The End Of The Great War 4
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Transcript of The End Of The Great War 4
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10.5 and 10.6 : Students analyze the causes, effects and course of the First World War.
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The End of the Great War
Chapter 25
Pages 858-868
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10.5 and 10.6 : Students analyze the causes, effects and course of the First World War.
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Topics
I. The End for Germany
II. Settlement at Paris
III. A Lasting Peace???
IV. Evaluating the Peace
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I. The End for Germany
A. The Last Offensive
B. The Kaiser Abdicates
C. Public Perception
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A. The Last Offensive
• Germany hopes to win before U.S. arrives
• Second Battle of Marne stops German advance
• Too many reinforcements
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B. The Kaiser Abdicates
• German leadership hopes for terms with U.S.– Encouraged by 14 points– Germany still controls foreign soil– Kaiser will abdicate– Democratic Socialists will head government
• Armistice Day 11/11/18
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C. Public Perception
• Versailles treaty will anger Germans– Forced to sign it– Many believed they were winning– Loss of land– Reparations
• Weimer Government will sign– Social Democrats– Catholic Center
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II. Settlement at Paris
A. Obstacles of the Big Four.
B. 14 points
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A. Obstacles of the Big Four
• Britain wanted Reparations.– David Lloyd George
• France wanted to weaken Germany.– George Clemenceau
• Italy wanted Allied promises of land.– Vittorio Orlando
• Wilson’s idealism contradicted this– “A Peace without Victors”
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B. The 14 Points
• Wilson hoped to achieve a lasting peace in Europe with justice and self determination.
• Points 1-5; stated no secret treaties, freedom of the seas, remove trade barriers, reduce arms and adjust colonial claims.
• Points 6-13 returned Alsace Loraine to France and offered self determination to European Nations.
• The 14th point was the League of Nations.
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III. A Lasting Peace???
A. League of NationsB. ColoniesC. GermanyD. The EastE. End of the
Ottoman EmpireF. The Russian
Threat
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A. League of Nations
• Wilson compromised with Allies to get League• U.S. Refuses League
– Republican Senate was against the League.– It was a question of U.S. sovereignty.– Could an international organization send U.S. troops
to war?
• Problems of League– Germany and U.S.S.R excluded– No Military Force and Unanimity– No U.S. ???
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B. Colonies
• Colonies are now mandates
• Mideast loved idea of self determination
• Independence encouraged– No penalties if not
achieved• 1918 Balfour
Declaration
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C. Germany
• Germany had to pay reparations
• Germany had to accept full blame
• Germany Lost territory– Alsace and Lorraine – Polish Corridor– Divided into two separate regions
• German citizens were in shock– The Stab in the Back
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D. The East
• Austria-Hungary was divided.– Lost land to
newly formed nations of eastern Europe.
– Also lost land to Italy.
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E. End of the Ottoman Empire
• Ottoman Empire was broken up.– Iraq, Lebanon, Syria,
Transjordan and Palestine all became mandates of Britain.
– Turkey was all that remained of the Ottoman Empire
• Turkey, the Young Turks and Ataturk
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F. Russia is seen as a threat.
• Russia was communist under Lenin.
• Russia signed the treaty of Brest Litovsk
• Lenin published secret treaties between Russia and the west– West resented Lenin and the
Bolsheviks• West sided with the White
Army in the Civil War
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10.5 and 10.6 : Students analyze the causes, effects and course of the First World War.
22Europe 1914
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10.5 and 10.6 : Students analyze the causes, effects and course of the First World War.
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IV. Evaluating the Peace.
A. Criticisms
B. Lasting Failures
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A. Criticisms
• Was it too harsh?– Not Wilson’s Idealism– No end to Imperialism– Reparations and an angry Germany
• Was it too soft?– Punish the German’s more– Don’t let Germany rebuild– France depends on Anglo-Saxon support
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B. Lasting failures
• Germany is bitter and isolated– Did not accept defeat
• U.S.S.R and U.S.A. are out of League
• The League was a weak international actor
• Imperialism and Empire were not over
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Terms to know
• Treaty of Versailles• 14 Points• Woodrow Wilson• League of Nation• Self Determination• Alsace-Lorraine• Polish corridor• Weimer Republic
• Reparations• mandates• The Big Four• Ottoman Empire
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What we know…
• Germany lost, but did not accept it.
• The victors were divided along idealism vs. national interest.
• The Treaty was poorly written to keep the peace
• The League will be too ineffective to keep the peace