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Chapter 10:The Periodic Table

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Vocabulary words:Periodic tableGroupPeriod

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Lesson 1: Using the Periodic Table

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+What is the periodic table?

Scientists use the periodic table to organize the elements.

It is a chart of the elements arranged into rows and columns according to their physical and chemical properties.

It can be used to determine the relationships among the elements as well.

+Developing a Periodic Table

1869- Dimitir Mendeleev was working on a way to classify the elements. He studied their physical and chemical

properties (density, color, how they react with other elements, etc)

Mendeleev ended up organizing the elements by their atomic masses and noticed the repetition of the properties.

He arranged them in rows by increasing atomic mass.

Elements with similar properties were in the same column.

+Patterns in Properties

Melting point, boiling point,density The physical properties are repeated in a

pattern.

+Predicting Properties of Undiscovered Elements When Mendeleev arranged all known

elements by increasing atomic mass, there were large gaps between some elements.

He predicted that some scientists would fill in those gaps with elements they discovered.

He also predicted that the properties of these elements would be similar to the known elements in that column.

+Changes to Mendeleev’s Table

There was one problem with the table. Some elements seemed out of place. Mendeleev believed that the atomic masses of

some elements must be invalid because the elements appeared in the wrong place on the table.

He place Tellerium before Iodine because Iodine’s properties resembled those of F and Cl. Even though Tellerium had a greater atomic

mass

+The Importance of Atomic Number In the 1900s, Henry Mosley solved

Mendeleev’s problem He organized the elements by AN rather than

AM. This allowed the columns now to have

elements with similar properties. AN= number of protons in the nucleus of an

atom

+Today’s Periodic Table

The table is organized into columns, rows, and blocks, which are all based on certain property patterns. Physical and chemical

+What is on an element key?

Element key contains: Symbol Atomic number Atomic mass State of matter

What is helium?

+Groups

A group is a column on the periodic table. Have similar properties and react with other

elements

Patterns in physical properties of a group are density, melting point, and boiling point.

+Periods

A period is a row on the periodic table. As you read from left to right, the AN

increases The physical and chemical properties also

change as you move left to right.

+Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids ¾ of the elements on the periodic table are

metals. They are located on the left side and in the

middle of the table. All metals are shiny and conduct thermal energy

and electricity. They also have some properties that differ.

+Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids Nonmetals are located on the right side of

the periodic table Except hydrogen

Many are gases and do not conduct thermal energy or electricity

Metalloids have properties of metals and nonmetals.

+How Scientists Use the Periodic Table New elements are created, named, and added

to the present-day periodic table. Elements (such as Bohrium and Hassium) are

all synthetic or man-made and do not occur naturally on Earth.

They can predict the properties of new elements.

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Vocabulary words:Metal, luster, ductility, malleability, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal

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Drag picture to placeholder or click icon to addLesson 2:

Metals

+What is a metal?

To be a metal, an element must have certain properties. Physical properties describe something without

changing its makeup or identity A metal is an element that it generally shiny.

It is easily pulled into wires or hammered into thin sheets. A metal is a good conductor of electricity and thermal energy.

+Luster and Conductivity

Luster is the ability of a metal to reflect light. Gold is used for jewelry because it has great

luster. Gold is also a good conductor of thermal and

electricity. Gold is too expensive to use in wiring or

cookware so Copper is used instead.

+Ductility and malleability

Ductility is the ability to be pulled into thin wires.

Gold is the most ductile metal. Malleability is the ability of a substance to

be hammered or rolled into sheets. Gold is very malleable.

+Other properties

Density, strength, boiling point, and melting point of metal are greater than those of other elements.

All metals are solid at room temperature except for Hg.

Chemical properties The ability or inability of a substance to change

into a new substance Differ greatly but those is the same group have

similar chemical properties

+Alkali Metals

The elements in group 1 Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium,

and Francium React quickly with other elements

They occur only in compounds Pure alkali metals must be stored so they do not

come in contact with oxygen and water vapor

+Alkali Metals

Physical Properties Silvery appearance Soft Lowest density of all metals

For example, a block of sodium can float on water

+Alkaline Earth Metals

Elements in group 2 Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

React quickly with other elements (but not as quickly as alkali metals)

Pure metals do not occur naturally They combine with other elements and form

compounds

+Alkaline Earth Metals

Physical properties Soft Silvery Low density but it is greater than alkali metals

+Transition Elements

The elements in group 3-12 Includes the center of the periodic table and the

two rows on the bottom Properties

Higher melting points, densities, and strength than AM and AEM

Do not react as fast with oxygen Some can exist as free elements (when it occurs

in pure form, not in a compound)

+Uses of Transition Elements

Make good building materials (Fe) Resistance to corrosion

Make coins (Cu, Ag, Ni, Au) Jewelry, wires, and industrial applications

Artists use transition-element compounds in paints and pigments

Some gems, garnets and emeralds, come from the presence of small amounts of transition elements.

+Lanthanide and Actinide Series

These elements are removed from the main part of the table so periods 6 & 7 are not longer than the other periods.

Lanthanide is between Lanthanum and Halfnium Used to make strong magnets

Actinide is between Actinium and Rutherfordium Plutonium is used fuel for nuclear reactors

+Patterns in Properties of Metals

Elements increase in metallic properties as you read from right to left across a period Elements on far right have no metallic properties

Potassium has the highest luster, is the most malleable, and conducts electricity better than all the elements in this period.

+Patterns within Groups

Metallic properties tend to increase as you move down a group

Whose malleability is greater? Gold, Silver, Copper?

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Vocabulary words:Nonmetal, halogen, noble gas, metalloid, semiconductor

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Lesson 3: Nonmetal

s & Metalloids

+The Elements of Life

The mass of your body comes from four nonmetals- oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen Nonmetals are elements that have no metallic

properties. Of the remaining elements, the two most

common are sulfur and phosphorus. These six elements form compounds in

proteins, fats, nucleic acids, and large molecules.

+How are nonmetals different from metals? Nonmetals are gases at room temperature Those that are solid have no luster Poor conductors

Good insulators

+Nonmetals in groups 14-16

These groups contain metals, nonmetals, and metalloids

The chemical properties are similar but the physical properties can be different

Group 14: Carbon Family Carbon is the only nonmetal It is in most of compounds that make up living

things

+Group 14-16

Group 15: Pnictogen Nitrogen (gas) and Phosphorus (solid) are the

only nonmetals These form many different compounds especially

with oxygen Group 16: Chalcogen

Three nonmetals: Oxygen (gas), Sulfur (solid), and Selenium (solid) Oxygen is essential to organisms

+Group 17: Halogens

A halogen is an element is group 17 Flourine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine Halogen means an element that can react

with a metal and form a salt Chlorine reacts with sodium= table salt Calcium chloride= salt for icy roads

+Halogens

React with other elements and form compounds Therefore, they act only in compounds naturally They do not exist as free elements Usually react with other nonmetals like Carbon They are less reactive as you move down the

group

+Group 18: Noble Gases

Noble gases are elements in group 18 Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, and Radon

Do not react with other elements unless in a laboratory

These were not discovered when Mendeleev made the periodic table because they did not form compounds naturally Once they were discovered, a group was added

on the far right

+Hydrogen

Has the smallest atomic mass Most common element in the universe Is classified as a nonmetal because on Earth it

behaves like nonmetal Gas at room temperature

However, it also has similar properties to Alkali Metals Conducts electricity in its liquid state Reacts with other elements

+Metalloids

A metalloid is an element that has physical properties of a metal and nonmetal. B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At

Silicon is the most abundant metalloid in the universe. Most sand is made up of a compound containing

Silicon. Used in glass Electronic devices Medical tubing

+Semiconductors

A property of a metalloid is to act as a semiconductor.

A semiconductor conducts electricity at high temperatures, but not at low temperatures. At high temp- metalloids act as metals and

conduct electricity At low temp- they act like nonmetals and do not

allow electricity to flow easily

+Properties and Uses of Metalloids Silicon: compounds create sand, clay, rock,

minerals, & pure silicon are semiconductors for computers and other electronic products

Germanium: semiconductors Boron: water softeners, and laundry products.

It also glows green in fireworks