Shepherd 1987 Aquacultural-Engineering

7/28/2019 Shepherd 1987 Aquacultural-Engineering

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Aquacultural Engineering 6 ( 1987) 155-169

A R e v i e w o f P r a c t i ca l E m e r g e n c y P r o c e d u r e s fo r F i s hC u l t u r i s t s

B. G . Shepherd and J. G. M orrisSalmonid EnhancementProgram, Departmentof Fisheriesand Oceans, 1090 W. PenderSt., Vancouver,British Columbia, V6E 2P1, Canada

A B S T R A C TThe dev elo pm en t of an effective emergency-response system requires careboth in the planning of procedures an d the selection o f equipm ent. TheOpes o f emergencies that ma y arise in hatcheries are manifold, bu t can becategorized as external (such as weather or independent activities in thewatershed), general to the hatchery (relating to h um an activities an d fire,po w er an d freezer fa ilures), or specific to the water supply ( f low, level , orwater quali O, concerns). System s suggested fo r B ritish C olum bia fede ralsalm on hatcheries to handle or av oid these various types o f emergenciesare outlined. The co m bin ed importance o f careful design, a strong pre-ventive ma intenance program, an d contingency plan ning for emergenciesis emp hasized.

INTRODUCTIONObviously, catastrophes such as the 1980 Mount St Helens, Washingtoneruption which destroyed the Washington State Department of Fisheries'Toutle River Hatchery, are beyond the control of hatchery'staff. How-ever, the majority of hatchery emergencies can be successfully handledor even avoided, given proper foresight and funds. Senn et a l . (1984),among others, have previously detailed the alarm and security equip-ment used in salmonid culture facilities. Our purpose in this paper is tooutline desirable and practical design and operational attitudes toemergencies. It is the combination of careful planning of procedures,together with the right equipment, that results in an effective emergency-response system. 155.4quacultural E11gineering 0144-8609/87/S03.50-- Elsevier Applied SciencePublishers Ltd. England. 1987. Printed in Great Britain


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15 6 B. G. Shepherd, J. G. M orrisT Y P ES O F E M E R G E N C I E S

S o m e o f t h e c o m m o n t y p e s o f e m e r g e n c i e s t h a t a h a t c h e r y o p e r a t i o nm igh t f ace a r e l i s t ed in Tab le 1 . Ov era l l, emergen c ie s can be ca t egor i zeda s e x t e r n a l o r i n t e r n a l to t h e h a t c h e r y o p e r a t i o n , w i t h c o n t i n u i t y o f t h ew a t e r s u p p l y b e i n g o f p a r a m o u n t c o n c e r n w i t h i n t h e h a t ch e r y .

T A B L E 1Comm on Types of Emergencies that May A rise in HatcheriesCategory General area Specific type o f emergency

Ex t e r na l E l em en t s Dam age f r om f l ood , d r ough t , wi nd , s now, i ceH a t c h e r y(genera l )

W a t e rs upp l y

H u m a n P o l lu t io n o r o t h e r d a m a g e r e su l ti n g f r o m u p s t r e a mact ivi t ies (e .g. t rain w reck , dam spil ls)S t a f f O pe r a t o r e r r o r ( s ee be l ow f o r s pec if ic exam pl e s )M a i n t en a n c e i g n o r e dInjuryH u m a n I n t r u s i o nVanda l i s m ( s ee be l ow f o r exam pl e s )F i r e E l ec t r i c a lFue lL i gh t n i ngPow er Los s o f l ine s e r v i ceFa i lu r e o f ha t che r y gene r a t o rFa i l u re o f e l ec t r ic a l co m po nen t ( e .g . re l ay )T i m e r s o r a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l s s hu t o f fF r e e z e r A i r t e m p e r a t u r e t o o w a r mC o m p r e s s o r f a il u reF l ow Va l ve s hu tV a lv e o p e n e d t o o w i de , r o b b i n g f lo w f r o m a n o t h e rare aP i pe o r va l ve plugs, b r eaks o r f r eeze s

P u m p f a il u reWell fai lureI n t ake s c r eens p l ugL e v e l D r a i n v a lv e o p e n e dS t o p l o g r e m o v e d o r l ea k in gO ver f lo w due to p lugging , van dal i sm, e tc .W a t e r d e m a n d e x c e e d s s u p p lySi l tat ion (e .g. fai lure of f i l ters)I ne f fec t ive ae r a t i on ( l ow O , o r h igh N , )Pol lu t ion (e .g . leak in he a t ex chan ger )Chemica l sp i l l wi th in ha tcheryW at e r t oo co l dW a t e r t o o h o t

C o n t a m i n a t i o n

T e m p e r a t u r e


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Em ergency procedures or ish culturistsE M E R G E N C Y E Q U I P M E N T A N D P R O C E D U R E S

157

Th i s s ec t ion mus t be p re fac ed w i th a cau t ion . In r ev i ewing the expe r i -e n c e s o f f e d e r a l h a t c h e r y m a n a g e r s t o d a t e , a l a r m s y s t e m s h a v e g i v e nt h e m m a n y p r o b l e m s . T h i s i s a n a r e a i n w h i c h it is e a sy t o g o o v e r b o a r d ,b o t h i n t e r m s o f t e c h n o l o g i c a l c o m p l e x i ty a n d s h e e r n u m b e r s o f a la r m sand m on i to r s . O ne is we l l adv i sed to k eep the ac ron ym K. I.S .S . (Keep I tS i m p le , S tu p i d) s t r o n g ly in m i n d w h e n c h o o s i n g a la r m s a n d m o n i t o r i n gs y st em s . F u n d s e x p e n d e d o n a l a r m s t h a t e n d u p d i s a r m e d b y th e h a t c h -e ry s t a f f becau se o f u n re l iab i l it y , f a ls e a l a rms o r i ncon ven ien ce , a r edo l l a r s t ha t cou ld have been be t t e r spen t e l s ewhere . Fu r the r , t he p re s -e n c e o f a n o p e r a t i n g f a i l- sa f e p r o t e c t i o n s y s te m m a y b e a c r i t ic a l a s s u m p -t i o n i n t h e d e s i g n o f o t h e r c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e h a t c h e r y . T h e r e f o r e ,c o n s i d e r a n d q u e s t i o n y o u r n e e d s v e r y c a re f u ll y b e f o r e c o m m i t t i n g t oany sys t em.T h e r e a r e a n u m b e r o f f a c t o r s t h a t w i l l a f f e c t c h o i c e o f e m e r g e n c ys y s te m s a n d p r o c e d u r e s , i n c l ud i n g :

T he type o f f ac il i ty ( e .g . spaw ning chan ne l , p i l o t ha t che ry , p ro du c t io nha tche ry , g rav i ty o r pumped wa te r supp ly f rom we l l s o r su r f acewater) .T h e t y p e s a n d n u m b e r s o f i n c u b a t i o n , r e a r in g a n d a d u l t h o l d i n g c o n -ta iners in the fac il ity .T h e n u m b e r a n d v a l u e o f d i f fe r e n t s t o ck s o f fi sh t h a t w ill b e p r e s e n t.T h e l o c a t i o n a n d m o d e o f o p e r a t i o n o f th e f a ci li ty ( r e m o t e o r n e a rtown; a r e s t a f f on the s i te fu ll - time , pa r t - t ime o r s easona l ly? ).T h e b u d g e t.T h e r e a r e m a n y a l a r m a n d m o n i t o r i n g sy s te m s a v a il ab l e. W e h a v ea t t e m p t e d b e l o w t o e x p o s e t h e r e a d e r t o s y s te m s r a n g i n g f r o m t h e s im -

p l e . t h r o u g h t h o s e i n c o m m o n u s e i n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , t o t h e m o r eexo t i c fo r each type o f emergency .E x t er n a l i n f l u e n c e s

M a n y o f t h e se t y p e s o f p r o b l e m s c a n b e r e d u c e d o r a v o i d e d i f t h e l o ca -t i on o f t he f ac i l i t y i s cons ide red ca re fu l ly i n r e l a t i on to acces s , wa te rleve ls , c l imate , up s t rea m ac t iv it ies , e tc . du r ing the ear ly p la nn ing s tages .Shephe rd (1984) g ives more de t a i l s w i th r ega rd to t h i s . Ce r t a in l a rge7sca le even t s such a s t he M ou n t S t He lens e rup t ion ma y be imp oss ib l e t odea l w i th , a s ide f rom es t ab l i sh ing a co n t inge ncy p l an fo r s t a f f evacua t ion .O t h e r t y p e s o f e x t e r n a l e v e n t s m a y b e c o n t r o l l e d s o m e w h a t t h r o u g h


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158 B. G. Shepherd, J . G. Morriscareful layout and des ign of the fac i l i ty . Examples inc lude f i rebreaksaroun d the fac il ity ; wide po werl ine an d access corr idors to av oid servicein te rrupt ion due to w indfa ll s ; a t tent ion to snow loads in re la tion to roofdesign and ya rd clearance s; s i ting of the faci l i ty or protect ive dy kingabove the 200 -yea r f lood level ; se l f -dra in ing va lves in loca t ions suscep-t ible to freezing.H a t c h e r y - - g e n e r a lStaffRegardless of the sophis t ica t ion of the a la rm and moni tor ing sys tem,s ta f f p reven tive ma in tenance and emergency re sponse p rocedures a reessent ia l to the reduc t ion and success fu l hand l ing of em ergencies . In thedeve lopment o f such p rocedures , Maintenance Management (Mann ,1983) and the Maintenance Engineering Handbook (Higgins andM orrow, 1977) wo uld be useful addi t ions to a h a tchery ' s bas ic re fe rencelibrary.Com ponen t s fo r a p reven t ive ma in tenance p rogram shou ld inc lude :

A m a in tenance m anua l p repa red by the eng inee r ing st af f r e spons ib lefor con struct io n o f the facil ity.A rap id-re feren ce f i le card system colla t ing all essentia l specifications ,par t n um bers , dea le rs, etc . for equipm ent i tems .A week ly /month ly /yea r lym ainten ance schedul ing sys tem (on p in-sor tcards or com puter) and f i les of major se rv ice records (M onday a .m.rout ine for scheduled maintenance , to a l low t ime to order par ts .etc.).Da i ly /week ly /mon th ly ns t rumen t check sheets .A rea check sheet s and a fo rma l rounds s equence fo r ope ra tors .Vibra t ion His tor ies on pumps (monthly moni tor ing , quar te r lyrecords /graphing) .Reg ular c ircuit tests of the co m plete system, including:tr igger each sensor;chec k l ights a t col lector panels ;check s igna l a t m ain annu ncia tor pane l ;check opera t ion of d iale r ;check response t ime o f answering service.Es tab l i shment o f a wa te r supp ly manag em ent p lan fo r bo th su rfaceand grou nd w ater suppl ies .

Freq uen t s i te inspe ctions by en ginee ring s taff.A l l s ta f f shou ld hav e a thorough knowledge of the fac i l i ty ' s phys ica lopera t ion . T ra in ing a ids to achieve th is inc lude :


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Em ergency procedures fo r fish culturists 15 9F a m i li a r iz a t io n t o u r o f c o m p l e t e f a c il it y f o r e a c h n e w e m p l o y e e .A n o p e r a t o r ' s m a n u a l ( o ft en co m b i n e d w i th th e m a i n t e n a n c e m a n u a l) .R e g u l a r e m e r g e n c y d r i l l s .P o s t in g o f s c h e m a t i c o f w a t e r s u p p l y s y s t e m i n k e y lo c a t io n s .L a b e l i n g a n d c o l o r - c o d i n g o f p i p e s , v a l v e s a n d o p e r a t o r s .P o s t in g o f sp e c if ic e m e r g e n c y a n d s a f e ty p r o c e d u r e s a t p o i n t o f p o t e n -t ia l p r o b l e m (e .g . g e n e r a t o r r o o m , in t a k e p u m p c h a m b e r , i n c u b a -t i on room, e t c . ) .E s t a b l i s h m e n t o f f ix e d s t a ti o n s w i t h k e y s a n d t o o ls f o r v a lv e o p e r a -t i o n , a n d w i t h d e d i c a t e d e q u i p m e n t f o r f i r s t a i d , f i r e , e m e r g e n c yl ight ing, e tc .A s t e p w i s e e m e r g e n c y r e s p o n s e p r o c e d u r e s m a n u a l t o a l l o w t h eo p e r a t o r t o c o n s i s t e n t l y a n d e f f i c i e n t l y r e s p o n d t o a l a r m s . T h em a n u a l s h o u l d c o n t a i n t h e fo l lo w i n g :i d e n t if i ca t io n o f th e m e a n i n g o f e a c h a l a r m ;t h e p o s s i b l e r e a s o n s f o r t h e a l a r m b e i n g t r ig g e r e d ;

a p r i o r i z e d c h e c k / s o l u t i o n p r o c e d u r e .F o r a ll o f th e m a n u a l s , i t i s h e l p f u l i f t h e t e x t is s t o r e d o n a w o r d -p r o c e s s o r , a l l o w i n g i m m e d i a t e u p d a t e w h e n e v e r c h a n g e s a r e m a d e . T h i su p d a t i n g i s a l s o f a c i li t a te d i f l o o s e l e a f b i n d e r s a r e u s e d .M o s t i m p o r t a n t , a ll s t a f f h a v e t o b e e v a l u a t e d f r e q u e n t l y a s t o t h e ire m o t i o n a l a n d p h y s i c a l c a p a b i l i t i e s i n a n e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n . T h i s i sd i f f i c u l t t o a s s e s s , b u t n o t i m p o s s i b l e . T h e a b i l i t y t o r e s p o n d e f f e c t i v e l yto a n e m e r g e n c y is l ar g e ly d e p e n d e n t o n t h e p e r s o n ' s m a t u r it y a n dp e r s o n a l r e l i a b i l i t y ; w i t h o u t t h e s e t r a i t s , t e c h n i c a l k n o w l e d g e a n d t r a i n -in g m a y p r o v e t o b e to n o a v a il . T h e r e is a t e n d e n c y , w h i c h s h o u l d b ea v o i d e d , t o e m p h a s i z e f i sh c u l t u r e e x p e r i e n c e a t t h e e x p e n s e o f m e c h a n i -ca l c apab i l it y .S t a ff s e le c ti o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t p r o c e d u r e s s h o u l d i n c o r p o r a t e t h e

f o l l o w i n g :P l a c e a v e r v h i g h i m p o r t a n c e o n p e r s o n a l s u i t a b i l i t y ( i . e . r e l i a b i l i t y ,c o m m i t m e n t ) d u r i n g s t a f f i n g .F r e q u e n t l y d is c u ss a n d e n c o u r a g e q u e s ti o n s a b o u t t h e h a t c h e r y ' sm e c h a n i c a l s y s t e m s ( p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e w a t e r s u p p l y ) w i t h t h e s t a f f .G i v e e a c h s t a ff m e m b e r ' h a n d s - o n ' o p e r a t in g e x p e r ie n c e .D i s c i p li n e s t a ff w h o a r e l a x in t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f s t a n d - b y d u t ie s .

Intrusion and vandalismT h e e l e c t r o n i c s e c u r i t y s y s te m t e c h n o l o g y is p r e s e n t l y u n d e r g o i n g r a p i dd e v e l o p m e n t , a n d m a n y t y p e s o f s e n s o r s a r e a v a i la b l e (e .g . p h o t o e l e c t ri c


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160 B. G. Shepherd , J . G. Morr isor u l t r a son i c beam s , sound ' bugs ' , w i ndow t apes , and door t r i p s ) . Thes y s t e m m u s t b e c h o s e n c a r e f u l l y t o s u i t t h e h a t c h e r y o p e r a t i o n , a n d t oensu re t ha t s e rv i ci ng , pa r t s and spa re s w i ll r em a i n ea s i l y ava il ab le . U se o fw i n d o w t a p e s , f o r e x a m p l e , m e a n s m a n y s e n s o r s a r e r e q u i r e d f o rc o m p l e t e c o v e r a g e , a n d w i n d o w s c a n n o t b e l ef t o p e n o v e r n i g h t to a l lo wt h e b u i l d i n g t o c o o l d o w n d u r i n g h o t w e a t h e r. A f ew ju d i c i o u s ly - p l a c e db e a m a l a r m s i n i n t e r i o r c o r r i d o r s m a y b e s i m p l e r a n d m o r e s u i t a b l e i nt h is si t ua ti on . Ev en m i nor occu r ren ces , such a s a m o t h se t t li ng on apho t oe l ec t r i c ce l l , c an t r i gge r an a l a rm . Th i s can r e su l t i n cons i de rab l ew as t ed s t a f f t i m e due t o ca l l-ou t s , and even t ua l l y to a l ack o f con f i dencei n the sys t em .T h e r e a r e a l t e r n a t e s e c u r i t y s y s t e m s t h a t c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d , r a n g i n gw i de l y i n cos t and e f f ec t i veness . Com pl ex f ac i l t i e s m ay requ i re t hep r e s e n c e o f tr a i n e d o p e r a t o r s a r o u n d t h e c l o c k a n y w a y (th is is v e r ycos t ly) . S ta f f can l ive in res idences wi th v i sua l cont ro l over the s i t e .S e c u r i t y f i r m s o r c o m m i s s i o n a i r e s c a n p r o v i d e c o v e r a g e d u r i n g o f fh o u r s . D u r i n g u n m a n n e d p e r i o d s , g u a r d - d o g s c a n b e v e r y e f f e c t i v ed e t e r r e n t s . H o w e v e r , t h e u s e o f d o g s a l s o r e q u i r e s a n e s c a p e - p r o o fp e r i m e t e r f e n c e , a n d a c c e s s o u t o f p o n d s o r c h a n n e l s m u s t b e p r o v i d e dt o avo i d d row ni ng i n t he ev en t t ha t t he dog f a ll s in . A l so , t he do g m us t befam i l i a r i zed w i th a ll s t a f f t ha t m ay ha ve t o en t e r d u r i ng o f f -hours , w h i chcan r ed uce e f f ec t iveness w he re t he re is a l a rge ha t ch e ry s t a f f o r w he res t a f f t u rno ve r is heavy . Pe r i m e t e r f enc i ng a l one p rov i de s a l ow er l eve l o fsecu r i t y . U se o f l ock i ng dev i ces on va l ves , s t andp i pes and s t op l ogs a l soa i ds in r educ i ng va nda l i sm .F i r eFi re r e spo nse sys t em s a re r e l a ti ve l y s t r a i gh t fo rw ard , i n t ha t t he i r s cope isspec i f i ed by t he bu i l d i ng code app l i cab l e t o t he a rea . Cons i de ra t i onshou l d b e g i ven t o t he t ype and l oca t i on o f s enso r s , i n r e l a t i on to t he a reao f t he ha t c he r y ( i.e . t he n eeds fo r a w e l d i ng a rea d i f fe r f rom t hose fo r t hei n c u b a t i o n r o o m ) . H a l o n f i r e s u p p r e s s i o n s y s t e m s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e df o r p o w e r h o u s e s , p a r t ic u l a r ly i f t h e y a re t h e p r i m a r y p o w e r s o u r c e f o rthe faci l ity .P o w e rT he o r i g i na l de s i gn o f the f ac i li ty i n m os t ca se s i nco rp o ra t e s back -upgen e ra t o r s t ha t s t a r t up au t om a t i ca l l y i n the ev en t o f f a i lu re o f the m a i npow er supp l y (no rm a l l y a t i m e-de l ay sw i t ch i s u sed , t o avo i d s t a r t -upw h en po w er i s on l y l o s t m o m e n t a r i ly ) . D e pen d i n g on e l ec t ri ca l l oads , theback -up sys t em m ay au t om a t i ca l l y supp l y p r i o r i t y a rea s ( i.e . pum ps) on l y ,a n d r e q u i r e m a n u a l s w i t c h in g to s u p p l y o t h e r a r e a s . N o r m a l a l a r m i n g f o r


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Emergencyprocedures o r ish culturists 161g e n e r a t o r s y s t e m s i s o f t h e m e c h a n i c a l a u t o m o t i v e t y p e , a n d s h o u l di n c lu d e u n d e r v o l t a g e , h i g h o il a n d w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e , l o w o i l p r e s s u r e ,h i g h R P M , o v e r c r a n k i n g i n s ta r t- u p , a n d p h a s e .

P o w e r s u p p l i e s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y p r o n e t o f a il u r e d u e t o i n d i v id u a l c o m -p o n e n t s . A s t r o n g p r e v e n t iv e m a i n t e n a n c e a n d r o u t i n e te s t in g p r o g r a m isessent i a l .F r e e z e rC o m p r e s s o r f u n c t i o n a la r m s a r e i n c o m m o n u s e fo r w a l k - in f r e ez e r s . I na d d i t io n , h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e a l a r m s a r e n e c e s s a r y w i t h t h e s t o r a g e o f l a rg eam oun t s o f f i sh food , pa r t i cu l a r l y i n t he sub -ze ro f r eeze r s ec t i on . Am a x i m u m - m i n i m u m t h e r m o m e t e r , r e a d a n d r e s e t d a il y, is a le s s s a ti s-f a c t o r y b u t i n e x p e n s i v e a p p r o a c h . I n t h e c o o l e r , w h i c h i s h e l d j u s t a tf r eez i ng , o r i n sm a l l ches t f r eeze r s , an even s i m p l e r m e t hod t o check fo rt haw i ng i s t o keep seve ra l i c e cubes i n a con t a i ne r ; i n t he even t o f t em -po ra ry f a il u re , the i ce cubes w i ll m e l t and r e f r eeze a s a s i ng le m ass .W ater supplyA fa i lu re i n t he w a t e r sup p l y i m m ed i a t e l y j eopa rd i ze s a ll t he eggs andf i sh i n the ha t che ry . Thu s t h is pa r t i cu l a r e m erge ncy i s em pha s i zed i n th i spape r .Wawr lowO f t h e v a r i o u s f l o w m e t e rs a v a i la b l e in B r i ti s h C o l u m b i a ( L u k y n , 1 9 8 2 ),t h e r e a r e t w o m a i n t y p e s c a p a b l e o f b e i n g c o u p l e d i n to a h a t c h e r y a l a r msys tem . The p ro pe l l o r o r pad d l ew hee l t ype (e .g . t he 'Sp ad i n g ' f low m et e r )i s u s e d m o s t c o m m o n l y . " A n n u b a r ' o r ' E a g l e E y e ' f l o w m e t e r s , w h i c hope ra t e on t he d i f f e ren t i a l -p re s su re p r i nc i p l e , a r e a l so i n u se . T he advan -t age o f t he f l ow m et e r , o f cou r se , is tha t f low can a l so be m easu red . Fo r as i m p l e r f l ow / no f l ow a l a rm , padd l e sw i t ches ( e . g . ' G em ' b rand ) a re i ncom m on use . P re s su re senso r s a re u sed i n f requen t l y , due t o t he f l uc t ua -t io n s e x p e r i e n c e d d u r i n g n o r m a l o p e r a t i o n o f va lv e s.M a i n v a l ve s s h o u l d b e e a s y to r e a c h a n d o p e r a t e , a n d s h o u l d b e k e p tw e l l g rea sed . Passagew ays t o va l ves shou l d be kep t c l ea r . P re s su r i zedw a t e r sys t em s t ha t a re con t ro l l ed by va l ves a re po t en t i a l l y haza rdous .M a i n va l ves shou l d be o pe ned o r c l o sed ve ry s low l y t o avo i d a p re s su resu rge t ha t cou l d rup t u re a p i pe . Locks a re adv i sed on va l ves t ha t m i gh tbe subjec t to t amper ing , bu t keys have to be read i ly ava i l ab le to s t a f f .V a l ves shou l d be exe rc i sed r eg u l a r l y t o ensu re t ha t co r ro s i on o r deb r i sd o e s n o t j a m t h e m e c h a n i s m . A l s o t o a v o i d j a m m i n g , v a lv e s s h o u ld b et u rned bac k s l i gh t ly f rom t he fu ll open o r c l o se m ode s .


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162 B. G. Shepherd, J. G. MorrisS e l f -d r a in i n g v a lv e s a r e r e c o m m e n d e d w h e r e v e r t h e r e is a c h a n c e o f

f r e e z i n g . O t h e r w i s e , i t m a y b e a g o o d i d e a t o k e e p a l l v a l v e s a t l e a s ts li gh tl y o p e n w h e n f r e e zi n g c o n d i t i o n s a r e e x p e c t e d .

T h e n e e d f o r a w a t e r s u p p l y m a n a g e m e n t p la n h a s alw a y s b e e no b v i o u s f o r f a c i l i t i e s w i t h d a m m e d r e s e r v o i r s . T h a t n e e d i s m u c h l e s so b v i o u s , b u t j u s t a s g r e a t , f o r t h e f a c i l i t y t h a t u s e s w e l l s . S p e c i a l c a r em u s t b e t a k e n i n s e r v i c i n g , s t a r t - u p a n d s h u t d o w n t o a v o i d c o n t a m i -n a t i o n a n d p l u g g i n g o f th e w e ll , t h r o u g h p h y s i c a l d a m a g e t o t h e s c r e e n so r p l u g g i n g w i th f in e s o r b a c t e r i a l s l i m e g ro w t h s . It is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a tw e l l s n o t b e r u n a t m a x i m u m c a p a c i t y c o n t i n u o u s l y ; i t w o u l d b e m u c hb e t t e r t o c o n t i n u o u s l y r u n a w e l l a t 6 0 - 7 0 % o f i ts d e s i g n c a p ac it y , o r to' re s t ' w e l ls ru n a t th e 1 0 0 % l ev e l. T h e t e m p e r a t u r e , f lo w a n d l e v e l o f e a c hw e l l s h o u l d b e r o u t i n e l y m o n i t o r e d , t o g i v e a d v a n c e w a r n i n g o f a n yp o t e n t i a l p r o b l e m s a n d t o a l lo w t i m e l y s w i tc h i n g t o o t h e r w e l ls in t h ef i e ld o r t o a s u r f a c e s u p p l y .

P l u g g i n g o f s u r f ac e w a t e r i n t a k e s c r e e n s c a n b e m o n i t o r e d u s i n g l o wl e v e l a l a r m s ( s e e b e l o w ) i n t h e f o r e b ay . C l e a n i n g p l u g g e d s c r e e n s o fd e b r i s c a n b e b y m a n u a l b r u s h i n g o r b y b a c k w a s h i n g . F o r t h e l a t t e r ,r o t a t i n g s p r a y a r m s a r e m o u n t e d b e h i n d t h e i n t a k e s c r e e n s , a n d a r ed r i v e n b y a n i n d e p e n d e n t p u m p t h at is s u p p l i e d w i th w a t e r f r o m t h ef o r e b a y . A m o r e e x p e n s i v e a l te r n a t i v e i s t h e t r a v e l li n g s c r e e n ; a c o n -t in u o u s b e l t o f s c r e e n p a n e l s i s c a r r i e d u p o u t o f th e w a te r , a n d a fi x e ds p r a y b a r b e h i n d t h e b e l t b l o w s d e b r i s a n d l iv e f is h o f f t h e s c r e e n a n di n t o a c o l l e c t io n t r o u g h f o r d i s p o s a l d o w n s t r e a m . P l u g g i n g w i th f ra z ili c e c a n b e a v o i d e d b y d e l i v e r i n g r e la t iv e l y s m a l l a m o u n t s o f w a r m e rw a t e r (e .g . f r o m a w e l l) t o t h e i n t a k e s c r e e n a r e a .Water level

T h e r e a r e a n u m b e r o f d if f e r e n t t y p e s o f w a t e r l ev e l a l a rm s p r e s e n t l y inu s e i n B r it is h C o l u m b i a . C o m m e r c i a l t y p es t h a t a r e i n c o m m o n u s e (F ig .1 ) i nc l ud e :

f l o a t s w i t h a n i n t e r n a l m e r c u r y s w i t c h ( e . g . ' F l y g t ' ) s i m i l a r t o t h o s ef o u n d o n t h e r m o s t a t s ; lo w l e v e l o n l y ;c o n d u c t i v i t y a l a r m s ( e.g . ' R o s e m o u n t ' b r a n d ) ; h i g h a n d / o r l o w l ev e lsp o s s i b l e ;

s m a l l m a g n e t - e q u i p p e d f l o at s o n a r o d , w h i c h c a n a c t iv a t e a s w i t c h i nb o t h h i g h l e v e l a n d l o w l e v e l s i t u a t io n s (e.g . ' G e m ' b r a n d ) .A l e v e l a l a r m a l so c a n b e c o n s t r u c t e d u s i n g a p a d d l e - t y p e fl o w s w i tc hi n s ta l le d in a s m a l l o v e r f l o w s t a n d p i p e . L o w - c o s t 1 2 V h i g h / l o w l e v e la l a r m s c a n b e f a b r i c a t e d o n s i t e u s i n g e a s i l y a v a i l a b l e a u t o m o b i l e a n dp l u m b i n g p a rt s ; a se t o f c o n t a c t p o i n t s c a n s e r v e a s t h e s w i t c h , w i r e d t o ac a r h o r n a n d a c t i v a t e d b y a to i l e t f lo a t a rm .


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Em ergency procedures for fish culturistsSUPPORT_ f CAPPEDBRACKET-,.~ [ ~ 30q> ALUM . TUBEC A B L E / I W E LD EDO A T E

JU N6 r a m ALUM. IL'P3 W IDE[ F A S T E N TO HEADI " - | T A N K W I T H 4 - 6 d P

/ l LACTUATIONREED TYPE J I [ "LEVELSLEVEL SW ITC HE S'- " " ,.~-L(LOW )

163

TROUGHL E V E L S W I T C H M O U N T IN G

F i g . 1 .

C A B L E - - - ~MOVABLE

W A T E R L E V E L - - 4 g a ~ ' ~ - I - - - -O A TS W , T C .; ' 7 2 : : : 2 ""ALARM" POSITION I F L O A TWITCH IN"NOT IN USEPOSITION

JUNCTION BOXFASTENED TOSIDE OF RACEWAY.- - - - - - - RACEWAY APPROX.1900 WIDE

NQTE:LEVEL SWITCH TO BELOCATED IN OUTLETCOMPARTMENT OFRACEWAY

RACEWAYLEV EL SWITCH MOUNTING

Sketches of level switches com monly used in British Colum bia, showing ypicalmounting details.

Leve l o r f l ow sw i t ches a l so can be hooked i n t o so l eno i d -con t ro l l edv a lv e s o n b o t h m a i n a n d b a c k - u p s u p p l y l in e s i f d e s i re d . F o r s m a l l e ro p e r a t i o n s , m e c h a n i c a l l y - o p e r a t e d f lo a t p r e s s u r e v a l v e s o f t h e t y p e u s e dfo r li ves t ock w a t e r i ng t roughs m i gh t p rov i de accep t ab l e back -up .A s w i t h va lves , l ock i ng dev i ces on s t andp i pes , d r a i n val ves, and s t op -l ogs w i ll d i scou ra ge t am pe r i ng .


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164 B. G. Shepherd , J . G. Morr isContaminationW a t e r t u r b i d i t y i s s e l d o m m o n i t o r e d o n a r o u t i n e b a s i s i n B r i t i s hC o l u m b i a h a t c h e r i es . T h e c o n d i t i o n is v i su a ll y o b v i o u s, a n d n o r m a l l yt akes days t o r e su l t i n f i sh cu l tu re p rob lems . Response to a s i l t a t i ons i tua t ion bas i ca l ly cons i s t s o f swi t ch ing to a c l eane r su pp ly i f ava il ab le , o rd r o p p i n g f lo w s t o a m i n i m u m t o r e d u c e t h e a m o u n t o f s ilt d e p o s i t e d . S il ti s r e m o v e d b y s i p h o n o r p o o l v a c u u m f r o m r e a r i n g c o n t a i n e r s , a n d b ygen t l e s ti r r ing o r back - f lu sh ing f rom incuba to r s .I t i s on ly r ecen t ly t ha t i t ha s been poss ib l e t o mon i to r d i s so lved gass u p e r s a t u r a t i o n c o n t i n u o u s l y ( B o u c k , 1 9 8 2 ) . A n u m b e r o f r e c e n t s tu d i esa ls o in d i c a te th a t e v e n m o d e r a t e s u p e r s a tu r a t io n o f 1 0 3 - 1 0 5 % m a y b ere spon s ib l e fo r m any p rev iou s ly une xp la in ed mor t a l i t i e s a t ou r f ac i li ti e s( A l d e r d i c e a n d J e n s e n , 1 9 8 3 ; W r i g h t a n d M c L e a n , 1 9 8 5 ) . T h u sm on i to r ing o f th i s a spec t dese rves m ore a t t en t io n in t he fu tu re , pa r t i cu -l a r l y w h e n p u m p e d g r o u n d w a t e r i s u s e d . O x y g e n l e v e l s c a n b e m o n i -t o r e d c o n t i n u o u s l y u s in g r e a d i ly - a v a i la b l e m e t e r s a n d r e c o r d e r s , b u t t h en o r m a l p r o c e d u r e t o d a t e h a s b e e n t o m e a s u r e o x y g e n j u s t a t k ey ti m e sof t he day , u s ing a ca l ib ra t ed . po r t ab l e m e te r o r t he W ink le r ti t r a t i onme thod . Un le s s one i s u s ing wa te r supp l i e s t ha t a r e dange rous ly l ow inoxygen wi th ou t a r t if i c ia l a e ra t ion ( a c ha rac t e r i s t i c o f m any we l l supp l ie s ),t h i s approach p robab ly i s su f f i c i en t . Where a r t i f i c i a l a e ra t ion i s u sed ,the re shou ld be a t l e a s t f l ow o r l eve l a l a rms in s t a l l ed in t he ae ra t ionsys t em.A l l a b o v e - g r o u n d f u e l t a n k s s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d i n s i d e a l e a k p r o o fc a t c h b a s in ; l o c a t i o n o f b e l o w - g r o u n d f u el t a n k s s h o u l d t a ke i n t o c o n -s i d e r a t io n p o t e n t i a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n o f re a r in g c h a n n e l s o r g r o u n d w a t e rsupp l i e s i n t he e ven t o f a l eak . O the rw i se , a s ide f rom es t ab l ish ing gu ide -l in e s f o r t h e h a n d l i n g o f p o t e n t ia l l y d a n g e r o u s c h e m i c a l s o n t h e h a t c h e r ys it e, t h is a r ea no rm a l ly is o f co nce rn on ly a t f ac i li ti e s t ha t a r e t echno log i -ca l ly r e l a ti ve ly com plex . Fo r exam ple , ha t che ry w a te r m ay be he a t edus ing indu s t r ia l e f f luent v ia a hea t exchan ger . In th i s case , po ten t ia l con -t a m i n a t i o n b e c a u s e o f a l e a k in t h e e x c h a n g e r c a n b e g u a r d e d a g a in s t b yu s in g a c o n d u c t i v i ty s e n s o r c o u p l e d t o s o l e n o i d - c o n t r o l l e d v a lv e s o n t h eregu la r and back -up wa te r l ine s . In m os t s i t ua t ions , t h is t ype o f a l a rmingis spec ia l i zed and shou ld be pa r t o f the bas i c des ign .TemperatureSensor s a r e no rm a l ly the r e s is t iv i ty bu lb type ; t he se a r e r ead i ly ava il ab l ef r o m a n u m b e r o f f ir m s , a n d c a n b e c o u p l e d t o a l a rm s a n d s o l e n o i d -ac t iva ted va lves . Again , th i s sor t of sys tem is requi red only in spec ia l -des ign s i t ua t ions w here wa te r i s be ing a rt if i c ia l ly hea t ed . M on i to r in g on ada i ly basi s is usua l ly suf fic ien t wi th n orm al w ater sup pl ies .


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Emergency procedures for f ish cuhurists 16 5T r a n s m i s s io n o f a l a rm sStaff can be alerted on-site by audible or visual alarms, usually a com-bination of both, mounted in central or key interior and exterior areas.Where alarms are mounted externally, one also has to consider thepotential disturbance to neighbours.When the facility will not be manned around the clock, a standbysystem incorporating alarm forwarding often is used. In choosing such asystem, one must first decide who has to know about the alarm --answering service, off-duty staff, police, fire department , etc. Alarms canbe transmitted by radio or by regular telephone lines. Alarms can bereceived as a taped message in a number of ways: by pager; by teledialerto one locat ion (e.g. an answering service), or to several locations in apredetermined sequence. There should be a time delay relay incor-porated into the transmission system, which allows on-site staff to inter-cept the signal within three minutes or so.

A c t i o n w h e n t h e w a t e r s u p p l y fa il sUneyed eggs, if kept moist, live longer out of water than in stagnantwater. However, they will survive in stagnant water for an hour or two.During that time, a temporary water supply to the incubation area shouldbe set up if possible. It should be used to fill head troughs in rotation ifthere is not enough water for a steady flow to all. A flow of water througheach stack of Heath trays every 10 rain is enough.If it is evident that there will be no water for several hours, the drainplugs on all Heath trays should be pulled and the water allowed to drainslowly. The eggs should then be kept moist by periodically sprinklingwater over them. Three days is about the maximum that uneyed eggs canbe kept alive using this procedure.Eyed eggs, if kept moist, will also live longer in air than in stagnantwater. However, they need more oxygen than uneyed eggs and shouldnot be left in stagnant water foe more than one half hour. Within thattime, the drain plugs on Heath trays should be pulled. The eggs shouldbe mois tened every 3 h by sprinkling or by immersing the trays in water.Alevins in incubation containers generally should not be kept in stag-nant water for more than 15 min. However, plugs should not be pulledwhen Heath trays contain alevins. Without a flow of water, alevins willonly survive if moved elsewhere within the hour. If they cannot be trans-ferred to an operating pond, they could be held or released in the wildenvironment.


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166 B. G. Shepherd , J . G. Morr isIn the case of fish ponds, the first consideration is to restore a flow ofwater by any means possible, perhaps by portable pumps and hoses.Unless the flow can be .res tored immediately, the appropriate action

depends on crowding rate, water temperature, and other factors. Incrowded ponds at high temperatures, the best action may be to imme-diately release some or all fish to the wild environment. If fish are held inponds without water flow, the water must be aerated. Possible means are:recirculating water from the ponds, returning it as a spray or with muchsplashing; using compressed air; or having staff dip water with pails anddash each pailful against a fixed surface within the pond.C o n s i de r a t i o ns i n s a fe de s i g nIt has been menti oned in earlier sections that care taken in the planningand construction phases of a facility will pay off in the reduction in sever-ity, or even the elimination of many emergencies. The complexity ofalarm response and monitoring systems generally varies as follows:

MOST COMPLEX INDUSTRIALCOMME RCIA L ~ HATCHERIESLEAST COMPLEX RESIDENTIALFor instance in industrial systems, alarm sensors often signal both actua-tion and alarm; in the hatchery situation, sensors most often go to alarmsonly, and the staff must make the corrective action manually. It should benoted that it is unrealistic to use the emergency procedures at largeindustrial complexes as models for hatcheries. Large companies are ableto muster far greater resources than the average hatchery can. The aver-age pulpmill, for instance, will employ a number of tradesmen solely tostand by for emergencies; few hatcheries could afford this.

General considerations during planning and installation shouldinclude:Alarm systems

To avoid false alarms, choose alarm sensors to suit the operating con-ditions (e.g. if the water is turbulent where a level alarm is to beinstalled, the sensor should react only to gross changes, or shouldbe installed in a stilling well).Make sure the sensor installation suits the working environment (e.g.all electrical boxes must be sealed against moisture in the incuba-tion room).Mount sensors where they are visible and easily accessible for servic-ing and adjustment.


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Em ergency procedures fo r fish culturists 16 7Clearly label the sensor's armed and disarmed modes, and install alight at each sensing station that will indicate that the alarm is on oroff.Choose sensors that have the correct range of sensitivity and that arecalibrated easily.Choose sensors, systems and annunciators that are common in thehatchery locale, such that parts and spares will remain available.Make sure each sensor can be disarmed without shutting the entire

system down.Use the fewest number of sensors possible (e.g. rather than puttinglevel alarms in every rearing trough, consider a single flow switch inthe main supply line, or a single level alarm in an open head tankthat feeds all troughs).'Zone' the alarm system to reduce electrical complexity (e.g. all race-way low-level sensors can be fed to a local collector panel near theponds which will display the status of each sensor, but only onealarm for raceway low level is run to the main annunciator panel inthe control room). However, note that it is essential to retain thecapability to test individual sensors in the event of malfunction.Include expansion capability in all components of the alarm system:have extra sensors on hand;oversize the electrical conduits;oversize the collector panels;leave blank displays in the annunciator panel.Choose your electrical system designers carefully and make sure theyare aware of the level of sophistication desired. Get examples ofpast designs.Make sure you have carefully thought out the conceptual design of thesystems before proceeding with electrical design:what will be alarmed and where;how many sensors are needed;what signals will be sent from zones;type of alarm transmission required, etc.Solicit comments of suppliers and installers on the practicality of anyelectrical or mechanical alarm system early in design.

S u p p l y s y s t e m sIncorporate flexibility into the original design, both to handle emer-gency situations as well as to allow routine maintenance with aminimum of disruption.Design capacity for future expansion into the water supply and piping;in the short term, this can be helpful in emergencies.


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168 B. G. Shepherd, J . G. MorrisDesign pipe supply lines with interconnections, to provide either twowater sources or two directions to get water to each hatchery com-ponent.Keep piping labelled, color-coded, and visible wherever possible.Inside buildings, overhead piping is particularly suited to this and

reduces risk from vehicle damage as compared to standpipes. Netadditional cost to do this can be surprisingly low in some instances.Provide back-up pumps or power.Pipes should be properly vented to prevent air locks.Situate raceways, head tanks, etc. such that flow to them can be easilyseen during routine checks.Locate valves so that their operating position can be easily checkedvisually.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe framework for this paper was taken from a chapter on emergenciescontained in a proposed salmonid hatchery manual for British Colum-bia; the original draft of this manual was written by W. A. Kennedy andW. Griffioen under contract to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans,Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC.

The authors are especially indebted to the Ore-Aqua hatchery staff atSpringfield, Oregon for their advice on the development of preventivemaintenance programs.We thank R. A. Harvey, H. Genoe, J. W. C. McNally, F. K. Sander-cock, J. R. Wild, and especially D. McNeil, for their careful review of themanuscript.The use of trade names mentioned in this paper is for informationpurposes only, and does not imply endorsement of the products.

REFERENCESAlderdice, D. F. & Jensen, J. O. T. (1983) . Gas supersaturation in hatchery watersupplies. Info Memo No. 68, In: 'Salmonid Enhancement Program -- pre-liminary notes on new information in salmonid hatchery propagation' (edsD. E Alderdice, F. E. A. Wood and D. W. Narver), Can. Data Rep. Fish.

Aquat . Sci . , No. 496, p. 68.Bouck, G. R. (1982). Gasometer: an inexpensive device for continuous monitor-ing of dissolved gases and supersaturation. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , 111,5O5-16.


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Em ergency procedures or ish culturists 169Higgins , L . R. & Morrow, L . C. (1977) . M a i n t e n a n c e E n g i n e e r i n g H a n d b o o k( 3 r d Ed n ) , M cGr aw - Hi l l , To r o n to .Lu k y n , B . V . ( 1 9 8 2 ). A n a sse ssm en t o f wa te r m e asu r e m en t t e ch n iq u es u sed in

t h e V a n c o u v e r Is l an d S a l m o n i d E n h a n c e m e n t p r o je c ts . Can. Man. Rep . F ish .Aquat . Sc i . , No . 1 7 3 4 .M ann , L . J r. (1983). M a i n t e n a n ce M a n a g e m e n t ( Rev i sed Ed n ) , D . C . Hea th an dCo. , To ron to .Senn , H. , Mack , J . & Rothfus , L . (1984) . C o m p e n d i u m o f l o w - co s t P a cificsa lm on an d s tee lhead t rout pro duc t io n fac i l it ie s an d prac t ices in the Pac if icN or thw e s t . C o n t r a c t N o . D E - A C 7 9 - 8 3 B P 1 2 7 4 5 , P r o j ec t N o . 8 3 - 3 5 3 , b y F is hM a n a g e m e n t C o n s u l t a n t s f o r B o n n e v i l l e P o w e r A d m i n . , U S D e p t E n e r g y ,Por t land .Sh ep h e r d , B . G . ( 1 9 8 4 ). T h e b io lo g ica l d e s ig n p r o cess u sed in th e d ev e lo p m en to f f e d e ra l g o v e r n m e n t f ac il it ie s d u r in g P h a s e I o f t h e S a l m o n i d E n h a n c e m e n tPr o g r am . Can. Tech . Rep . F ish . Aq ua t . Sc i. , No. 1275 .W righ t, P . B. & M cL ean , W. E . (1985) . T he e f fects o f aera t ion on the rear in g o fs u m m e r c h i n o o k fr y ( Onc orhy nc hus t shaw y t sc ha ) a t t h e Pu n t l ed g e Ha tch e r y .Can. Tech. Rep . Fish. A qu at . Sc i ., No. 1390 .

Shepherd 1987 Aquacultural-Engineering

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