TABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • … · 2015. 3. 17. · IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS...
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IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 19(4):254–262 • DEC 2012 et al. 2007). At the epicenter of this diversity lies one of the world’s most prominent facilities for ecotourism and conser- vation, Reserva Amazónica, formerly Cusco Amazónico. Since 1975, Inkaterra (www.inkaterra.com), the orga- nization that operates Reserva Amazónica and several other Peruvian tourism lodges, has promoted ecological research T he Tambopata region of Perù yields the highest biodiver- sity of reptiles and amphibians in the world and includes more than 210 amphibian and reptilian species (Doan and Arizábal 2002). Previous surveys of the region’s biodiversity have been used to categorize the IUCN and CITES status of species and contributed to future reserve design (von May Herpetological Ecotourism and Conservation: Reserva Amazónica, Perù Sarah A. Orlofske 1 , Hayden D. Hedman 1 , José E. Koechlin 2 , and Robert C. Jadin 1 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA ([email protected]) 2 Inkaterra, Lima, Peru Photographs by Robert C. Jadin, except where noted. 254 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY Copyright © 2012. Sarah Orlofske. All rights reserved. WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNAL Figure 1. The canopy walk at Reserva Amazónica is more than 30 m high and 344 m long and has two towers, eight platforms, and seven bridges. Recently, National Geographic Adventure recognized Reserva Amazónica as possessing the “Most Extraordinary Canopy Walkway” (Davis 2009), which even includes a private cabin for adventurous guests. Tourists take early morning hikes in search of the many species of impressive birds that have been recorded — but herpetologists can see other species such as Green Thornytail Iguanas (Uracentron azureum, insert).
Transcript of TABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • … · 2015. 3. 17. · IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS...
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etal.2007).Attheepicenterofthisdiversityliesoneoftheworld’smostprominentfacilitiesforecotourismandconser-vation,ReservaAmazónica,formerlyCuscoAmazónico. Since1975,Inkaterra(www.inkaterra.com),theorga-nizationthatoperatesReservaAmazónicaandseveralotherPeruviantourismlodges,haspromotedecologicalresearch
TheTambopataregionofPerùyieldsthehighestbiodiver-sityofreptilesandamphibiansintheworldandincludes
morethan210amphibianandreptilianspecies(DoanandArizábal2002).Previoussurveysoftheregion’sbiodiversityhavebeenusedtocategorizetheIUCNandCITESstatusofspeciesandcontributedtofuturereservedesign(vonMay
Herpetological Ecotourism and Conservation: Reserva Amazónica, Perù
SarahA.Orlofske1,HaydenD.Hedman1,JoséE.Koechlin2,andRobertC.Jadin1
1DepartmentofEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,UniversityofColoradoBoulder,Boulder,Colorado80309,USA([email protected])2Inkaterra,Lima,Peru
PhotographsbyRobertC.Jadin,exceptwherenoted.
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IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • VOL15, NO 4 • DEC 2008 189TABLE OF CONTENTS
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
F E A T U R E A R T I C L E S
Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190
The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W. Henderson 198
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E S
The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida
.............................................Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212
C O N S E R V A T I O N A L E R T
World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 More Than Mammals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 223 The “Dow Jones Index” of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................... 225
H U S B A N D R Y
Captive Care of the Central Netted Dragon ....................................................................................................... Shannon Plummer 226
P R O F I L E
Kraig Adler: A Lifetime Promoting Herpetology ................................................................................................ Michael L. Treglia 234
C O M M E N T A R Y
The Turtles Have Been Watching Me ........................................................................................................................ Eric Gangloff 238
B O O K R E V I E W
Threatened Amphibians of the World edited by S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R. Berridge, P. Ramani, and B.E. Young .............................................................................................................. Robert Powell 243
CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Conservation Research Reports ................................. 245 NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247 NEWBRIEFS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 248 EDITORIAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 251 FOCUS ON CONSERVATION: A Project You Can Support ............................................................................................... 252
Front Cover. Shannon Plummer.Totat et velleseque audant mo estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur ma derrovitae voluptam, as quos accullabo.
Back Cover. Michael KernTotat et velleseque audant mo
estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus
aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque
moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia-tur ma derrovitae voluptam, as
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REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSC O N S E R V AT I O N A N D N AT U R A L H I S T O R Y
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Figure 1.ThecanopywalkatReservaAmazónicaismorethan30mhighand344mlongandhastwotowers,eightplatforms,andsevenbridges.Recently,National Geographic AdventurerecognizedReservaAmazónicaaspossessingthe“MostExtraordinaryCanopyWalkway”(Davis2009),whichevenincludesaprivatecabinforadventurousguests.Touriststakeearlymorninghikesinsearchofthemanyspeciesofimpressivebirdsthathavebeenrecorded—butherpetologistscanseeotherspeciessuchasGreenThornytailIguanas(Uracentron azureum,insert).
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andconservationsupportedbytourism.Themissionstate-mentofInkaterrais“conservingtheenvironment,preserv-ingthenativecultures,anddevelopingsustainabletourisminPerù.”Inkaterra’sstrategyforimplementingthismissionistoconservetheregion’sbiodiversitywhilealsoeducatingtouristsaboutthenaturalenvironment.ReservaAmazónicahasreceivedawardsfromorganizationsandpraiseinmanyinternational travelmagazines for its conservationeffortsandecotourism(Fig.1).Inkaterra’smissionforconservationremainsevidentthroughvariouscollaborationswithresearchscientists.Inparticular,collaborationswithherpetologistsattheUniversityofKansashaveresultedinReservaAmazónicabeingoneofthemostwellstudiedareasinSouthAmericaforamphibiansandreptiles.Inparticular,Duellman’sbookCuscoAmazónico(2005)extensivelydocumentstheregion’sbiogeographyandherpetofaunaldiversity. WithinfourhoursbyboattoBolivia,ReservaAmazónicasitsalongtheAmazonBasininTambopata,Perù.Theexclu-siveresortresideswithinaone-hourboatridefromthenear-est city,PuertoMaldonado (Fig.2).ReservaAmazónicaallowseachguestpersonalizationoftheirrainforestexcursionsregardlessofweatherconditionsandlengthofstay.Bilingualnatureinterpreters,specializedinthefloraandfaunaofthe
Tambopataregion,facilitatetheseexcursions.Visitorscanwalkalongwellestablishedtrailsystems,includingawet-landsboardwalk;theycantakecanoeexcursionsaroundlakesValenciaandSandoval,aswellasGamitanaCreek;ortheycantakeatourtoariverisland,alargebutterflyhouse,orchidandmedicinalplantgardens,andmore.Thepackagesreso-natewithalllevelsofbiologicalandtravelenthusiasts.Beyondthenaturalmarvels,theresortencompassesfullbarservices,exquisitethree-coursecuisine(vegetarianoptionsincluded),andriverfrontmassagetherapy. Ourpersonalexpeditionsdescribedinthisarticlewerefocusedonamphibiansandreptiles(Fig.3).NotonlywerewevisitingReservaAmazónicatoobservethesespecies,buttostudytheirdiversity,abundance,habitatuse,andspeciesinteractions.Throughourmonitoringstudyincollabora-tionwithReservaAmazónica,wehelpfillacriticalneedforlong-termpopulationdataontropicalspecies(Fig.4),whilesimultaneouslyequippingtheinterpretersandtouristswithinformationabouttheseimportantorganisms.
Up Close and PersonalAround the bungalow area during the day, AmazonRacerunners(Ameiva ameiva)commonlysprintfrombeneath
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Figure 2.TypicalriverboatontheMadredeDiosRiverduringsunsettakenfromtheboatdockatReservaAmazónica.
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bungalowstepstonearbybushesandpaceacrossthefoot-paths.Atnight,thebungalowporchesareilluminatedwithindividualkerosenelanterns.Thelightinghelpsavoidstep-pingontheabundantCaneToads(Rhinellamarina)forag-ingalongthepaths.Numerous treefrogs (e.g.,Gunther’sBandedTreefrog,Hypsiboas fasciatus,andMilkyTreefrog,Trachycephalus typhonius [formerly Phrynohyas venulosa];Fig.5)commonlyperchonthevegetationaroundthecab-ins.FromwithinthecabinsyoucantypicallyhearcallsofBolivian Sheepfrogs (Hamptophryne boliviana), Amazon
Rainfrogs(Leptodactylus[Adenomera] spp.),andseveralspe-ciesoflargeLeafFrogsinthegenusPhyllomedusa.ThecallsoftheBolivianSheepfrogsareunmistakable,soundingremark-ablylikesheep. Alargebridgeelevatedaboveasmallswampconnectsthebungalowareatothemainlodge.Thisswampyareaishometonumerousspeciesoffrogsthatcallintheeveningandcaneasilybeobservedwithaflashlight.Onmorethanoneoccasion,aswestoppedtoinspectthecolorful leavesoftheHeliconia, a groupoftouristsandinterpreterswould
Figure 4.TheendemicKoechlin’sTreefrog(Dendropsophus koechlini;a.adultmale,b.amplectantpair)wasdescribedfromReservaAmazónica(DuellmanandTrueb1989).Althoughconsideredoneofthemostabundantspeciesinthearea,theactivityperiodofD. koechliniisshortandcorrelatesstronglywithitsbreedingseasonthatstartswiththefirstheavyshowersoftherainyseason.
Figure 3.TheBlack-spottedSkink(Mabuya nigropunctata)istheonlyskinkintheregion;itisbronzeandblackwithsmoothandshinyscales.ThisspeciesisfrequentlyseenontrailsatReservaAmazónicabut,likethisindividual,canalsobefoundonthewalktoLagoSandoval.ThecanoetouraroundLagoSandovalisverypopularasvisitorsoftenencountermonkeys,macaws,riverotters,andevenBlackCaiman(Melanosuchus niger).
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gatheraroundusforacloserlook,givingusanopportunitytodescribethespeciesandourresearchinmoredetail.Everyoneleavesthebridgealittlereluctantlyaftersuchcloseandunex-pectedencounterswithbeautifulBasinTreefrogs(Hypsiboas lanciformis;Fig.6)andotherspecies.
Exploring the Trails — Day and NightThetrailsystematReservaAmazónicaiswellmarkedandincludestrailsaslongasseveralkilometers.Interpretersareavailabletoleadprivatetoursbothbydayandnight.Bootsarehighlyrecommendedwhilewalkingonthetrailsforbothsafety
Figure 5. One night at about 2 am, the calls of Milky Treefrogs(Trachycephalus typhonius) weresoloudthatweawoketofindthemalecallingfromourcabinshower!Wehadtobecarefulduringhandlingtonotalarmthefrogintoreleasingthedefensiveglue-likemilkysecretionsfromglandsinitsskin,fromwhichitgetsitscommonname.Apreviousencounterwiththisspeciestaughtusthatthesecretionsarenearlyimpos-sibletoremove.
Figure 7.Fivespeciesofturtlesoccurintheforests,ponds,andriversinandaroundReservaAmazónica.TheseincludetheYellow-footedTortoise(Chelonoidis denticulata).Adultticks(Amblyomma humerale)parasitizedbothtortoisesobservedbytheauthorsduringseparatetripstoReservaAmazónica.PhotographbySarahA.Orlofske.
Figure 6.AlthoughrecordedfortheTambopataregion(vonMayetal.2007),thisphotographisthefirstrecordoftheBasinTreefrog(Hypsiboas lanci-formis)atReservaAmazónica.Thisindividual,alargefemale,wasfoundjustoutsidethemainlodge,apparentlyattractedtothecallsofmalesinchorusthroughoutthemonthofDecember.
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andsupportthroughthemuddyterrain.Thelodgehasrubberbootsinallsizesavailableforguests.Onceequippedwithboots,youwillonlyhavetotakeafewstepsfromyourcabanatoseesomeinterestingreptilesandamphibians(Fig.7). Manytimesduringthedayandatnightwewouldgatherournotebooksandcameras,putonourbootsandheadoutonthetrails.OnTrail-Awesawplentyofactivityintheleaflitterandonthetrees.AfewminutesintoourtrailwalkwewouldlikelyencounteracolorfulmaleBridledForestGecko(Gonatodes humeralis;Fig.8)perchedonatreealongthetrail.Themorecrypticfemalesareslightlylessnoticeable.Cocha(Kentropyx altamazonica)andForest(K. pelviceps) Whiptailsarelarger,crypticlizards,butactive,soyouwillmostlikelynoticethemshufflingaroundinareasnearrecenttreefallswhenyoudisturbtheirbasking.Theextraordinarydiversityoflizardsisundoubtedlysupportedbythediversityofinverte-brates.Walkingevenashortsectionoftrailandnotobservingornatelycoloredgrasshoppers,walkingsticks,beetles,spiders,andbutterfliesisimpossible. Moresecretivethanthelizards,snakesarediversebutmoredifficulttoobserveintherainforest.Atleast50spe-ciesofsnakeshavebeendocumentedatReservaAmazónica.Walkingthetrailsystemyoumayfindfrog-eatingspecialistslikeBlack-headedCalicoSnakes (Oxyrhopus melanogenys;Fig.9)orWucherer’sGroundSnakes(Xenopholis scalaris),snail-eatersincludingseveralspeciesinthegenusDipsas,orlizard-eatingspecialistssuchasBlunt-headedTreesnakes(Imantodes cenchoa;Fig.10A).Additionally,severalboidsoccasionallycanbefoundonthetrails.TheRainbowBoa(Epicrates cen-chria) ismost frequently encountered.Several venomousspeciesofsnakes,includingtheSouthAmericanBushmaster
Figure 8.FemalesoftheBridledForestGecko(Gonatodes humeralis)aredrabbrownorgrayandblendwellwiththeirenvironment,whereasmales(picturedabove)aremuchmorebrightlycolored.
Temporary Wetlands – Enduring Interactions
Although observing numerous species is pos-sibleatanytimeofyear,byfarthebesttime
to observe amphibians is during the wet season(November–March). The evening after the firstheavyraineruptsinfrogcalls.Followingthesametrailthatwasdrythedaybeforeleadsnowtoatem-porary wetland flooding the trail. When closelyinspectingleavesandbranches,silhouettesoftree-frogsontheothersidesof leavesbecomevisible.Thesearemaleswehaveinterceptedduringtheirmigrationstothechorusesaroundthenewlyformedpond.Several speciesarepresentatone locationandallarecalling.ThesetypicallyincludeTarauacaSnoutedTreefrogs(Scarthyla goinorum),SanCarlosTreefrogs(Dendropsophus leali),AmazonSnoutedFrogs(Scinax ictericus), andthemostabundantofall,Koechlin’sTreefrogs(Dendropsophus koechlini).Thesoundisdeafening,soloudthathearinganotherpersontalkingtoyoufromevenafewfeetawayisdifficult.Toourdismay,gettingaclearrecordingofjustasinglespeciesatatimewasalmostimpossible.Bythenextevening, thewater level inthepondhasrisenevenhigherandfemaleshavearrived.Themaleslooklikebackpacksclingingtofemalesastheyseekalocationtolaytheireggs.Bythefollowingday,eggmassesbegintoappearunderleavesandfloatingonthesurfacealongthepondedges.Withinafewdays,tinytadpoleswillhatchandbeginthejourneytometamorphosis,whichtheywillcompleteafewweekslater.Almostasrapidlyasthefrogsarrivedsohasathrivingaquaticinvertebratecommunitythatincludessnails,waterscorpions,predaceousdivingbeetles,anddragonflies.Here,Sarahisconductingonecomponentofourresearch,assessingthediver-sityofaquaticinvertebratesintemporarywetlands,particularlythosethatpreyontadpolesandmayplayaroleinstructuringtheamphibiancommunity.
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(Lachesis muta),arenativetotheregion;however,encounterswithvenomousspeciesarerareatReservaAmazónica. TheAnacondaBoardWalk, a200-meterboardwalkelevated1mabovetheAguajalesswampsisnamedforananacondasightingduringitsconstructionandliesapproxi-mately1.5kmintothetrail system.Duringtheevening,thevegetationsurrounding theboardwalkresonateswithcacophonous calls of various anurans including Beireis’Treefrogs(Dendropsophus leucophyllatus; Fig.11),ParadoxicalFrogs(Pseudisparadoxa),Henle’sSnoutedTreefrogs(Scinax pedromedinae; Fig. 12), and Orinoco Lime Treefrogs(Sphaenorhynchus lacteus).Whilesearchingforfrogsintheleavesandbranchesoverhangingtheboardwalk,weoccasion-allystartledasleepingSlenderAnole(Anolisfuscoauratus),perchedprecariouslyattheveryedgeoftheleaf,preparedatthefirstmovementcausedbyapredatortoleaptosafetyonanotherbranch(Figure10B).Inornearthewater,wehaveobservedScorpionMudTurtles(Kinosternon scorpioides)andRoyalGroundSnakes(Liophis reginae),andnoticedtheeyeglareofSpectacledCaiman(Caiman crocodilus).
Research and ConservationInkaterraencouragesecologicalresearchoftheregionandtheInkaterraAssociation,anaffiliatedNGO,runsanadjacentresearchstationavailablefornumerousbiologicalstudiesofplantsandanimals.Thattheregionisahotspotforamphib-ian and reptilian diversity allows extensive tropical fieldexperimentsandnaturalhistoryresearch.Asapartnership,Inkaterraoftenfacilitatestheeducationofitsinterpreterson
Figure 9.AjuvenileBlack-headedCalicoSnake(Oxyrhopus melanogenys)isoneofseveralcoral-snakemimicsintherainforest.
Figure 10.SpeciesinthegenusImantodesprobablyhavethebestcan-tileveringabilitiesamongNeotropicalsnakes(Ray2012).Thisisaveryimportantadaptationgiventhatmanyofthesespeciesarelizard-eatingspe-cialists.A.ABluntheadedTreesnake(Imantodes cenchoa)searchesthetreesatnightforitsprey.B.SlenderAnoles(Anolis fuscoauratus)sleepatnightontheedgeofleaves.Thisdefenseservesthemwellastheselizardswillfalltotheforestflooriftheydetectvibrationsoftheirperches.Consequently,thesnakemustcantilevertothelizardwithoutdisturbingthebranchonwhichthelizardissleepinginordertoobtainameal.
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Antspatrolthetrailsbydayandnight.Careisneededtoavoidunintentionally intercepting their trails,
particularlyfortheLeafCutterAnts.TheabundanceofantsintheTambopataregionisgreaterthanthatofanyothertypeofinsectandincludesdiversitynumbersupwardof43speciesinasingletree(Wilson1987).Thisdiversityandabundanceofantsprovidesasignificantpreyresourceforamphibians,andhasresultedintheevolutionofalargenumberofant-eatingspecialists. Duringthedaytwocrypticallycoloredfrogscanbeheardcallingfromtheleaflitter.Althoughbothspecieshavevarieddiets,bothincludeamajorityofants.ThefirstistheThree-stripedRocketFrog(Allobates trilineatus),whichfrequentlycallsfromrootbuttresses,signalinghissuperiormatingqualitiesordefendinghisterritoryfromintruders.Althoughnotascolorfulassomeofitsrelatives,themoretoxicspeciesofPoisonFrogs,itshuesofgoldandcoppermakeitastrikingsightbeforeitretreatsintotheleaflitter.Thesecondspecies,thePale-stripedPoisonFrog(Ameerega hahneli), isslightlymorecolorful,withpaleyellowstripesonabrownish-blackbody,andlikewisebolderinitschoiceofcallinglocations.
Atnight,onecanobserveuptofivemicrohylidspe-ciesthatfollowanttrailsforeasymeals.Whenfollow-ingananttrailforevenashortdistance,oneislikelytoencounterAmazonSheepfrogs(Hamptophryne bolivi-ana) orTwo-coloredOvalFrogs(Elachistocleis bicolor,pictured) partaking of a “buffet.” The ant moundsthemselves represent a highly diverse microhabitat.Approachinganantmoundatnightofferedusaglimpseofotheruniquespeciesrarelyseenelsewhereinthefor-est,includinganothermicrohylid,theBrownEggFrog(Ctenophrynegeayi), andthepoison-frogmimicGold-stripedFrog(Leptodactyluslineatus).Tarantulaburrowsareanotheruniquemicrohabitat,perhapsonewhereyouwouldnotexpecttofindanamphibian.However,theDottedHummingFrog(Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata),thesmallestmicrohylidinthearea,canoccasionallybefoundinsidetheseburrows,whereitfeedsontheantsthatpreyonjuveniletarantulas.Thismutualisticrela-tionshipkeepsthesmallfrogssafefromtheadultfemaletarantulas,whooftenfeedonotherfrogs,asthefemaleapparently“knows”thatthesefrogshelpprotectherspi-derlingsfromants.
Ants, More Ants, and Frogs that Eat Ants
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regionalplantandanimaldiversitybycollaboratingwithvis-itingbiologists.Theinterpretersandstaffareeagertolearn,aswellastoteachus,aboutthelocalbiodiversity.Evenafterlonghoursalreadyintheforest,theywouldjoinusonoureveningexcursionslookingforfrogs,snakes,andmanyotherorganisms.Theywouldhelpustakephotographs,recordcalls,andcollectdata.Forseveralyearsnow,InkaterraandReservaAmazónicahavesupportedthefieldworkofSAOandRCJmakingitpossibleforustocontinueourresearchaswellasmentorthenextgenerationoftropicalherpetologists.Manystudentsofherpetologyhavebeguntheirtropicalresearchatthisverysite,atrendthatislikelytocontinuewellintothefuture.However,theexcellentaccommodationsandnaturalatmospherearejustasinvitingforthosejustlongingtowit-nessamazingbiodiversityandlearnaboutitsconservation.
AcknowledgmentsWethanktheInkaterrastaffforhelpinthefieldandassistingwithourstay.FundingfortraveltoReservaAmazónicawasprovidedtoRCJthroughaSocietyofSystematicBiologists’AwardforGraduateStudentResearch.
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Figure 11.Morethan40speciesoftreefrogsoccuratReservaAmazónica.Oneoftheflagshipspecies,Beireis’Treefrog(Dendropsophus leucophyllatus;a.“clown”phase,b.“giraffe”phase),breedsinseveralplacesbutiseasilyseenfromtheAnacondaBoardwalkduringtherainyseason.
Figure 12.Henle’sSnoutedTreefrog(Scinax pedromedinae) demonstrat-ingcrypsisonalichen-coveredtree.
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