The Periodic Table: Tour of the The Periodic Table: Tour of the Periodic Table – Key TermsPeriodic Table – Key Terms

•Main-group elementsMain-group elements – ones – ones in s-and p-blocks of the table in s-and p-blocks of the table that are called that are called representative representative elementselements because they have because they have a wide range of properties. a wide range of properties.

•See Figure 5 on page 124.See Figure 5 on page 124.

Key Terms 2Key Terms 2

•Main group elements have special Main group elements have special sub groups like sub groups like alkali metalsalkali metals (Group 1), (Group 1), alkaline-earth metalsalkaline-earth metals (Group 2), (Group 2), halogenshalogens (Group 17) & (Group 17) & noble gasesnoble gases (Group 18). (Group 18).

•See Fig. 6 pg 125 for See Fig. 6 pg 125 for alkali metalsalkali metals which react with water to make which react with water to make alkaline solutions (pH alkaline solutions (pH >> 7.0). 7.0).

Key Terms 3Key Terms 3

•Alkali metals can be cut by a Alkali metals can be cut by a knife but lose the newly exposed knife but lose the newly exposed shiny surface because the metal shiny surface because the metal reacts with Hreacts with H22O & O in the air.O & O in the air.

•See Table 3 page 125 for their See Table 3 page 125 for their physical properties.physical properties.

Key Terms 4Key Terms 4

•These metals are very reactive These metals are very reactive because they only have 1 valence because they only have 1 valence electron, and losing it results in a electron, and losing it results in a stable electron configuration.stable electron configuration.

•Transition metalTransition metal – one that bonds – one that bonds with electrons in its inner shell with electrons in its inner shell before its outer shellbefore its outer shell

Key Terms 5Key Terms 5

•DuctileDuctile – squeezable into wire – squeezable into wire

•AlloyAlloy – solid or liquid mixture – solid or liquid mixture of 2 or more metalsof 2 or more metals

•LanthanideLanthanide – member of the – member of the rare-earth series with an rare-earth series with an atomic # bet-ween 58 atomic # bet-ween 58 (cerium) & 71 (lutetium)(cerium) & 71 (lutetium)

Key Terms 6Key Terms 6

•ActinideActinide – any element of – any element of the actinide series where the actinide series where its atomic number falls its atomic number falls between 89 (actinium, Ac) between 89 (actinium, Ac) through 103 (lawrencium, through 103 (lawrencium, Lr)Lr)

Tour of the Periodic Table:Tour of the Periodic Table:Things To DoThings To Do

•Locate the different families Locate the different families of main-group elements on of main-group elements on the periodic table.the periodic table.

•Describe their characteristic Describe their characteristic properties and relate these to properties and relate these to their electron configurations.their electron configurations.

Things To Do 2Things To Do 2

•Locate other metals on the Locate other metals on the periodic table.periodic table.

•Describe their Describe their characteristic properties characteristic properties and relate these to their and relate these to their electron configurationselectron configurations..

Tour of the Periodic Table – Tour of the Periodic Table – Main Group ElementsMain Group Elements

•S- & p-block elements with S- & p-block elements with regu-lar electron configurations regu-lar electron configurations (EC).(EC).

•Same group = same # of Same group = same # of valence electrons whose valence electrons whose configurations are nsconfigurations are ns11 to ns to ns22pp66..

•Here, n is the series or row #.Here, n is the series or row #.

Main Group Elements 2Main Group Elements 2

•Row # doubles as the energy Row # doubles as the energy level & principal quantum #.level & principal quantum #.

•For example, a Row 3 Group For example, a Row 3 Group 2 element (Mg) would have 2 element (Mg) would have an EC of 3san EC of 3s22..

•Group 16 in this row (Sulfur) Group 16 in this row (Sulfur) would have an EC of 3swould have an EC of 3s223p3p44..

Main Group Elements 3Main Group Elements 3

•Since these elements are in the Since these elements are in the s- & p-blocks, their valence s- & p-blocks, their valence electrons occupy s & p orbitals.electrons occupy s & p orbitals.

•Group 2 alkaline-earth metals are Group 2 alkaline-earth metals are slightly less reactive because slightly less reactive because they have 2 valence electrons.they have 2 valence electrons.

Main Group Elements 4Main Group Elements 4

•It takes more time and energy It takes more time and energy to lose 2 electrons than one.to lose 2 electrons than one.

•Group 17 Halogens are very Group 17 Halogens are very reactive because they need reactive because they need only 1 valence electron to have only 1 valence electron to have a full outermost energy level.a full outermost energy level.

Main Group Elements 5Main Group Elements 5

•Groups 1 & 17 are alike in Groups 1 & 17 are alike in needing to move only one needing to move only one valence electron.valence electron.

•However the 1However the 1stst group group loses but the 2loses but the 2ndnd one gains one gains an electron.an electron.

Main Group Elements 6Main Group Elements 6

•Halogens are the most reactive Halogens are the most reactive nonmetals & react with metals nonmetals & react with metals to form salts like NaCl.to form salts like NaCl.

•Calcium is the best know Calcium is the best know alkaline-earth (Group 2) metal; alkaline-earth (Group 2) metal; it’s in bone, limestone, marble & it’s in bone, limestone, marble & teeth.teeth.

Main Group Elements 7Main Group Elements 7

•Noble gases in group 18 are Noble gases in group 18 are mostly unreactive not inert.mostly unreactive not inert.

•They have a full outermost They have a full outermost energy levels but can be energy levels but can be made to react under made to react under extreme circumstances.extreme circumstances.

Main Group Elements 8Main Group Elements 8

•The strong stability and The strong stability and resultant low reactivity allow resultant low reactivity allow special uses like filling blimps.special uses like filling blimps.

•H is in a solo class because it H is in a solo class because it is the most common element.is the most common element.

•H’s used to make ammonia, H’s used to make ammonia, NHNH33, which is used to make , which is used to make

fertilizer.fertilizer.

Most Elements Are MetalsMost Elements Are Metals

•Study Figure 11 on page 128.Study Figure 11 on page 128.

•Metals share many properties Metals share many properties like being great heat and like being great heat and electricity conductors, ductile & electricity conductors, ductile & malleable.malleable.

•Transition metals are in the Transition metals are in the center of the periodic table, center of the periodic table, Groups 3-12.Groups 3-12.

Most Elements Are Metals 2Most Elements Are Metals 2

•Groups of transition metals or Groups of transition metals or d-block elements do not have d-block elements do not have the same # of valence the same # of valence electrons.electrons.

•HOWEVER, THE SUM OF THE HOWEVER, THE SUM OF THE OUTER d & s ELECTRONS = OUTER d & s ELECTRONS = THE GROUP #THE GROUP #..

•They can lose 1 to 3 valence They can lose 1 to 3 valence electrons, have lower reactivity electrons, have lower reactivity than Groups 1-2 metals but than Groups 1-2 metals but keep other metal properties.keep other metal properties.

Most Elements Are Metals 3Most Elements Are Metals 3

•Lanthanides & actinides fill f-Lanthanides & actinides fill f-orbitals but are placed toward orbitals but are placed toward the bottom of the table in two the bottom of the table in two rows to keep the table narrow.rows to keep the table narrow.

•Lanthanides = name of the 1Lanthanides = name of the 1stst of these rows because in it of these rows because in it elements have atomic #’s elements have atomic #’s that follow lanthanum.that follow lanthanum.

Most Elements Are Metals 4Most Elements Are Metals 4•Actinides = name because Actinides = name because

elements in the row beneath elements in the row beneath lanthanides have atomic #’s lanthanides have atomic #’s that follow actinium.that follow actinium.

•Left to right in these rows, Left to right in these rows, electrons get added to 4f-electrons get added to 4f-orbitals in the lanthanides but orbitals in the lanthanides but 5f ones in the actinides.5f ones in the actinides.

Most Elements Are Metals 5Most Elements Are Metals 5

•For actinides, the nuclear For actinides, the nuclear structure is more important structure is more important than electron configuration.than electron configuration.

•This is because their nuclei This is because their nuclei are unstable, and as a result are unstable, and as a result they spontaneously break they spontaneously break apart & cause radioactivity.apart & cause radioactivity.

•Uranium is the best-known Uranium is the best-known actinide.actinide.

Most Elements Are Metals 6Most Elements Are Metals 6

•Some other properties of metals Some other properties of metals include widely varying melting include widely varying melting points with the highest (W, points with the highest (W, 43224322˚̊C) and among the lowest C) and among the lowest ones (Hg, -39ones (Hg, -39˚̊C).C).

•They can be mixed to make They can be mixed to make alloys that eliminate the alloys that eliminate the disadvantages of the solo disadvantages of the solo metals.metals.

Most Elements Are Metals 7Most Elements Are Metals 7

•For example, brass is Cu & Zn, For example, brass is Cu & Zn, which is harder than Cu and which is harder than Cu and more resistant to corrosion.more resistant to corrosion.

•Sterling silver is mostly Ag Sterling silver is mostly Ag with a little Cu. with a little Cu.

•Steel is mostly Fe but has Steel is mostly Fe but has 0.2% - 1.5% carbon atoms & 0.2% - 1.5% carbon atoms & usually tiny amounts of other usually tiny amounts of other elements like Mn and Ni.elements like Mn and Ni.

Most Elements Are Metals 8Most Elements Are Metals 8

•Consider finding an Consider finding an element in nature still in element in nature still in its pure elemental state.its pure elemental state.

•What does this reveal What does this reveal about its reactivity?about its reactivity?