THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD L. BAKER 8/04 Amended 1/07 S. Bray.
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Transcript of THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD L. BAKER 8/04 Amended 1/07 S. Bray.
![Page 1: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD L. BAKER 8/04 Amended 1/07 S. Bray.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062802/56649ebc5503460f94bc5818/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
L. BAKER8/04
Amended 1/07 S. Bray
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• Science is ultimately based on observation
• Observation – perceiving objects or events using one of the five senses
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Scientific Process
• Observations• Questions• Hypothesis (testable statement)• Experiment (planned procedure to
collect information to test the hypothesis)
• Analysis of Data• Conclusions
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PART A
•What are the steps in the Scientific Method?
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The STEPS are…1.State the
problem or question… Ask why.
What do you want to find out?
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2. Gather background information… Research, learn
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3. Form a hypothesis… a testable, possible explanation. What do you think will happen? If…then…
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4. Test hypothesis… experiment, observe, make a model. Make a specific list of what will be done.
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5. Analyze data – make tables, graphs, etc. What happened? What did you see, hear smell? [observations]
0
20
40
60
80
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1st
Qtr
3rd
Qtr
East
West
North
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6. Draw conclusion –what do the results mean? Was your hypothesis supported?
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A hypothesis can never be Proved correct
• Nothing is ever proved in science, only supported or refuted!!!
• Ex. For hundreds of years, scientists believed that the earth was the center of the universe and the sun and stars revolved around the earth.
• Now we believe what? Will that ever change? Is Pluto a planet???
• Science is subject to change when new evidence is discovered.
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Part B:Terms to Know• Independent
variable – determined and manipulated [what you change] in the experiment
• Dependent variable – changes in response to the independent variable [what happens]
• Constant – a variable that does not change when other variables change
• Control – a standard (conditions are kept the same) that can be used for comparison
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More Terms
• Experimental Group – receives some kind of treatment or condition
• Control Group – Receives no treatment, used to compare
• *Everything about the two groups except the factor you are testing must remain exactly the same.
• Why???
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THEORY vs. LAW
• Scientific theory – explanation based on knowledge gained.
• Scientific law – statement about what happens in nature that always seems to be true
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Theories
• A theory explains what we observe• Ex. Germ theory explains why we
get sick with infections1. Theories must explain a wide range
of observations2. Theories must be falsifiable3. Theories can be changed if new
evidence presents itself
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Scientific Law
Ex. Law of Gravity, 4 Laws of Thermodynamics, Newton’s 3 Laws of motion, Boyle’s Law of gases, Conservation Laws
Simple, universally true (have not yet been refuted)
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Hypothesis
• Testable statement which can be supported or falsified by experiment or observation.
• There are good ways to state a hypothesis and bad ways
• Hypotheses must be stated in measurable terms.
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• Bad1. Plants will grow better when
given Miracle Grow.
• Good1. Plants will grow taller when given
Miracle Grow.
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• Bad2. Girls are smarter than boys.
• Good2. Girls will score higher on math
tests than boys.
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• Bad3. Hermit crabs like colorful shells.
• Good3. Hermit crabs choose colorful
shells over drab shells.
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Hypotheses must be Testable!
• You can’t test happiness or fear, love, likes or dislikes.
• Only things you can measure by experiment.
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Collecting Data
• Scientists must carefully collect and organize data from the experiment
• Data should always be presented in a neat fashion
• Usually tables or graphs are used to show data so that trends can easily be observed
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Tables are good for organizing and showing data
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Graphs are better at showing trends in the data
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Problem Solving in Physics
• Read the problem Carefully• Sketch the system• Visualize the physical process
(Einstein called it “thought experiments”)
• Strategize• Identify appropriate equations• Solve the equations
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• Check your answer (Does the number make sense? Are the units right?)
• Explore limits/special cases (Does this make sense if x = 0)
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ASSIGNMENT… ON ASSIGNMENT… ON CONSTRUCTION OR COLORED CONSTRUCTION OR COLORED PAPER, MAKE A FLOW CHART PAPER, MAKE A FLOW CHART
SHOWING THE SCIENTIFIC SHOWING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD STEPSMETHOD STEPS
THE END
ETC.
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