Blais 1984 Aquacultural-Engineering

7/28/2019 Blais 1984 Aquacultural-Engineering

1/13

Aquacu l tura l Eng ineer ing 3 (1984) 275-287

C o n t i n u o u s M i c r o a lg a l C u l t u r e U s in g S w i n e M a n u r eD i a l y s a t e a s a N u t r i e n t S o u r c e

C. Blais, R. Fournier and P. MarsotINRS-Oc6anologie, 310 des Ursulines, Rimouski, Quebec. Canada G5L 3A1

A B S T R A C TNu tr i en t s d i f fu s ing f rom swine ma nur e through ho l low- f ibre d ia lysisi m p r o v e t h e d r y m a t t e r y i e M o f t h e m a r in e d i a t o m Phaeodactylum tri-cornutum grow n und er na tura l l igh t by 40% (72 .6 versus 51 .6 m g l it e r-Ida y -a) com par ed to natura l es tuarine water . The increase is achieveddesp i t e incom ple te nu t r i en t remova l and i s ascribed to r fre h igher con-c e n t ra t i o n s o f a m m o n i a a n d o r t h o p h o sp h a t e su p p l i e d b y sw i n e m a n u red ia lysa te. Gr ow th pr om ot in g fac tors a sM e, the exc lus ion o f preda tor~an d par t ic l es caus ing turb M i ty as we l l a s the limi t ed dia lysis o f he ar tme ta l s e l imina te or grea t l y a t t enua te the grow th re tard ing effects o]sttchu n d e si ra b le c o n s t i t u e n t s o f sw i n e m a n u re .

INTRODUCTION

The production of algae biomass derived from various organic wasteshas motivated considerable research during tile past two decades.Initially linked with the treatment of urban sewage (Oswald, 1963),interest in tile recovery of a valuable by-product of waste degradationhas since expanded to include manure produced by intensive animalhusbandry, especially swine (De Pauw e t a l . , 1980; Groeneweg e t a l . .1980; Lincoln and Hill, 1980) and dairy operations (Shelef. 1979;Shelef and Sandbank, 1979; Shelef e t a l . , 1980). An increasingly seriousthreat to the environment, domestic and agricultural wastes are nowlooked upon by algologists as rich nutrient pools capable of beingrecycled into algal protein.

Unlike the relative ease with which microalgae proliferate on mineralmedia, the culture of such organisms on organic wastes presents specific

275Aquacu l tura l Eng ineer ing 0144-8609/84/S03.00 Elsevier Applied SciencePublishers Ltd, England, 1984. Printed in Great Britain


2/13

276 C. Blais, R. Fournier, P. Marsor

p r o b l e m s , p a r t ic u l a r l y w i t h r e g ar d t o g r o w t h a n d h a r v e s t o f th e a lg alc r o p . I n e f f e c t , r e c e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s r e v ea l d e c r e a s e d g r o w t h r a t ea n d / o r y i e ld s o f a lg ae d e v e l o p i n g in th e c o m p l e x m e d i u m t h a t c o n s ti -t u t e s w a s te m a t e r i a l ( A b e l i o v i c h , 1 9 8 0 ; D o r a n d S v i, 1 9 8 0) . H a r v e st in ga r a t h e r d i l u t e s u s p e n s i o n a l s o i n v o l v e s m a j o r c o s t a n d e n e r g y c o n -s t r a in t s ( M o h n , 1 9 8 0 ; b l o r a i n e e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ) . D e s p i t e t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s ,t h e l a t t e r p r o c e s s r e m a i n s t h e k e y v a r ia b l e h a v i n g d i r e c t b e a r in g o n t h ee c o n o m i c fe a s ib i li ty o f w a s t e r e c y c l in g ( O s w a l d , 1 9 8 0 ).

A l t h o u g h a p p l i e d i n p h y t o p l a n k t o n s t u d i e s ( J e n s e n a n d R y s t a d ,1 9 7 3 ; Y o d e r , 1 9 7 9 ; M a e s tr i n i a n d K o s s u t , 1 9 8 1 ; C o o p e r e t a l . , 1 9 8 3 ) ,t h e d i al y s is c u l t u r e t e c h n i q u e h a s a s y e t r e c e i v e d l i tt l e a t t e n t i o n in t h ec o n t e x t o f w a st e r e c y cl in g an d b i o m a s s p r o d u c t i o n . I ts p o t e n t i a l f o rs o l v i n g y i e l d a n d h a r v e s t p r o b l e m s h a s n o n e t h e l e s s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e df o r b a t c h d i al y si s c u l tu r e s ( D o r , 1 9 7 5 ; N e y e t a l . , 1 9 8 1 ) . T h e p r e s e n tp a p e r d e s cr ib e s t h e c o n t i n u o u s c u l t u r e o f a m a r i n e d i a t o m b a se d o n t h eu s e o f h o l l o w - f i b e r d i a l y s i s u n i t s ( M a r s o t e t a l . , 1 9 8 1 ) a n d s w i n em a n u r e d i a l y s a t e a s a n u t r i e n t s o u r c e .

M A T E R I A L A N D M E T H O D ST i le c u l t u r e a p p a r a t u s u s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t w o r k is b a se d o n th e t e c h -n i q u e p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d f o r t il e c o n t i n u o u s d i al y si s c u l t u r e o f m a r i n ep h y t o p l a n k t o n ( M a r s o t e t a l . , 1 9 8 1 ) . Y i e l d s a r e t a b u l a t e d a t 4 8 - hi n t e r v a ls a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a lg a l m a t e r i a l a c c u m u l a t e d i n a h a r v e s t v e ss e lm a i n t a i n e d u n d e r z e r o ~ o w t h c o n d i t i o n s , i . e . a t 0 - 2 C a n d i n t i l ea b s e n c e o f l i g h t. T h e i n it ia l s u s p e n s i o n c o n t a i n s < 0 .1 % t o t a l o r a lg a ls o l i d s ( d r y m a t t e r b a s i s ) a n d i s c o n c e n t r a t e d b y c e n t r i f u g a t i o n .

M e d i u m e n r i c h m e n t is a c c o m p l i sh e d b y i n t r o d u c i n g a m a n u r e s o lu ted i f f u s i o n p h a s e . T h e p r o c e d u r e i n v ol v es d i a l y z i n g a 1 0% d i l u t i o n o fs w i n e m a n u r e in n a t u r a l e s t u a r i n e w a t e r a g a i n st a c o n s t a n t f l o w o fn a t u r a l e s t u a r i n e w a t e r ( s a l i n i t y r a n g i n g b e t w e e n 2 5 a n d 3 0 / 0 0 ) i n o r d e rt o in c re a se n u t r i e n t le ve ls . N o n - b i o d e g r a d a b l e ( p o l y m e t h y l m e t h a c r y l a t e )h o l l o w - f ib e r d i al y ze r s m a n u f a c t u r e d b y T o r a y I n d u s t r i e s (1 -1 5 m '-m e m b r a n e s u rf a c e ar ea , 1 0 0 0 0 m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t c u t - o f f) s er v e a sa s e m i - p e r m e a b l e m e m b r a n e a c r o s s w h i c h s o l u t e d i f f u s i o n o c c u r s . T h eu n i t s a re s t r ip p e d o f t h e e n c l o s i n g c a r t ri d g e a n d i m m e r s e d i n 10%a e r a t e d s w i n e m a n u r e w h i c h is r e p l a c e d b y a f r e sh d i l u t i o n e v e ry 4 - 5


3/13

Microalgal culture using swine manure dialysate as nutrient 277

d a y s. E s t u a ri n e w a t e r is p u m p e d t h r o u g h t h e h o l lo w - f ib e r s t h u s p r e v e n t-h ag c o n t a m i n a t i o n b y m i c r o b i a l c e l ls a s w e l l a s n o n - l i v i n g p a r t i c u l a t em a t t e r . T h e r e su l ti n g e u t r o p h i c w a t e r c o n s t i t u t e s t h e e n r i c h e d m e d i u mw h i c h is t h e n p u m p e d t h r o u g h d i al y ze rs c o m p r i s e d o f c e ll u lo s e- b as e dc o l l o d i o n f ib e rs ( H o s p a l M e d i ca l C o r p o r a t i o n , L i t t l e t o n , C o l o r a d o )w i t h m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t c u t - o f f a t 5 0 0 0 . F r e q u e n t r e p l a c e m e n t o f th e s eb i o d e g r a d a b l e m e m b r a n e s g iv es ris e t o c o n s i s t e n t l y n e g a t iv e s t e ri l it yt e s t s , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t a x e n i c d i a l y s i s c u l t u r e s o f t h e m a r i n e d i a t o mP h a e o d a c t y l u m t r i c o m u m m c a n e f fe c t i v e l y b e c ar ri ed o n f o r p r o l o n g e dp e r i o d s . S t o c k c u l t u r e o f t h i s s p e c i e s w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m D r R . R . L .G u i l la r d o f t h e B i g e l o w L a b o r a t o r y f o r O c e a n S c i e n c e s ( U S A ) a n dm a i n t a i n e d o n s y n t h e t i c m e d i u m a c c o rd i n g t o th e n u t r i e n t f o r m u l a f /2a s d e f i n e d b y G u i l la r d a n d R y t h e r ( 1 9 6 2 ) .

C u l t u re s w i t h a m e m b r a n e su r f ac e to cu l tu r e v o l u m e ( S / V ) r a t i o o f4 - 4 w e r e g r o w n a t 1 4C u n d e r n a t u r a l l ig h t ( 1 0 a - 1 0 s l u x , 1 2 - 1 3 hp h o t o p e r i o d ) a t t h e S t a t i o n a q u i c o le d e P o i nt e- au - P6 r e ( R i m o u s k i ,Q u 6 b e c ) a n d h a r v e s t e d o v e r 1 9 d a y s e x t e n d i n g f r o m 2 5 M a r c h t o 1 3A p r i l 1 9 8 3 . D u r i n g t h is p e r io d , t h e n u t r i e n t c o n t e n t o f n a t u r a l e s t u a r i n ew a t e r ( i.e . t h e m e d i u m u s e d f o r n o n - e n r i c h e d c u l t u r e ) ra n g e d f r o m 12- 1to 22 .2 /aM l i t e r -1 i no r g a n i c n i t r o ge n ( N O ~ + N H 4) a nd 0 . 7 t o 2 . 2 taml i te r -1 o r t h o p h o s p h a t e (P O ,~ ). S i m u l t a n e o u s c u l tu r e o f t h e t es t o r g a n i s ms u p p l i e d w i t h e s t u a r i n e w a t e r d i a l y z e d a g a i n s t s w i n e m a n u r e w a s f o u n dto r e c e ive 75 . 4 - 3 56 . 1 t ax i l i t e r- 1 i n o r g a n i c n i t r o g e n a n d 2 . 5 - 1 0 . 6 t a ml i t e r t o r t h o p h o s p h a t e .

T h e v a r io u s a n al ys e s w e r e p e r f o r m e d a c c o r d i n g t o s t a n d a r d m e t h o d s :c e l l c o n c e n t r a t i o n d e t e r m i n e d w i t h a P a l m e r - M a l o n e y c o u n t i n g s l i d e ,c h l o r o p h y l l A , A T P , n u t r i e n t s al ts , c ell c a r b o n a n d n i t r o g e n a s d e s c r i b e db y S t r i c k l a n d a n d P a r s o n s ( 1 9 7 2 ) , c el l d r y w e i g h t a c c o r d i n g to P a rs o n se t a l . ( 1 9 6 1 ) , a n d t r ac e m e t a l c o n t e n t b y a t o m i c a b s o r p t i o v s p e c tr o -p h o t o m e t r y ( K r e m l i n g , 1 9 7 6 ; C o s s a e t a l . , 1983) .

R E S U L T S A N D D I SC U S S IO NC o m p a r i s o n o f y i e ld s o b t a i n e d I 'ro m s i m u l t a n e o u s c u l t u r e s r e c ei v in ge i t h e r n a t u a l e s t u a r i n e w a t e r o r s w in e m a n u r e d i a ty s a t e i n d i c a t e s g r e a t e rp r o d u c t i v i t y w i t h t h e l a t t e r m e d i u m ( T a b le 1). S u c h r e s u lt s e v i d e n t l yc o m p l y w i t h t h e k i n e t ic s o f d ia ly sis c u l t u r e w h e r e b y p r o d u c t i v i t y


4/13

I -q O

TABLE1

GrowthaBomaPameeoEc

aNoec

Cueo5rcmumTGrowthReCoas

(aculaedAcdnoMo

1950)p=In(xx)AtDwhe

x,isheAv

SanCro~30x109csFo

Ia

uuc~shTaNumboCsaveunh1dPo

oPoa1shDiuoRe

(uueVoun"un

Re

Ct

rda

D

p

DO~

(d}(d)wg

po tvy

(ae

da.

1}

tada(e

aoasJhphM)

NbCoC

C

AT

CNCA"T

ocspAcbnro

(a

(aom(wg

(X109)

(a

(g

(g

aomwg]

Nauaeae

wae

03

04

56

2

Swinae

daye

04

06

76

2

22

25

56

33

0.41

2.4

71

1080

4-

0.64

6.7

6.0

9~

7 >


5/13

Microalgal culture using swine manure dialysa:e as nutrien t 279

i n c r e a s e s w i t h d i l u t i o n r a t e , i . e . n u t r i e n t a v a i l a b i l i t y ( S c h u l t z a n dG e r h a r d t , 1 9 6 9 ) , a r e l a t i o n s h i p b a s e d o n t il e i n v e rs e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e nb i o m a ss a n d g r o w t h r a te . A c c o r d i n g to t h e p r in c i p le o f o p t i m u m c a t c h( K e t c h u m a n d R e d f i e l d , 1 9 38 ; K e t c h u m e t a L , 1 9 4 9 ) , m a x i m u m c e l lp r o d u c t i o n is o b t a i n e d w h e n t h e p r o d u c t o f g r o w t h ra te a n d s t an d i n gs t o c k i s a m a x i m u m . G i v e n t h e b i o m a s s m a i n t a i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n te x p e r i m e n t ( - ~ 3 0 109 c el ls ), s u p e r i o r p r o d u c t i v i t y at t h e g r e a t e rd i l u t i o n r a t e i s c o n d i t i o n e d a t t h e o u t s e t b y t h e h i g h e r n u t r i e n t c o n t e n to r i g i n a t i n g f r o m t h e m a n u r e s o l u t e d i f f u s i o n p h a s e .

E v a l u a t i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l o f m e d i a c o n t a i n i n g c o n t r a s t i n g le ve ls o fn u t r i e n t s n e c e ss it at es t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f c o m p a r a b l e s t a n d i n g c r o p s int h e g r o w t h c h a m b e r s . S i m i l a r c e l l d e n s i t i e s a r e a c h i e v e d b y a p p l y i n ga g r e a t e r d i l u t i o n r at e t o t h e c u l t u r e re c e iv i n g a n e n h a n c e d s u p p l y o fn u t r i e n t s . T h e u se o f s w i n e m a n u r e i s r e f l e c t e d n o t o n l y in t h e f a st e rg r o w t h r a t e o b s e r v e d b u t a l s o i n t h e i n c r e a s e o f b i o m a s s p a r a m e t e r s( T a b l e I ). C / N r a t io s f o r th e m a t e r i a l h a r v e s t e d f r o m b o t h c u l t u r e sc o m p a r e f a v o ra b ly w i t h t h e m i n i m u m o f 5 -6 ( G o l d m a n . 1 9 7 6; M o a le t a l . , 1 9 7 7 ) e s t a b l i s h e d f o r e n r i c h e d c u l t u r e s a n d a r e t h u s i n t e r p r e t e da s r e f l e c t in g t h e n o n - l i m i t i n g s t a t u s o f n i t r o g e n . C / A T P r a t i o s o n t il eo t h e r h a n d , a r e s e v e r a l - f o l d h i g h e r t h a n t h e a v e r a g e r a t i o o f 2 8 5 c i t e db y H o l m - H a n s e n ( 1 7 7 0 ) t b r v a r i o u s a lg a l s p e c ie s g r o w n i n n u t r i e n ts o l u t i o n s . E v i d e n c e o f p h o s p h o r u s d e f i c i e n c y is la c k in g h o w e v e r , g i ve nt h e p r o p o r t i o n o f p h o s p h a t e s alts b y -p a s si n g t h e c u l t u r e s ( T a b l e 2 ).A l i k el y e x p l a n a t i o n t b r i n c o m p l e t e p i m s p h o r u s u t i l iz a t i o n r es ts w i t hi n t r a c e ll u l a r r es e rv e s a c c u m u l a t e d b y s t o c k c u l t u r e s m a i n t a i n e d o ns y n t h e t i c m e d i u m ( K u e n z l e r a n d K e t c h u m , 1 9 6 2) . T a b le 2 a ls o r ev e al sN / P r a ti o s v a r y i n g w i t h m e d i u m f e rt il it y as w e ll a s t h e d e m a n d s o fc u l t u r e s p r o v i d e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t n u t r i e n t s u b s t r a t e s .

T h e d i s c r e p a n c y o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n v a lu e s c a l c u la t e d f o r d i l u t i o n a n dg r o w th r a t e s, f o r a g ive n c u l tu r e (T a b le 1 ), is a t t r i bu t e d t o va r ia b l eg r o w t h c o n d i t i o n s d u ri n g t h e 1 9 -d ay p r o d u c t i o n p e r io d . U n d e r c o n -t r o l l e d c o n d i t i o n s , n u m e r i c a l e q u a l i t y o f d i l u t i o n a n d g r o w t h r a t e s i sp r e d i c t e d f r o m t h e o r y ( S c h u l t z a n d G e r h a r d t , 1 9 6 9). F l u c t u a t i n g s o la rr a d i a t i o n a n d / o r n u t r i e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t i l e p r e s e n te x p e r i m e n t c au s e d a il y v a r ia t i o n i n t h e s t a n d i n g c r o p . C o n t i n u o u sc u l tu r e s e x p o s e d to i m p r o v i n g g r o w t h c o n d i t io n s g e n er al ly r e s p o n d b ya n e t i n c r e a s e i n c e l l d e n s i t y . R e s t o r i n g t h e i n i t i a l p o p u l a t i o n i n v o l v e sp a r t i a l c e l l w a s h o u t p r o v o k e d b y a t e m p o r a r y i n c r e a s e i n d i l u t i o no v e r g r o w t h r at e. C o n v e r s e l y , a d e c li n i n g p o p u l a t i o n r e s u lt in g f r o m


6/13

O

TABLE2

IngmicNio

adPpunhhH'luScmaNuoHsDiunommica

Nocmic

Mea

Smpeughtmln

DiaysCueoPc

m{NucsDiunacObanbSanEfu

IromnuCmc

msaaRe

Ava

oh1d

o

oPo

Nauacucwe

0

15

Swinmaedayc12

17

iVrcSd]sg~e

%rmnac]ceCl)

hthtct

mticJt(z~lhtcr-

NqNNO3N101

NI

NI4N

NOjN

P01

Ni"

{m/

(aom/

aom)

aro

10

14

0

100)

8244.5)

0330

33

~~

2

~~

61

__

I18ndeeI6__

1~8

.7 ,7


7/13

. tl ic r oa l ga l c u # u r e u s in g s w i n e m a n u r e d & t y s a r e a s n u t r i e n t 281d e t e r i o r a t in g c o n d i t i o n s is c o u n t e r e d b y r e d u c i n g t h e d i l u t io n r a te . t h u sa l lo w i n g f o r c o m p e n s a t o r y g r o w t h . I n t h is w a y , a r e la t iv e l y c o n s t a n tp o p u l a t i o n is m a i n t a i n e d d e s p i t e v a r ia b le g r o w t h c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a il in gd u r i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t . A v e r a g e d o v e r 1 9 d a y s , # e x c e e d s D a n d s i g n if ie sf a s t e r i n c r e a se i n ce lls b y g r o w t h t h a n t h e r a te a t w h i c h t h e y a r eh a r v e s t e d . I n p r a c t ic e , a c e r t a in f r a c t i o n o f t h e s t a n d i n g c r o p e s c a p e se n u m e r a t i o n d u e t o a t t t o f l o c c u l a t i o n , i .e . t h e c l u m p i n g o f c e ll s d u r i n gp e r io d s o f p ro l o n g e d s u nl ig h t, a p h e n o m e n o n w e ll k n o w n t o w o r k e r su s in g n o n - d i a l y s is c u l t u r e t e c h n i q u e s ( G o l u e k e a n d O s w a l d . 1 9 6 5 ) .

I n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i v i t y o f P . t r i c o r n u t u m g r o w n o n m a n u r e - e n ri c h e dm e d i u m c a n b e t ra c e d t o t h e r ic h e r s u p p l y o f m a c r o n u t r i e n t s t h e re i n( T a b l e 2) . I n t h e p r e s e n c e o f a b u n d a n t a m m o n i a , t h e r e d u c e d f o r m o fn i t r o g e n a p p e a r s t o s a t i s fy t h e d e m a n d s o f c e ll g r o w t h si n c e a n a l y s e sr ev e al n o n e t r e m o v a l o f n i t r a te n i t ro g e n f r o m t h e e n r ic h e d m e d i u m . I nc o n t r a s t , N O 3 - N is r e a d i l y r e m o v e d f r o m n a t u r a l e st u a r in e w a t e r w h e r et h e a n i o n i c f o r m o f n i t r o g e n p r e d o m i n a t e s . T h e o b s e r v a t i o n is c o n s i s t e n tw i t h r e su l t s d e m o n s t r a t i n g p r e f e r e n t ia l u p t a k e b y m a r i n e a lg ae o fN H 4 - N o v e r N O 3 - N , th e o x i d e s o f n i t r o g e n b e in g c o n s u m e d f o l l o w i n ga m m o r l ia d e p l e t i o n ( G o l d m a n , 1 9 7 6) . T h e r e m o v a l o f p h o s p h o r u se v i d e n t l y r e fl e c t s c o n t r a s t i n g s a lt c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e i n f l u e n t m e d i a .

T h e l o w e r s u b s t r a t e c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y o f d i al y si s c u l t u r e ( S c h u l t za n d G e r h a r d t , 1 9 6 9 ) a p p e a r s t o b e b o r n e o u t b y t h e r e l a ti v e l y l o w

T A B L E 3Trace M eta l Content ofP . t r i c o r t m t u m Cells and M edia Concen trations for CulturesReceiving Natural and M anure-enriched Estuarine W ate r (Data Represent Averages

for the 19-day Produc t ion Period)F e M n Z n O l C d

Natural M edium co nc en tratio n 5.9 2.5 1.1 nd ndestuarine (~g liter -I )water Cell co nte nt (p pm ) 171 -2 23 6.8 33-1 33-0 1-3

Sw ine .Medium co nc en tratio n 18-7 4.7 I .6 nd nd "m anure (~g liter -l)dialysate Cell co nte nt (pp m ) 1 5 8 .3 220.3 38-9 35.8 1.8

nd. Not determined.


8/13

282 C. Btais, R . F ou rnie r . P . M ars otremoval efficiencies noted in Table 2, compared to conventionalcultures receiving swine manure (De Pauw e t a l . , 1980) or domesticwaste (Goldman, 1976; She lef er a l . , 1980). The high efficienciesobserved for dialysis cultures grown on dilute sewage (Skoglund andJensen, 1976) can presumably be associated with a more favorable lightregime.

Although rich in nutrients, organic wastes such as swine manure alsocontain significant levels of heavy metals. As essential micronutrientsor trace elements required in low concentrations (parts per 109 ) ,iron, copper, manganese and zinc become deleterious substances whenthey occur overabundantly. In polluted Norwegian I]ords increasingheavy metal concentrations depress growth rate and stimulate metaluptake by diatom species including P . t r i c o n m t u m (Eide e t a l . , 1979).Table 3 indicates that swine manure increases tlte Fe, Mn and Zn loadsof estuarine water. This is to be expected since mineral components areimportant growth factors in swine nutrition. The levels involved,however, evidently fail to generate a corresponding response in terms ofalgal uptake.

That the porosity of the membranes used has a direct effect on thediffusion of Fe, Mn and Zn is apparent from Table 4. Polymethyl-methacrylate fibers with molecular weight cut-off at 10 000 are usedfor the manure solute diffusion phase and separate solutions (dilutedswine manure and its dialysate) that differ by a factor of 10 with regardto the metals analyzed. Values for inf luent and eff luent samples of themanure dialysate are of the same order of magnitude and also spell low

T A B L E 4Trace Metal Content (/ag liter t) of 10% Diluted Swine Manure. its Dialysate Consti-tuting tile lnfluent Medium. and tile Effluent Substrate Stream (Data RepresentAverages for the 19-day Production Period)D i l u t e d s w i n e b t f i u e n t m a m t r e E f ] h t e n t m a n u r e

m a n u r e d i a ly s a t e d i a ly s a t eFe 365.3 18.,7 14-5Mn 36-6 4.7 3-3Zn 32.6 1.6 1-2


9/13

Microalgal culture using swine manure dialysate as nutrient 283d i f f u s i o n a c r o s s c o l l o d i o n f i b e r s h a v i n g m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t c u t - o f f a t5 0 0 0 . B i n d i n g t h r o u g h c o m p l e x a t i o n , c h e l a ti o n a n d a b s o r p t i o n o f t ra c em e t a l s w i t h d is so lv e d m a c r o m o l e c u l a r h u m a t e s o b s e r v e d d u ri n g e s tu a r in em i x i n g ( S h o l k o v i t z , 1 9 7 6 ) , p r e s e n t s a p l a u s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h el h n i t e d d i a ly s is o f m e t a l l ic c o n s t i t u e n t s .

O n a u n i t c ell b a sis ( T a b l e 3 ) , c a d m i u m a n d c o p p e r c o n t e n t s a rei 0 - 1 0 0 t im e s l o w e r t h a n N o r w e g i a n f in d i n g s ( E id e e t a l . , 1979) . I nc o n t r a s t , a l g a l a c c u m u l a t i o n o f t h e s e m e t a l s a g r e e s e q u a l l y w e l l w i t ht h a t c i t e d fo r u p w e l h n g c o a st a l w a t e r s (K n a u e r a n d M a r ti n , 1 9 7 3 ) a n dm u n i c i p a l w a s te w a t e r ( Y a n n a i e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ). C o m p a r e d t o t h e l a tt e rs t u d i e s, v a lu e s f o r z i n c a n d m a n g a n e s e a re d i a m e t r i c a l l y o p p o s e d , t h ef o r m e r l o w e r a n d t h e l a t te r g r e a t e r b y a n o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e a c c o rd i n gt o t h e p r e s e n t w o r k . T h e r e l a ti v e ly h i g h c o n t e n t o f b i n o b s e r v e d f o rP . t r i c o r n u t u m r e f l e c t s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n b o t h n a t u r a l a n d e n r i c h e dm e d i a t h a t a re n e v e r t h e l e s s l o w e r b y a fa c t o r o f 1 02 c o m p a r e d t o t h ele v el c o n s i d e r e d t o x i c f o r d i a t o m s ( P a t r ic k , 1 9 7 7 ). H e n c e , e n r i c h m e n to f e s t u a ri n e w a t e r w i t h s w i n e m a n u r e , in t h e p r o p o r t i o n e x p e r i m e n t e d ,c a n c o n c e i v a b l y b e v i e w e d a s h a v i n g l it t le c o n s e q u e n c e f o r t h e b io -a c c u m u l a t i o n o f t h e m e t a l s a n a l y z e d .

R e f e r r i n g t o n o n - d i a l y s is e x p e r i m e n t s u s in g s w i n e m a n u r e , t h e d r ym a t t e r y i e l d o b t a i n e d w i t h P . t r i c o r n u t u m i n d i a ly s i s c u l t u r e i s e qu i -v a l e n t t o t h a t r e p o r t e d f o r m i x e d al ga l s p e c i e s ( L i n c o l n a n d H i ll , 1 9 8 0 ) ,a n d s u p e r i o r t o C h l o r e l l a s a c c h a r o p h i l a d e s c r i b e d a s i m p e d e d b y t u r b i dm a n u r e ( d e P a u w e t a l . , t 9 8 0 ) . S p e c i e s d i f f e r e n c e s a s i d e , c r o p y i e l dd a t a a re i n t i m a t e l y r e l a te d t o g r o w t h c o n d i t i o n s a n d m u s t t h e r e fo r e beq u a l i f i e d b y c o n s i d e r i n g g e o g r a p l fi c l o c a t i o n , s o l a r r a d i a t i o n v a r y i n g asi t d o e s w i t h l a t i t u d e , a s w e ll as t h e c u l t u r e t e c h n i q u e s i n v o l v e d . I n t h isr e s p e c t t h e s i m i l a r y i e l d s c i t e d f o r m i c r o a l g a l c u l t u r e s g r o w n a t c o n -t ra s f in g l a t i tu d e s ( 3 0 N , L i n c o l n a n d H i ll ( 1 9 8 0 ) v e rs u s 4 8 N , p r e s e n tw o r k ) c a n p r e s u m a b l y b e r e la t e d t o c u l t u r a l p r a c ti c e . T h e g r o w t hp r o m o t i n g e ff e c t o f t h e d i al ys is t e c h n i q u e ( S c h u l t z a n d G e r h a r d t , 1 9 6 9)is i n t e r p r e t e d a s c o m p e n s a t i n g f o r t h e e n e r g y h a n d i c a p as s o c ia t ed w i t hi n c r e a si n g d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e e q u a t o r . I n e f fe c t , t h e a d v a n ta g e s c o n -f e r r e d b y a d i a ly s i s m e m b r a n e , i .e . i n c re a s e i n a v a il a b le n u t r i e n t s a n de x c l u s i o n o f b o t h p r e d a t o r s a n d n o n - l iv i n g p a r t ic u l a t e m a t t e r , tr a n s la t ea s i n cr e as e d p r o d u c t i v i t y a n d r e d u c e d d e t e n t i o n t im e d u e t o t h e a p p li ca -t i o n o f h i g h e r d i l u t i o n r at es .

M a i n t a i n in g a c o n c e n t r a t e d b i o m a s s d e v o i d o f s u b s t ra t e - d e ri v e dm i c r o o r g a n i s m s h as o b v i o u s im p l i c a ti o n s in t e rm s o f p r o d u c t p u r i t y a n d


10/13

284 C . B l a is , R . F o u r n i e r , P . M a r s o rh a r v e s t i n g c o s ts . U n l e s s r aw w a s t e s a r e p a s t e u r i z e d , a p r o c e s s d e f e a t i n ge f f o r t s in p u r s u i t o f e c o n o m i c vi a b il it y , g r o w i n g a lg ae d i r e c t l y o n l iq u i dw a s t e s r e s u l t s i n a n a l g a e - b a c t e r i a b i o m a s s w i t h a s m u c h a s h a l f t h et o t a l h a rv e s t c o m p r i s e d o f h e t e r o t r o p h s ( L i n c o l n a n d H ill, 1 9 80 ). T h eb i o t i c r e l a ti o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e t w o f l o r a p r e s e n t i n d o m e s t i c s e w a g eh a s b e e n s h o w n t o b e h i g h l y a n t a g o n i s t i c , a lg ae b e i n g a d v e rs e ly a f f e c t e db y i n d i g e n o u s b a c t e r ia ( D o t a n d S v i, 1 9 8 0 ) .

T h o u g h r e c o g n i z e d a s t h e m o s t f e a s i b l e a n d e f f i c i e n t t e c h n i q u e f o rt h e b l it ia l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s u s p e n d e d c el ls , c h e m i c a l c o a g u l a t i o nn e c e s s i t a t e s t h e u s e o f f l o c c u l a n t s s u c h a s a l u m ( a l u m i n i u m s u l f a t e ) i nt h e o r d e r o f 1 0 0 - 2 5 0 m g l i t e r -~ ( M o r a i n e e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ) . I n a d d i t i o n t ot h e p H a d j u s t m e n t r e q u ir e d f o r o p t i m u m f l o cc u l a ti o n (p H 5 - 6 w i t ha l u m ) , t h e a l u m i n i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e r e c o v e r e d b i o m a s s is u p t o 1 0 0 -f ol dg r e a t er t h a n t h a t o f s a m p l e s h a r v e s te d b y o t h e r m e t h o d s ( Y a n n a i e t a l . ,1 9 8 0) . D e s p i t e t h e l ac k o f t o x i c s y m p t o m s o r m e t a l a c c u m u l a t i o n ine x p e r i m e n t a l a n i m a l s f e d a l u m - f l o c c u l a t e d a l g a e , a d e a l u m i n a t i n gp r o c e s s h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d a s a s a f e t y m e a s u r e a g ai n st a c c i d e n t a lo v e r d o s i n g ( M o r a in e e t a l . . 1 9 8 0 ) . D e s c r i b e d a s le ss e c o n o m i c a l t h a nc h e m i c a l f l o c c u l a t i o n in t h e c a se o f w a s t e - s u s p e n d e d c e lls ( G o l u e k e a n dO s w a l d , 1 9 6 5 ) , c e n t r i f u g a t i o n m a y b e j u s t i f i e d f o r t h e r e c o v e r y o fa c o n t a m i n a n t - f r e e a lg a l c r o p .

I n l i g h t o f t h e f o r e g o i n g , i t i s c l e a r t h a t h a r v e s t o f a h i g h q u a l i t yp r o d u c t , m i n i m i z i n g c o s t s a n d r is k s, is b e s t a s s u r e d b y g r o w i n g a lg a eu n d e r c o n d i t i o n s t h a t f a c il it a te re c o v e r y o f a b i o l o g ic a l ly a n d c h e m i c a l l ys af e p r o d u c t . P r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d h e r e i n d i c a t e t h a t d i a ly s isc u l t u r e h a s d e f i n it e v a lu e in th i s c o n t e x t an d f u r t h e r w o r k d e m o n s t r a t -i ng i ts m e r i t s as a b i o t e c h n o l o g i c a l t o o l f o r b i o m a s s p r o d u c t i o n a n dn u t r i e n t r e c y c l i n g i s n o w i n p r o g r e s s .

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T SW e w i s h t o t h a n k L o u i s B e r n i e r , M a r c L e c l e r c a n d G h i s la i n C a n u e l f o rp r e c i o u s t e c h n i c a l a ss is ta n c e a s w e ll a s M a r i a n n e P a q u e t f o r c o m m e n t i n go n t h e m a n u s c r i p t a n d J o c e l y n e D e s ga g n6 s f o r t h e c le ri ca l w o r k . W e a ree q u a l ly g r a t e fu l t o M r F u r u k a w a o f T o r a y I n d u s t r i e s I n c. ( J a p a n ) f o rk i n d l y o f f e r i n g t h e F i l t r y z e r u n i t s . T h i s s t u d y w a s s u p p o r t e d b y t h eN a t u r a l S c i e n c e s a n d E n g i n e e r i n g R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l o f C a n a d a ( g r a n tn o . A 6 4 9 1 ).


11/13

Micro,~!gal culture using swine manure diatysare as nutrient 285R E F E R E N C E S

Abel iov ich , A . 11980) . Fac to r s l imi t ing a lga l g rowth in h igh - ra te ox ida t ion ponds .In : Algae Biomass Production attd Use. eds G . Shelef and C. J . Soe der . Elsevier /N o r t h - H o l l a n d B i o m e d i c a l P r e s s . A m s t e r d a m . p p . 2 0 5 - 1 5 .

Co ope r . S ., B at ta t . A. . M arsot . P . & S .v lvest re . M. 11983) . P rod uct io n o f an t iba c-ter ia l ac t iv i t ies by two Baeillariophyeeae growtf l in d ia lys is cu l ture . Capt. J.Microbiol., 2 9 . 3 3 8 - 4 1 .

Cossa . D . . Canue l . G . & P iuze , J . (1983 ) . Rap id mic ro -method fo r the s imul taneousd e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t r a c e a m o u n t s o f i ro n a n d m a n g a n e s e in s e a w a t e r . Mar. Chem..12. 224.

D e Pa u w , N . , V e v l e t, H . & D e L e e n h e e r , L , J r . ( 1 9 8 0 ) . H e a t e d a n d u n h e a t e d o u t -doo r cu l tu res o f m ar ine algae w i th an imal man ure . In : Algae Biomass Prod, wtionand Use. eds G . She le f and C . J . Soeder . E l sev ie r /Nor th -H ol land Biomed ica lP r e s s . A m s t e r d a m . p p . 3 1 5 - 4 1 .

Do t . I . (197 5) . High den s i ty , d ia lys is cu hu re of a lg~,e on sewag e. Water Research.9 , 2 5 1 - 4 .

Dor, I . & Svi , B. (1980 ) . Ef fec t o f he te ro t ro ph ic bac te r i a on the g reen a lgae g rowingin was te water . In : Algae Bkmtass Production and Use, eds G . She le f and C . J .Soede r , E lsev ie r No r th -Ho l land Biomed ica l P ress . A m s te rd am , pp . 42 1-9 .

E ide , I . , J ensen , A . & M elsom, S. 11979) . A pp l ica t ion o f in situ c a g e c u l t u r e s o fp h y t o p l a n k t o n f o r m o n i t o r i n g h e a v y m e t a l p o l l u t io n i n t w o N o r w e g i a n fi o rd s .J. e.vp. mar. Bb)I. Ecol.. 3 7 , 2 7 1 - 8 6 .

G o l d m a n . J . C . 1 1 9 7 6 ). P h y t o p l a n k t o n r e s po n s e to w a s t e - w a t e r n u t r i e n t e n r i c h -m e n t in c o n t i n u o u s c u l t u re . J . e x p . mar. Biol. Ecol.. 2 3 , 3 1 - 4 3 .

Go lueke . C . G . & Osw ald . W. J . (1965) . Harves t ing and p roces s ing o f s ewage-g rownplan k ton ic a lgae . J . Water Poll. Gmt. Fed.. 3 7 . 4 7 1 - 9 8 .

G roen ew eg, J . . Kle in , B,. Mo hn, F . t1 ., Ru nke l . K. H. & Stengel , E. (19 80 ) . F i rs tr e su lt s o f ou td oo r t r ea t ,ne n t o f p ig ma nure w i th a lga l -bac te r i a l sys tem s . In :Algae Biomass Production altd Use, eds G . she le f and C . J . Soede r , E l sev ie r/N o r t h - H o l l a n d B i o m e d i c a l P r e s s . A m s t e r d a m , p p . 2 5 5 - 6 4 .

Gui l l a rd , R . R . L . & Ry th er , J . H . (1962) . S tud ies on mar ine phm kton ic d ia tom s . 1.Cvclorella naJta H u s t e d t a n d Detomela confervacea (Cleve) . Gran. Can. J. Micro-biol.. 8 , 2 2 9 - 3 9 .

H ohn -H ans en, O. 11970) . AT P levels in a lgal ce lls as inf luen ced by envi ron m en talc o n d i t i o n s . Plant & Cell Physiol., 1 1 . 6 8 9 - 7 0 0 .

Jensen , A . & R ys tad . 13. 11973) . Se m i-con t inuo us m on i to r in g o f the cap ac i ty o fs ea w a t e r f o r s u p p o r t in g g r o w t h o f p h y t o p l a n k t o n . J . exp. mar . Biol. Ecol.,1 1 , 2 7 5 - 8 5 .

K e t c h u m . B . H . & R e d f ie l d , A . C . ( 1 9 3 8 ) . A m e t h o d f o r m a i n t a i n i n g a c o n t i n u o u ss u p p l y o f m a r i n e d i a t o m s b y c u l t u r e . Biol. Bull. mar. bioL Lab.. Woods Hole,75 , 165-9 .


12/13

286 C. BIais, R. Fo urnier, P. M arsotK etchu m , B. H. L ill ick, L . & Redf ie ld , A. C. ( I94 9) . The g row th and op t im um

yields of a lgae in mass cul ture . J . C el l . com p. P lo 's io l . , 3 3 , 2 6 7 - 7 9 .Knauer , G. A. & Mart in , J . H. (1973) . Seasonal var ia t ions of cadmium, copper ,

manganese , l ead and z inc in wa te r and phy top lank ton in Monte rey Bay ,Cal ifornia . Limnol . Oceanogr, , 18 (4 ) , 5 97-604 .Kreml ing , K. (1976) . De te rmina t ion o f t race meta ls . In : M e t h o d s o f Se a w a te r

Ana lys i s , ed. K. Grasshoff, Verlag Cllemie. Weinheim, New York. pp. 183-91.Kuenz le r , E . J . & Ketchum, B, H. (1962) . Ra te o f phosphorus up take by Phaeo-

da co, lym tr ico ntu tum . Biol . Bull . mar. b io l. Lab. . W oods Ho le , 123. 134-45.Lincoln. E. P. & Hill . P. T. (1980). An integrated microalgae system. In: Algae

B i o m a ss Pro d u c t i o n a n d U se , eds G. Sh elef and C. J. Soed er. Elsevier/North-Hol land B iomedica l P ress , Am ste rdam . pp . 229 -44 .

Maestrini, S. Y. & Kossut, M. G. (1981). In sire cell deple t ion o f some m arine a lgaeenc losed in d ia lys i s sacks and the i r use fo r the de te rm ina t ion o f nu t r ien t - l imi t inggrowth in Ligurian coastal waters (Ivlediterranean Sea). J. exp. mar. Biol . Ecol . .50, 1-19.

M arsot, P., Fo urn ier, R. & Blais, C. (1981). Un nou vea u proc~d~ de cul ture co nt inu ed ialy se p o u r [e p h y to p la n c to n . Biotectmolog3. ' Let ters. 3 (12) , 689-94 .

M oa[. J .. S am ain, J .-F. & LeC oz. J .-R. (19 77). C/N et contr61e de la phy siolog ic desc u l tu r e s d e p h y to p la n c to n . I n : Ph ys io logy and Behav ior o f Mar ine Organisms,eds D. S . McL usky and A. J . Ber ry , Pe rgamon Press, Oxfo rd , pp . t41 -8 .

M ohn, F . H. (1980) . Experiences an d s tra tegies in the recovery of b iomass f rommass cul tures of microalgae . In : Algae Biomass Produc t ion and Use , eds G.She lef and C. J . Soed er , Elsevier /N orth-Ho lland Biomedical Press . A m sterdam ,p p . 5 4 7 -7 1 .

M onod , J . (1950) . La techn ique de cu l tu re con t inue , th~or ie e t app l ica t ions .A m~ales de l 7n st i tu t P asteur {Paris) , 7 9 , 3 9 0 - 4 1 0 .

M ora ine , R . , She le f, G. , Sandb ank , E . , Bar-Moshe, Z . & Shv ar tzburd , L . (1980) .Recovery of sewage-borne a lgae: f loccula t ion , f lo ta t ion , and centr i fugat iontechniques . In : Al g a e B i o m a ss Pro d u c t i o n a n d U se , eds G. S helef and C. J .So ede r, ELsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, A m sterd am , pp. 53 1- 45 .

Ney , J . M. , Co nary , C. L . & C hapm an , S . R. (1981) . High dens i ty d ia tom produc-t ion ut i l iz ing dia lysis techn iques . A q u a c u l t u r e . 24 , 363-9 .

Osw ald, W. J. (I 963 ). The high-rate po nd in wa ste disposal. Devel . Ind . Microbiol . .4 , 112-19 .

Oswa ld , W . J . ( 1 9 8 0 ) . A lg a e p ro d u c t i o n - p ro b le ms , a c h i e v e me n ts a n d p o te n ti a l .In: Al g a e B i o m a ss Pro d u c t i o n a n d U se. eds G. Sh elef and C. J. S oeder, Elsevier/No r th -Hol land Biomedica l P ress , Am ste rdam, pp . 1 -8 .

Parsons, T . R. , S tephens, K. & Str icklan d. J . D. H. (1961 ) . O n the chemical comp o-s i tion o f e leven species o f mar ine ph y top lank te rs . J . ['Tsh. R es. Bd. Canada, 18(6) , 1001-16 .


13/13

Microalgal cu l ture us ing swine manure d ia iysare as nurr ienr 287P a t r i c k . R . ( 1 9 7 7 ) . E c o l o g y o f f r e s h w a t e r d i a t o m s a n d d i a t o m c o m m u n i t i e s . I n :

The B io log3" o f D ia toms , ed. D. Werner . Un ivers i ty of Ca l i forn ia Press, Berk eleyand Los Ange les . pp . 284-332 .

Schu l tz , J . S . & Ge rhard t . P . (196 9) . D ia lys is cu l tu re o f m ic roorgan i sms : des ign ,theo ry , and r esu l t s . B a c t e ri o lo g i c al R e v i e w s . 33 ( 1 ). 1- 47 .She le f, G . (1979) . The co m bin a t io n o f alga l and an aerob ic w as te t r ea tm en t in a

b i o r e g e n e r a t i v e f a r m s y s t e m . F oo d aJzd Nutr i . B/re . S up p. , Vol. 2 , The Uni tedN a t i o n s U n iv ., T o k y o , p p . 1 0 5 - 1 3 .

Shelef , G. & Sa nd ban k, E. (19 79) . Algal t rea tmer~t o f Tel Yossel dai ry was tes .A m m a l R e p o r t 0 1 3 - 8 1 2 . Techn ion Res . and Deve lop . Found . , Ha i fa .

She le f , G . . Azov . Y . . Mora ine , R . & Oro n , G . (1980) . A lgal m ass p ro du c t io n as ani n t e g r a l p a r t o f a w a s t e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t a n d r e c l a m a t i o n s y s t e m . I n : A l g a eB i o m a s s P r o d u c t i o n a n d U s e , eds G . She le f and C . J . Soeder , E s ev ie ' /N or th -Hol land Biomed ica l P ress , A m s te rd am . pp . 1 63-8 9 .

Sho lko v i tz . E . g . (1976) . F locc u la t ion o f d i sso lved o rgan ic and ino rgan ic m at te rdur ing the mix ing o f r ive r wa te r and s eaw ate r . G e o c h i m i e a e t C o s m o c h i m i e aA c t a , 4 0 , 8 3 1 - 4 5 .

Skog tund , L . & Jensen , A . (1976 ) . S tud ies on N- l imi ted g row th o f d ia tom s indialysis cult t . re. J . exp. mar. Biol . Ecol. , 21 , 169-78 .

S tr ick lan d, J . D. H. & Parsons , T. R. (1972 ) . A manu al o f sea w ater analys is . Bull.Fish. Re s. Bd. CaHada, No . 125.

Yanna i , S ., M okad y , S ., Sachs , K . , Ka n to r ow i tz . B . & Berk , Z . (1980 ) . Cer ta inco n ta nm m nts in a lgae and in an im als f ed a lgae -con ta i r fing d ie t s, and s ec ond arytox ic i ty o f the a lgae . In : Algae Biomass Product icm atzd Use. eds G . She le f andC. J . Soeder . E l sev ie r /Nor th+H ol land Biom ed ica l P ress . Am s te rda m . pp . 75 7-6 6 .

Yoder+ J . A. (1979 ) . A co m pa r iso n b etw een the ce ll d iv ision ra te of nat t , ral po pula -t i o n s o f t h e m a r i n e d i a t o m S k e l e t o H e m a c o s t a t u m (Gre vi l le) Cleve grown ind ia lys i s cu l tu re and tha t p re d ic ted f ron t a m a the m at ica l mod e l . L#m+ol. Oceam)gr. ,2 4 , 9 7 - I 0 6 .

Blais 1984 Aquacultural-Engineering

Documents

Transcript of Blais 1984 Aquacultural-Engineering