MEASUREMENT OF

PERSONALITY

PERSONALITYThe word "personality" originates from

the Latin persona, which means mask.

"Personality" can be defined as an organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, emotions, interpersonal orientations motivations, and behaviors in various situations

Personality is the particular combination of emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral response patterns of an individual

Measurement of Personality

Projected techniques

Personality inventories

Observation

OBSERVATIONObservational skills play an impor

tant part in most assessment procedures. Sometimes the things that we observe confirm the person's self-report, and at other times the person's overt behavior appears to be at odds with what he or she says. 

Observational procedures may be either  informal or formal. 

Informal observations are primarily qualitative. 

The clinician observes the environment in person's behavior and which it  occurs without attempting to record the frequency or intensity of specific responses. 

PROJECTED TECHNIQUES

Projective test is a personality test

designed to let a person respond to

ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing

hidden emotions and internal conflicts.

Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)

Drawing Test

Rorschach test

Thematic Apperception Test

TAT was developed by Henry Murray, a psychologist at Harvard (1938).

Its adherents claim that it taps a subject's unconscious to reveal repressed aspects of personality, motives  and  needs  for achievement,  power and intimacy, and problem-solving abilities.

There are 31 cards in the standard form of the TAT

Procedure

The TAT is popularly known as the picture interpretation technique because it uses a standard series of provocative yet ambiguous pictures about which the subject must a story. The subject is asked to tell as dramatic a story as they can for each picture presented, including:

What has led up to the event shown?What is happening at the moment?What the characters are feeling and thinking?What the outcome of the story was?

Rorschach test

The test takes its name from that of its creator, Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach (in 1922).

The Rorschach test (also known as Inkblot test) is a psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex scientifically derived algorithms, or both.

It has been employed to detect an underlying thought disorder, especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly. 

Goals of Rorschach test

The general goal of the test is to provide data about  cognition  and  personality variables such as motivations, response tendencies, cognitive operations, affectivity, and personal/interpersonal perceptions.

There are ten official inkblots, each printed on a separate white card, approximately 18x24 cm in size. Each of the blots has near perfect bilateral symmetry.

Five inkblots are of black ink, two are of black and red ink and three are multicolored, on a white background. 

PERSONALITY INVENTORIES

A personality inventory is an assessment tool used to determine which of these personality types a person falls into.

It is used as part of a self assessment done for career planning purposes.

Bell Adjustment Inventory The well known and widely used personality inventory is the

Bell’s adjustment Inventory which measures four areas of adjustment home, health, social, emotional, separately as well as composite scores.

Total numbers of items are 80.

Do you have many headaches?Is your mother the dominant member of the family?Have you ever felt that someone was hypnotizing you and

making you act against your will?Do you embarrassed when you have to enter a public assembly

after everyone else has been seated?Do you feel there has been a lack of real affection and love in

your home?Do you day dream frequently?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI)

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-

2; MMPI-A) is a written psychological assessment, or

test, used to diagnose mental disorders.

It was developed by J.C.McKinley & S.R. Hathway.

It consists of 556 statements.

The subject has to classify the statements into 3

categories--YES, NO, CANNOT SAY. It is one of the most

frequently used personality tests in mental health

Number Abbreviation Description What is measured No. of items

1 Hs HypochondriasisConcern with bodily

symptoms 32

2 D Depression Depressive Symptoms 57

3 Hy HysteriaAwareness of problems and

vulnerabilities 60

4 Pd Psychopathic DeviateConflict, struggle, anger, respect for society's rules 50

5 MFMasculinity/

Femininity

Stereotypical masculine or feminine interests/behaviors

56

6 Pa ParanoiaLevel of trust,

suspiciousness, sensitivity 40

7 Pt PsychastheniaWorry, Anxiety, tension,

doubts, obsessiveness 48

8 Sc SchizophreniaOdd thinking and social

alienation 78

9 Ma Hypomania Level of excitability 46

10 Si Social Introversion People orientation 69

MEASUREMENT OF

APTITUDE

APTITUDE

Acquired or natural ability (usually measurable with aptitude tests), for learning and proficiency in a specific area or discipline.

Aptitude is a natural ability to acquire relatively general or special types of skills or knowledge.

SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TESTS

Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)

SAT test is a first step to find out which college is best for study. The SAT exam serves as a platform to examine students on logical thinking and analytical abilities.

SAT test consists of three main sections:

Critical Reading Section:The critical reading section includes reading passages

and sentence completions.Writing Section:The writing section includes a short essay and multiple-

choice questions on identifying errors and improving grammar and usage

3. Mathematics Section:The mathematics section includes questions on

arithmetic operations, algebra, geometry, statistics and probability.

 The duration of SAT test is 3 hours and 45 minutes.

The SAT is made up of 10 sectionsA 25-minute essaySix 25-minute sections (mathematics, critical

reading and writing)Two 20-minute sections (mathematics,

critical reading and writing)A 10-minute multiple-choice writing section

Scoring:Each section of SAT (critical reading,

mathematics and writing) will be scored on a 200- to 800-point , for a possible total of 2400.

Graduate Record Examinations(GRE) 

Colleges and universities use the Graduate

Record Examinations to evaluate students.

It is conducted by Educational Testing Service

(ETS).

GRE tests a student’s verbal and quantitative

skills largely through multiple choice type

questions, and an essay writing section tests the

student’s abilities for analytical writing and

critical thinking.

It consists of 3 sections:

Verbal Reasoning: The verbal section consists of text completions, sentence equivalence and reading comprehension passages

Quantitative Reasoning: The quantitative section, the other multiple-choice section, consists of problem solving and quantitative comparison questions that test high-school level mathematics.

Analytical Writing: The analytical writing section consists of two different essays, an "issue task" and an "argument task".

VOCATIONAL APTITUDE TESTS

Mechanical Aptitude Test (MAT) for mechanics, machine operators , assembly line workers,etc. As different mechanical jobs require different abilities so variety of mechanical aptitude tests are available .e.g.

How much weight is required to balance the lever?

 

Differential Aptitude Test

It has proved more successful in predicting academic success and found useful for providing educational and vocational guidance.

Individual or Group - 60 to 90 minutes per battery, Paper & Pencil

The test induced in the DAT are the following: Verbal Reasoning: Verbal reasoning ability

is important for any work involving the communication of ideas or the interpretation of written material.

Numerical Reasoning: This differential aptitude test measures your capability to interpret numerical relationships between different figures. Mathematical reasoning is also tested.

Abstract Reasoning : This differential aptitude test measures your reasoning when you solve problems in terms of size, shape, position, quantity or other geometric figures and shapes. Logical thinking is involved.

Mechanical Reasoning: Mechanical Reasoning (MR) measures your ability to understand mechanical principles of machines, motion and devices.

Space Relations: Space Relations (SP) measures your capability to analyze three dimensional figures.

Language Differential: Language Usage Test is used to measure your ability to detect grammatical and other language errors (using present/past tense, direct/indirect speech, capitalization etc). This test is mainly used to screen candidates for jobs in journalism, review writing and management courses. 

Speed and Accuracy

VALUES OF APTITUDE TESTING

They are excellent predictors of future scholastic achievement

They provide ways of comparing a child’s performance with that of other children in same situation.

They provide a profile of strengths and weaknesses.

They assess differences among individuals.

They have uncovered hidden talents in some children.

MEASUREMENT

OF INTEREST

IntroductionIn Latin ,the word 'interest' means 'it

concerns' or 'it matters'.

Interest is the feeling that prompts us to spontaneous activity . Once interests is aroused in studies, games, literature and good conduct, the child will consider no sacrifice and effort too great to attain proficiency .

DefinitionInterest is a feeling

or emotion that causes attention to focus on an object or an event or a process.

 'An interest is a tendency to become absorbed in an experience and to continue it.’

A state of curiosity or concern about or attention to something:

IMPORTANCE OF INTERESTS IN DEVELOPMENT

One's interests offers the best clue for finding out one's motivation. The interests the younger children develop have a powerful influence on their behavior not only during childhood but also when they grow older.

Interests in painting or music in adulthood ,usually orginate during childhood.

A girl who is the interested in matters of health or in the functioning of human body may aspire to be a nurse or doctor when she grows up, while a boy who has strong interest in sports may want to become an athletic coach

Uses

Interest inventories are used to assess interests by a variety of institutions including high schools and college advising officers, social service agencies, employment agencies, consultations firms and community organizations.

MEASUREMENT OF INTEREST

LASSI (Learning and Study Strategies Inventory)

The LASSI is a 80-item assessment of

students' awareness about and use of

learning and study strategies related to skill,

will and self-regulation components of

strategic learning.

Anxiety Scale —Measures how tense or concerned a student is when approaching a task—a student feels panicky or globalizes the effects of an exam. LEARN to break larger tasks down in to smaller, more manageable tasks.

Attitude Scale —Measures general motivation for succeeding in school. FOCUS on higher level goal setting and reassess how school fits in to the bigger picture.

Concentration —Measures a students ability to focus (when studying and listening) and not being distracted. ASSESS where to sit in class and where to study.

Information Processing —Measures a student’s ability to learn by the use of elaboration, creativity, and organization strategies. DEVELOP various approaches such as mnemonic devices and note-taking strategies.

Motivation —Measures a student’s general motivation to perform specific tasks related to achieving success and the degree to which he accepts responsibility for daily tasks. SET goals to accomplish specific tasks.

Self Testing —Measures a student’s ability to test her own level of understanding

Selecting Main Ideas —Measures how well a student can identify important material. DEVELOP skills on how to separate out critical information by asking “What is really being asked?” or “What is the author or my professor really trying to say?”

Study Aids —Assesses student’s use of resources to help him learn or retain information.

Time Management —Measures a student’s ability to apply time management principles to academic situations. REFLECT on your behavior, your various energy levels, and procrastination by making a clear time management plan.

Test Strategies —Assesses a student’s use of test preparation and test taking strategies

Self-Directed Search

The SDS is a guide to educational and career planning.  It was first developed by Dr. John Holland in 1971 and subsequently has been revised three times. 

The SDS is the most widely used interest inventory in the world.

The test takes just 20-30 minutes to complete

GroupsIt is based upon the theory that people can be

loosely classified into six different groups: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional (RIASEC)

Realistic (R) people like realistic careers such as auto mechanic, aircraft controller, surveyor, electrician, and farmer. 

The R type usually has mechanical and athletic abilities, and likes to work outdoors and with tools and machines..

Investigative (I) people like investigative careers such as biologist, chemist, physicist, geologist, anthropologist, laboratory assistant, and medical technician.

The I type usually has math and science abilities, and likes to work alone and to solve problems.

Artistic (A) people like artistic careers such as composer, musician, stage director, dancer, interior decorator, actor, and writer.  The A type usually has artistic skills, enjoys creating original work, and has a good imagination.

The A type generally likes to work with creative ideas and self-expression more than routines and rules. 

Social (S) people like social careers such as teacher, speech therapist, religious worker, counselor, clinical psychologist, and nurse. 

The S type generally likes to help, teach, and counsel people more than engage in mechanical or technical activity. .

Enterprising (E) people like enterprising careers such as buyer, sports promoter, television producer, business executive, salesperson, travel agent, supervisor, and manager. 

The E type usually has leadership and public speaking abilities, is interested in money and politics, and likes to influence people.

Conventional (C) people like conventional careers such as bookkeeper, financial analyst, banker, tax expert, secretary, and radio dispatcher. 

The C type has clerical and math abilities, likes to work indoors and to organize thing.

MEASUREMENT OF

INTELLIGENCE

IntelligenceIntelligence has been defined in

different ways, including the abilities for abstract thought, understanding, communication, , reasoning , learning, retaining, planning, and problem solving.

There are two major types of intelligence test, those administered to individuals and those administered to group

The two main individual intelligence tests are :

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test Wechsler tests, - Wechsler

Intelligence Test for Children (WISC) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for adults

Group-administered intelligence tests involve a series of different problems and are generally used in mass testing situations such as the military and schools. Examples of group tests are:

Multidimensional Aptitude BatteryThe Cognitive Abilities test  

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB5), Fifth Edition

Type Cognitive ability assessment

PurposeIndividually administered assessment of intelligence and cognitive abilities

MeasuresFluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, Working Memory

Ages2 to 85+ years

TimesApproximately 5 minutes per subtest

FACTORS NON VERBAL VERBAL

Fluid Reasoning(FR)

Nonverbal Fluid ReasoningActivities: Object Series/Matrices (Routing)

Verbal Fluid ReasoningActivities: Early Reasoning (2-3), Verbal Analogies (5-6)

Knowledge(KN)

Nonverbal KnowledgeActivities: Procedural Knowledge (2-3)

Verbal KnowledgeActivities: Vocabulary (Routing)

Quantitative Reasoning (QR)

Nonverbal Quantitative ReasoningActivities: Quantitative Reasoning (2-6)

Verbal Quantitative ReasoningActivities: Quantitative Reasoning (2-6)

Visual-Spatial Processing (VS)

Nonverbal Visual-Spatial ProcessingActivities: Form Board (1-2), Form Patterns (3-6)

Verbal Visual-Spatial ProcessingActivities: Position and Direction (2-6)

Working Memory(WM)

Nonverbal Working MemoryActivities: Block Span (2-6)

Verbal Working MemoryActivities: Memory for Sentences (2-3), Last Word (4-6)

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is a test designed to measure intelligence in adults and older adolescents. It is currently in its fourth edition (WAIS-IV).

Indices and scalesThere are four index scores representing major

components of intelligence:Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI)Working Memory Index (WMI)Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI)Processing Speed Index (PSI)

SUBTESTS

The Verbal Comprehension Index includes four tests:

Similarities: Abstract verbal reasoning (e.g., "In what way are an apple and a pear alike?")

Vocabulary: The degree to which one has learned, been able to comprehend and verbally express vocabulary (e.g., "What is a guitar?")

Information : Degree of general information acquired from culture (e.g., "Who is the president of Russia?")

Comprehension [Supplemental]: Ability to deal with abstract social conventions, rules and expressions (e.g., "What does Kill 2 birds with 1 stone metaphorically mean?")

The Working Memory Index is obtained from three tests:

Digit span: attention, concentration, mental control (e.g., Repeat the numbers 1-2-3 in reverse sequence)

Arithmetic: Concentration while manipulating mental mathematical problems (e.g., "How many 45-cent stamps can you buy for a dollar?")

Letter-Number Sequencing [Supplemental]: attention and working memory (e.g., Repeat the sequence Q-1-B-3-J-2, but place the numbers in numerical order and then the letters in alphabetical order)

The Processing Speed Index includes three tests

Symbol Search: Visual perception, speed

Coding: Visual-motor coordination, motor and mental speed

The Perceptual Reasoning Index comprises five tests

Block Design: Spatial perception, visual abstract processing & problem solving

Visual Puzzles: non-verbal reasoningPicture Completion [Supplemental]:

Ability to quickly perceive visual details

Figure Weights [Supplemental]: quantitative and analogical reasoning.

Fluid reasoning

Matrix reasoning

Foam Board test

Multidimensional Aptitude Battery-II

The Multidimensional Aptitude Battery-II (MAB-II) assesses aptitudes and intelligence.

Administer to: 16 years old and olderAdministration time: 100 minutesNumber of items: 335 items

The MAB-II assesses 10 distinct domains of human intellectual functioning, grouped into two (2) broader categories, as follows:

Verbal: Information, Comprehension, Arithmetic, Similarities, Vocabulary

Performance: Digit Symbol, Picture Completion, Spatial, Picture Arrangement, Object Assembly

Cognitive Abilities Test

The Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT, CAT) is designed to measure students’ learned reasoning abilities in the three areas most linked to academic success in school: Verbal, Quantitative and Nonverbal.

Verbal BatteryThree sub-tests are administered in the verbal

section. Each test has approximately 20 questions and the student is given ten minutes to complete each sub-test.

Verbal ClassificationExample: green  blue  red.

Choices: color; crayon, paint, yellow, rainbow.Sentence CompletionExample: Apples     on trees.

Choices: fall; grow; show; bloom; spread.Verbal AnalogiesExample: new (is to) old : wet (is to)

Choices: rain; drip; hot; sun; dry

Quantitative BatteryThe Quantitative Battery tests the

student's quantitative reasoning and problem solving ability and provides an appraisal of the student's general level of abstract reasoning.

Three tests are administered in the quantitative battery. The first test has twenty-five questions and students are given 8 minutes to finish. The second has 20 questions with a 10 minute testing time. The third has fifteen questions with a 12 minute testing time.

Quantitative RelationsThe student is given two problems numbered one

and two with three answer choices. The student is to solve the two problems

Example: 1.  0+3    2.  3+0   Choices: a) 1 is greater than 2; b) 1 is less than 2; c) 1 is equal to 2.

Number SeriesExample: 5; 10; 15; 20

Choices: 25; 30; 35; 40; 45.Equation BuildingThe student is given numbers and signs. The

student is asked to combine the numbers and signs to get a solution that is an answer choice.

Example: 1 2 3 - x Choices: 1; 2; 3; 4; 6

Non-Verbal BatteryThe tests in the nonverbal battery are between fifteen and

twenty-five questions each and students are given ten minutes for each test.

Figure ClassificationThe student is given three figures that are alike in some

way. They are given three answer choices and five pictures to choose from. They are asked to decide which figure goes best with the three answer choices.

Example: The student is given three items that are odd shaped but each one has 4 sides and is black. Choices: a black circle; a black triangle; a 4 sided white object; a black 4 sided object; six-sided white object.

Figure AnalogiesThe student is given three figures. The first two figures go

together; the third figure goes with one of the answer choices.

.

Figure AnalysisThe student is shown how a square piece of dark

paper is folded and where holes are punched in it. The student is to figure out how the paper will look when it is unfolded.

Example: If a dark piece of paper is folded in the center from top to bottom and a hole is punched in the bottom right hand corner, what will the piece of paper look like when it is unfolded? Choices: A) one hole in the bottom right hand corner; B) one hole in the bottom right hand corner and one in the top right hand corner; C) one hole in the top right hand corner; D) one hole in the bottom right hand corner and one in the bottom left hand corner; E) one hole in the bottom right hand corner and one in the top left hand corner

MEASUREMENT OF

SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS

Socioeconomic status

Assessment of socioeconomic status (SES) is an important aspect in community based studies. Evaluation of SES of a family would mean the categorization of the family in respect of defined variables such as education, occupation, economic status, physical assets, social position, etc

Kuppuswamy's SES Classification is based on education, occupation & income of family headEDUCATION

Professional degree, PG and above 7

Graduate 6

Intermediate or pass high school

diploma

5

High school certificate 4

Middle school completion 3

Primary school 2

Illiterate 1

Occupation

Profession 10

Semi profession 6

Clerk, shop owner, farm owner 5

Skilled worker 4

Semi skilled worker 3

Unskilled 2

Unemployed 1

Per capita income (Rs. per month)

Original income Modified

>2000 >21660 12

1000-1999 10830-21659 10

750-999 8122-10829 6

500-749 5415-8121 4

300-499 3249-5414 3

101-299 1093-3248 2

<100 < 1093 1

The total score is graded as follows:

Upper 26-29

Upper middle 16-25

Lower middle 11-15

Upper lower 5-10

Lower < 5

VISUAL HANDICAPIt means being partially sighted, having low

vision, being legally blind, and being totally blind, these terms are used in the educational context to describe students with visual impairments.

Visual impairment is vision loss of a person having reduced vision, a handicap that constitutes a significant limitation of visual capability resulting from disease, trauma or a congenital or degenerative condition that cannot be corrected by conventional means, including refractive correction, medication, or surgery.

VISUAL HANDICAPSigns

Watery eyesReddened eyelidsRubs eyes excessivelyBlink more frequentlyComplaints about headache following

classroom eye walkPlace eye close to learning material

SNELLEN CHARTA standard eye

chart is necessary to make comparisons and to record people's visual acuity. The most common chart used in most doctors' offices is the Snellen eye chart. 

Intelligence testing for the visually impaired

 A variety of IQ tests are available for the visually impaired.

Testing conditionsAn appropriate testing environment is one where there

are few distractions and adequate lighting.The examinee should be allowed time to become

comfortable and familiar with the room setting.The examiner must take some time in order to describe

any testing materials that are part of the test.Examinees should be given the opportunity to

experience touching the materials before the test starts.

Wherever there is typed material it should be represented in large print.

Haptic intelligence test: for adult blindThe Haptic intelligence test is is a performance-

based intelligence measure for blind and partially sighted adults and can be completed in up to an hour and a half. It is a tactile performance test

It consists of the following subtests:-Dot symbol: analyzing dot patternsObject assembly: assembling puzzle parts

such as cubesPattern board: examining and reproducing

peg board patternsBead arithmetic: solving arithmetic

problems on an abacus

Cognitive test for the blind (CTB)

The CTB assesses cognitive functions including measures of abstract reasoning, auditory language functions, memory and spatial abilities.

It consists of : auditory analysis, immediate digit recall, language comprehension and memory,, vocabulary.

HEARING HANDICAPPEDDeafness: Temporary or permanent

impairment or loss of hearing.Hearing impairement: is a full or partial

decrease in the ability to detect or understand sounds.

Deaf-blindness: means a combination of hearing and visual impairments which causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindness.

Tests

Audiometry : An audiometry exam tests your ability to hear sounds. Sounds vary based on their loudness (intensity) and the speed of sound wave vibrations (tone).

A tuning fork may be used. The tuning fork is tapped and held in the air on each side of the head to test the ability to hear by air conduction. It is tapped and placed against the mastoid bone behind each ear to test bone conduction.

SLOW LEARNER

They exhibit due to more psychological processes involved in understanding and in using spoken of written language referred to as perceptual problems, brain injuries, dyslexia , developmental aphasia.

Slow learners means educational retardation and intellectual score between 75-90.

MEASUREMENTDetroit test of hearing aptitude: The DTLA-4 is one of the oldest and most respected

tests that evaluate specific mental abilities of individuals ages 6 to 17. 

Scales & FormsWord OppositesReversed LettersBasic InformationStory SequencesDesign SequencesSentence ImitationDesign Reproduction