Smart&Grid&Tables& - Illinois State

7
1 Smart Grid Tables Exploring the Energy Grid Grades 912 Exploration 1 Rapidly turn the handles clockwise on all three generators at the end of the table observing the System Voltage Meter. 1. Draw the needle when the light is in the GREEN range: 2. Write the number when the light is in the GREEN range:

Transcript of Smart&Grid&Tables& - Illinois State

  1  

Smart  Grid  Tables  

 

Exploring  the  Energy  Grid  Grades  9-­‐12  

Exploration  1  

Ø Rapidly  turn  the  handles  clockwise  on  all  three  generators  at  the  end  of  the  table  observing  the  System  Voltage  Meter.    

 

 

 

                                   

1. Draw  the  needle  when  the  light  is    in  the  GREEN  range:      

 

2. Write  the  number  when  the  light  is    in  the  GREEN  range:    

 

 

 

 

 

             

  2  

Discussion  1  

In  1831  Michael  Faraday  discovered  one  of  the  fundamental  principles  of  electromagnetism.  It  is  called  Faraday’s  Law.  His  law  explains  how  electricity  and  magnetism  interact,  and  forms  the  basis  for  modern  electric  motors  and  generators.  Electric  generators  convert  kinetic  (motion)  energy  into  electrical  energy.  

Study  the  generator  to  determine  its  working  parts  and  read  the  diagrams  on  the  sides  of  the  tables  to  help  you  answer  the  discussion  questions.    

1. Draw  a  line  to  connect  the  parts  of  a  generator  to  its  name:  

 

Hand  crank  

Drive  belt  

Stator  

Rotor  

Commutator  

Brushes  

Output  terminals  

2. What  investigation  do  you  think  that  Michael  Faraday  was  probably  doing  when  he  first  discovered  his  Law?      

3. Explain  how  you  think  the  generator  is  producing  electricity.      

4. What  is  the  part  of  the  generator  that  spins  rapidly  on  the  inside  of  the  generator?      

5. What  is  around  the  outside  of  the  spinning  rotor?      

6. What  is  the  purpose  of  the  commutator?      

7. What  is  the  purpose  of  the  brushes?  

  3  

Exploration  2  

Ø Make  sure  the  Smart  Grid  Enable  Switch  is  off  and  use  the  Smart  Grid  Table  Wiring  Directions  located  on  the  table  to  connect  the  power  companies  to  the  customers.    

1. After  you  have  wired  the  table  crank  the  three  generators  rapidly,  observing  how  the  Low,  OK,  and  High  voltage  outputs  affects  the  building  lights.  Describe  the  connection  between  the  System  Voltage  and  buildings:        

2. In  the  real  world,  the  voltage  on  the  electric  grid  must  be  maintained  within  a  very  narrow  range.    In  this  model  electric  grid,  the  voltage  must  be  maintained  at  approximately  6.5  –  9.5  Volts  in  order  to  keep  the  customers’  lights  on.    What  happens  if  you  use  just  one  of  the  generators?        

3. Different  parts  of  the  grid  affect  a  building’s  power  source.  Describe  what  happens  when  you  flip  the  bypass  switch  on  the  back  of  the  SmartGrid  box  and  disconnect  any  one  wire.          

4. With  the  wire  disconnected  turn  the  Smart  Grid  Enable  Switch  ON!  Explain  the  connection  between  the  Smart  Grid  Panel  and  the  buildings:          

5. Can  you  wire  the  grid  so  that  ONLY  the  Farm,  House  #1,  and  Apartment  #1  are  lit?  Describe  what  the  SmartGrid  panel  looks  like  in  relation  to  the  buildings:    

 

 

   

 

   

 

  4  

Discussion  2  

1. What  do  the  green  lights  on  the  Smart  Grid  Control  Panel  tell  you?  

 

2. What  do  the  red  lights  on  the  Smart  Grid  Control  Panel  tell  you?  

 

3. How  does  a  utility  company  with  standard  meters  (no  SmartGrid)  find  out  if  a  wire  is  broken  or  disconnected?      

4. How  do  they  determine  which  wire  is  broken?  

 

5. How  does  a  utility  company  with  Smart  Meters  (with  SmartGrid)  find  out  if  a  wire  is  broken  or  disconnected?    

 

6. How  do  they  determine  which  wire  is  broken?    

Reconnect  all  the  buildings  to  the  grid.    

Apply  It!  Sometimes  electricity  goes  off  because  of  storm  damage  to  transmission  lines.  

1. Has  the  electricity  ever  gone  off  at  your  home?  2. How  long  was  it  off?  

 Ø Turn  the  Smart  Grid  Switch  OFF  Ø A  storm  hit  your  area  causing  the  power  to  go  out  in  your  neighborhood.  Ask  your  

teacher  (or  someone  else)  to  cause  a  problem  in  your  grid.    3. Keeping  the  SmartGrid  off,  describe  how  you  found  and  fixed  the  problems:        

   

Ø Turn  the  Smart  Grid  Switch  ON  Ø Another  storm  hit  your  neighborhood.  Ask  your  teacher  (or  someone  else)  to  cause  

problem  in  your  grid.  4. With  the  SmartGrid  on,  describe  how  you  found  and  fixed  the  problems:    

 5. How  do  you  think  the  Smart  Grid  help  utility  companies?  

 6. How  do  you  think  the  Smart  Grid  help  customers?  

  5  

 

Expanding  

1. Set  your  multimeter  to  the  20  volt  DC  setting.  

 

 

 

2. Connect  the  leads  of  the  multimeter  to  seven  locations  on  the  grid  while  the  bypass  switch  is  ON.    Record  the  location  and  corresponding  voltage  in  the  chart:      

 

             

 

3. Describe  what  you  notice  about  the  voltage  at  various  locations  in  relation  to  their  distance  from  the  generators  and  from  each  other:          

4. In  this  table-­‐top  model,  about  how  far  does  the  electricity  have  to  travel  from  the  generator  to  the  customer?      

5. In  the  “real  world”  about  how  far  does  electricity  travel  from  the  generator  to  the  customer?    

Although  in  this  table-­‐top  simulation  the  voltage  remains  low  and  fairly  constant  over  the  entire  grid,  in  real  electric  grids  that  is  not  the  case.    

 

 

 

Location   Volts  

1.    2.    3.    4.    5.    6.    7.    

  6  

 

Electrical  power  coming  out  of  the  real  generator  is  at  a  relatively  low  voltage.  Low  voltage  is  not  very  efficient  for  transmission  over  large  distances,  so  the  voltage  has  to  be  “stepped  up.”  Typical  high  voltage  power  lines  operate  between  138,000  and  765,000  volts.  When  entering  into  a  city,  the  voltage  is  typically  stepped  down  to  approximately  10,000  volts.  In  your  neighborhood,  it  is  stepped  down  again  to  two  lines  of  120  volts  each.  That  is  why  most  of  your  appliances  are  120  volts  and  some,  like  the  dryer,  furnace,  water  heater,  and  oven  operate  on  240  volts.    In  many  European  countries,  household  voltage  is  220  volts.      

Besides  describing  generators,  Faraday’s  Law  can  be  used  to  describe  transformers.  A  transformer  is  used  to  change  voltage  in  an  electrical  system.  It  has  two  coils  of  wire  that  are  wrapped  around  a  core,  which  is  typically  iron.  When  electricity  flows  in  one  coil,  it  “induces”  electricity  to  flow  in  the  other.  The  side  that  has  more  “turns”  (loops)  of  wire  has  the  higher  voltage.    In  this  way,  voltage  can  be  stepped  up  for  long-­‐distance  transmission,  and  stepped  down  for  distribution  in  neighborhoods.  

 

 

Primary  coil  (or  “primary  winding”)     Secondary  coil  (or  “secondary  winding”)  

This  is  the  side  where  the  electricity  “goes  in”   This  is  the  output  

 

6. Design  a  transformer  that  will  change  one  voltage  to  another.  Remember,  even  the  smaller  of  the  two  coils  can  still  have  over  100  feet  of  wire.  

 

 

 

 

  7  

 

 

7. Label  the  following  diagram:    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. Why  must  the  voltage  of  the  electricity  coming  out  of  the  power  plant  be  “stepped  up”?  

 

2. In  a  step  up  transformer,  which  side  has  more  wire,  the  primary  coil  or  the  secondary  coil?  

 

3. In  a  step  down  transformer,  which  side  has  more  wire,  the  primary  coil  or  the  secondary  coil?    

4. If  the  output  of  a  step  up  transformer  has  double  the  input  voltage,  how  would  you  expect  the  lengths  of  wire  in  the  primary  and  secondary  coils  to  compare?    

7. Design  a  transformer  that  has  an  input  voltage  of  12  volts  and  an  output  of  3  volts.  Remember,  even  the  smaller  coil  probably  has  well  over  300  turns  of  wir