4.06 Periodic Table and Periodic...

August 20171 4.06 Periodic Table and Periodic Trend

4.06 Periodic Table and Periodic Trends

Dr. Fred Omega GarcesChemistry 100, Miramar College


The Periodic Table and the ElementsWhat is the periodic table ?What information is obtained from the table ?How can elemental properties be predicted base on the PT ?


The Periodic TableA map of the building block of matter.

1IA

18VIIIA

11

H1.00797

2IIA Periodic Table 13

IIIA14IVA

15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2He4.0026

23

Li6.939

4Be9.0122

5B10.811

6C

12.0112

7N

14.0067

8O

15.9994

9F

18.9984

10Ne20.179

311

Na22.9898

12Mg24.305

3IIIB

4IVB

5VB

6VIB

7VIIB

8 9VIIIB

10 11IB

12IIB

13Al26.9815

14Si28.086

15P

30.9738

16S32.064

17Cl35.453

18Ar39.948

419K39.102

20Ca40.08

21Sc44.956

22Ti47.90

23V50.942

24Cr51.996

25Mn54.9380

26Fe55.847

27Co58.9332

28Ni58.71

29Cu63.54

30Zn65.37

31Ga65.37

32Ge72.59

33As74.9216

34Se78.96

35Br79.909

36Kr83.80

537

Rb85.47

38Sr87.62

39Y88.905

40Zr91.22

41Nb92.906

42Mo95.94

43Tc[99]

44Ru101.07

45Rh102.905

46Pd106.4

47Ag107.870

48Cd112.40

49In114.82

50Sn118.69

51Sb121.75

52Te127.60

53I

126.904

54Xe131.30

655Cs132.905

56Ba137.34

57La138.91

72Hf178.49

73Ta180.948

74W183.85

75Re186.2

76Os190.2

77Ir192.2

78Pt195.09

79Au196.967

80Hg200.59

81Tl204.37

82Pb207.19

83Bi208.980

84Po[210]

85At[210]

86Rn[222]

787Fr[223]

88Ra[226]

89Ac[227]

104Ku[260]

105 106 107 108 109

http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html

I like to refer to the periodic table as a map of the building block of matter. Consider the value of a map. A map of California for example shows you the terrain and geological information of California. According to the map, the east is the Sierra Nevada, the west is the Pacific Ocean, the north is Portland and south is Baja California. Like wise the periodic table provides valuable information. The PT shows family and periods. The southwest (lower-left) portion of the Periodic table are the most metallic while the northeast (upper-right) is the most nonmetallic. Other information about the periodic table will be describe in this chapter.


Periodic Tablee- configuration from the periodic periodic table

B2p1

1IA

18VIIIA

1 2IIA

13IIIA

14IVA

15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

3 3IIIB

4IVB

5VB

6VIB

7VIIB

8 9VIIIB

10 11IB

12IIB

4

5

6

7

H1s1

Li2s1

Na3s1

K4s1

Rb5s1

Cs6s1

Fr7s1

Be2s2

Mg3s2

Ca4s2

Sr5s2

Ba6s2

Ra7s2

Sc3d1

Ti3d2

V3d3

Cr4s13d5

Mn3d5

Fe3d6

Co3d7

Ni3d8

Zn3d10

Cu4s13d10

B2p1

C2p2

N2p3

O2p4

F2p5

Ne2p6

He1s2

Al3p1

Ga4p1

In5p1

Tl6p1

Si3p2

Ge4p2

Sn5p2

Pb6p2

P3p3

As4p3

Sb5p3

Bi6p3

S3p4

Se4p4

Te5p4

Po6p4

Cl3p5

Be4p5

I5p5

At6p5

Ar3p6

Kr4p6

Xe5p6

Rn6p6

Y4d1

La5d1

Ac6d1

Cd4d10

Hg5d10

Ag5s14d10

Au6s15d10

Zr4d2

Hf5d2

Rf6d2

Nb4d3

Ta5d3

Db6d3

Mo5s14d5

W6s15d5

Sg7s16d5

Tc4d5

Re5d5

Bh6d5

Ru4d6

Os5d6

Hs6d6

Rh4d7

Ir5d7

Mt6d7

Ni4d8

Ni5d8

Electron configuration of an element is simply a listing of how many electrons are in each energy level of the atom for a particular element. The best way to determine of an element is to use the periodic table. In lecture notes 3.5, this was discussed.


Periodic Table: electron behaviorThe periodic table can be classified by the behavior of their electrons

1IA

18VIIIA

1 2IIA

13IIIA

14IVA

15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

3 3IIIB

4IVB

5VB

6VIB

7VIIB

8 9VIIIB

10 11IB

12IIB

4

5

6

7

West (South) Mid-plains East (North)METALS

AlkaliAlkaline

Transition

METALLOID NON-METALSNoble gasHalogensCalcogens

These elementstend to give up

e- and formCATIONS

These elementswill give up e- or

accept e-

These elementstend to accepte- and formANIONS

It is important to note that when writing out the electron configuration for the elements, metals tend to have fewer electrons in their valence orbitals than nonmetals. When atoms try to attain the noble gas electron configuration, they tend to take the path of least resistance. Metals can attain a noble gas electron configuration more easily by losing electrons (therefore becoming cations) while nonmetals will attain a noble gas electron configuration by gaining electrons (therefore becoming anions).


2. Trend in Atomic RadiusAtomic Radius: The size of at atomic specie is determine by the boundaries of the valence e-. Largest atomic species are those found in the southwest (SW) or bottom-left corner of the periodic table since these atoms have their valence electron found in a higher shell than the proceeding element above it in the periodic table. For example, elements with trends of increasing size goes, Li < Na , K < Rb for the Alkali family. For the chalcogen, the trend is O < S < Se < Te. Te has its valence electrons in the 5th shell and Se has its valence electrons in the 4th shell. Therefore, Te is bigger than O.

Across the periodic table, the atomic radius decreases. The smallest atoms are found in the northeast (NW) or top-right corner of the periodic table. This trend follows Z(effective), which means that for elements in the same period, the valence electrons are all found in the same shell. For a given period, elements to the right (east) of the periodic table have more protons than those to the left (west) of the periodic table. This effectively causes the electron cloud in the valence shell to contract towards the nucleus where they are attracted to the proton. Therefore, the atomic radius decreases across the periodic table. For the third period, the atomic radius essentially goes Al > Si > P > S > Cl > Ar. In this example, Chlorine is smaller than S because although Cl has 7 valence electrons found in the 3rd shell, these electrons are attracted by 17 protons. Sulfur on the other hand has six valence electrons attracted by only 16 protons. Seventeen protons attracting the valence electrons in chlorine is more effective in decreasing the atomic radius than sixteen protons of sulfur.


2. Trend in Atomic Radius


3. Trend in Ionization PotentialIonization potential:

Ionization energy increases moving towards the NE corner or top-right corner of periodic table. The lowest ionization energy is towards the SW or bottom-left corner of the periodic table. The ionization energy is opposite the trend of atomic radii. This can be rationalize by thinking about the attraction of the valence electrons to the nucleus where the protons are located. For very small atoms, the valence electrons are closer to the protons and therefore the energy required to remove these valence electrons will be high. For larger atoms, the valence electrons are further away from the nucleus and therefore are not held as tightly. Larger atoms will have smaller ionization energy. There are some anomallies in this general trend that can be explained by how the electrons are arranged in the orbitals.

Exercise - In general the ionization energy increase when moving towards the non mental (right-top) portion of the periodic table. Why is it therefore that the ionization energy for oxygen (1314 kJ/mol is lower in energy than nitrogen 1402 kJ/mol, see table below

Ionization energy or potential energy is defined as the energy required to remove the valence electron from an atomic specie.


3. Trend in Ionization Potential


4. Trend in Electron AffinityElectron Affinity:

Electron affinity is defined as the energy released (therefore the negative sign, see table) when an electron is added to the valence shell of an atom.

The electron affinity is most favorable toward NE or upper right corner of periodic table since these atoms will have the greatest tendency to attract electrons. Smaller atoms will have an affinity for electrons more effectively than large atoms. Going from right to left, B, C, N, O, and F, the electron affinity is increasingly negative. The anomallies in the trend, ie., nitrogen, due to the electron placement going into a half-filled p-orbitals.


Periodic Table Live

http://www.chemeddl.org/resources/ptl/index.php

About Periodic Table Live!: Program that allows a broad range of information about the elements, their reactions, their properties, their structures, and their histories.

Required Components: Apple QuickTime is required to view videos on this site.Suggested Browsers: For the best user experience, we recommend one of the following browsers:


Summary of TrendPeriodic Table and Periodic TrendsThe periodic table contains valuable information about all atoms responsible for matter in our universe. The

table can be thought of as a map in which information about physical characteristics and chemical behavior can be obtain. The table also organizes the elements in such a matter that trends in chemical behavior and physical properties can be realize. The following are easily obtain from the periodic table.

1. Electron Configuration2. Metallic Character

2. Atomic Radius: Largest toward SW corner of PT

3. Ionization Energy: Largest toward NE of PT

4. Electron Affinity: Most favorable NE of PT


Summary

Periodic Table: Map of the Building block of matter

Type: Metal, metalloid and Nonmetal

Groupings: Representative or main, transition and

Lanthanide/Actanides

Family: Elements in the same column have similar chemical property because of similar valence electrons

Alkali, Alkaline, chalcogens, halogens, noble gases

Period: Elements in the same row have valence electrons in the same shell.


Summary

4.06 Periodic Table and Periodic...

Documents

Transcript of 4.06 Periodic Table and Periodic...