The Reptiles of the Indo Australian Archipelago Vol 1 Rooij Nelly De
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THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES
THE REPTILES
INDO- AUSTRALIAN ARCHIPELAGO.
THE REPTILESOF THE
INDO-AUSTRALIAN ARCHIPELAGO
I
LACERTILIA, CHELONIA,
EMYDOSAURIAwith 132 illustrations
BY
Dr.
NELLY DE ROOIJ
Curator of the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam
LEIDENE.J.
1915.
BRILL
Ltd.
Printed by E.
J.
BRILL,
LEVDEN
(Holland).
PREFACE.Since long a work on the vertebrate fauna of Dutch East India has been wished for by many.
Theis
credit of first planning the publishing of such a work due to the Koninklijke Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Neder-
landsch Indie. But we are under deepest obligation to Prof. M. TREUB, the never to be forgotten director of 's Lands Plantentuin atBuitenzorg, who was able to obtain in 1909 as head of the department of agriculture, governmental aid for the publication of a work on the fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Two volumes of this ichthyological series have already appeared, while a third volume is in preparation. With these volumes the foundation was laid for a faunistic work of wider scope.
Our recognition of indebtness has to include KONINGSBERGER, director of 's Lands Plantentuinzorg,
Dr.
J.
C.
at Buiten-
who, like his predecessor is very much interested in the continuation of the series of volumes on the vertebrate faunaof the Indo-Australian Archipelago. He managed in 1912 to get the aid of the government for the publication of a work on the Reptilia of the Indo-Australian Archipelago.
The undersigned was trusted with the arrangement of the work, whilst Miss NELLY DE ROOIJ, Phil. Dr. was willing to undertake the heavy task of writing the book. She certainlywas entirely qualified for this labour, for during the years, that she was assistent at the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam,she occupied herself specially with the study of Reptilia and reported on the herpetological material of various expeditionsto different parts of the Archipelago. It proved to be desirable, on account of the extensiveness
of the
material,
to
devide the work on the Reptilia
volumes. The
first
volume, which
is
in two hereby offered to those,
VI
branch of science, contains the 267 Lizards, 35 Chelonians and iles. It is illustrated "with 132 figures by Mr. J. F. whose skilful hand and keen sight are able to combine .icity with absolute faithfulness to nature. The next volume will contain the description of the snakes. In conclusion I desire to express our sincere thanks to the publisher Late E. J. BRILL, Leyden, for the unremitting care he has bestowed on this volume.nestedin
thisi.
jf 306 species,
e.
Prof.
MAX WEBER
Director of the Zoological Museum of the University of Amsterdam.
INTRODUCTION.This work contains descriptions of all the reptiles that have been recorded from the islands of the Indo-Australian Archipelago,
containing
generally known as the Dutch East-Indies, a region, all the islands between Sumatra westwards and
New Guinea eastwards and including the whole of Borneo, Timor and New Guinea, part of which islands politically belong to other states. Besides, I added a few species from some ofthe smaller islands eastwards of
New
Guinea. These species are
up
till
island,
not yet known from the mainland of this large but it is allowed to suppose that they may be foundin
now
there
a near future,
as
some other
species have alreadyin
proved to do.
As
a rule the classification used
by G. A. BOULENGER
his Catalogues of the Reptiles in the British Museum has been followed here. This author gives complete lists of synonyms,
so that
species,
one, the greater part of the herpetologists. At the end of each diagnosis follows the largest known length in millimeters of the species; length of head and body
seemed sufficient to me to quote the name of every by which it has first been described, followed by the used by BOULENGER and which has been accepted byit
means the distance between the tip of the snout and the vent. species examined by myself has been indicated by a! behind the name of the locality where it was found. A great deal of the described reptiles were examined and
A
compared by me with the existing descriptions dam Museum, which possesses collections from
in theall
Amster-
the different
parts of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. The most interesting of these have been named separately here with the names of
the collectors:
from Simalur, by Mr. E. JACOBSON; from Nias, by Dr. J. P. KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN; from Sumatra, by Prof. MAX WEBER, Dr. L. P. DE BUSSY,
VIII
Dr.
J.
P.
KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN,
Mr. P. E.
MOOLENBURGH,
Mr. F. K. VAN DEDEM, Dr. A. J. SALM; from Borneo, by Dr. H. A. LORENTZ; from Java, by Prof. MAX WEBER, Mr. J. HuYSMANS, E. JACOBSON, Dr. DAN. DE LANGE, Dr. P. BUITENDIJK, H. A. WOLFF, Mr. W. C. VAN HEURN; from the Lesser Sunda Islands, by Prof. MAX WEBER, late Dr. G. A. J. VAN DER SANDE; from Celebes, by Prof. MAX WEBER, Mr. A. C. KRUYT,E. C.
Mr. Mr.the
Mr.
ABENDANON;
from the Moluccas, by Dr. L. F. DE BEAUFORT, Mr. F. K.
VAN DEDEM;from Waigeu, by Dr. L. F. DE BEAUFORT; from New Guinea, by 6 different Dutch New Guinea Expeditions between the years 1903 1912; from different small groups of islands, by the Siboga Expedition. Moreover I could dispose of the specimens, belonging to the collections of the Royal Zoological Society n Natura Artis Magistra" of Amsterdam. Other species, not represented in the Amsterdam Museum, could be examined, partly by visiting other Museums, partly by loan. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. VAN LlDTH DE JEUDE of the Leyden Museum, to Prof. ROULE andto
Dr.
DESPAX
the
British
of the Paris Museum, to Dr. BOULENGER of Museum, who were kind enough to allow me to
study the interesting and often rare forms in the collections of these Museums, and I am also greatly indebted to Dr. ANNANDALE of the Indian Museum at Calcutta, Dr. STERN-
FELD
of
the
Senckenbergexamination.
Museum
at
Francfortso
and
Dr.
BAUMANNspecimensI
of the Bernfor
Museum, who were
good
as to send
had the great advantage to obtain the help of the well known artist Mr. J. F. OBBES, which has enabled me to give a figure of nearly every genus treated in the following pages. Finally I am glad of having an opportunity to thank ProfMAX WEBER for his valuable advice and kind help concerninga great
many
questions.
Amsterdam,
February 1915.
NELLY DE ROOY.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
REPTILIA.PagePage4.5.
Order Lacertiliai.
i
brooki Gray
32B.
garnoti D.
&
1.
Family GECKONIDAE .... Gymnodactylus Spix ...1.
35
6.
platyurus (Schn.)
... 33 ... 3436 36.
pelagicus (Gir.)later alis
....
67
5.
tristis Sauv Mimetozoon Blgri.
2. 3.
Werner ...sp..
craspedotus (Mocq.)
3637
jellesmae Blgr
89
6.
Gehyra Gray1.
4.5.
sermowaiensis n.
&?*&/
Annand.
39
d'armandz>iHeiM..Web..
n141
2.
6.7.
marmoratus (Kuhl). 13 baluensis Mocq. ... 14de Vis.
3.4.5.
lampei Andersson ... 39 interstitialis Oudem. 40 mutilata (Wiegm.) 41. .
8. louisiadensis 9. /0/7'ar
baliola (A.
Dum.)
.
.
42
BlgrF. MullerBlgr.n. sp..
6|
6.7.
10.
fumosus
.
.
1618
variegata (D. & B.) 43 oceanica (Less.) .... 44.
n. mimikanus12.13.2.
.
.
8.j
malayanus
.
.
.
20217.
9.
marginata Blgr. vorax Girard
... 4445Blkr. 46
consobrinus Peters
.
.
Gonatodes Fitz1.
22.
Hemiphyllodactylus i. typus BlkrLepidodactylus Fitz1.
46
kandianus (Kelaart)affinis (Stol.)
23
8.
....B.). .
2.
24.
ceylonensis Blgr.
47 ... 48 49 4950
3.
timorensis (D. & B.) 25 4. kendalli (Gray) .... 25 Aeluroscalabotes Blgr. 263..
2.
lugubris (D.
&
3.
pulcher Blgr
.
4.
felinus (Gthr.) .... 26 2. dorsalts (Peters) ... 27 Hemidactylus Gray .... 281.1.
9.
*///> Blgr 5. woodfordi Blgr. Gecko Laurenti4.1.
...
51 51
frenatus D.
&
B.
.
.
28
2.
Houtt monarchus (D.vittatus
52
&
B.)
.
2.
karenorum (Theob.)nigriventris Lidth.
.
3031
3. 4.
pumilus Blgrrhacophorus Blgr...
54 5455
3.
.
Pagej
Pagei.i
5.
verticillatus Laur.
.
.
5657
swnatrana Hubrecht
91 92 92
6. stentor
(Cant.)
....
Gray ......1.
10.
Ptychozoon Kuhl1.
5859. .
ornata Lidth
..... .
homalocephalum(Crev.)I
2. 5.
nigrilabris (Peters)
93
2.
horsfieldi (Gray).
616.
Phoxophrys Hubrecht i. tuberculata HubrechtHarpesaurus Boulenger 1. tricinctus (A. Dum.).
2.
Family PYGOPODIDAE i. Halts Gray1.
....
62
94 94 96 9697
62 63
2.
beccarii Doria
..... ..
burtoni Grayjicari Blgr
3.7.j
ensicauda Werner
98 99 100101
2.
64 66 6870. .\
Gonyocephalus1.
Kaup.
.
doriae Peters
......
3.
Family AGAMIDAE1.
2.
kuhli (Schleg.)chamaeleontinus(Laur.)
.
Draco1.
L L.....
3.
volans
........ ..
102
2.
reticulatus Gthr.
72
i
4.5.
sumatranus (Schleg.) 103liogaster (Gthr.)
3.
cornutus Gthr.
72 73
j
4. gracilis5.
Barbour.
6.j;
herveyi Blgr
...... .
103 104105 106
6.7.
timorensis Kuhl ... 74 walker i Blgr 75 punctatus Blgr. ... 75lineatus
7.
8. 9.
beyschlagi Boettger borneensis (Schleg.)
miotympanumdilophus (D.
(Gthr.) 106. .
8.
Baud ....
7677 77
10. megalepis (Blkr.) ir.
9. beccarii Ptrs.
& Doria.... .
&
B.)
.
107 108
10. spilonotus Gthr.
12.
grandis (Gray). ... 109
11. modiglianii Vincig. 12. ochropterusJ 3-
7879 79
13. binotatus
finibriatus
Werner Kuhl.. . . .
14. nigrigularis
Meyer ... Meyer.
noin112
.
.
15. godeffroyi (Peters).1
14. cristatellus Gthr.
.
8081
6.
15.1 6.
maximus
Blgr.
.
17.1 8.
papuensis (Macleay) 113 modes tus Meyer ... 113geelvinkianus Ptrs.
quinquefasciatttsGi3.y 81
17. cryptotis1 8.
Despax.Blgr.
.
.
821 9.
Doriaauritus20.8.
& ........Meyer
114
formosus
... 83.
....115Doria 115 116..
19. 20.
haematopogon Gray melanopogon Blgr...
84
bruyni Ptrs.
&
.
8485
Lophocalotes Giintheri.
21. taeniopterus Gthr.22. obscurus Blgr
.
ludekingi (Blkr.)boulengeri Doria.
.
.
116 118
23. microkpis Blgr. 24. intermedius
....
85 86
9.
Dendragama Doria ... 1171..
.
Werner
86
rostratus Gthr.affinis Bartlett.2.
... 87 ... 8888
fruhstorferi Boettger 119 10. Calotes Cuvier ...... 120 121 i cristatellus (Kuhl).
2.
.
.
Aphaniotis Peters1.
........
2.
celebensis (Gray).
.
.
122
acutirostris
Modigl. 88
3.
2.
fusca (Peters)
90 90
4.5.
3.
Cophotis Peters
123 jubatus (D. & B.). tympanistriga (Gray) 123 versicolor (Daud.) 124. . .
XIPage
Page7.
11.
Acanthosaura Gray 125 i. armala (Gray) ... 125. .
12.
13.
Chlamydosaunts Gray. 126 126 i. kingi Gray 128 Lophura Gray1.
Family LACERTIDAE .... 153 i. Tachydromus Daudin 153 i. sexlineatus Daud. 154.
.
8.
amboinensis (Schlosser)
Family SCINCIDAE 1. Tiliqua Grayi.
156 156
128.
gigas (Schn.)Fitz
....
157
weberi (Barbour). 14. Physignathus Cuvier2.1.
130131 131
2.
Mabuia1.
158
.
quinquecarinata
2. 3.
temporalis (Gthr.) maculilabris Blgr.lesueuri (Gray)
.
Werner2.
.
132
rugifera (Stol.)
.
.
159 160
... 133..
3.
15.
134 Diporophora Gray 1. bilineata Gray ... 1342.
4.5.
multicarinata(Qia.y} 161 rudis Blgr 161multifasciata (Kuhl) 162
australis (Steind.)
.
135
3.
Lygosoma Gray.
164165 165 166.
1 6.
Liolepis Cuvieri.
..... .
135135
bdliana (Gray).
Section Otosaurus Gray. 1. celebense F. Muller.
4.
Family HELODERMATIDAE i. Lanthanotus Steind..
.
137 137
2. cumingi (Gray). Section Parotosaurus Blgr. 167.
3.
.
granulatum
Blgr...
.
i.
borneensis Steind.
.
137
4.5.
annectens Blgr.
.
167 168
mimikanumflorense M. lesueuri D.
Blgr..
.
169
5.
Family ANGUIDAEi.
Section Hinulia Gray.
.
170173
139..
6.7. 8.
Weber
.
Ophisaurus Daudini.
139
&
B.
.
.
174175
bilttikoferi
Lidth
.
.
139
dorsale BlgrmodiglianiiBlgr..
9. 6.
175 176
Family VARANIDAE ..... 141r.
10.11.
malayanum Doriaconsobrinum Ptrs.
.
Varanus Merrem1.
.
.
.
141 142
&176177.
heteropholis Blgr.
.
Doria12.
2.
dumerili (Schleg.)rudicollis (Gray).
.
143
rufum BlgrLidth..
3.4.
.
144145
13. buttikoferi
177
salvadorii (Ptrs.
&.
14.15.
maindroni Sauv.
.
178
5.
6.
Doria) ncbulosus (Gray) salvator (Laur.)togianus (Peters) kalabeck (Less.)indicus (Daud.)
.
145
1 6.
.
.
146 147
78. 9.
.
.
shelfordi Blgr. ... 179 emigrans Lidth 179 180 17. tenuicuhim Mocq. 181 1 8. minutum Meyer. .
.
.
.
.
.
148 148149151
19. nototaenia Blgr.
.
.
181
.
.
20. elegantulum Ptrs.
&182
10. gouldi
(Gray)
.....
Doria21. nigrolineatum22. schultzei
11. komodoensis
Ouwens 150.
Blgr.
183185 186
12.
prasinus (Schleg.)(Meyer)
Vogt ... 184.. .
13. kordensis
152 152
23. louisiadense Blgr.
14. timorensis (Gray)
.
24.
aruanum Roux.
.
XIIPage
Page
25.
undulatumDoria
Ptrs.
&186
65. sumatrense (Blkr.)
.
.
226227
26. mosxkffwsjdi
Vogt ... 187
Section Liolcpisma D. 66. virens (Peters)67. longiceps Blgr68.
&
B.
.
..... .
229
27.28.
aignanum Blgrsanctum D.
&
B.
.
.
.
187 188
230231231
miangense Werner
29. striolatum 30. kiihnei
M. Weber Roux
.
189 190191
69. vittigerum Blgr.70. noctua (Less.)
...
232
31. melanopogon D.32. nigrilabre
&
B.
.
71. elegans Blgr72. 73. 74.
233. .
Gthr..
192.
semoni
Oudemans
234
33. tropidonotus Blgr. 34. 35.
193
textum F. Miiller
... 234
simum Sauvanomalopus Blgr.
193
... 194195
75. nitens Peters 76. miotis Blgr 77.
inconspicuum F. Muller 235 236
36. jobiense
Meyer
37. variegatum Peters38.
sarasinorum Blgr.
Section Keneuxia Gray39.
... 196 ... 198 ... 198.
pulchrum Blgr..
78. subnitens Boettger
smaragdinum (Less.) 40. vyneri Shelford41. nieuwenhuisi Lidth 42. olivaceum (Gray).43. vittatum (Edeling).
199 202
. . 79. stanleyanum Blgr. Doria 80. beccarii Ptrs.
236 237 238 238239
&
.
.
202 203205 207 207 208
8 1. l>iearinafum(Ma.c\ea.y) 240 82. fuscum (D. 241 B.) .
&
.
.
.
83.
pullum (Barbour)
.
.
.
242
... 205. .
84. nigrigulare Blgr.
Section Homolepida Gray44. for best Blgr45. crassicauda A.
85. novae-guineae 86. curium Blgr
... 243 Meyer 244.
245.
Dum.. .
.
Section
Emoa Gray
46. unilineatum n. sp.
.
47. alfredi Blgr 48. hallieri Lidth49. temmincki D.50.
209 210
. 87. cyanogaster (Less.) 88. sorex Boettger .....
245 248
249
&
B.
.
.
210 212212
. 89. cuneiceps (de Vis) 249 90. tetrataenia Blgr. ... 250
parvum
Blgr.
91. klossi Blgr92. kuekenthali Boettger 93. iridescens Blgr 94. cyanurum (Less.) 95. mivarti Blgr 96. mehelyi Werner 97. callistictum P..
251251
Section Lygosoma Gray51. nigriventre n. sp. 52. loriae Blgr
.
.
... 214215 216217
252 255
... 253256 256257
53. wollastoni Blgr54. pratti Blgr
..... .
55. neuhaussi
Vogt
....
56. oligolepis Blgr 57. solomonis Blgr 58.
217 218
& DoriaB.).
98. baudini (D.
&
longicaudatum n..
sp.
.
219 220222
59. brwipes Boettger
... 221223 224225 225
99. tropidolepis Blgr. . . 100. pallidiceps (de Vis) 101. atrocostatum (Less.)
258
60. mulleri (Schleg.) 61. jeudei Blgr 62. tornieri63. schoedei
....
259 259 102. nigrum Hombr. &Jacq. 260..
Vogt Vogt
103. parietale (Peters) Section Riopa Gray
... 261262..
64. chalcides (L.)
263 105. bmvringi (Gthr.) ... 264
104. bampfyldei Bartlett
XIIIPage
Page3.
106. opisthorhodumVJvt-
ner107. mentovariumlfoett-
2654.
Batagur Gray i. baska Gray Damonia Grayi.
294 294 295
ger1
265
subtrijuga (Schleg.
&295..
08. albofasciolatum
(Gthr.)109. rufescens (Shaw).
266267
5.
Mall.) Bellia Grayi.
crassicollis (Gray)
Section Siaphos Gray
... 269269. .
6.
Geoemyda Gray1.
no. infralineolatum(Gthr.)
spengleri (Gruel.)
.
.
2.7.
spinosa (Gray)
....
in. rdictum Vincig112.ters4.
270271
Cyclemys Bell1.
quadrivittatume271. .
dhor (Gray)amboinensis
296 296 298 298 300 301 301
2.
(Daud.) 302
Ablepharus Fitzi.
8.
Notochelys Grayi.
boutoni (Desj.)
2729.
5.
Tropidophorus D.1.
&
B. 275.
platynota (Gray) Testudo L1.
beccarii (Peters).
276
emys Schleg.forsteni
&
304 304 305 Mull. 305. .
.
2.
mocquardi Blgr.brookei (Gray).
.
.
3.
.
.
4. 5.6.
micropus Lidth iniquus Lidth ... 278..
276 277 2773.
2.
Schleg.
&307.
Mull
6.
grayi Gthr Tribolonotus D.1.
&
B.
.
279 280281
Family CHELONIIDAE 1. Chelonia Brogn 1. mydas (L.)2.
.
.
307
novae-guineae(Schleg.)2.
imbricata (L.)caretta (L.)
....
Caretta Rafini.
2.
gracilis de Rooij
.
281
308 308 309 310 311
9.
Family DIBAMIDAEi.
....B.
282
4.
Dibamus D.i.
&
... 282
novae-guineae D.B.
&2835.
Family DERMOCHELYIDAE .312 i. Dermochelys Blainv. 312 i. coriacea (L.) 313..1
Family CHELYIDAE1.
Order Cheloniai.
285.
Family CHELYDRIDAE i. Devisia D. Ogilbyi.
.
.
287 2872.
.
.
.
mythodes D. Ogilby 287.. .
2.
Family TESTUDINIDAE 1. Callagur Grayi.
288
289289291
borneensis (Schleg.
&2.
Mull.)
Orlitiai.
GrayGray. .
borneensis
292
314 314 1. novae-guineae Blgr. 315 2. siebenrocki Werner 316 .... 316 3. oblonga Gray 317 Emydura Bonaparte 1. macquarri (Gray) 318 2. kreffti (Gray) .... 318 3. albertisi Blgr 319 4. subglobosa (Krefft) 319 5. branderhorstiQvLVtens 320 6. schultzei Vogt .... 321 7. novae-guineae (Meyer) 321Chelodina Fitz. .
.
.
.
.
.
XIVPage6.
Pagei.
Family CARETTOCHELYIDAE 322 i. Carettochelys Ramsay 322 i. insculpta Ramsay 322...
cantor i Gray
331
4.
Emyda Grayi.
granosa (Schoepff)
.
332 332 333
7.
Family TRIONYCHIDAE 1. Dogania Gray2.
3.
325 326 i. subplana (Geoffr.) . 326 Trionyx Geoffrey .... 327 1. hurum Gray 328 2. phayrei Theob. ... 328 3. cartilagineus (Bodd.) 329 4. sinensis Wiegm. 330 Pelochelys Gray 331.
.
Order Emydosauriai.
.
Family CROCODILIDAE 1. Tomistoma S. Miiller..
.
.
333
j
j
2.
333 i. schlegeli (S. Muller). 335 Crocodilus Laurenti 336 1. porosus Schn 337..
.
.
.
.
2.
siamensis Schn.palustris Lesson
.
.
.
338 339
3.
.
.
REPTILIA.This class of Vertebratesrecent as well as extinct.in theI.
is
divided into a
The
number of orders, four recent ones are represented:
Indo- Australian ArchipelagoLacertilia,^
II.
Chelonia,
III.
Emydosauria,
IV. Ophidia. This volume deals with the three first-mentioned orders.
I.
Order
LACERTILIA.skull, distally free;
Quadrate bone articulated to the
temporal
region without or with one temporal arch; the two parts of the mandible united by suture; teeth not in alveoli. Anal openingtransverse; copulatory organ present, paired. The true lizards, chamaeleons not occurringin the Indo-
Archipelago, have the pterygoid in contact with the quadrate; a pectoral arch or an indication of it is present;Australianclavicleis
present,
flattened.
when the limbs are developed. The tongue They may be divided into 20 families, 9 of which
are represented in the Indo-Australian fauna.
Synopsis of families.A. Tongue smootha.
or with long papillae. or small scales.
Head covered above with granules1.
Body depressed, covered with small granulesscales.
or
Pleurodont;(fig.I.
tongue
short,
feebly
bifid
anteriorly2.
/)scales.I.
Geckonidae^ p. 3.
Body vermiform, covered with imbricatePleurodont; tongue feebly bifid anteriorlyI.
(fig.
2) PygopodiJac, p. 62.i
INDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES
X
X
3-
Body compressed, covered with imbricateCrests are often present. Acrodontslightly incised anteriorly (fig.5
scales.
tongue short,
i.j>)
Agamidae^portionof
p.
66.
4.
Upper
surface
tubercular;
anterior
tongue smooth,.
bifid, protractile
Helodermatidae, p. 137-
Head with
large symmetrical shields.5
Body vermiform(fig.I.(5")
anterior portion of tongue retractile
Anguidae^ p. 139.bifid,
B. Tongue long, deeplythe baseC.(fig.
retractile into a sheath at
1.4).
Head covered with
small scales.I.).
A
scaled
membrane on eachtail
fringed on the edge;lobes;digits fully
side of the body, bordered with rounded4.
half-webbed
G. rhacophorus p. 55.
II.
No membrane ondepressed ; digitsa.
the side
of the
body;
tail
free.
The width
of the head equals twice the distance;
from the end of the snout to the orbitcovered with smallof thetail
throat
flat
granules
;
each annulus
with 5
6 rows of scales above,5.
3 beneathb.
G. verticillattis p. 56.
The width of
head equals less than twice the distance from the end of the snout totheorbit;
the
throat
minutely granulate; eachtail
annulusscales
of
the
with
8
II
rows
of6.
above
G. stentor p. 57.
I.
Gecko
vittatus Houttuyn.p.
Gekko vittatus, Houttuyn, Verh. Genootsch. Vlissingen IX 1782, Gecko vittatus, Boulenger, Cat. Liz. I 1885, p. 185 (s. syn.).
325.
Head
large,
oviform
;
snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-opening, about one
time and two thirds the diameter of the orbit; forehead concave, ear-openingoval, slightly oblique,its
greatest dia-
meter half that of the orbit. Head covered with rather large granules, largest on the snout. Rostral very large, twice as broad as high nostril bordered by the rostral, the first labial and three;
nasals
(fig.
33^).
Twelve
to
sixteen
upper and ten to fourteen lower labials; mental small, triangular, no chin-shields, the chin covered with polygonal scales. Body long and slender; back with verysmall juxtaposed granules, intermixed with slightly enlarged smooth tubercles;throat granular with enlarged tubercles. Ventral scales rather large, imbricate.
Fig- 33- Nostrils with sur-
roundinga.
shields.
Gecko vtrticillatus Laur.; b. G. stentor (Cant.); c. G. monarchus (D. B.) ; d. G. vittatus Houtt.
Male with 14 58 femoral pores in an angular series. Tail cylindrical, depressed, annulate, covered above with verysmall
larger scales;
flat granular scales, intermixed with round flat tubercles, below with each annulus is composed of 12 14 rows of
535 beneath. Limbs long and slender; digits with a rudiment of web, strongly dilated, below with undivided curved lamellae.
scales above, 3 to
Greyish-brown above; a white, dark-edged vertebral line, divided on the neck, extending to each eye. Tail with white annuli; if reproduced, the tail shows longitudinal lines of a dark
brown and a whitish colour. Lower parts lighter, dotted with brown. Length of head and body 130 mm.; tail 135 mm. Nom. in dig. Tjitjak traban. Habitat: Java (Preanger)? '); Timor!; Ambon!; Ceram!; Goram; Buru!; Nusa Laut!; Pulu Kelang!; Batjan; Ternate!; Halmahera; Morotai!; Misol; Aru Islands; Kei Islands; Waigeu; New Guinea (Fak Fak, Mansinam, Dorei, Andai, Mt. Arfak, Koime river!, Humboldt Bay!, Djamna, Lake Sentani!, Lorentz river!, Mimika river, Stekwa river, Fife Bay, Astrolabe Bay, Bogadjim, Sattelberg); Schouten Islands (Mysore); Jobi, Valise and Tumbler Islands. Ferguson Island; Trobriand Island; St. Aignan; Rossel Island; Bismarck Archipelago; Solomon Islands; St. Cruz Islands. Tree-gecko. The eggs are laid in pairs; they have a length of 13 14 mm., a breadth of 12 mm. and show one flat face. Specimens with a violet tint and two brown stripes on the back, violet and brown bands on the tail have been namedPlatydactylus bivittatus byp.
Dum.
Bibr. (Erpet. Gener. Ill 1836
&
334); they originated from New Guinea and Waigeu. Peters Doria (Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova XIII 1878 p. 368) described
specimens with fewer femoral pores, less numerous tubercles on the back, each annulus of the tail with 10 12 rows of scales above, 3 4 below, and a greyish-or reddish-brown colour, variegated with darker tints, a light vertebral band, sometimes indistinct on the neck and bordered by a blackish band. This form is given by Boulenger in his Catal. Liz. I 1885 p. 186 under the name of Gecko vittatus Houtt, var. bivittatus, found in New Guinea, Pelew and Solomon Islands, but it cannot beheld
up
as
a variety, for other examples show the morpho-
logical characters, named above, together with the coloration of a typical vittatus it cannot be a geographical variety either,;
as thei)
two forms occur bothin
in the
same
islands.
The occurrence
Syst.
XXVIII 1910Afl.
p.
Java of this species, quoted by Werner (Zool. Jahrb. 286) seems doubtful to me (see Nelly de Rooy, Bydragen
W.
Dierkunde
19 1913, p. 21).
54
2.
Gecko monarchus (Dum.
&
Bibr.).
Platydactylus monarchus^ Dum. & Bibr., Erp. Ge"n. Ill 1836, p. 335. Gecko monarchus, Boulenger, Cat. Liz. I 1885, p. 187 (s. syn.).
Head moderately large, oviform; snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-opening, about one time and two thirds the diameter of the orbit; forehead concave; earits greatest diameter one third that of granular, the granules enlarged on the snout; small tubercles on the occiput. Rostral large; nostril bordered
opening oval, oblique,the orbit.
Head
rostral, the first labial and three nasals (fig. 33 c}. Ten or eleven upper and nine or ten lower labials; mental triangular, small; a large median pair of chin-shields, twice as long as
by the
the mental, followed by a few smaller shields. Body granular, with numerous rounded conical tubercles; throat with smallflat
scales.
Ventral scales moderately large, imbricate. Male
with a long curved series of 32 40 femoral pores. Tail cylindrical, slightly depressed, annulate, covered above with small granules, below with a median series of transversely dilatedplates;
each annulus is composed of 12 14 rows of scales above, 3 or 4 below; six longitudinal series of flat tubercles above. Limbs granular; digits with a rudiment of web, not very much dilated, inferiorly with undivided curved lamellae.
Brown or grey, spotted with darker tints, a double series of spots along the middle of the back; tail with darker and lighter bands. Lower parts whitish, each scale finely dotted with dark brown. Length of head and body 95 mm.; tail 1 10 mm.
Habitat:matra(Deli!,
Simalur!;
Nias!;
Mentawei Islands
(Saibi!);
Su-
Langkat, Bingin Telok, Belanie, Palembang!, Taluk!, Gunung Sahilan!, Matur!, Fort de Kock!); Java; Borneo! (Matang, Pontianak, Sintang, Kuching, Sarawak, Undup, Sandakan, Baram district, Bandjermassin, Labuan, Mulu, Mt. Dulit); Celebes {Manado, Macassar, Kandari); Ambon!; Ceram; Misol; Aru Islands; Kei Islands. Malacca; Ceylon; Philippines.House-gecko.3.
Gecko pumilus Boulenger.XVI1885, p. 473; Cat. Liz. Ill;
Gecko pumilus , Boulenger, tiger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) 1887, p. 488.
Head
small;
its
width equals the distance from the end of
55
the snout to the orbit posteriorly; snout one time and a half the diameter of the orbit; forehead slightly concave; ear-opening
very small, roundish. Head covered with uniform small granules, much larger on the snout. Rostral quadrangular, not quite twice so broad as high, with a median cleft above; nostril bordered by the rostral, the first labial and three enlarged nasals. Eleven to twelve upper and nine or ten lower labials; mental small,triangular, not larger than the labials; three or four transverse rows of small hexagonal chin-shields. Body elongate, covered with small granules above. Ventral scales small, rounded,
imbricate.pores,
separatedflat
Male with a short angular series of 1 from 12 femoral pores on eachlargest
1
side.
praeanal Tail
cylindrical, slightly depressed at the base,
small
scales,
below.
Limbs moderate;
covered with uniform digits one
third webbed, dilated, inferiorly with angularly curved, undiv12 under the median toes. ided lamellae, 10
a
Pale reddish-brown above, with irregular dark brown spots, dark line in the loreal region. Tail with dark markings.
and
Belly brownish- white, many of the scales brown-dotted; throat lips spotted with dark brown. Length of head and bodytail 44 mm. Habitat: New Guinea (Merauke!,
42 mm.;
Port Moresby).
Mur-
ray Island.
4.
Gecko rhacophorus Boulenger.IV 1899,P-
Gecko rhacophorus, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist (7) Gecko rhacophorus, Hanitsch, J. Straits. Asiat. Soc.
45 *pi.i
XXXIV
1900,
fig.
I.
Head moderately large, one and one third time as long as broad; snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-opening, one time and a half the diameter of the orbit; earopening round, its diameter one third that of the eye. Head, body and limbs covered with minute granules intermixed with small, round, smooth tubercles. Spine-like tubercles on the sides of the head, largest above the ear. Rostral a little more than twice as broad as deep, without median cleft; nostril bordered by several small scales. Nine upper and ten lower labials; mental small, pentagonal; a series of six small chin-shields. A moderately developed scalloped membrane on each side of the body, scaled like the body and fringed on the edge. Body
much
depressed.
Ventral scales
flat
juxtaposed granules.
An
56angular series of praeanal pores. Tail depressed, scaled like the body, bordered with a series of rounded lobes. Limbs
much depressed, bordered with dermal expansions, fingers and toes fully half-webbed.transverse
Greyish above, speckled with darker and with wavy dark lines. Brownish beneath, throat with darker dots. Length of head and body 65 mm.; tail 40 mm. (After Boulenger, not seen by me).
Habitat: Borneo (KadamaianGecko
river-Kina Balu, 2100
feet).
5.
verticillatus Laur.
Gekko verticillatus^ Laurenti, Syn. Kept. 1768, Gecko verticillatus^ Boulenger, Cat. Liz. I 1885,
p.
44.syn.).
183 (s. Gekko gecko, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll.p.
XLIV
1912, p. 82.
Head large; its width equals twice the distance from the end of the snout to the orbit, and from the orbit to the earopening; snout triangular, obtuse, one time and three fifths or one time and two thirds the diameter of theforehead conear -opening cave; narrow, oblique, its vertical diameter atorbit;least
half
the
dia-
meter of the orbit. Head covered with Fig. 34. Gecko verticillatus Laur. nat. size. small, convex polygonal scales. Rostral large, twice as broad as high; nostril bordered by five or six enlarged nasals (fig. 33 tf). Twelve to fifteen upper and ten to thirteen lower labials mental variablyshaped; four or five pair of chin-shields, smaller than the labials, the inner pair generally not longer than the mental, forming a suture. Back with small flat granules and about;
twelve longitudinal series of tubercles throat with flat granules. Ventral scales large, imbricate. Male with 13 24 praeanal pores;
in
a
short angular series.
Tail
slightly
depressed, tapering,
annulate,
quadrangular smooth scales, larger is composed of 5 6 rows of scales beneath; above, 3 beneath; above large conical tubercles in 6 longitucovered with each annulus
57dinal series.
Limbs moderate;
digits(fig.
free,
dilated, inferiorlytail
with undivided curved lamellae
35).;
Grey above with red spots or vermiculationsdarker bands. Beneath whitish, often variegated with grey. Length of head
with
and body 171 mm.; tail 150 mm. Norn, in dig. Tokkeh (Mai.). Habitat: Sumatra! (Pulu Weh!, Atjeh, Padang, Talang Akar, Palembang); Banka!; Biliton; Java (Anjer,
Gadok,!
Krawang,
Batavia!,
Welterig. 35. Gecko vertldiiatus
vreden!, Buitenzorg!, Depok, PreanSemarang, Ngawi, Surakarta ger,!
,
Laur. Fore limb X 2. (ReSurabaya !) jang, Singkawang); Celebes (Manado, Kema, Rurukan, Ponre, Macassar!); Lombok; Sumba; Flores!; Djampea!; Adonara; Timor Timor Ombaai Damma Rotti Samao Savu Malacca Andamans Burma TenasLaut Aru Islands.;
Madura
;
Borneo
!
;
!
;
;
!
;
;
!
;
;
;
;
;
serim;
Calcutta;
Siam; China; Philippines; Port Essington;
Madagascar. House-gecko.6.
Gecko
stentor (Cantor).
Platydactylus stentor, Cantor, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal Gecko stentor, Boulenger, Cat. Liz. I 1885, p. 184
XVI(s.
1847, p. 624.
syn.).
Head large; its width less than twice the distance from the end of the snout to the orbit; snout longer than in G. verticillatus, one time and two thirds or one time and three fourths the diameter of the orbit and considerably more than the distance from the orbit to the ear-opening; forehead concave; earopening oval, oblique, its diameter less than half the diameter of the orbit. Head covered with small, polygonal scales, largest on the snout. Rostral very large, twice as broad as high nostril bordered by the first labial and 5 enlarged nasals to fourteen upper and ten to twelve lower (fig. 33^). Twelve mental large, pentagonal three to five chin-shields labials on each side, smaller than the labials, the inner pair often longer than the mental. Body long, covered with flat granules; ; ;
and ten or twelve longitudinalthroat
series
of conical tubercles;
with
small
granules.
Ventral scales large, imbricate.
58
Male withTailscales,
n
16
praeanal pores in a short angular
series.
cylindrical,
larger
annulate, covered with quadrangular smooth beneath; each annulus is composed of 8
u
rows of scales above, 3 beneath above large conical tubercles in 6 longitudinal series; below the large scales are transver;
sely dilated, formingfree,
two symmetrical series. Limbs long; digits strongly dilated, below with undivided curved lamellae. Brown or brownish-grey above, variegated with darker tints,;
usually
with transverse rows of white spots; sometimes a X-shaped dark brown mark on the head tail banded with darker and lighter. Lower parts whitish, variegated with grey. Length of head and body 190 mm.; tail 180 mm.
Nom.
Habitat:
indig. Bewak pongo Nias!; Sumatra
(mal.).
(Deli!,
Indragiri,
Langkat!,;
Tandjung Laut, Palembang, Padang, Taluk !) Borneo (Bandjermassin, Labuan, Kapuas river, Kuching, Rejang river, Undup, Akar river, Sandakan, Mt. Dulit); Java (BuitenMalacca; Burma; Andamans; Nicobars. zorg, Depok, Bantam).Bingin Telok,10.
Ptychozoon Kuhl.N.Class. Kept. p. 13, 1826).
(KUHL,
in Fitzinger,
Digits strongly dilated, entirely webbed, with undivided lamellae below (fig. 37); all except the inner ones with a compressed
curved distal phalanx with retractile claw, beginning a little before the extremity of the dilatation. Limbs and sides of head, body and tail with much developed cutaneous expansions, used for concealing purposes. Body covered above with juxtaposed granular scales and tubercles; lower surfaces with small, slightly imbricate scales. The membrane covered above with imbricate square scales, below without scales. Pupil vertical.
Males with praeanal and femoral pores.
Distribution.
Western part of the Archipelago.I
KeyEndoftail
to the
ndo- Australian species.
A. Body covered with granular scales and longitudinal rows of widely distributed tubercles. with a broadflap.
Male with praei.
anal pores only
P. homalocephalum p. 59.
B. Body
covered
with
granular
scales
only,
no
Tail bordered from base to tip by rounded lobes. Male with praeanal and femoraltubercles.
pores
2.
P. horsfieldi p. 61.
59i.
Ptychozoon homalocephalum
(Crev.).
Lacerta homalocephala, Creveldt, Mag. Naturf. Fr. Berlin III 1809, p. 267 pi. VIII.
Ptychozoon homalocephalum, Boulenger, Cat. Liz. I 1885, p. 190 (s. syn.). Ptychozoon Kuhli, Stejneger, P. Biol. Soc. Washington XV 1902, p. 37. Ptychozoon Kuhli, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. XLIV 1912, p. 82.
Fig. 36. Ptychozoon homalocephalum (Crev.).
Head
oviform; snout longer than the distance from the eye
6oto the ear-opening, one time and a half the diameter of the orbit; small lobe forehead concave; ear-opening large, roundish. on the side of the head, below the ear-opening, from the angle of the mouth to the neck, covered with large scales. Head
A
covered with small granular scales; rostral very large, quadrangular; two pair of supranasals, the one next to the rostral larger; nostril bordered by the rostral, the first labial, twosupranasals and two small scales. Ten to fifteen upper and ten to twelve lower labials; mental small, triangular; three or four
small chin-shields on each side, inner long, forming a long suture with its fellow. Body much depressed, covered withsmall granular scales and enlarged tubercles. Throat covered 28 with small scales, belly with larger ones. Male with 18
praeanal pores in a curved depressed, the sides bordered
line.
by
Tail annulate, long, strongly a series of rounded dermal lobes,
ending in a broad rounded flap; covered above with small granular scales andtransverse series of pointed tubercles, below with imbricate scales. Limbsstrong, depressed; digits strong, webbed to the tips of the dilated parts (fig.37); the fore limbs bordered on each side, the hind limbs on the posteriorFig. 37-
b* dermal j on fa * Greyish or reddish-brown above with transverse undulated dark brown bands; a dark brown streak from the eye to the first dorsal band. Lower parts
Ptychozoon homalocephalum (Crev.). Fore limb 2.
s jd e
X
^
o f the femur and on both of the
^
^
Length of head and body 98 mm.; tail 92 mm. Simalur!; Nias!; Mentawei Islands (Saibi!); En1000 gano; Sumatra (Deli!, Langkat, Battak Highlands, 800 M., Indragiri, Agam, Alahan Pandjang); Java (Gadok, Buitenyellowish.
Habitat:
Sukabumi!, Gunung Ungaran!, Willis Mts., Tengger Mts., 1200 M.); Borneo (Barang, Pamabo range, Mt. Dulit, Pankalan ampat, Kuching, Balingeau, SaraMalacca; Burma; Nicobars; Andamans?. wak). Young specimens have the same coloration, tail with dark brown cross bands. The female deposits two eggs at a time which are 14 mm. in diameter. They are greyish-white, semiglobular and attached to the bark of a tree (Urostigma rumphii)zorg!,
Preanger,
5000
feet,
with a
flat basis.
Two
eggs are always found together
(fig. 2. /),
6iin contactsoft,
with
flat
surfaces.
The adhesive
face of the egg
is
the other part is hard. Specimens without dorsal tubercles have been
chozoon homalocephahim var. lionotum2.
named Ptyby Annandale.
Ptychozoon horsfieldi (Gray).
Pteropleura horsfieldii, Gray, Phil. Mag. (3) II 1827, p. 56.
PtychozoonPtychozoon
Ptychozoon homalocephalum^ part., Boulenger, Cat. Liz. I 1885, p. 190. horsfieldii, F. Miiller, Verb. Ges. Basel X 1892, p. 209 pi. IV.horsfieldii.
Ptychozoon
horsfieldii, v.
Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1896, p. 868. Lidth de Jeude, Notes Leiden Mus. 1905, p. 189.
XXV
oviform, snout longer than the distance from the eye to the ear-opening; forehead concave; ear-opening triangular. Head with small equal granules. Rostral large, quadrangular;nostril
Head
bordered by the
rostral, the first labial
and three
nasals;
the upper pair of nasals separated by a larger scale; above the labials two other large scales on each side. Eleven uppershields
and as many lower labials; mental small, triangular; four chinon each side, inner forming a long suture with its fellow. Body depressed, with small granules above, no tubercles; a broad membrane on the sides. Throat granular; ventral scales larger, cycloid, imbricate. Male with 7 12 praeanal 14 pores in an angular series, separated by 8 scales from 9 femoral pores on each side. Tail depressed, annulate, the sides bordered by a series of dermal lobes, the tip not ending in a broad flap; the lobes directed somewhat obliquely; uppercaudalscales granular, lower transversely enlarged. Limbs depressed; digits strong, entirely webbed; the fore limbs bordered by a broad dermal expansion, the hind limbs on the
posterior side of the femur
and on both of the
tibia.
Brown above with broad, lighter cross bands, edged with a dark wavy line; a broad dark streak from the eye to the shoulder, sometimes broken up into round spots. Tail with dark and light bands. Lower parts yellowish, uniform or spotted with brown. Length of head and
body 80 mm.;
Habitat: Borneo (Nanga Raun!, Sarawak!,Penang (1900feet);
tail 75 mm. Mt. Dulit!).
Singapore; Burma; Loo-Choo Islands.
622.
Fam. PYGOPODIDAE.scales.
Body vermiform, covered with roundish imbricate Head long and pointed, with more or less regular
plates
above, except in Lialis, the only Indo-Australian genus; this form has its head covered with small scales. Tongue thick,papillose, feebly bifid anteriorly, extensible (fig. 1.2). Pleurodont, numerous small, closely set teeth. Eye small, with vertical
no movable eyelids. The ear is exposed (Lialis) or covscales. No fore limbs, rudiments of hind limbs. Praeanal pores absent or present in both sexes. Tail long and fragile. Only one genus inhabits the Indo-Australian region.pupil,
ered
by
i.
Lialis Gray.p.
(GRAY, Proc. Zool. Soc.
134, 1834).
Teeth sharply pointed, directed backwards. Tongue elongate, narrowing towards the end, bifid. Ear exposed. Head covered with small plates. Frequently slightParietal bones fused.
rudiments of external hind limbs arecycloid,
visible. Scales soft,
smooth,series
imbricate,
two median ventral and subcaudal
transversely enlarged, hexagonal. Praeanal pores present. Distribution. New Guinea; Australia.
Fig. 38. Lialis burtoni Gray.
KeyA. Snout
to theat
Indo-Australian species.1317
truncate
tip;
upper,
12
16 lower. ..
labials; 4 praeanal pores; B. Snout not truncate at tip;labials;
68
1921 rows of scales. 1722 upper, 1822 lower....
I.
Z. burtoni p. 63.L. jicari p. 64.
praeanal pores; 22 rows of scales
2.
i.
Lialis burtoni Gray.
Lialis burtonii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 134. Lialis burtonii, Boulenger, Cat. Liz. I 1885, p. 247
(s.
syn.).
Snout long, depressed, pointed, with angular canthus rostralis, four or five times as long as the eye, which is small and surrounded by a circular, scaly, rudimentary lid, its diameter is contained thrice in the distance between the nostril and the orbit ear-opening elliptical or roundish, oblique.;
Fig. 39. Lialis burtoni
Gray
X 4-
Snout covered with small plates, varying in number. Rostral low, more than twice as broad as high, on the lower surfaceof the snout;supraoculars,labials nostrilin
median
large;
ated from the orbit;
by
the posterior part of a nasal; three 13 17 small upper labials, separ2 or 3 rows of scales, 12 16 lower;
mental rather large, pentagonal on each side of the throat a series of enlarged scales, separated from the labials by one or two rows of scales. Nineteen to twenty-one scales round the middle of the body; the enlargedin 70 100 pairs. Four praeanal sometimes indistinct in females; 3 or 5 anal scales (fig, 40). Small rudiments of external hind limbs. Tail about as long as head and body, tapering to a fine point, covered below with transversely enlarged scales.
ventralspores,
variously
Brown, grey, reddish or yellowish above, marked or uniform. Length of head and body 247 mm.; tail 270 mm. Habitat: Aru Islands; New Guinea
Fig. 40. Lialis burtoni
Gray. Four praeanal pores ; three anal scales.
X
5-
Astrolabe Bay!, Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen, Paup, Borepata, Kapa Kapa, Port Moresby, Haveri, Hula, Inawi, Dinawa, St. Joseph's river District, Katow); Yule Island;
(Merauke!,
Valise Island.
Australia.in
This species varies exceedingly
colour.
Boulenger has
64unitedcies,list
all the several forms, formerly described, into one spedivided into a great many varieties of coloration; his of varieties may find a place here.
A.
A1.
white labial band, extending along the side of the body.
The band very narrow and bordering the lower lip only. Var. A. The sides of the head between the labial white line andand above the eyeby ato the nape, dark
a
more
or less distinct narrow line from the tip of the snout along the
canthus rostralisthe bellyis
brown;
darker towards the narrow lateral white band, whichinferiorlyfine
edged
brown
line; the rest of the
body
uniform, with minute dark dots. 21 series of scales.Var. B. As in the preceding, but the white lateral line edged above with
a
darker
band of the same
tint
as
the
belly,
which band;
is
again edged with a rather indistinct lighter band
belly scarcely
darker than the back, with white dots or shafts. 21 series of scales.2.
The whitelowerlip,
labial
band
is
broad and occupies both the upper and the
entering the eye.all
Var. C. In
other respects like Var. A. 21 series of scales.grey,
Var. D. Light
the
lateral
lower surface of the head dark brown; the white
band passing through the eye and the lateral bandby darker ones;
soon
splits
up
into several bands, separated
belly
with darker longitudinal bands and whitish dots. 21 series of
scales.
Var. E. Five or seven regular longitudinal dark bands on the body, theventral
one dividing into two on the nape, uniting again on
the tip of the snout. 19 or 21 series of scales.
B.
No
white labial band.
Var. F. Pale grey,
abdomen
a
little
darker; throat dark brown, whitish-
spotted on
the sides;rather
lips
with small dark vertical bars; backdarker longitudinal bands; belly
with several
indistinct
white-spotted. 21 series of scales.
Var. G. Like Var. E., but with spotted lips as in var. F. 19 series of scales.Var. H.
No
longitudinal
bands, but generally
a
series of small distantlips
black spots
along each side of the back;
spotted as in F.
and G.Var.I.
;
belly white-spotted. 19 or 21 series of scales.
Uniformly
light-coloured, with a few small dark dots above
and
below. 19 or 21 series of scales.
2.Lialis jicari, Boulenger, ,
Lialis jicari Boulenger.
Ann. Nat. Hist. (7) XII 1903, p. 430. \ Alopecosaurus cuneirostris, "w, Lindholm, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. 58 1905, p. 240.
Snout acutely pointed, not truncate at
tip,
twice as long
as broad, four or five times as long as the eye, which is small and surrounded by a rudimentary circular lid, its diais contained four to four and a half times in the disbetween the nostril and the orbit ear-opening small, oval, oblique. Snout covered with 10 13 small irregular plates, back of head with small scales. Rostral pentagonal, a little more broad than long, on the lower surface of the snout nasal 22 upper labials, small; two or three large supra-oculars; 17 22 3 rows of small scales between them and the orbit; 18 lower labials; mental more long than broad; on each side of the throat a series of larger scales, separated from the labials by two or three rows of small scales. Twentytwo scales round the middle of the body;
meter
tance
;
;
the enlarged ventrals in 90 105 pair. Six to eight praeanal pores, in an angular series 5 or 6 anal scales (fig. 41). Small rudiments;
of external hind limbs. Tail long, one time and a half as long as head and body, or
longerPale! ,
still,
tapering to a fine point, coveredscales.Fi S- 4*. Lialis jicariBlgr.
below with transversely enlarged,.
yellowish or pinkish brown above, 111-1 11 speckled with a blackish colour; a faint dark, 1/-
Seven praeanalsix anal sca-
pores: '
vertebral streak; a well-defined dark brown dorso-lateral streak, expanding anteriorly into a broad band occupying the side of the head a light streak along the lower;
lesX
lip,
widening on the body, where it forms a band, which is ill-defined above and sharply defined by a dark line below. Belly dark grey-brown, or yellowish with dark longitudinal streaks, of which one along the middle is the most distinct. Length of head and body 307 mm. tail about 500 mm. Habitat: New Guinea (Tanah-Merah Bay!, lake Sentani!, Fly river, Bogadjim on Astrolabe Bay).;
Mehely describes a specimen of Lialis burtoni Gray, colat Erima, Astrolabe Bay ), which has 22 scales round the body, two supra-oculars and 6 praeanal pores. Its tail is one time and a half as long as head and body; length of head and body is 270 mm.; tail 423 mm. This specimen probablylected1
belongs to the species Lialis jicari, as described by Boulenger. In different Museum-collections more examples of the latterl)
Termes. Fuzetek
XXI
1898, p. 167.I.
INDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES
66species,
named now
L. burtoni Gray will be found on closer
examination, as already various authors have given indications of specimens with 22 rows of scales.
3.
Fam. AGAMIDAE.
BodyTongue
scales; crests are often present.
usually compressed, covered with imbricate or granular Head covered with small scales.short, thick, slightly incised in front, villosesize,(fig.I.
j);
acrodont, teeth usually unequal in divided into incisors, canines and
so that they may be molars. Eye small, with
round pupil and well-developed eyelids. Ear distinct or hidden.
Limbs
well-developed;
digits
often
keeled or denticulated.
Femoral pores usually absent. Tail very long and not fragile, prehensile in the genus Cophotis. They are arboreal or terres-
b.
c.
Fig. 42.a.c.
Eggs of Agamidae.b-
Draco volans L.
X
l1 /85
Calotes jubatus (D. B.) nat. size;;
Calotes crlstatellus (Kuhl; nat. size
d.
Japalura ornata Lidth
X2
'/4-
the Indo- Australian genera being most of them arboreal; some forms can rapidly change colour as chameleons do; mostly oviparous. The eggs have a parchment-like shell andtrial,
are oval or spindle-shaped
(fig.
42).
KeyA.
to the Indo- Australian genera.I.
NoI.
femoral pores.wing-like dermal expansionwing-like dermal expansion.
ANo1.
Draco, p. 68.
II.
a.
Tympanum
hidden.
A|
dorsal crest.
No
fold across the throat, neither in front2.
of the shoulder; scales small
Aphaniotis, p. 88.Cophotis, p. 90.
If Scales very large, irregular;
tail
prehensile
3.
HI An2.
oblique fold in front of the shoulder.
4.
Japahira, p. 92.
No
dorsal crest.
Scales small,tuberclesb.
intermixed with large conical5.
Phoxophrys,
p.
94.
Tympanum1.
distinct.6.
Snout ending in a long compressed appendageSnout without appendage.t
Harpesaurus,
p.
96.
2.
A
strong fold across the throat. * Males with a gular sac; digits keeledinferiorly7.
Gonyocephalus, p. 99.
** Males
without
gular
sac;
digits
not8. Lophocalotes,\>.
keeled inferiorly
116.
If
Noa.
fold across the throat.;
Male with gular sac dorsal
scales slightly9.
b. c.
unequal Male with gular sac; dorsal scales equal. Male without gular sac; dorsal scales
Dendragama,
p.
117.
10.
Calotes, p. 120.
unequal B. Femoral or praeanal pores present,males.I.
II.at least in the
Acanthosaura,^. 125.
Neck with
a large dermal collar
\i.Chlamydosaurus,\>.\'2.f>.
II.
No1.
large dermal collar.
Body compressed.a.
Atail
dorsal crest ; throat with longitudinal folds
;
strongly
compressed,
crested;
femoral13.
pores present; toes lobateb.
Lophura,
p.
128.
A
dorsal
crest; tail
round or slightly com14.
pressed; culated2.
femoral
pores present; toes denti-
Physignathus,
p.
131.
Body depressed.a.
No
dorsal
crest;
tail
round; one or two
b.
praeanal pores, no femoral pores 15. Diporophora, p. 134. No dorsal crest; tail round; femoral pores 16. Liolepis, p. 135. present; skin of the sides expansible
68i.
Draco L.I
(LiNNfc, Syst. Nat.
p.
358, 1766).
depressed, with a lateral membrane, supported by the prolonged last five or six ribs and used for gliding through
Body
the the
air;
when
at rest, the wing-like
membrane
folded against
body. Dorsal scales irregular, smooth or keeled, with or without enlarged ones. Tympanum distinct or covered with scales. gular appendage and on each side a smaller one.
A
No
femoral or praeanal pores. Tail long. Distribution. India; Indo-Australian Archipelago.
KeyA. NostrilI.
to the
Indo-Australian species.to slightly
lateral, directed
outwards.
The hind limb reachesthea.
beyond
elbow of the
fore limb, or not so far.
No1.
spines on the supraciliary border.
Membrane
black-spotted below.
.
.
I.
D. volans^
p.
70.72.
2.b.
Membrane unspotted belowspine on the posterior part of the
2.
D,
reticulatus, p.
A1.
supraciliary border.
Dorsal scales small, subequal; eightor
nine (11) upper labials;
gular3.
sac as long as the2.
head
D. cornntus,
p. 72.
A
row ofat
spine-like scales along each
side
the base of the
membrane;gularsac4.
thirteen
upper
labials;
longer than the headII.
D.
gracilis^ p.
73.
The hind limb
reaches at least to halfwayaxilla.
between the elbow and thea.
Largest dorsal scales twice as large asventrals.1.
A
series
of enlarged, keeled scales
along each side of the vertebral line,separated by ascales;
row of
small,
smoothlarge5.
tympanum naked,
as
as the eye-opening2.
D. timorensis^
p. 74.
Dorsal scales subequal, feebly keeled ;
tympanum,
if distinct,
much
smaller6.
than the eye-openingl>.
D.
ivalkeri, p. 75.
Dorsal scales a
little
larger than, or
as large as the ventrals.
69|
ANoI.
lateral
series of enlarged, distant.
scales; tail with a strong crest
.
.
7.
D. punctatus^
p.
75.
||
enlarged lateral scales.
Tympanumbranes
usually
scaly;
mem-
dark
brown above, withsometimes
light longitudinal lines,
also light transverseII.
bands
....or
8.
D.
lineatus, p. 76.
Tympanum1.
usually naked.
Membranes orange, brown
yellow above, with a black outer
border and black spots near theouter margin2.
9.
D.
beccarii, p.
77.
Membranes
yellowish
above,
with small black spots on thebasal part3.
10.
D.
spilonotus, p. 77.
Membranesblack
reddish-brown,
along the margin, with11.Z>.
indistinct lighter spotsc.
modlglianii^ p. 78.
Dorsal scales smaller than ventrals.1.
Tympanumno enlarged
scaly;
no caudal
crest:12. Z>. ochroptenis^ p.
lateral scales
79.
2.
Tympanum naked;alateral
a caudal crest;scales13.
series
of enlarged
3.
on the posterior part of the body Tympanum partly naked a caudal;
D. fimbriatus^
p.
79.
crest;
no
lateral
series of enlarged
scales
14.
D.
cristatellus^ p. 80.
B. Nostril vertical, directed upwards.I.
Tympanuma.
scaly.
Thefour
hind
limb
reaches
the
axilla;
widely separated enlarged scales on each side of the back gular sac one;
b.
time and a half the length of the head The hind limb reaches slightly beyondscaleslateral series of enlarged very indistinct; gular sac not . quite twice the length of the head
15.
D.
majcitHUS) p.
8l.
the
elbow;
.
1
6.
D.qutnqucfasciatus, p. 81.
c.
The hind limb
reaches slightly beyond the shoulder; four groups of enlarged scales on each side of the body; gularsac shorter than the
head
17.
D.
cryptotis, p. 82.
II.
Tympanuma.
naked.
The hind limb does not reach beyondthe axilla.
7o1.
Snout
slightly
longer than the dia;
meter of the orbitas the head ;
gular sac as longolive above,
membranes
edged with reddish, with five black transverse bands, sometimes indistinct2.
1
8.
D. formosus,
p. 83.
Snout as long as the diameter of the orbit ; gular sac one and one thirdtime the length of the head (scarcely indicated in the female);
mem19.
3.
branes red above with black spots Snout shorter than the diameter of thegular sac one time and a half ; or one time and three fourths theorbit
D. haematopogon,
p. 84.
length of the head membranes deep black above, with small yellow spots;
20.
D. melanopogon,D, taeniopterus,
p. 84.
b.
The hind limb reaches beyond the*
axilla... .
Male with a slight nuchal fold ** Male without nuchal fold.1.
21.
p.
85.
A
lateral series of widely-distant, enlarged, keeled scales ; membranes
black above2.
22. Z?. obscurus, p. 85.
A
few widely separated, enlarged,
keeled scales; membranes greybrown above, with five indistinctblack cross bands3.
23.
D.
microlepis, p. 86.
A
single enlarged, keeled scale
on
each side, nearer to the hind limbs ;
membranes with whitishdinallines
longitu-
and.
indistinct
dark24.
transverse bands
D. intcrmedius,
p. 86.
i.
Draco volans L.I
Draco volans, Linn. Syst. Nat. Draco volans, Boulenger, Cat.
1766, p. 358.
Liz. I 1885, p.
256
(s.
syn.).
Headof the
small; snout not or aorbit;nostrillateral,
little
longer than the diameter directed outwards; tympanum
naked
'),
smaller than the eye-opening. Head-scales very une-
qual, keeled; a -shaped series of larger scales on the snout; at the posterior corner of the orbit a small tubercle and on
A
each side of the neck a few tubercles; seven to ten upper labials. Gular sac longer than the head. Male with a lowi)
The
character of the
tympanum being naked
or scaly
is
among
the genus
Draco often very doubtful.
nuchal crest. Dorsal scales irregular, keeled, the largest at least twice as large as the ventrals; a lateral series of large, keeled, widely separated scales. Tail one time and a half the lengthof head and body, without a crest.
The
fore limb extends
beyond
the tip of the snout, the hind limb reaches the elbow of the fore limb or not so far.
Fig. 43.
Draco volans L.
$
About one
third of the tail figured.
Light brown above, with metallic gloss and spots and undulated transverse bands of reddish-brown or blackish-brown a;
black spot on the head between the orbits and one on the nape; membranes in the males orange above and blue below, in the females yellow above and greenish-yellow below, marbled
with black or with irregular transverse bands.
Lower
parts
greenish-yellow; throat variegated with black; gular sac yellow or orange in the male, green or bluish in the female, also variegated with black. Length of head and body 85 mm.;tail
135
mm.terbang (mal.);Tjekiber; Bidadari;
Nom. indig. Tjitjak Apam apam (Simalur).Habitat:(Sipora);
Simalur!; Pulu Babi!; Nias!; Mentawei Islands Sumatra (Upper Langkat, Battak Highlands 800 1000 M., Taluk!, Kaju tanam!, Muara Labu!, Padang 1500 3000 feet, Medan-Deli!, Indragiri, Tandjung Laut, Palembang!); Natuna Islands (Pulu Laut); Banka; Biliton; Java
72(Mt. Salak,
Depok, Krawang, Batavia!, Weltevreden
!
,
Buiten-
zorg!, Preanger!, Tjilatjap!, Samarang!, Ambarawa, Wonosobo, Willis Mts. 5000 feet, Sumber Duren near Malang!, Nongko-
djadjar in Tengger Mts. 1300 M.!, Surabaja); Bali;Flores!;
Lombok;
Timor!; Borneo (Kuching, Poeh, Sarawak, Penrissen Hills, Baram, Labuan, Sanggau on Kapuas river!, Bandjermassin, Pontianak, Singkawang, Sintang); Celebes (Manado, Malacca; Penang; Singapore; Siam; Palawan. Macassar). The eggs, two or three, sometimes four, contained in the female, are yellow, and measure about 7 by 12.5 mm. (fig. 42^).2.
Draco
reticulatus Giinther.
Draco Draco
reticulatus, Giinther, Kept. Brit. Ind. 1864, p. 125. reticulatus, Boulenger, Cat. Liz. I 1885, p. 257.
snout as long as the diameter of the orbit; turned outwards and upwards; tympanum naked, smaller than the eye-opening. Head-scales very unequal, keeled; a A-shaped series of large scales on the snout; a compressedsmall;nostril lateral,
Head
scale
at the posterior border of the orbit and a few tubercles side of the neck; eight upper labials, last twice as large as the preceding one. Gular sac as long as the head. Male with a distinct nuchal crest. Dorsal scales irregular, faintly
on each
keeled,
the largest at least twice as large as the ventrals; a
lateral series of large, keeled scales. Tail
one time and two thirds
the length of head and body. The fore limb extends beyond the tip of the snout, the hind limb reaches a little beyond the elbow.or
Pale brown above, with metallic gloss and dark reticulation irregular transverse bands; membranes pale brown with
dark brown markings and round whitish spots, below unspotted. Lower parts olive or yellowish; throat and lateral wattles withpurplishreticulation.
Length of head and body 85 mm.;Flores!;
tail
140
mm.Sumba; Celebes (Luhu 3300Sanghir Islands.3.
Habitat: Lombok;feet);
Philippines.
Draco cornutusBrit. Ind.
Giinther.
Draco cornutus, Giinther, her, Kept. Draco cornutus, Boulenger, snger, Cat.
125. 1864, p. 125
Liz. I 1885, p. 258.
Head
small;
snout as long as the diameter of the orbit;
73nostril lateral, directed outwards; tympanum naked, smaller than the eye-opening. Head-scales very unequal, keeled; a A-shaped series of enlarged scales on the snout; a large compressed, pointed scale posteriorly on the supraciliary region;
larger than very low nuchal crest in both sexes. Dorsal scales small, keeled, not much larger than the ventrals, with a lateral series of enlarged separated scales. Tail nearly one time and a half as long as head and body. The fore limb extends to the tip of the snout or a little beyond, the hind limb reaches between the wrist and
eight or nine (n) upper labials, the last the others. Gular sac as long as the head.
much
A
the elbow.Olive, variegated with reddish-brown above, with black spots:
one between theside
orbits,
one on the nape and another on each
before the shoulders; membranes brick-red, edged with black and marbled with black above, below with black spots or transverse bands. Lower parts lighter, with a blue streakbelly; limbs blue below; throat variegated with bluish-green; gular sac of male red. Length of head andtail
on each side of the
body 92 mm.;
130
mm.
indig. Tarang burong; Pindau (Sarawak). Habitat: Sumatra (Tandjung Laut in Palembang); Borneo (Labuan, Sandakan Bay!, Kion, Kina Balu, Pamabo Range, Mt. Dulit, Balingeau, Matang 800 feet, Sarawak!, Baram river, Mt. Mulu, Santubong, Kuching, Long Bloe on Mahakkam river!, Sulu Archipelago (Jolo). Buntok on Barito river, Tandjong). Three or four eggs, taken out of a female specimen, measured13
Nom.
by
7.5
mm.4.
Draco
gracilis Barbour.
Draco
gracilis^ Barbour, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington XVI 1903,
p.
59.
Head moderate; snoutnostrillateral,
directed
as long as the diameter of the orbit; outwards; tympanum naked, smaller
than the eye-opening, with scales encroaching somewhat from the margins; a prominent tubercle on the posterior part of the supraciliary region. Head-scales keeled; those on temple and nuchals slightly keeled or smooth; thirteen upper labials, last largest. Gular sac longer than the head. Male with a smallslender;
nuchal crest, formed of a single row of triangular scales. Body dorsal scales keeled, with a row of triangular spine-
74like scales
along each side at the base of the wing-membrane;
ventral scales keeled. Tail one time and a half the length of head and body. The hind limb reaches halfway between the wrist
and the elbow; along the inner side of the tibia and femur a yellowish serration, formed by a series of enlarged, flat, triangular scales.
Light greyish-brown above, with metallic spots, which are at the base of the membranes, where each spot covers a single scale, and along the ribs; forehead dark brown; membranes dark orange above, with irregular black bands, below whitish, barred with brown or black. Lower parts light grey; neck and throat speckled with dark brown;
more numerous
at the base of the gular sac a
number of blackish109
spots.
Length
of head and seen by me).
body 68 mm.;
tail
mm.
(After Barbour, not
Habitat: Borneo5.
(Sarawak).
Draco timorensis Kuhl.
Draco Draco
timorensis, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. u. Vergl. Anat. 1820, p. 103. timorensis, Boulenger, Cat. Liz. I 1885, p. 261 (s. syn.).
longer than the diameter of the orbit; outwards; tympanum naked, as large as the eye-opening. Head-scales very unequal, large, keeled; a larger median series on the snout, other large scales on the supraocular region and on each side of the neck; a smallnostril lateral, directed
Head moderate; snout
tubercle at the posterior corner of the orbit nine upper labials (8 or 10), last twice as large as the preceding one. Gular sac shorter;
than the head.serieslines
A
distinct nuchal crest. Dorsal scales
larger than the ventrals;
smooth, on each side of the vertebral line a
of large, keeled scales, the keels forming continuous
and separated from each other by one or two rows of small smooth scales; a lateral series of large, keeled, widely separated scales. Tail one time and two thirds the length of head and body. The fore limb extends beyond the tip of the snout, the hind limb reaches the elbow or halfway between the elbow and the axilla. Greyish-brown above, with metallic gloss and irregular dark spots; membranes brown above, darkest along the margin, with lighter longitudinal lines, below brownish or with a few black spots. Lower parts olive or grey; throat and sides of
75
neck dotted with brown. Length of head and body 90 mm.;tail
Wetar!; Flores!; Timor!; (or Alor); Samao!; Rotti!. Five eggs, taken from a female specimen, measured 12 by7.5
150 mm. Habitat: Ombaai
mm.6.
Draco walker! Boulenger.Hist. (6)
Draco Walkeri, Boulenger, Ann. Nat.
VII 1891,
p.
279.
small; snout not quite so long as the diameter of the orbit; nostril lateral, directed outwards; tympanum, if distinct, much smaller than the eye-opening. Head-scales unequal,
Head
strongly keeled; six to eight upper labials. Gular sac small, about half the length of the head in the male, merely indicated in the female. Male with a very low nuchal crest. Dorsal scales subequal, much larger than ventrals, often with a short, feeble keel. Tail one time and a half the length of head and body. The fore limb reaches beyond the tip of the snout, the hind limb reaches the axil. Grey-brown above with wavy brown cross lines and a few whitish spots on each side; a dark spot between the eyes, another on the posterior part of the supraocular region and a third on the nape; dark lines radiating from the eyes;
membranes brown above, blackish anteriorly in the male, spotted with black in the female, below with a pair of large black spots in front. Lower parts unspotted. Length of head andbody 72 mm.;tail
113
mm.in the British
Type-specimen examined
Museum.
Habitat: Timor7.
(Kupang!).
Draco punctatus Boulenger.Ann. Nat.pi.
Draco punctatus,Malayens. Zool.^
Boulenger,I.
Hist.fig. i.
(7)
VI
1900,
p.
189;
Fasc.
1903, p. 151,
X
Draco func talus Werner,
Mitt. Naturhist.
Mus. Hamb.
XXVII
1910, p. 19.
snout as long as the diameter of the orbit; nostril lateral, directed outwards; tympanum naked, almost as large as the eye-opening. Head-scales small, very unequal, keeled; a A-shapcd series of enlarged scales on thesnout;
Head
rather large;
two
conical,
triangular,
enlarged,
erect scales on the
76
posterior part of the supraciliary border; ten or eleven feebly keeled upper labials. Gular sac a little shorter than the head.distinct nuchal crest. Dorsal scales unequal, feebly keeled, not larger than ventrals, with a lateral series of enlarged, distant scales. Tail with a strong crest of large, pointed, compressed scales, its length one time and two thirds the length of
Male with a
head and body. The fore limb extends atip of the snout, the
little beyond the hind limb reaches the axilla or between
the elbow and the axilla.
Greyish above, with a reddish vertebral stripe and reddish on the head, and numerous black dots; four dark blotches sometimes form a cross between the shoulders; membranes black above, with interrupted whitish streaks, below uniformlywhitish.
Lower
sac and
parts pale blue, throat with black dots; gular inner side of the lateral lappets yellow. Length of
head and body 91 mm.; tail 156 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Malacca (2500 and 3000 Habitat: Borneo (Sarawak!).feet).
8.
Draco
lineatus
Daud.
Draco Draco
lineatus, Daudin, Hist. Kept. Ill
1802, p. 298.
lineatus, Boulenger, Cat. Liz. I 1885, p.
264
(s.
syn.).
small; snout as long as or a little longer than the diameter of the orbit; nostril lateral, directed outwards; tympanum usually scaly. Head-scales very unequal, keeled, those
Head
on the medianlargest;five
to
shorter
than
snout and on the supraocular region eight upper labials, last largest. Gular sac the head. slight nuchal crest. Dorsal scalesline of the
A
equal, feebly keeled, not larger than ventrals; no lateral series of enlarged scales. Tail nearly twice as long as head and
body. The fore limb extends beyond thethe hind limb reaches the axilla or alittle
tip of the snout, farther.
Olive-brown above, with pale spots and transverse bands; a dark spot on the supraocular region and one on the nape; membranes above dark brown with white longitudinal lines,
sometimes with dark and
light cross bands, below dark brown with lighter bands. Lower parts greenish, throat and sides of neck with dark reticulation and light round spots; lips withtail
dark bars. Length of head and body 82 mm.;
158
mm.
77
N o m.Posso!,
i
n d i g. Longkebila (Toradja-name).Java!; Borneo (Sandakan Bay!); Celebes (Manado,
Habitat:Kei Islands.
Luhu!,
Tempe!);
Buru;
Ambon!; Ceram!;
Misol;
9.
Draco beccarii Peters&Doria, Ann. Mus.I
&
Doria.p. 373.
Draco Draco
Beccarii, Petersbeccarii,
Civ.
Geneva XIII 1878,
Boulenger, Cat. Liz.
1885, p. 264.
small; snout as long as the orbit; nostril lateral, dioutwards; tympanum usually naked; sometimes scaly. Head-scales unequal, keeled; two to four series of scales between the larger, strongly keeled supraoculars; one or two series of
Head
rected
labials.
between the nasal and the rostral; eight to ten upper Gular sac two thirds to three fourths the length of the head. A very low nuchal crest. Dorsal scales keeled, sometimes almost smooth, a little larger than ventrals, which are keeled; no lateral series of enlarged scales. Tail about twice the length of head and body. The fore limb extends far beyond the tipscales
of the snout; the hind limb reaches the axilla or the shoulder. Pale grey above, marbled with brown or with wavy transverse bands; a black spot on the nape present or absent. Male with the side of the head reticulated with dark grey; gular sac orange; membranes orange, brown or grey, with a blackish
some black spots above and usually one or two below the anterior border. Female with black lines on the head, one through the eye, forming an angle on the occiput; throat dotted with black; membranes orange or yellow, spotted with black, and with two to four black transverse bands on the outer parts and some black spots below near the anterior border. Length of head and body 75 mm.; tailouter border and142
Celebes (Kandari, Muna-Raha, Rumbi-Mengkoka, Pundidaha, Luhu, Macassar, Lamontjong!, near Bonthain!).!
mm. Habitat:
10.
Draco spilonotusZool. Soc.
Giinther.p.
Dracofig.
spilonotus, B.
Gunther, Proc.
London 1872,
592, pi.
XXXV
Draco
spilonotus, Boulenger, Cat.
Liz. I
1885, p. 265.
Headnostril
small;lateral,
snout as long as the diameter of the orbit; directed outwards; tympanum usually naked.
Head-scales very unequal, keeled; those on the median line of the snout, on the supraocular region and on the occiput largest; six or seven upper labials.' Gular sac much shorter
than the head. A distinct nuchal crest. Dorsal scales equal, smooth, a little larger than the ventrals; no lateral series of enlarged scales. Tail twice as long as head and body. The fore limb extends a good deal beyond the tip of the snout, the hind limb nearly reaches the axilla or beyond the latter. Greyish or greenish above, with irregular brown markings; a black spot on the nape; black lines along the inner borders of the supraorbital region, on the snout and on the chin;of the neck with round light green spots; membranes pale yellow above, with black spots, forming short transverse lines on the basal part, below unspotted. Lower parts greenish, throat with lighter spots. Length of head and body 60 mm.;sidestail
122 mm. Habitat:
Celebes
!
(Minahassa, Toli-toli, Manado,
Tomohon,
Kema).ii.
Draco modiglianii Vincig.p.
Draco Modiglianii^ Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva (2) XII 1892,
523.
long as the diameter of the orbit; nostril outwards and upwards; tympanum naked, small. Head-scales unequal, keeled, those on the occiput largest, almost smooth; a A- sna P e d series of enlarged, strongly keeled scales on the snout; seven or eight upper labials, last largest. Gular sac shorter than the head. A slight nuchal crest. Dorsal scales strongly keeled, not larger than ventrals; no lateral series of enlarged scales. Tail twice the length of head and body. The fore limb extends beyond the tip of the snout, the hind limb reaches the axilla. Olive-brown above, with reddish-brown transverse bands; chin and throat bluish, spotted with dark; membranes reddishbrown, black towards the outer margin, with indistinct light spots. Female with brown spots on head and nape and dark lines radiating from the eye. Head and neck of male bluish, reticulated with blackish. Length of head and body 62 mm.;short,
Snout
as
lateral,
directed
tail
127
mm.in the British
Type-specimen examined Habitat: Engano!.
Museum.
7912.
Draco ochropterus Werner.Mitt. Naturh.
Draco ochropterus, Werner,
Mus. Hamb.
XXVII
1910, p. II.
Snout shorter than the diameter of the orbit;directed
nostril lateral,
Head-scales unequal, a median series of enlarged ones on the snout; the anterior of the supraorbital border enlarged, separated from those of the
outwards;
tympanum
scaly.
other sidelabials,
by three rows of
scales
;
five or six
very large upper
generally first and last largest. Gular sac small, with small scales, lateral wattles indistinct. Male with a small, but distinct nuchal crest. Dorsal scales keeled, the keels forming lines,
enlarged lateral without a crest. The fore limb extends beyond the tip of the snout, the hind limb reaches the axilla or beyond. Grey above, with indistinct transverse bands on limbs and tail; sometimes with transverse rows of round white spots on the back; head and sides of neck with large, white spots;
median largest, but smaller than ventrals; no scales. Tail twice as large as head and body,
and Length of head and body 75 mm.; tail 153 mm. (After Werner, not seen by me). Habitat: Kei Islands.bands.reticulated with grey
membranes yellow, uniform or with Lower parts uniform; throatyellow.
indistinct
dark transverse
white; gular sac
13.
Draco fimbriatus Kuhl.
Draco fimbriatus, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. u. Vergl. Anat. 1820, p. 101. Draco fimbriatus^ Boulenger, Cat. Liz. I 1885, p. 265 (s. syn.). Draco grandis, Bartlett, Crocod. Liz. Borneo 1895, p. 83.
Head large; snout a little longer than the diameter of the orbit; nostril lateral, directed outwards and upwards; tympanumnaked, smaller than the eye-opening. Head-scales small andkeeled, a A-shaped series of large scales on the snout; a tubercle at the posterior corner of the orbit; along each side
of the neck and on the cheeksto
some enlarged
tubercles; ten
upper labials; on the chin some larger scales are scattered between the small ones. Gular sac longer than the head. Male with a slight nuchal crest. Dorsal scales smooth or feebly keeled, smaller than ventrals; a lateral series of conical, keeled scales on the posterior part of the body. Tail one time and a half the length of head and body, with a crest.thirteen
8o
The fore limb extends beyond the tip of the snout, the hind limb reaches the axilla or not quite so far. Greyish-olive above, with reddish-brown markings, forming angular transverse bands, the anterior on the supraocular region; a black interorbital spot; membranes dark brown above, withlight
longitudinal lines,partsolive,
below with or without blackthroatbluish
spots.
Lower
black-spotted;
with
dark
variegations and lighter spots; gular sac red. Length of head and body 108 mm.; tail 165 mm. Habitat: Sumatra! (Battak Highlands 800 1000 M., Pa-
dang!feet;
15003000Borneo
feet, Deli!,
Indragiri);feet,
Natuna
Islands, 500
(Matang,
800
Pamabo
range,
Sarawak!,
Mt. Dulit!, Akartenzorg,
river, Balingeau,
very
common
Parang!, Tengger Mts. here and not beyond 3000
Bandjermassin); Java! (BuiMalacca (not 1200 M.).feet).
14.
Draco
cristatellus Giinther.
Draco Draco
cristatellus^
Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1872, p. 592,
pi.
XXXV fig.
A.
cristatellus^ Boulenger, Cat. Liz. I 1885, p. 266.
Headnostril
large;lateral,
snout as long as the diameter of the orbit;directed
outwards
and
upwards;;
tympanum
partly scaly. Head-scales very small, keeled a -haped series of enlarged scales on the snout; a tubercle at the posterior corner of the orbit; eleven upper labials. Gular sac much
\
longer than the head.
A
distinct
nuchal
fold.
Dorsal scales
smooth
keeled, smaller than ventrals; no lateral series of large scales. Tail with a crest of long, separated, triangular scales, one time and a half as long as head and body. The fore limb extends beyond the tip of the snout, the hindorfaintlyaxilla.
limb reaches the
Reddish-brown above, spotted with black; a black spot on the head between the orbits; membranes dark brown above, with irregular light longitudinal lines, below whitish withblackish spots along the margin. Gular sac yellow, the anterior edge brown. Length of head and body 78 mm.; tail 112 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Borneo (Banting, Kuching, Sarawak!, Upper
Mahakkam
river!).
8i
15.
Draco maximus Boulenger.p.
Draco maximus^ Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1893,
522, pi.
XLII
fig. t.
Headnostril
small;vertical,
snout as long as the diameter of the orbit;
directed upwards; tympanum scaly. Headscales very small, keeled; ten scales across the middle of the interorbital region, sixteen or seventeen across the supraocular two or three transverse series of scales between the region;
series of enlarged scales pointed scale above the tympanum; fourteen to sixteen upper labials. Gular sac one time and a half the length of the head, covered with moderate scales. Male with a slight nuchal fold, no crest. Body large; dorsal
nasal
and the
rostral;
a A-shapederect,
on the snout; a
large,
scales equal, keeled, a little smaller than ventrals, with a few (4) widely separated enlarged, erect, keeled scales on eachside. Tail
without a crest, about one time and two thirds the
length of head and body. The fore limb extends beyond the tip of the snout, the hind limb reaches the axilla. Bluish-grey above, sometimes dotted with black and wavytransverse
bands;
membranes dark brownstreaks,
or
with
light
longitudinal
below
colourless.
black above, Throat of
the male speckled with black, with a black transverse band behind, of the female black with round white spots; gular sac of male red. Length of head and body 145 mm.; tail 240 mm.
The
largest species of the
genus Draco.
Habitat: SumatraGr. Natuna, 1000 feet);
(Padang!); Natuna Islands (Pulu Laut,
Borneo (Matang, Akar river, Balingeau, Mt. Penrissen, Mt. Dulit, 2000 feet, Kina Balu, Paitau, SamaMalacca. rinda!). female specimen from Padang, in the Leyden Museum, contained five eggs, measuring 18 by 11 mm.
A
1
6.
Draco quinquefasciatus Gray.p.
Draco quinquefasciatus^ Gray, Zool. Journ. Ill 1827, Draco quinquefasciatus^ Boulenger, Cat. Liz. I 1885,
219.
p. 269.
Headnostril
small;vertical,
snout longer than the diameter of the orbit;directed
scales
