The History of the Earth. Origin of the Universe The universe began about 14.4 billion years ago The...
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The History of the Earth
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Origin of the UniverseThe universe began about 14.4 billion years ago
The Big Bang Theory states that, in the beginning, the universe was all in one place
All of its matter and energy were squished into an infinitely small point, a singularity
Then it exploded
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Origin of the Universe
The tremendous amount of material blown out by the explosion eventually formed the stars and galaxies
After about 10 billion years, our solar system began to form
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We know how the Earth and Solar System are today and this allows us to work backwards and determine how the Earth and Solar System were formed
Plus we can look out into the universe for clues on how stars and planets are currently being formed
Birth of the Solar System
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In cosmogony, the Nebular Hypothesis is the currently accepted argument about how a Solar System can form
The Nebular Hypothesis
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A large gas cloud (nebula) begins to condense
Most of the mass is in the center, there is turbulence in the outer parts
The Nebular Hypothesis
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Gravitational attraction causes the mass of gas and dust to slowly contract and it begins to rotate
The dust and matter slowly falls towards the center
The Nebular Hypothesis
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Protostar
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After sufficient mass and density was achieved in the Sun, the temperature rose to one million °C, resulting in thermonuclear fusion.
H atom + H atom = He atom + energy
The Sun
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Birth of the Solar System
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Gravitational forces allow the inner planets to accrue and compact solid matter (including light and heavy atoms)
Solar radiation blew gases (primarily hydrogen, helium) away from inner planets
These gases were collected and condensed into the gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)
Beyond Neptune, ice and frozen gases form Pluto and the Kuiper Belt Objects
Left-over debris form comets and asteroids
Protoplanets
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Birth of the Solar System
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Size of the Planets
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Earth is ~ 4,570,000,000 years old
The Age of the Earth
Meteorites give us access to debris left over from the formation of the solar systemWe can date meteorites using radioactive isotopes and their decay products
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Bombardment From SpaceFor the first half billion years of its existence, the surface of the Earth was repeatedly pulverized by asteroids and comets of all sizes
One of these collisions formed the Moon
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Formation of the MoonThe Giant Impact Hypothesis predicts that around 50 million years after the initial creation of Earth, a planet about the size of Mars collided with Earth
This idea was first proposed about 30 years ago, but it took calculations by modern high-speed computers to prove the feasibility
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Formation of the MoonThis collision had to be very spectacular!
A considerable amount of material was blown off into space, but most fell back onto the Earth
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Formation of the MoonPart of the material from the collision remained in orbit around the Earth
By the process of collision and accretion, this orbiting material coalesced into the Moon
The early Moon orbited very close to the Earth
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The Early Earth Heats Up
1. Collisions (Transfer of kinetic energy into heat)
2. Compression
3. Radioactivity of elements (e.g. uranium, potassium, or thorium)
Three major factors that caused heating and melting in the early Earth’s interior:
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The Evolving AtmosphereFor the next several hundred million years, volcanic out-gassing began to create a thicker atmosphere composed of a wide variety of gases
The gases that were released were probably similar to those created by modern volcanic eruptions
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These would include:
Water vapor (H2O)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Ammonia (NH3)
Methane (CH4)
The Evolving Atmosphere
Note that oxygen (O2) gas is not created by volcanic eruptions
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It is hypothesized that water vapor escaping from the interior of the Earth via countless volcanic eruptions created the oceans (this took hundreds of millions of years)
Creating the Oceans
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Astronomers also hypothesize that comets impacting the Earth were a major source of water that contributed to creation of the oceans
Remember, that comets are best described as “dirty snowballs”
Creating the Oceans
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Creating the OceansThe earliest evidence of surface water on Earth dates back about 3.8 billion years
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A billion Year Old EarthBy 3.5 billion years ago, when the Earth was a billion years old, it had a thick atmosphere composed of CO2, methane, water vapor and other volcanic gases
By human standards this early atmosphere was very poisonous
It contained almost no oxygen
Remember, today our atmosphere is 21% oxygen
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A billion Year Old Earth
But most important, by 3.5 billion years ago, there was life on Earth
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The Creation Of LifeThese 3.5 billion year old fossilized algae mats, which are called stromatolites, are considered to be the earliest known life on earth
They are found in Western Australia
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CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria, commonly called blue-green algae, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis
This was the first life on Earth
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OxygenThe ability of cyanobacteria to perform oxygenic photosynthesis is thought to have converted the early Earth atmosphere into an oxidizing one, which dramatically changed the life forms on Earth and provoked an explosion of biodiversity
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OxygenBy around 2.2 to 2.4 billion years ago, the Earth had developed an atmosphere that is very similar to today’s atmosphere (nitrogen and oxygen)
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Banded Iron FormationsHow do we know that there was no oxygen in the early Earth atmosphere?
Oxygen oxides native iron and created minerals such as hematite (iron oxide which is F2O3)
Simply put, water and oxygen creates rusts out of iron
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Banded iron formations (also known as BIFs) are a distinctive type of rock often found in primordial sedimentary rocks
The structures consist of repeated thin layers of iron oxides, either magnetite or hematite, alternating with bands of iron-poor shale and chert
Banded Iron Formations
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Banded Iron FormationsBIFs are primarily found in very old sedimentary rocks, ranging from over 3 to 1.8 billion years in age
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Banded Iron FormationsIt is hypothesized that the banded iron layers were formed in sea water as the result of free oxygen released by photosynthetic cyanobacteria combining with dissolved iron in the oceans to form insoluble iron oxides, which precipitated out, forming a thin layer on the seafloor
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The Continents
By 2.5 billion years ago, the continents had been formed
The density of the continental crust (2.8 gr/cm3) is lighter that the crust found on ocean bottoms (3.2 gr/cm3), so the continents rise above the ocean floor
A question that remains unanswered is, when did plate tectonics start?