TABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • … · 2015. 9. 16. · IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS...
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IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 22(3):128–131 • SEP 2015 The Cuban Blue Anole, Anolis allisoni Barbour 1928 (Squamata: Dactyloidae), a New Nonnative Lizard Introduced in Florida Kenneth L. Krysko 1 , Claudia MacKenzie-Krysko 1 , Laurence L. Connor 2 , Yasel U. Alfonso 1 , and Leroy P. Nuñez 1 1 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA (KLK: [email protected], YUA: [email protected], LPN: [email protected]) 2 Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (ret.), Eustis, Florida 32726, USA ([email protected]) 128 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY Copyright © 2015. Kenneth L. Krysko. All rights reserved. WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNAL A noline lizards, Anolis (sensu lato; Family Dactyloidae), are one of the most species rich groups of terrestrial verte- brates with 399 currently recognized species (Nicholson et al. 2012; Uetz and Hošek 2015). Because anoles are highly variable in morphology (Conant and Collins 1998; Schettino 1999; Camposano 2011) and have the ability to change color in response to external stimuli (Hadley 1931; Weber 1983), diagnosing species can be difficult, especially when dealing with introduced populations. The state of Florida, USA, has more introduced amphib- ians and reptiles than any other place in the world (Krysko et al. 2011a). Eleven species of anoles have been documented in Florida, only one of which is native (Green Anole, A. caroli- nensis [Voigt 1832]) and all but one (Jeremie Anole, A. coele- stinus Cope 1862) of the nonnative taxa are established and reproducing (Krysko et al. 2011a, 2011b). In this paper, we document the eleventh introduced anole, the Cuban Blue Anole, Anolis allisoni Barbour 1928, in Florida. Anolis allisoni is native to Belize (Islas de la Bahia), Cuba, and Honduras (Islas de Barbareta, Guanaja, Morat, Roatán, Utila, the Cayos Cochinos in the Islas de la Bahıa), and also has been intro- duced into La Ceiba, Atlantida (on the northern Honduran coast), and in Quintana Roo, Mexico (McCranie and Köhler 2015). Juveniles and adult females are green in color, whereas adult males turn blue anteriorly (unique within Anolis; but males from Honduras have necks, limbs, and lower bod- ies that remain bright green) and have a reddish dewlap (Barbour 1928; Lee 2000). Anolis allisoni readily hybridizes with the Cuban Green Anole, A. porcatus Gray 1840, in Cuba (Schwartz and Henderson 1991; Glor et al. 2004), and A. porcatus is believed to hybridize with the native A. carolinen- sis in its introduced range in southern Florida (Kolbe et al. 2007). All three of these closely related species are assigned to the Anolis carolinensis series (Losos 2009). Materials and Methods Specimen acquisition.—On 5 July 2013 at 0901 h, a single adult male Anolis allisoni was observed on the back of a resident’s house on Magdalene Manor Drive, Tampa, Hillsborough County, Florida (Fig. 1; 28.07457°N, 82.47916°W, Datum WGS84; 15 m elev.). A digital image (photographic voucher UF-Herpetology 170513) was depos- ited in the Division of Herpetology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida. Species identity was confirmed by Joseph. P. Burgess. After additional sightings by the homeowners, KLK and CMK visited this site on 18 August 2013. Although no adult male A. allisoni was observed, five green-colored juve- nile anoles were collected (Fig. 2; UF-Herpetology 170869– 170873) from the same side of the house. The resident informed us that he observed the male A. allisoni the same day shortly after we departed the site, and that neighbors believe a similar unusually colored lizard was observed on their homes INTRODUCED SPECIES Fig. 1. Adult male nonnative Cuban Blue Anole (Anolis allisoni) pho- tographed in Tampa, Hillsborough County, Florida, on 5 July 2013. Photograph by Tony Henneke.
Transcript of TABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • … · 2015. 9. 16. · IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS...
IRCFREPTILES&HIBIANS•22(3):128–131•SEP2015
The Cuban Blue Anole, Anolis allisoni Barbour 1928 (Squamata: Dactyloidae),
a New Nonnative Lizard Introduced in FloridaKenneth L. Krysko1, Claudia MacKenzie-Krysko1, Laurence L. Connor2, Yasel U. Alfonso1, and Leroy P. Nuñez1
1FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida32611,USA(KLK:[email protected],YUA:[email protected],LPN:[email protected])
2FloridaFishandWildlifeConservationCommission(ret.),Eustis,Florida32726,USA([email protected])
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IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • VOL15, NO 4 • DEC 2008 189TABLE OF CONTENTS
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
F E A T U R E A R T I C L E S
Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190
The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W. Henderson 198
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E S
The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida
.............................................Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212
C O N S E R V A T I O N A L E R T
World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 More Than Mammals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 223 The “Dow Jones Index” of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................... 225
H U S B A N D R Y
Captive Care of the Central Netted Dragon ....................................................................................................... Shannon Plummer 226
P R O F I L E
Kraig Adler: A Lifetime Promoting Herpetology ................................................................................................ Michael L. Treglia 234
C O M M E N T A R Y
The Turtles Have Been Watching Me ........................................................................................................................ Eric Gangloff 238
B O O K R E V I E W
Threatened Amphibians of the World edited by S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R. Berridge, P. Ramani, and B.E. Young .............................................................................................................. Robert Powell 243
CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Conservation Research Reports ................................. 245 NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247 NEWBRIEFS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 248 EDITORIAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 251 FOCUS ON CONSERVATION: A Project You Can Support ............................................................................................... 252
Front Cover. Shannon Plummer.Totat et velleseque audant mo estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur ma derrovitae voluptam, as quos accullabo.
Back Cover. Michael KernTotat et velleseque audant mo
estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus
aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque
moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia-tur ma derrovitae voluptam, as
IRC
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REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSC O N S E R V AT I O N A N D N AT U R A L H I S T O R Y
Copyright©2015.KennethL.Krysko.Allrightsreserved.
WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNAL
Anoline lizards, Anolis(sensu lato;FamilyDactyloidae),areoneofthemostspeciesrichgroupsofterrestrialverte-
brateswith399currentlyrecognizedspecies(Nicholsonetal.2012;UetzandHošek2015).Becauseanolesarehighlyvariableinmorphology(ConantandCollins1998;Schettino1999;Camposano2011)andhavetheabilitytochangecolorinresponsetoexternalstimuli(Hadley1931;Weber1983),diagnosingspeciescanbedifficult,especiallywhendealingwithintroducedpopulations. ThestateofFlorida,USA,hasmoreintroducedamphib-iansandreptilesthananyotherplaceintheworld(Kryskoetal.2011a).ElevenspeciesofanoleshavebeendocumentedinFlorida,onlyoneofwhichisnative(GreenAnole,A. caroli-nensis[Voigt1832])andallbutone(JeremieAnole,A. coele-stinusCope1862)ofthenonnativetaxaareestablishedandreproducing(Kryskoetal.2011a,2011b).Inthispaper,wedocumenttheeleventhintroducedanole,theCubanBlue
Anole, Anolis allisoniBarbour1928,inFlorida.Anolis allisoni isnativetoBelize(IslasdelaBahia),Cuba,andHonduras(IslasdeBarbareta,Guanaja,Morat,Roatán,Utila,theCayosCochinosintheIslasdelaBahıa),andalsohasbeenintro-ducedintoLaCeiba,Atlantida(onthenorthernHondurancoast),andinQuintanaRoo,Mexico(McCranieandKöhler2015).Juvenilesandadultfemalesaregreenincolor,whereasadultmalesturnblueanteriorly(uniquewithinAnolis;butmales fromHondurashavenecks, limbs,and lowerbod-ies that remainbright green) andhave a reddishdewlap(Barbour1928;Lee2000).Anolis allisonireadilyhybridizeswiththeCubanGreenAnole,A. porcatusGray1840,inCuba(SchwartzandHenderson1991;Gloretal.2004),andA. porcatusisbelievedtohybridizewiththenativeA. carolinen-sisinitsintroducedrangeinsouthernFlorida(Kolbeetal.2007).Allthreeofthesecloselyrelatedspeciesareassignedtothe Anolis carolinensisseries(Losos2009).
Materials and MethodsSpecimen acquisition.—On 5 July 2013 at 0901 h, asingleadultmaleAnolis allisoniwasobservedonthebackofaresident’shouseonMagdaleneManorDrive,Tampa,Hillsborough County, Florida (Fig. 1; 28.07457°N,82.47916°W,DatumWGS84;15melev.).Adigitalimage(photographicvoucherUF-Herpetology170513)wasdepos-ited in theDivisionofHerpetology,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,UniversityofFlorida.SpeciesidentitywasconfirmedbyJoseph.P.Burgess. After additional sightings by the homeowners,KLKandCMKvisitedthissiteon18August2013.Althoughnoadult male A. allisoniwasobserved,fivegreen-coloredjuve-nileanoleswerecollected(Fig.2;UF-Herpetology170869–170873) from the same side of the house.The residentinformedusthatheobservedthemaleA. allisoni the same day shortlyafterwedepartedthesite,andthatneighborsbelieveasimilarunusuallycoloredlizardwasobservedontheirhomes
I N T R O D U C E D S P E C I E S
Fig. 1.AdultmalenonnativeCubanBlueAnole(Anolis allisoni)pho-tographedinTampa,HillsboroughCounty,Florida,on5July2013.PhotographbyTonyHenneke.
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aswell.On21September2013,KLKandCMKvisitedthissiteagain,butafterintensivesearchesdidnotobserveamaleA. allisoni. Laboratory techniques.—WeobtainedDNA isola-tions from the five Anolis specimensusingZRGenomicDNA™TissueMicroprepKit (ZymoResearch, LLC).UsingtotalcellularDNAasatemplateandpolymerasechainreaction(PCR)methodology(Saikietal.1988),DNAwasamplifiedandsequencedfollowingGloretal. (2004)for
nicotinamideadeninedinucleotidedehydrogenasesubunit2(ND2)usingprimersL4437b(Maceyetal.1997)andH5730(Gloretal.2004).PCRwasconductedin25ml reac-tions:9.5ml H2O,12.5mlGoTaq
® MasterMix(PromegaCorp,Madison,Wisconsin,USA),1.0mleachprimer(10mM),and1.0ml DNA template. PCR parameters included initialdenaturingat94°Cfor3min,followedby35cyclesofamplification:denaturingat94°Cfor1min,annealingat52°Cfor1min,andextensionat72°Cfor1min,fol-
IRCFREPTILES&HIBIANS•22(3):128–131•SEP2015KRYSKO ET AL.
Fig. 2.GreenAnoles(Anolis carolinensis)collectedon18August2013fromthesamesiteasthenonnativeCubanBlueAnole(Anolis allisoni)inTampa,HillsboroughCounty,Florida.NotethatA–D=UF-Herpetology170869–170873,respectively.PhotographsbyKennethL.Krysko.
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lowedbyafinalextensionat72°Cfor7min.Threeml of eachPCRproductwereelectrophoresedona1%agarosegel,visualizedwithGelRedTMstaining(BiotiumInc.,Hayward,California,USA), and comparedwith aDNA standard.Sequencefilesreceivedforourspecimensfromtheautomatedsequencer(GenomicsDivision,InterdisciplinaryCenterforBiotechnologyResearch,UniversityofFlorida)wereeditedasnecessarywithGeneious software (ver.6.1,createdbyBiomatters<http://www.geneious.com>).GenBankaccessionnumbersforourspecimensareKP174772–KP174776. Phylogenetic analyses.—We downloaded DNAsequencedataforND2fromGenBankfor45samplesfromthe Anolis carolinensisseries,includingA. allisoni, A. altitu-dinalis, A. carolinensis, A. isolepis A. porcatus, and A. smarag-dinus(Gloretal.2004).Alongwithourfivespecimens,allsequenceswereassembledusingtheMusclealgorithmandmanuallyeditedasnecessarywithGeneioussoftware. Atotalof1,038basepairs(bp)ofsequencedatawereanalyzed.RelationshipsamonghaplotypeswereestimatedusingMaximumLikelihood(ML)methodologywiththeTamura-Nei model, complete deletion mechanism, nucleo-
tide substitution, nearest-neighbor interchange heuristicmethod,verystrongbranchswapfilter,and1,000nonpara-metricbootstrapreplicates(Felsenstein1985)toassessnodesupportusingMEGAversion6(Tamuraetal.2013).Themostcrediblesupportofphylogeneticrelationshipswascon-finedtonodeswherenonparametricbootstrapvalues≥70%(HillisandBull1993;Felsenstein2004).
ResultsOurMLanalysis(Fig.3)producedaphylogenysimilartothatofGloretal.(2005).OfthefiveAnolis specimenswecollected,fourhaplotypeswererecoveredandallwerenestedwithin theA. carolinensis clade. These samples are most closely related to the nearest sample locality in Citrus County, Florida, and all A. carolinensis are most closely related to A. porcatusfromwesternCuba.
DiscussionInthepast,introducedspecieshavebeenreportedinthelit-eraturebyvariousmeans;somebyimproperlywritingthespeciesnamewithoutprovidinganyevidenceormeansof
Fig. 3.MaximumLikelihoodphylogenyforGreenAnoles(Anolis carolinensis)(UF-Herpetology170869–170873highlightedinred)collectedinTampa,HillsboroughCounty,Florida,on18August2013.Notethatvalues(≥70%)abovemajornodesrepresentbootstrapsupport.
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verification,orbyproperlyvoucheringaspecimen(preferred)and/oradistinguishablephotographinasystematiccollec-tionwithassociateddata(seeKryskoetal.2011a).Inthispaper,wefollowtheproperwayofdocumentinganewintro-ducedspeciesbyprovidingaclearphotographicvoucher,butalsogoastepfurtherbyattemptingtodetermineitsstageofintroduction(i.e.,ifitisestablished)usingmolecularanalysis.Althoughourvoucherphotographclearlyillustratesanadultmale Anolis allisoni,ourmoleculardatasuggestthatthefiveothergreenanolescollectedatthesamesitehavemtDNAof native A. carolinensis(Fig.3),andthereforenocurrentevidencesupportsanestablishedpopulationofA. allisoni. However,wecannotdetermineifA. allisonihybridizedinthewildwithnativeA. carolinensisbecauseourdataconsistofmtDNA,whichismaternallyinherited.Nonetheless,A. allisoniwaseitherreleasedorescapedfromanearbyenclosureandcurrentlyrepresentsastage-2introduction(afterColauttiandMacIsaac2004).
AcknowledgmentsWethankTonyandBarbaraHennekeforreportingthenon-nativeCubanBlueAnoleandallowingustocollectspecimenson their property; Gustav Paulay and David Reed provided laboratoryspace.
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