TABLE OF CONTENTS 189 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS · INTRODUCED SPECIES 282 IRCF REPTILES &...
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IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 19(4):280–287 • DEC 2012 O ustalet’s Chameleon, Furcifer oustaleti (Mocquard 1894) (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae), is indigenous to Madagascar (Henkel and Schmidt 2000). This species is found in a variety of dry and humid habitats, including montane wet savannas, deciduous dry forests, tropical rain- forests, degraded habitats, and inside villages and cities, but is often rare in primary forests (Glaw and Vences 2007). It is one of the largest extant chameleons, growing to 700 mm total length (Henkel and Schmidt 2000). This species has been introduced to southern Florida, USA, where it has INTRODUCED SPECIES IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNAL Preliminary Dietary Analysis for the Non-indigenous Oustalet’s Chameleon, Furcifer oustaleti (Mocquard 1894) (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae), in Southern Florida Kenneth L. Krysko 1 , Christopher R. Gillette 2 , Rebecca M. Reichart 1 , Leroy P. Nuñez 1 , Nicholas T. Coutu 1 , Joseph A. Wasilewski 3 , Kevin M. Enge 4 , and Andrew P. Borgia 5 1 Florida Museum of Natural History, Division of Herpetology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA (KLK: [email protected], RMR: [email protected], LPN: [email protected], NTC: [email protected]) 2 Florida International University, Department of Environmental Studies, Modesto Maidique Campus, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, Florida 33199, USA ([email protected]) 3 Natural Selections, 24305 SW 142th Avenue, Homestead, Florida 33032, USA 4 Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 1105 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, Florida 32601, USA (e-mail: [email protected]) 5 P.O. Box 4346, Key West, Florida 33041, USA ([email protected]) 280 An adult male Oustalet’s Chameleon (Furcifer oustaleti) on an Avocado Tree (Persea americana). Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. Copyright © 2012. Kenneth L. Krysko. All rights reserved.
Transcript of TABLE OF CONTENTS 189 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS · INTRODUCED SPECIES 282 IRCF REPTILES &...
IRCFREPTILES&HIBIANS•19(4):280–287•DEC2012
Oustalet’s Chameleon, Furcifer oustaleti (Mocquard1894) (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae), is indigenous
toMadagascar (HenkelandSchmidt2000).This speciesisfoundinavarietyofdryandhumidhabitats,includingmontanewetsavannas,deciduousdryforests,tropicalrain-
forests,degradedhabitats,andinsidevillagesandcities,butisoftenrare inprimary forests (GlawandVences2007).Itisoneofthelargestextantchameleons,growingto700mmtotallength(HenkelandSchmidt2000).ThisspecieshasbeenintroducedtosouthernFlorida,USA,whereithas
I N T R O D U C E D S P E C I E S
IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • VOL15, NO 4 • DEC 2008 189TABLE OF CONTENTS
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
F E A T U R E A R T I C L E S
Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190
The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W. Henderson 198
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E S
The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida
.............................................Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212
C O N S E R V A T I O N A L E R T
World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 More Than Mammals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 223 The “Dow Jones Index” of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................... 225
H U S B A N D R Y
Captive Care of the Central Netted Dragon ....................................................................................................... Shannon Plummer 226
P R O F I L E
Kraig Adler: A Lifetime Promoting Herpetology ................................................................................................ Michael L. Treglia 234
C O M M E N T A R Y
The Turtles Have Been Watching Me ........................................................................................................................ Eric Gangloff 238
B O O K R E V I E W
Threatened Amphibians of the World edited by S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R. Berridge, P. Ramani, and B.E. Young .............................................................................................................. Robert Powell 243
CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Conservation Research Reports ................................. 245 NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247 NEWBRIEFS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 248 EDITORIAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 251 FOCUS ON CONSERVATION: A Project You Can Support ............................................................................................... 252
Front Cover. Shannon Plummer.Totat et velleseque audant mo estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur ma derrovitae voluptam, as quos accullabo.
Back Cover. Michael KernTotat et velleseque audant mo
estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus
aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque
moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia-tur ma derrovitae voluptam, as
IRC
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REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSC O N S E R V AT I O N A N D N AT U R A L H I S T O R Y
WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNAL
Preliminary Dietary Analysis for the Non-indigenous Oustalet’s Chameleon,
Furcifer oustaleti (Mocquard 1894) (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae), in Southern FloridaKennethL.Krysko1,ChristopherR.Gillette2,RebeccaM.Reichart1,LeroyP.Nuñez1,NicholasT.Coutu1,JosephA.Wasilewski3,Kevin
M.Enge4,andAndrewP.Borgia51FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,DivisionofHerpetology,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida32611,USA(KLK:[email protected],
RMR:[email protected],LPN:[email protected],NTC:[email protected])2FloridaInternationalUniversity,DepartmentofEnvironmentalStudies,ModestoMaidiqueCampus,11200SW8thStreet,Miami,Florida33199,USA([email protected])
3NaturalSelections,24305SW142thAvenue,Homestead,Florida33032,USA4FloridaFishandWildlifeConservationCommission,1105SWWillistonRoad,Gainesville,Florida32601,USA(e-mail:[email protected])
5P.O.Box4346,KeyWest,Florida33041,USA([email protected])
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AnadultmaleOustalet’sChameleon(Furcifer oustaleti)onanAvocadoTree(Persea americana).PhotographbyKennethL.Krysko.
Copyright©2012.KennethL.Krysko.Allrightsreserved.
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beenestablishedformorethanadecade(Gilletteetal.2010).Initsnativerange,F. oustaletihasbeenreportedconsuminginsects(Spawlsetal.2004),birds(GarciaandVences2002),andfruits(Takahashi2008).Otherthanitsestablishment,nothingisknownaboutitsnaturalhistoryinFlorida.Inthispaper,wedocumentapreliminarydietanalysisforthisnon-indigenousspeciesinFlorida.
Materials and MethodsOn29Novemberat1900–2200handon30November2011at1900–2130h, fourandfivepeople,respectively,conductednight-timesurveysforFurcifer oustaletiwithintheextensiveAvocado(Persea americana)grovesreportedbyGilletteetal.(2010)inFloridaCity,Miami-DadeCounty,Florida.Wesurveyedonlyaverysmallsectionextendingfromthenorthwest(25.42936°N,80.513542°W,WGS84;elev. < 2 m), northeast (25.42936°N, 80.505462°W),southwest (25.428026°N,80.513509°W), and southeast(25.428036°N,80.505473°W).LikeotherintroducedspeciesofchameleonsinFlorida(e.g.,VeiledChameleon,Chamaeleo calyptratus; seeKryskoetal.2004),diurnallyactivespeciessuchasFurcifer oustaleti are extremelydifficult todetectamongvegetationduringtheday.Atnight,however,theselizardsturnlighterwhilesleepingandperchedaboveground
ontreebranchesandothervegetation.Chameleonsareeasytodetectatnightusingbrightflashlightsandheadlamps,becauselightreflectsoffthelizards’scalescausingthemtoshinebrightly.Capturesweremadebyhandandchameleonswereeuthanizedhumanelywithinfourhoursaftercapture.VoucherspecimensandphotographsweredepositedintheFloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory(FLMNH),UniversityofFlorida(UFcollection).Specimensweresexed,measuredtothenearestmm(±0.02mm)usingdigitalcalipers,andstomachsweredissectedfordietarydata.Tissuesamplesforgeneticanalysesweretakenfromsomespecimensbeforeulti-matelybeingeitherfixedin10%formalinandsubsequentlypreservedin70%ethanol,orpreparedasarticulatedskeletons.WeidentifiedconsumeditemsatleasttoOrder.StatisticalanalyseswereperformedusingSigmaStat(ver.3.5).Foralltests,α=0.05.Meansarereported±onestandarderror.
ResultsOnthefirstnight,wefound16Furcifer oustaleti,ofwhich12werecollected(UF166074–85).Onthesecondnight,wefound30,ofwhich27werecollected(UF166086–91,166093–113). Our specimens represented juveniles andadultsofbothsexes.SevenF. oustaletiwerenotcollectedbecausetheyweretoohigh intrees.Twospecimens(UF
AnadultfemaleOustalet’sChameleon(Furcifer oustaleti)sleepinginanAvocadoTree(Persea americana).PhotographbyKennethL.Krysko.
AnadultfemaleOustalet’sChameleon(Furcifer oustaleti)onanAvocadoTree(Persea americana).PhotographbyKevinM.Enge.
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166091andUF166105)werenotdissectedfordietaryitemsandnotusedinouranalyses. Ofouranalyzedsampleof37Furcifer oustaleti,males(SVLrange=11.23–26.98mm,mean=18.69±1.08mm,N=22)weresignificantlylarger(Mann-WhitneyRankSum,T =216.00,P =0.034)thanfemales(SVLrange=9.02–22.07mm,mean=14.81±0.83mm,N=15).However,allF.
Groupphotowith27Oustalet’sChameleons(Furcifer oustaleti)collectedon30November2011.PhotographbyJosephA.Wasilewski.
Oustalet’sChameleon(Furcifer oustaleti)onanAvocadoTree(Persea americana).PhotographbyJosephA.Wasilewski.
CubanBrownAnoles(Anolis sagrei)arepreyofOustalet’sChameleons(Furcifer oustaleti)insouthernFlorida.PhotographbyKennethL.Krysko.
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oustaletiexaminedcontainedatleastonefooditem,althoughallitemswerenotidentifiablebecauseofextensivedigestion. Wefoundatleastsixdifferentconsumeditems(Table1),includingfourinvertebrates(likelyallnativeexceptforonenon-indigenoussnail;excludingpotentiallythesametaxa),onevertebrate(non-indigenous),andoneplant(non-indige-nous).ImperialMoth(Eacles imperialis)andothermothlar-vaewerethemostfrequentlyconsumedinvertebrates.OneFurcifer oustaleti(UF166101)containedthreeE. imperia-lis,onegeometridmothlarva,andanon-indigenousAsianTrampSnail(Bradybaena similaris).Two F. oustaleti (UF166075andUF166110)containedasmanyasthreeitems,buttheywerealleitherE. imperialisorBrownAnoles(Anolis sagrei), respectively. Five F. oustaleti contained Avocado(Persea americana)leaf/stemfragments,butwebelievethatthese itemswere ingested inadvertentlywhenconsumingliveanimalpreyandarenotincludedinstatisticalanalyses.TwoF. oustaleti(UF166081andUF166087)containedanunidentifieditem(s)thatcausedtheirstomachliningandcon-tents,andsubsequentethanolpreservative,toturnpurple. Furcifer oustaleticontainingmultipleitems(SVLrange=12.02–26.00mm,mean=16.69±1.43mm,N=11)werenotsignificantlylarger(Mann-WhitneyRankSum,T
=149.50,P =0.05)thanindividualswithasingleitem(SVLrange=12.19–26.98mm,mean=17.91±1.11mm,N=18).Furcifer oustaleticontainingmultipletaxa(SVLrange=12.02–15.30mm,mean=13.90±0.70mm,N=4)werenotsignificantlylarger(Mann-WhitneyRankSum,T =34.00,P =0.107)thanindividualswithasingletaxon(SVLrange=12.19–26.98mm,mean=18.02±0.96mm,N=25).
AKnightAnole(Anolis equestris)sleepingonanAvocadoTree(Persea americana).PhotographbyKennethL.Krysko.
ImperialMoth(Eacles imperialis)larvaonanAvocadoTree(Persea americana).TheselarvaeareaseasonallyabundantfooditemofOustalet’sChameleon(Furcifer oustaleti)insouthernFlorida.PhotographbyKevinM.Enge.
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Table 1.Preliminarydietaryanalysisofthenon-indigenousOustalet’sChameleon(Furcifer oustaleti)insouthernFlorida.Non-nativespeciesaremarkedwithanasterisk(*).SnailtaxonomyfollowsBouchetetal.(2005).
Content N Voucher Sex SVL (cm)
ImperialMothlarva(Eacles imperialis,Saturniidae) 1 UF166074 Male 21.29 3 UF166075 Female 16.73 1 UF166076 Male 26.98 1 UF166077 Male 14.51 2 UF166078 Male 12.94 1 UF166083 Male 21.35 1 UF166086 Male 22.10 2 UF166088 Male 21.48 1 UF166089 Female 16.21 1 UF166090 Male 14.65 1 UF166097 Female 19.58 1 UF166099 Male 15.48 1 UF166100 Female 12.19 3 UF166101 Male 15.30 1 UF166102 Female 12.02 1 UF166103 Male 24.72 2 UF166104 Female 12.88 2 UF166108 Male 26.00 1 UF166111 Female 13.77 2 UF166113 Male 23.50
GeometridMothlarva(Geometridae) 1 UF166101 Male 15.30
Unidentifiedmothlarva 1 UF166102 Female 12.02 1 UF166080 Male 12.38 1 UF166085 Male 22.98 1 UF166094 Male 15.97 1 UF166095 Male 12.81 1 UF166096 Female 22.07 1 UF166106 Male 12.94
Grasshopper(Orthoptera) 1 UF166087 Female 13.03 1 UF166112 Female 15.76
Unidentifiedwingedinsect 1 UF166111 Female 13.77
AsianTrampSnail*(Bradybaena similaris,Bradybaenidae) 1 UF166101 Male 15.30
CubanBrownAnole*(Anolis sagrei,Dactyloidae) 1 UF166077 Male 14.51 3 UF166110 Female 14.48
Avocado*(leaves/stem)(Persea americana,Lauraceae) UF166080 Male 12.38 UF166083 Male 21.35 UF166085 Male 22.98 UF166102 Female 12.02 UF166113 Male 23.50
Unidentifieditem(s) UF166079 Male 22.39 UF166081 Female 9.02 UF166082 Female 17.26 UF166084 Male 16.36 UF166093 Female 14.13 UF166098 Female 13.12 UF166107 Male 11.23 UF166109 Male 23.99
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Othernon-indigenousherpetofaunalspeciesobservedduringoursearchesweretheCubanTreefrog(Osteopilus sep-tentrionalis),CubanBrownAnole(Anolis sagrei),andKnightAnole(Anolis equestris).
DiscussionMostFurcifer oustaletiwerefoundbytwoindividuals,sug-gestingthatthequalityofheadlampsorflashlightsaswellashavingawell-developedsearchimagearemajorfactorsinfindingchameleons.Despiteeuthanizingspecimenswithinafewhoursaftercollection,wewerenotabletoidentifyallfooditems.Atleastsomeofthatmightbeattributabletocha-meleonsconsumingmuchoftheirdailypreyearlyintheday,similartoobservationsofdiurnallyactiveanoles(R.Powell,pers.commun.).Regardless,waitinglongerlikelywouldhaveallowedfurtherdigestionandpreventedidentificationofevenmoredietaryitems. Our dietary study should be viewed as preliminarybecausesamplingwasconductedduringaverylimitedtimeofyear,andavailablepreyitems(i.e.,caterpillars)aresea-sonal.However,adultEacles imperialisarerecordedfromAprilthroughNovemberinFlorida,andgeometrids(ca.260species)arefoundthroughouttheyear(Tuskesetal.1996,Heppner2007). Althoughoursamplesizewassmall,largerFurcifer ousta-letiappeartohavetheabilitytoconsumeasinglelargeritem(i.e.,largeEacles imperialislarva)thansmallerchameleons
(e.g.,UF166101)thatconsumedmultiplesmalleritems.OfthetwoF. oustaletithatcontainedanunidentifieditem(s)thatcausedthestomachliningandcontents,andsubsequentethanolpreservative,toturnpurple,one(UF166087)alsocontainedpartsofagrasshopper,butweareuncertainifthisorsomeotheringesteditemcausedthepurplecoloration. Floridahasthelargestnumberofintroducedandestab-lishedherpetofaunalspeciesintheworld(Kryskoetal.2011).Manyintroducedspeciesareconsideredinvasivewhentheyhave eitherwidelydistributedpopulations (Colautti andMacIsaac2004)orcauseharmtotheenvironment,econ-omy,orhumanhealth(ExecutiveOrder13112,InvasiveSpeciesAdvisoryCommittee2006;Kraus2009).Over99%ofFlorida’sAvocadogrovesare insouthernMiami-DadeCounty (Palmateer 2009), and potential impacts of theFurcifer oustaletipopulationonnativeherpetofaunainthesegrovesareprobablyminimal. Furcifer oustaletiisnotonlyfirmlyestablishedinpartsofsouthernFlorida,butnativeEacles imperialisandothermothswerethemostfrequentlyconsumeditemsfoundinthisstudyduringourshortsamplingperiod.Thesenativemothlarvaearefeedingonnon-indigenousAvocadoleaves(hostplant),butinsectpestsseldomaffectfruitproductionsignificantly(Craneetal.2007).Iffruitsarenotpresent,anAvocadotreecansustainatleast40%defoliationofitscanopy(Palmateer2009).Atleastonegeometridmothlarvawaseaten;severalgeometridspeciesofLoopersaffectAvocadosinFlorida,and
ACubanTreefrog(Osteopilus septentrionalis)insouthernFlorida.PhotographbyChristopherR.Gillette.
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theAvocadoLooper(Epimecisdetexta)hasbeenconsideredapestinFloridasince1985(Glennetal.2003).DefoliationandfruitdamagebyLoopersissporadic,butdefoliationin
2002–2003requiredseveralinsecticideapplications(Peña2003).InfestationlevelsofLooperlarvaearehighestdur-ingspringandsummer(PeñaandJohnson2001,Palmateer
ThethreatdisplayofamaleOustalet’sChameleon(Furcifer oustaleti).PhotographbyChristopherR.Gillette.
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2009).DeterminingwhetherF. oustaleticonsumeLooperlarvaeduringthattimeofyearwouldbeinteresting.Severalattempts to introduceexoticbiologicalcontrolagents forLoopershavefailedinFlorida(Peña2003),andF. oustaletimayrepresentaninadvertentbiologicalcontrolagent.
AcknowledgmentsWethankJamesE.HaydenandFredG.Thompson forassistanceinidentifyinginsectsandsnails,respectively;AnaTabakovicforassistanceindissections;andRobertPowellandananonymousreviewerforprovidinghelpfulcommentsonthispaper.
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