Status and Trends for Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems · Status and Trends for Stationary Fuel...
Transcript of Status and Trends for Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems · Status and Trends for Stationary Fuel...
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Status and Trends for Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems
Dan RastlerTechnical Leader, Distributed Energy Resources Program
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Discussion Topics
• Review Technical and R&D Status
• Markets and Applications
• R&D Needs
• Gaps and Critical Success Factors for Large Scale Commercialization
• CleanTech Accelerator for Silicon Valley
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Why the Interest in Fuel Cells?• Very high fuel conversion efficiencies• Direct conversion avoids combustion process – allows for
very low emissions• High reliability- fewer moving parts• Modularity – scale-able to many sizes from 1 kW to 10’s
MW – offering a wide range of applications• Quite Operation - < 60 dBA• High Power Quality – due to use of dc to ac power
conditioning equipment • Waste heat – which can be used in cogeneration
applications enabling higher overall fuel efficiencies• Fuel Cells are ideal distributed generators, enabling power
to be sited at the ‘point of use’
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Introduction: Fuel Cell TypesThey can be Characterized by electrolyte type, materials of construction and operating temperatureFuel Cells are classified by operating temperature, type of electrolyte and materials of
construction.T y p e T e m p F E le c tro ly te M a te r ia ls
P E M F C P o lym e r-e xc h a n g e m e m b ra n e fu e l c e lls
2 0 0 F l, S u lfo n ic C a rb o n
A c id P o lym e r
C a rb o n , S a in le s s S te e l P t. C a ta lys t
P A F C P h o s p h o ric -a c id F u e l c e ls
4 0 0
P h o s p h o r ic A c id
C a rb o n P t. C a ta ly s t
M C F C M o lte n -c a rb o n a te fu e l c e lls
1 2 0 0
L ith iu m , P o ta s s iu m C a rb o n a te S a lts
N i - c a ta ly s t S ta in le s s S te e l
S O F C S o lid -o x id e fu e l c e lls
1 5 0 0 -1 8 0 0
Y ittra & Z irc o n iu m O x id e s
C e ra m ic N ic k e l A llo y s
A F C A lk a lin e fu e l c e ll
2 5 0 -4 8 0 K O H a n d N a O H N i, m e ta l o x id e s P t. C a ta ly s t
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Fuel Cell Types and Comparisons
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Fuel Cell Type and Scale in
kW
Electrical Efficiency,
LHV
Current and {Projected} Cost $/kW Status
PAFC
200 – 1,000 40%
$ 4000
{3000}
Commercial
MCFC
250-1000 44-55%
$4000
{1200}
Pre-commercial
PEMFC
5 kW to 1,000 32-42% $2000-$4000
{900}
Pre-production trials
Under development
SOFC
5 kW – 1,000 40-55%
$20,000
{700-900}
Beta trials
Under development
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Fuel Cell System Trends Compared with other Distributed Generation Technologies
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10
30
20
40
50
60
70
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 500,000
Size in kW
PEM Fuel Cell
Carbonate Fuel Cell
IC Engines
0
PAFC
Microturbines
Industrial Gas Turbine
Aero Gas Turbines
Residential Commercial Industrial Wholesale
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Combined Cycle
Stirling EngineElec
tric
al G
ener
atio
n Ef
ficie
ncy
%LH
V
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Benchmarking Fuel Cells
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Range of Total Energy Cost ($/kWh)Includes Capital, Financing, Fuel, and Maintenance (Net of Recovered Waste Heat)
$0.00 $0.20 $0.40 $0.60 $0.80 $1.00 $1.20 $1.40 $1.60
Fuel Cell - MCFC 250 kWFuel Cell - PEM 10 kW
Fuel Cell - PAFC 200 kWDiesel Engine - 30 kWMicroturbine - 30 kW
Solar Photovoltaic - 5 kWDiesel Engine - 60 kWMicroturbine - 80 kW
Solar Photovoltaic - 100 kWDiesel Engine - 7.5 kW
Natural Gas Engine - 100 kWSolar Photovoltaic - 500 kW
Natural Gas Engine - 500 kWSmall Wind Turbine - 10kW
Diesel Engine - 1 MWSolar Photovoltaic (50% Incent.) - 5 kW
Diesel Engine - 1.5 MWDiesel Engine - 200 kWDiesel Engine - 500 kWDiesel Engine - 500 kW
Combustion Turbine - 5MWNatural Gas Engine - 1 MW
Fuel Cell - PEM 10 kW w/CHPFuel Cell - MCFC 250 kW w/CHP
Solar Photovoltaic (50% Incent.) 100 kWNatural Gas Engine - 5 MW
Fuel Cell - PAFC 200 kW w/CHPCombustion Turbine - 25 MWCombustion Turbine - 40 MWMicroturbine - 30 kW w/CHP
Solar Photovoltaic with 50% Incentive - 500 kWSmall Wind Turbine with 50% Incentive - 10kW
Combustion Turbine - 100 MWMicroturbine - 80 kW w/CHP
Natural Gas Engine - 100 kW w/CHPCombustion Turbine - 5MW w/CHPNatural Gas Engine - 1 MW w/CHPNatural Gas Engine - 5 MW w/CHP
Combustion Turbine - 25 MW w/CHPCombustion Turbine - 40 MW w/CHP
$/kWh Cost of Energy
RetailRange
Retail Rate Range($0.07 - $0.22 or higher)
Depends on Load Factor, Rate design, Utility
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (500MW)($0.06 - $0.08/kWh)
Pulverized Coal – No CO2 Recovery (500MW)($0.044 - $0.045/kWh)
Coal Gasification (IGCC) – With CO2 Recovery (450MW)($0.061 - $0.075/kWh)
Central Station Comparison
Retail Rate Comparison
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What Might the Future Look Like?Grid integrated Distributed Power
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Vision: Distributed Energy ResourcesImbedded systems at End-user locations; Smart Grid; DispatchableDER Assets; Utility as the Network Manager
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DistributionSubstation
ReceivingStation
DistributionSubstation
DistributionSubstation
Commercial
Industrial
CommercialResidential
Gas Turbine
RecipEngine
RecipEngine
Fuel cellPhoto
voltaics
Micro-turbine
EnergyStorage
Microgen
MicrostorageGas Turbine
Distribution
Energy Storage
Utility as the NetWork Manager
Adv Circuit
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OverviewStatus of Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEMFC) Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC)- 1-10 kW- 25-40 % efficiency LHV- $ 5,000 /kW
- 200-1000 kW - 40 % efficiency LHV- $ 3,500 / kW
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) - 1-250 kW
- 45-48 % efficiency- $10,000 - 20,000/kW
- 250- 1,000 kW- 45 % efficiency- $ 3,000-4,000 / kW
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Phosphoric Acid Fuel CellsHave been fully demonstrated in the field; show good availability and reliability; but have not secured market penetration do to high capital costs
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Carbonate Fuel Cell SystemsSeveral pre-commercial systems and field trials under wayCarbonate Fuel Cell SystemsSeveral pre-commercial systems and field trials under way
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Status: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell SystemsSeveral field trials have occurred; Advanced technology still in R&D Lab phase
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Small SOFC systems are under laboratory evaluation
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u
Mitsubishi Materials Corporation Fuel Cell Technology Ceramic Fuel Cells Limited
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Status: PEMFC SystemsMost vendors developing systems for telecom and battery replacement markets
GM Demo at Dow
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Fuel Cell Turbine Hybrid Cycles
SomeOperational FlexibilityLimited
Easier to MatchFlow & Pressure/ratioMore Difficult to Match
HighEfficiencyHigher
Non-PressurizedFuel Cell PressurePressurizedDirect Cycle Characteristic Indirect Cycle
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Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC)Emerging Technology in Lab StageR&D at LLNL, SRI, SARA and CellTech
_ +
Carbon in
Electric power out
CO2 out
Air in
Air outReactive, nano-scale disorder C from thermal decomposition of CHx
Net reactionC+O2 = CO2
C + 2CO32- = 3CO2 + 4e-
O2 + 2CO2 + 4e- = 2CO32-
T = ~750 °CMolten salt
• The net reaction is the same as combustion • Electric power and CO2 are the products• 80 % of heat of combustion is convertible into power
– HHV= (32.8 MJ/kg-C; 14.1 MBTU/lb-C)
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PEMFC R&D Needs for Stationary Power
Key Areas of R&D:
• Durable electrolyte
• High temperature electrolyte
• Lower Pt. Loadings
• Low System Efficiency
• Complex Fuel Processing
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SOFC R&D and Materials Research Needs
Key Areas of R&D:
• Stable Interconnect under anode and cathode environments
• Advanced Electrodes
• Seals
• Low cost fabrication methods
• High power density
• Durability
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Advanced SOFC Concepts Under Development
Siemens-Westinghouse CeramPhysics, Inc. 20 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute,Inc All rights reserved
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Innovation and R&D Required for Large Markets2005-2008
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20102008-2010
• 5 kW – 75 kW PEMFC• 250 – 1 MW MCFC, and SOFC• 5- 40 kW SOFC• $ 1,500-$2,000 / kW
2010-2020• 75 kW – 250 kW PEMFC• 250 – 3 MW MCFC, SOFC• 2 – 50 kW SOFC• 1MW + SOFC-CT• <<$ 800 /kW
Efficiency, LHV 35-45
55
65
Early Markets - Schools &
Universities- Government
Buildings- CHP; Free Fuel- National Parks- Military Bases- State RPS Programs
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CapitalFuelO&M
R&D Targets Needed to achieve 8 cents/kWhDistributed Fuel Cell Power System RequirementsAll Electric Case – non-cogeneration /cooling scenario
Capital Cost: $ 700/kW installed
Efficiency: > 50% LHV
Assumed natural gas at $ 7per MBtu
O&M: < $0.008/kWh
25%65%10%
$700 /kW Installed
Stack: < 150; System: < 425; Profit:50; Install:7522 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute,Inc All rights reserved
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Gaps and Barriers to Large Market Applications
• Breakthroughs are needed - current systems offer limited market applications
• High Capital Cost – systems < $ 700 per kW installed• Long Durability and Life – fuel cell stack life ~8-10 years• Low Cost of Electricity – vs. other DG options and retail
delivered power ( < 8 cents per kWh )• Technology risk – competitive markets will not adopt
until fuel cells are proven• High Installation Costs – including permitting, and
interconnection & project development• Regulatory Framework - Competitive market structure
limits adoption of emerging options
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Stationary Fuel Cells – TrendsWhat does the Future Hold?
MW’s - GW Installed
50
24 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute,Inc All rights reserved’70 ’80 ’90 ’00 ‘05 ‘10 ‘20
100
1,000 - 1GW
10,000 – 10 GW
PAFCMCFC
PEMFC
SOFC
?DG Interconnected in US
Standardized Systems forGovernment Facilities
15 GW Residential
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CleanTech Accelerator for Silicon Valley“ A Working Concept ”
Goals:– Establish and Grow the “EcoSystem” for
CleanTech R&D in California – starting with SiValley Companies, Talent, Skills, & Resources
– Facilitate Networking, Deal Flow, Early-Stage Investments in CleanTech Areas:• Energy: Alternative Energy Systems; Grid; Fuel• Materials• Water• Environment
– Accelerate market application of CleanTechproducts and services
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The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
Thank You!
650-855-2521
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