The Periodic Table(Your new best friend!!)

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table is a list of all the known

elements. It is organized by increasing atomic number. As you move from the left to the right, the

elements become less metallic with the far right side of the table consisting of nonmetals.

The Periodic TableElements in the middle of the table are called

“transition” elements because they are changed from metallic properties to nonmetallic properties.

Elements who touch the “zigzag” line are called metalloids because they have both metallic and nonmetallic properties.

Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity

Metals are malleable (can be hammered into thin sheets)

Metals are ductile (can be pulled into wires)

Metals have luster (shiny)

Potassium, K reacts with water and must be stored in kerosene or oil

Zinc, Zn, is more stable than potassium

Copper, Cu, is a relatively soft metal, and a very good electrical conductor.

Mercury, Hg, is the only metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature

Carbon, the graphite in “pencil lead” is a great example of a nonmetallic element.

Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Nonmetals tend to be brittle Nonmetals do not have luster Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature

Sulfur, S, was once known as “brimstone”

Microspheres of phosphorus, P, a reactive nonmetal

Graphite is not the only pure form of carbon, C. Diamond is also carbon; the color comes from impurities caught within the crystal structure

Metalloids straddle the border between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table.

They have properties of both metals and nonmetals.Metalloids are more brittle than metals, less brittle than most nonmetallic solids Metalloids are semiconductors of electricity Some metalloids possess metallic luster

Silicon has metallic luster Silicon is brittle like a nonmetal Silicon is a semiconductor of electricity

Other metalloids include:

Boron, B Germanium, Ge Arsenic, As Antimony, Sb Tellurium, Te

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

Period

Group or family

Period

Group or Family

Families on the Periodic TableThe table is arranged in vertical columns

called “groups” or “families”The horizontal rows are called “periods.” Elements in each vertical column or group

have similar properties

Families on the Periodic TableElements on the periodic table can be

grouped into families bases on their chemical properties.

Each family has a specific name to differentiate it from the other families in the periodic table.

Elements in each family react differently with other elements.

ALKALI METALSGroup 1Hydrogen is not a member,

it is a non-metal1 electron in the outer shellSoft and silvery metalsVery reactive, esp. with

waterConduct electricity

Image: http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/groups2.html

ALKALINE EARTH METALSGroup 22 electrons in the

outer shellWhite and

malleableReactive, but less

than Alkali metalsConduct

electricity

TRANSITION METALSGroups in the

middle

Good conductors of heat and electricity.

Some are used for jewelry.

The transition metals are able to put up to 32 electrons in their second to last shell.

Can bond with many elements in a variety of shapes.

BORON FAMILY Group 33 electrons in

the outer shellMost are metalsBoron is a

metalloid

CARBON FAMILY Group 44 electrons in

the outer shellContains

metals, metalloids, and a non-metal Carbon (C)

NITROGEN FAMILY Group 55 electrons in

the outer shellCan share

electrons to form compounds

Contains metals, metalloids, and non-metals

OXYGEN FAMILY Group 66 electrons in

the outer shellContains

metals, metalloids, and non-metals

Reactive

HalogensGroup 77 electrons in

the outer shellAll are non-

metalsVery reactive

are often bonded with elements from Group 1

Noble GasesGroup 8Exist as gasesNon-metals8 electrons in the

outer shell = FullHelium (He) has

only 2 electrons in the outer shell = Full

Not reactive with other elements

Rare Earth MetalsSome are

RadioactiveThe rare earths

are silver, silvery-white, or gray metals.

Top row are lanthanides

Bottom row are actinides

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

Period

Group or family

Period

Group or Family

Describe how to read the periodic table:Every table has:

Describe how to read the periodic table:Atomic Symbol:One or two letters chosen to represent an

element.These symbols are used every where in the

worldUsually, abbreviation of the element or the

abbreviated Latin name of the element.

Describe how to read the periodic table:Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom identifies the element. 

Describe how to read the periodic table:Atomic Mass:The average mass of an elementMeasured in atomic mass units ("amu”)Is an average of all the isotopes of an

element.

Mass Number:protons + neutrons = Mass NumberIs always a whole number.

What are the 3 major parts of an atom?

Proton Neutron Electron

ProtonsPositively charged particles found in the

atomic nucleus. Have a mass of 1 AMUAre made from other particles called quarks.

NeutronsUncharged particles found in the atomic

nucleusHave a mass of 1 AMUMade from other particles called quarks.

ElectronNegatively charged particles that surround

the atom's nucleus. Have no mass??Determine properties of the atom. Chemical reactions involve sharing or

exchanging electrons.

Draw a Diagram of an Atom

A diagram showing the location of each part of the atom.

The QuarkOne of the basic building blocks of matter

Discovered in experiments done in the late 1960’s

There are Three families of quarks

Each family contains two quarks.

The QuarkThree Families:1.Consists of Up and Down quarks,

these quarks join together to form protons and neutrons.

2.Consists of Strange and Charm quarks Exist only at high energies.

3.Consists of Top and Bottom quarks Exist only at high energies.

The NucleusThe central part of an atom

Composed of protons and neutrons

Contains most of an atom's mass

Discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1911.

Atomic Symbols

Some show the mass number and atomic

number in nuclear symbol formmass number 23 Na

atomic number 11

Isotopes

Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Describe IsotopeExample:

http://education.jlab.org/glossary/isotope.html

Naturally occurring carbon consists of three isotopes, 12C, 13C, and 14C. State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of these carbon atoms.

12C 13C 14C 6 6 6

#p+ _______ _______ _______

#no _______ _______ _______

#e- _______ _______ _______

Answers

12C 13C 14C 6 6

6

#p+ 6 6 6

#no 6 7 8

#e- 6 6 6

Some quick questionsAn atom has 14 protons and 20 neutrons.

A. Its atomic number is1) 14 2) 16 3) 34

B. Its mass number is1) 14 2) 16 3) 34

C. The element is1) Si 2) Ca 3) Se

D. Another isotope of this element is1) 34X 2) 34X 3) 36X

16 14 14

7 DIATOMIC7 DIATOMIC MOLECULES MOLECULES7 DIATOMIC7 DIATOMIC MOLECULES MOLECULES

• Elements that only exist as PAIRS.

• Note: when they combine to make compounds, they are no longer elements so they are no longer in pairs!

• Hydrogen, Nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine

IONS IONS IONSIONS are atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative are atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative

charge. charge.

Taking awayTaking away an electron from an atom gives a an electron from an atom gives a CATIONCATION with a with a

positive chargepositive charge

AddingAdding an electron to an atom gives an an electron to an atom gives an ANIONANION with a with a

negative chargenegative charge..To tell the difference between an atom and an ion, look to see if To tell the difference between an atom and an ion, look to see if

there is a charge in the superscript! Examples: Nathere is a charge in the superscript! Examples: Na++ Ca Ca+2+2 I I-- O O--

22

Na Ca I ONa Ca I O

Forming Cations & AnionsForming Cations & AnionsForming Cations & AnionsForming Cations & AnionsA A CATIONCATION forms forms when an when an atom atom losesloses one or more one or more electrons.electrons.

An An ANIONANION forms forms when an when an atom atom gainsgains one or more one or more electronselectrons

Mg --> Mg2+ + 2 e- F + e- --> F-

PREDICTING ION CHARGESPREDICTING ION CHARGESPREDICTING ION CHARGESPREDICTING ION CHARGES

In generalIn general

metalsmetals (Mg) (Mg) lose electrons lose electrons ---> ---> cationscations

nonmetalsnonmetals (F) (F) gain electronsgain electrons ---> ---> anionsanions

Learning Check – Counting

State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of these ions.

39 K+ 16O -2 41Ca +2

19 8 20

#p+ ______ ______ _______

#no ______ ______ _______

#e- ______ ______ _______

A diagram showing the location of each part of the atom.