078.42E-077.65E-071.12E-067.84E-07

A8dry1.77E-01fi61.20E-011.14E-016.15E-023.45E-025.02E-021.74E-011.59E-011.57E-011.32E-012.08E-012.08E-012.08E-012.08E-01A8dry1.64E-01fi61.19E-011.20E-011.65E-011.58E-011.34E-019.54E-022.08E-012.08E-012.08E-012.08E-012.08E-01A8dry1.65E-01fi61.20E-011.20E-011.74E-011.59E-011.36E-011.07E-012.08E-012.08E-012.08E-012.08E-01A8dry2.05E-01fi61.20E-011.20E-011.74E-011.59E-011.36E-011.07E-012.08E-012.08E-01

mnab1.4989997473M60.56688225090.55970513970.45447300180.3547441180.41781122790.57281034580.58069885640.58108295510.57467118880.42680444530.42680444530.42680444530.4268044453mnab1.4986725074M60.56740558910.56789867140.58436725350.58530183380.57811458230.53224546940.42680444530.42680444530.42680444530.42680444530.4268044453mnab1.4777896632M60.56753260590.56846616280.57864159440.58464978280.57939583950.54982553240.42680444530.42680444530.42680444530.4268044453mnab1.4777896632M60.56753260590.56846616280.57864159440.58464978280.57939583950.54982553240.42680444530.4268044453

A8ab3.44E-01mn61.07706568831.06867622830.93074960070.76741210340.86783845661.0693384881.07740021971.0774045141.0706438450.84873812460.84873812460.84873812460.8487381246A8ab2.91E-01mn61.09574293311.0962363751.10530948191.10272797121.09134470151.03260392180.84873812460.84873812460.84873812460.84873812460.8487381246A8ab2.70E-01mn61.09394622411.09497856551.09608219221.09977007291.0907741571.05342424360.84873812460.84873812460.84873812460.8487381246A8ab3.36E-01mn61.09394622411.09497856551.09608219221.09977007291.0907741571.05342424360.84873812460.8487381246

A60.20514123840.20514123840.20514123840.20514123840.20514123840.20514123840.20514123840.20514123840.20514123840.20514123840.20514123840.20514123840.2051412384A60.1914287160.1914287160.1914287160.1914287160.1914287160.1914287160.1914287160.1914287160.1914287160.1914287160.191428716A60.19064665090.19064665090.19064665090.19064665090.19064665090.19064665090.19064665090.19064665090.19064665090.1906466509A60.23710024240.23710024240.23710024240.23710024240.23710024240.23710024240.23710024240.2371002424

tauf01.9896739109pt62.53E+053.60E+054.43E+056.81E+059.56E+051.84E+062.61E+063.33E+063.56E+063.42E+064.72E+065.11E+065.03E+06tauf01.9896739109pt62.50E+053.26E+053.99E+054.81E+056.04E+058.04E+059.29E+051.89E+062.61E+062.83E+062.81E+06tauf01.9896739109pt62.51E+053.27E+054.09E+054.91E+056.20E+058.17E+051.00E+062.04E+062.82E+063.04E+06tauf01.9896739109pt62.11E+052.55E+052.69E+052.30E+051.94E+051.75E+051.55E+052.04E+05

K0.0795186299K0.1502021174K0.1471674036K0.1471674036

mndry1.32863865091.32923648231.34398359421.35732549761.33815088481.30919137081.30767159921.30710260421.3080304982mndry1.35224083791.35208500991.33806949751.33336254221.32961772061.3281424806mndry1.34968840231.34952594631.33492560081.33055144951.32692088481.3254445328mndry1.34968840231.34952594631.33492560081.33055144951.32692088481.3254445328

A8dry1.76E-011.75E-011.51E-011.23E-011.41E-011.78E-011.80E-011.80E-011.77E-01A8dry1.64E-011.64E-011.67E-011.67E-011.66E-011.57E-01A8dry1.65E-011.65E-011.67E-011.68E-011.66E-011.59E-01A8dry2.05E-012.05E-012.08E-012.09E-012.07E-011.98E-01

Vjet923.70255254861026.16096447321147.99975498661290.7600734021264.29965455881201.92732001531286.37724218181359.63051816011302.0173306981Vjet1013.85731952541092.81449788111025.8852938001993.5336132693962.2369322377909.3464313947Vjet1004.96738536851083.1036015871014.9193379147985.9942510395960.7714413023913.6225423303Vjet978.07737560561046.0117793997961.2978435631893.8816578376827.0832396983753.7703904213

a0294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014a0294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014a0294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014a0294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014294.5993890014

V441.8990835021515.5489307525589.1987780028736.4984725035883.79816700421031.09786150491178.39755600561296.23731160621472.9969450071472.9969450071767.59633400842062.19572300982209.4954175105V441.8990835021494.9269735224589.1987780028736.4984725035883.79816700421031.09786150491178.39755600561472.9969450071767.59633400842062.19572300982165.3055091603V441.8990835021494.9269735224589.1987780028736.4984725035883.79816700421031.09786150491178.39755600561472.9969450071767.59633400841973.8159063094V441.8990835021494.9269735224589.1987780028736.4984725035883.79816700421031.09786150491178.39755600561472.996945007

Fspec4.87E+025.18E+025.69E+025.68E+023.90E+021.75E+021.12E+026.73E+01-1.71E+02Fspec5.80E+026.07E+024.43E+022.61E+028.04E+01-1.22E+02Fspec5.83E+026.11E+024.40E+022.59E+028.16E+01-1.19E+02Fspec5.55E+025.73E+023.86E+021.66E+02-5.27E+01-2.78E+02

Fdry2.89E+044.09E+044.37E+045.09E+045.92E+047.08E+046.17E+044.54E+04-1.29E+05Fdry2.89E+043.80E+043.78E+042.84E+041.15E+04-2.40E+04Fdry2.89E+043.80E+043.83E+042.87E+041.20E+04-2.41E+04Fdry2.89E+043.47E+042.75E+041.08E+04-3.02E+03-1.51E+04

Fueldry3.63E-015.45E-016.80E-019.32E-011.15E+001.43E+001.72E+001.94E+00-1.35E-02Fueldry3.73E-015.06E-014.86E-014.24E-012.90E-01-5.12E-02Fueldry9.71E-011.32E+001.26E+001.08E+007.08E-01-2.58E-01Fueldry1.02E+001.28E+001.03E+006.33E-012.76E-01-6.89E-02

Efficdry2.94E-013.23E-013.16E-013.35E-013.79E-014.27E-013.52E-012.53E-011.17E+02Efficdry2.85E-013.10E-013.82E-014.10E-012.93E-014.03E+00Efficdry3.06E-013.31E-014.16E-014.54E-013.48E-012.24E+00Efficdry2.92E-013.11E-013.65E-012.91E-01-2.25E-015.25E+00

Cp71499.4792016511500.45655573211499.33640464971497.03648782081496.74262026621498.87446379381498.43437789641500.18705592281498.68755781761496.49105937111504.01144530411534.98929257991573.6032687463Cp715001500150015001500150015001500150015001500Cp71450145014501450145014501450145014501450Cp714501450145014501450145014501450

gamma71.23670509121.23651444191.23673297191.23718293031.23724054621.23682320951.23690924181.23656698171.23685974011.23728988961.23582358331.22996992181.223067986gamma71.23660346251.23660346251.23660346251.23660346251.23660346251.23660346251.23660346251.23660346251.23660346251.23660346251.2366034625gamma71.24677558041.24677558041.24677558041.24677558041.24677558041.24677558041.24677558041.24677558041.24677558041.2467755804gamma71.24677558041.24677558041.24677558041.24677558041.24677558041.24677558041.24677558041.2467755804

Tt72700.95838336192699.16559335412701.20511983342705.34025034452705.82908717522701.99321100912702.73746616592699.67773893412702.22326868232706.98293186982692.05698020072632.11626602832560.7042826678Tt727002700270027002700270027002700270027002700Tt72200220022002200220022002200220022002200Tt722002200220022002200220022002200

pt72.40E+053.42E+054.21E+056.47E+059.08E+051.75E+062.48E+063.16E+063.39E+063.25E+064.49E+064.85E+064.78E+06pt72.38E+053.10E+053.79E+054.57E+055.74E+057.64E+058.82E+051.80E+062.48E+062.69E+062.67E+06pt72.38E+053.10E+053.88E+054.66E+055.89E+057.76E+059.53E+051.94E+062.68E+062.88E+06pt72.01E+052.42E+052.56E+052.19E+051.84E+051.67E+051.48E+051.94E+05

Vja1671.74189032251764.5781863441815.17865983621909.62784469531975.29654793532084.49335980022136.07759906582168.56247801922178.01756796972173.81579328942210.7934312182204.84802283282184.1818594702Vja1669.00637686921740.1843324621790.29875600591833.52020300171883.49967293921941.15650782241968.49971287722088.27608282722135.67888994192146.61334585232145.551636459Vja1501.52820996461564.85855952411614.29257202461651.82738675251696.72173471571745.95805472661779.95764636641883.62008532961924.57236228641933.3455011337Vja1457.56544729321505.96063829081519.38932690591479.99948877931433.89694943391405.83968936361370.07804545981447.5034432353

Fspeca1.29E+031.31E+031.29E+031.24E+031.15E+031.12E+031.02E+039.32E+027.60E+027.57E+024.92E+021.85E+021.62E+01Fspeca1.29E+031.31E+031.26E+031.16E+031.06E+039.71E+028.49E+026.70E+024.14E+021.19E+021.06E+01Fspeca1.17E+031.18E+031.14E+031.03E+039.28E+028.27E+027.08E+025.03E+022.25E+027.48E+00Fspeca1.12E+031.12E+031.04E+038.48E+026.47E+024.65E+022.73E+024.52E+01

Fa7.64E+041.04E+059.90E+041.11E+051.75E+054.52E+055.62E+056.28E+055.72E+054.16E+053.19E+051.13E+059.16E+03Fa6.41E+048.18E+041.08E+051.26E+051.52E+051.91E+051.41E+051.90E+051.39E+053.77E+043.19E+03Fa5.81E+047.37E+049.94E+041.14E+051.36E+051.68E+051.27E+051.53E+058.12E+042.63E+03Fa5.85E+046.78E+047.42E+045.49E+043.70E+042.53E+049.43E+031.71E+03

Fuela2.07E+002.74E+002.64E+003.00E+004.87E+001.23E+011.59E+011.86E+011.91E+011.43E+011.43E+011.16E+011.08E+01Fuela1.74E+002.17E+002.94E+003.66E+004.70E+006.23E+005.00E+007.45E+007.27E+005.14E+004.25E+00Fuela3.67E+004.55E+006.31E+007.80E+009.93E+001.31E+011.07E+011.49E+011.28E+018.72E+00Fuela3.85E+004.42E+005.17E+004.55E+003.86E+003.49E+002.06E+001.85E+00

Effica1.36E-011.63E-011.84E-012.27E-012.65E-013.15E-013.47E-013.66E-013.68E-013.58E-013.29E-011.67E-011.57E-02Effica1.36E-011.56E-011.80E-012.11E-012.39E-012.64E-012.78E-013.13E-012.81E-011.26E-011.35E-02Effica1.63E-011.86E-012.16E-012.51E-012.82E-013.08E-013.25E-013.53E-012.61E-011.38E-02Effica1.56E-011.76E-011.97E-012.06E-011.97E-011.73E-011.26E-013.17E-02

mnab1.49845623141.49886208361.49839692641.49744148021.49731936341.49820506461.4980222611.49875018131.49812742961.49721482061.5003375031.51314363241.5289798254mnab1.49867250741.49867250741.49867250741.49867250741.49867250741.49867250741.49867250741.49867250741.49867250741.49867250741.4986725074mnab1.47778966321.47778966321.47778966321.47778966321.47778966321.47778966321.47778966321.47778966321.47778966321.4777896632mnab1.47778966321.47778966321.47778966321.47778966321.47778966321.47778966321.47778966321.4777896632

A8ab3.44E-013.22E-012.54E-011.92E-012.32E-013.20E-013.07E-012.94E-013.06E-012.33E-011.98E-011.73E-011.63E-01A8ab2.92E-012.81E-013.13E-013.31E-013.47E-013.57E-012.61E-012.17E-011.85E-011.60E-011.53E-01A8ab2.70E-012.60E-012.90E-013.08E-013.22E-013.37E-012.40E-011.99E-011.68E-011.51E-01A8ab3.36E-013.24E-013.61E-013.83E-014.01E-014.19E-012.99E-012.48E-01

mn21.28101418771.25452347521.18558751810.9812647480.76038591330.75912015160.75912015160.75912015160.75912015160.75912015160.75912015160.75912015160.7591201516mn21.28101418771.26694297571.18558751810.9812647480.76038591330.75912015160.75912015160.75912015160.75912015160.75912015160.7591201516mn21.28101418771.26694297571.18558751810.9812647480.76038591330.75912015160.75912015160.75912015160.75912015160.7591201516mn20.8055990390.8055990390.8055990390.8055990390.8055990390.8055990390.8055990390.805599039

A23.14E-013.12E-012.31E-011.68E-011.93E-012.98E-012.63E-012.47E-012.11E-011.54E-011.54E-011.54E-011.54E-01A22.64E-012.68E-012.57E-012.04E-011.82E-011.45E-017.95E-027.95E-027.95E-027.95E-027.95E-02A22.63E-012.66E-012.62E-012.08E-011.86E-011.50E-018.55E-028.55E-028.55E-028.55E-02A25.20E-015.20E-014.79E-013.15E-012.19E-011.76E-011.00E-011.00E-01

Fspeca/V2.92E+002.54E+002.19E+001.68E+001.31E+001.08E+008.65E-017.19E-015.16E-015.14E-012.78E-018.95E-027.33E-03Fspeca/V2.91E+002.64E+002.14E+001.57E+001.20E+009.42E-017.21E-014.55E-012.34E-015.79E-024.91E-03Fspeca/V2.65E+002.39E+001.94E+001.40E+001.05E+008.02E-016.01E-013.41E-011.28E-013.79E-03Fspeca/V2.54E+002.27E+001.77E+001.15E+007.32E-014.51E-012.32E-013.07E-02

Fa/q2.14E+002.13E+001.56E+001.12E+001.23E+002.32E+002.21E+002.04E+001.44E+001.05E+005.58E-011.45E-011.02E-02Fa/q1.79E+001.82E+001.70E+001.27E+001.07E+009.83E-015.56E-014.78E-012.43E-014.84E-023.71E-03Fa/q1.62E+001.64E+001.56E+001.15E+009.53E-018.64E-014.98E-013.86E-011.42E-013.68E-03Fa/q1.64E+001.51E+001.17E+005.53E-012.59E-011.30E-013.71E-024.30E-03

Mach1.51.6822.533.545677.351.51.6822.533.54566.7Mach1.51.6822.533.545

Effica1.36E+011.56E+011.80E+012.11E+012.39E+012.64E+012.78E+013.13E+012.81E+011.26E+011.35E+001.63E+011.86E+012.16E+012.51E+012.82E+013.08E+013.25E+013.53E+012.61E+011.38E+00Effica1.56E+011.76E+011.97E+012.06E+011.97E+011.73E+011.26E+013.17E+00

Mach1.51.7522.533.544.455677.51.51.6822.533.545677.35Mach1.51.6822.533.54566.71.51.6822.533.545

Effica1.36E+011.63E+011.84E+012.27E+012.65E+013.15E+013.47E+013.66E+013.68E+013.58E+013.29E+011.67E+011.57E+001.36E+011.56E+011.80E+012.11E+012.39E+012.64E+012.78E+013.13E+012.81E+011.26E+011.35E+00Effica1.63E+011.86E+012.16E+012.51E+012.82E+013.08E+013.25E+013.53E+012.61E+011.38E+001.56E+011.76E+011.97E+012.06E+011.97E+011.73E+011.26E+013.17E+00

Sheet1

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15. Ramjets and scramjets

Ramjet1

1942 The V2 at Peenemunde

Ariane

LACE-Liquid Air Combustion EngineRamrocketRocket engines and combinations

18. Spaceplanes

Flight is a question of powerWright Flyer and Gull 25 W/kg.Gripen 2500 W/kg.Humming bird 300 W/kg.Man 3 W/kg.Bee 40 W/kg.Ariane 20000 W/kg.

There has always been a special thrill connected to very high velocities.Breaking through the sonic barrier once took considerable courage.Today,this is routine but max speed for sustained flight within the atmosphere appears to have reached a plateau with Concorde at Mach 2 and the late SR71 at Mach 3.So the temptation of much higher speeds is still there.The highest speed that could be maintained within the atmosphere will be shown to be about Mach 25,corresponding to a circular satellite orbit around the earth.Following an imaginary vehicle from take-off to such speeds we will describe the obstacles to be overcome and the technologies required.To take off under gravity,the thrust of the engine must be in a certain relation to its weight.It will be shown that only nuclear and chemical reaction systems have the thrust-to-weight ratios required.To maximize payload,the weights of the engine itself and the propellants it consumes must be as low as possible.Thus,the two determining parameters for a propulsion system are the thrust-to-engine weight and the thrust per unit of propellants consumed or the specific impulse.We will show that there is a critical relationship berween these two parameters that must be satisfied by a propulsion system to reach orbital speeds.Unfortunately,by some law of nature or whatever,an engine that is superior in the one aspect is inferior in the other.Therefore there is no clear winner but a lot of candidates.Also,some engine just do not function outside certain speed limits.wsiei In order to reach orbital speeds the thrust per unit of propellant consumed,called the specific impulse is also of great importancetewith a a rwncidentally,Mach 25 is the speed needed to launch things into space.The rocket is the traditional vehicle for such tasks but it has a big disadvantage.It needs to carry its own oxygen all the way into orbit.In recent years ,therefore,a lot of studies have been devoted to spaceplanes using airbreathing engines.We will describe those engines and their performances in order to find the crucial technologies that must be developed.The idea will be to describe what would be the ideal engine,that is the most efficient one at any given velocity during the flight.It will be shown that such an engine must needs be a combination of many different engine types.The overriding goal of the propulsion engineer is to merge those devices into one single machine that is as close as possible to the ideal one.The engines used for propelling things into space are among the most powerful machines produced by man.To understand this we will now have a look into what they are required to perform.De frsta varelserna som rrde sig i luften var troligen insekterna och de r fortfarande de som gr det mest obehindrat. P bilden ser vi en fluga som startar snett uppt bakt ngot som bara insekter kan. Flugor startar i sjlva verket alltid bakt. Det kan vara bra att veta om man vill fnga en.Insekter anvnder en flygteknik, som krver stor effektfrbrukning. Vingarna r s sm att de egentligen inte skulle kunna flyga. Men genom att sl ihop vingarna p ryggen och drefter mycket snabbt fra isr dem stadkommer de ett vakuum p vingarnas versida. Resultatet r en sex gnger hgre lyftkraft n en glidande vinge. Bin har dessutom en ytterligare teknisk finess. Under vingen har de en rad av andningshl. Hr blser de ut luft under nedslaget s att trycket p undersidan kar och drmed lyftkraften. Det hr krver en mycket hg frekvens p vingarna. Ett arbetsbi gr 250 vingslag i sekunden, en drnare 190. Kolibrin r en fgel som anvnder insekternas flygstt. Den kan lyfta tv gnger sin egen vikt. Den gr upp till 200vingslag per sekund, pulsen r 500 och den andas 250 gnger per minut. Den ter tv gnger sin egen vikt i nektar (som r 25% socker) varje dag. Muskeleffekten r ca 100 W/kg vilket skall jmfras med mnniskans 1 W/kg. Under vingslaget ndras dessutom vingens vinkel s att man fr bde framdrivning och lyftkrat.Insekterna r allts hundrafallt verlgsna mnniskan nr det gller effektutveckling och tidiga frsk att efterlikna deras stt att flyga misslyckades.Frsta vrldskriget innebar att flygtekniken utvecklades snabbt. Nya motorer kom fram. Men man anvnde fortfarande biplan som hade hg lyftkraft men ocks hgt motstnd.Denna typ anvndes i ca trettio r.Den stora nyheten under 20-talet var vergngen till monoplan. Den mjliggjordes genom en utveckling av aerodynamiken bde i teori och i vindtunnlar. Tjugotalet var flygtvlingarnas tid. Atlanten var naturligtvis fascinerande. Den frsta verflygningen av Atlanten skedde 1919. Men det som fastnat i minnet r Charles Lindbergs ensamflygning ver Atlanten 1927. Spirit of Saint Louis tog 33 timmar p sig. Amelia Earhart en knd kvinnlig amerikansk pilot gjorde om samma sak 1932.Nr hastigheten kar stiger trycket i motorn s att man inte behver kompressorer och turbiner. Motorn blir ett rakt rr med brnsleinsprutning. Det kallas rammotor. Fr att inte temperaturen skall bli fr hg kan man ha verljudshastighet i rammotorn, det kallas Supersonic Combustion Ram engine eller SCRAM. Ett experimentflygplan med sdana motorer kan vntas flyga de nrmaste ren. Under miljontals r var det bara insekter och fglar som rrde sig i luften men under de senaste hundra ren har mnniskan brjat rra sig dr i allt snabbare takt.Bilden visar frsljningen av nya flygplan varje r.The two most important pareameters are the efficiency and the thrust-to-weight.De tv stora problemen r den ultravioletta strlningen frn solen och den uppvrmning som stadkommes av den s k drivhuseffekten.Ozon blockerar ultraviolett strlning frn solen. Sedan 1960-talet har ozonet minskat pga freoner. Hl ver Antarktis dr hlften av ozonet frstrs under en 6-veckors period varje vr. 1987 avtal i Montreal mot freoner som senare utvidgats till andra gaser. De senaste vintrarna har ett motsvarande hl observerats ver Arktis men med hlften s stora variationer. I hjd med Europa har man konstaterat en minskning 5-10% senaste 20-30 r. Strldosen har kat 4%. Dos definierad som UV-strlning viktad efter hur effektivt den frorsaker solbrnna. IPCC 99 Summary p 9. 4% 1970-1992 45N Juli.S k vxthusgaser som koldioxid, metan, vatten och ozon slpper in kortvgig strlning frn solen men absorberar lngvgig infrard terstrlning frn jorden och rubbar vrmebalansen med frndringar i klimat och vderlek som fljd. Stora lokala variationer och verlagrat naturliga variationer som El Nino men bevisen pekar p att det finns ett samband med sammansttningen av atmosfren. Jordens medeltemp kat 0.3-0.6 C 1900-talet. IPCC 99 Introduction p 17. CO2 kat 25-30% senaste 200 ren. Med det CO2 som redan finns i atmosfren kommer kningen att fortstta under lng tid. Stannar 100 r. Prognoser pekar p +3.5 C till 2100 och att det skulle innebra att havsytan hjs 50 cm. Flyget r lngtifrn den vrsta frorenaren av atmosfren. Flyg 2-3 % av brnsle. 80% civilt. Vgtransporter 20%.Utslpp frn flyg pverkar sammansttningen i atmosfren ven p hg hjd. Effekten r starkt beroende av hjden.

Nya brnslen?Vtet verkar vara segraren i en lng kamp mot kolet. Det har ftt ytterligare std pga miljproblemen med kol. Nr man brnner kol fr man alltid koldioxid och det r den gas som mest ligger bakom vxthuseffekten. Vte r det bsta brnslet fr brnsleceller som nu slr igenom fr bilar. Vte producerat ur vatten med krnkraft (Marchetti) eller solenergi r troligen den slutliga lsningen men inte frrn mot slutet av 2000-talet.Vte verkar vara framtidens brnsle. lJ E Allen 1998 Global Energy Issues Affecting Aeronautics figur AK.Fr hundra r sedan var energianvndningen i vrlden en tiondel av idag.H/C=0.1 fr tr, 1 fr kol, 2 fr olja, 4 fr naturgas (Marchetti).Ett ton kol ger 3.5 ton CO2, ett ton olja ger 3 ton, 1000 m3 CH4 ger 2 ton. Brnslefrbrukningen per passagerare i ett flygplan r ungefr som i en bil om bda r fullsatta till 70%. 3/4 av minskningen i brnsle kommer frn motorerna. De Havilland Comet det frsta jetdrivna passagerarplanet.Fr att kunna lyfta sig upp i den tredje dimensionen krvs en mycket hg effektutveckling per viktsenhet. Insekter och kolibrier, som har ett mer ineffektivt flygstt utvecklar mer n 100 W/kg. Msen som r en av de mest effektiva flygarna behver bara utveckla 25 W/kg. Det ska jmfras med att en mnniska bara klarar 1 W/kg och det under en kort tid. Detta r orsaken till att alla frsk att flyga som insekter och fglar skndligen misslyckats. Frst fr ungefr hundra r sedan lyckades mnniskan bygga en maskin med samma effekttthet som en ms. Sedan dess har emellertid utvecklingen gtt fort och ett modernt stridsflygplan som Gripen utvecklar ungefr 2500 W/kg. Insekter och fglar anvnder vingarna bde till framdrivning och lyftkraft. Men fglarna utnyttjar ocks lyftkraften frn en stillatende vinge som glider genom luften. Det var nr man insg hur de bar sig till som det frsta steget mot mnskligt flygande togs. Det andra steget togs nr man insg att man kunde stadkomma dragkraft genom rekylen i en utslungad gasmassa och att den ndvndiga effekten kunde uppns genom frbrnning. Problemet var att verfra effekten till gasen. I brjan gjorde man det mekaniskt genom en propeller som drevs av en separat motor. Sedan upptckte man att det var effektivare r att lta frbrnningen ske direkt i strlen. Detta stadkoms i gasturbinen. Utvecklingen av flyget har sedan dess i stort sett handlat om att frbttra vingar och motorer.