Robertson 1987 Aquacultural-Engineering

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    A quacultural E ngineering 6 ( 198 7) 111 - 126

    S u b m e r s i b l e S t r u c t u r e s f or S h e l l f is h C u l tu r eG . W . R o b e r t s o n , M . J. C a s h i n , J o h n H . M e r r i t t

    Can adian Institute of Fisheries Technology,Technical U niversityof N ova Scotia,PO Box 1000, Halifax, No va Scotia B3J 2X 4, Canada

    a n dE . K o l b e

    D epartment of A gricultural Engineering,Orego n S tate University,Corvallis,Oregon 97331-3906, U SA

    A B S T R A C TRe cent developm ents in aquaculture in At lan t ic Canada have dem on -strated a n eed fo r suitable structures fo r the growing o f mussels an doyster~. O ne o f the greatest difficulties enco untere d has been dam age torafts an d o ther equ ipm ent caused by winter ice . In order to avo id thisdamage and some other di f f icul t ies , a growing system based on sub-mersible structures has been proposed. Accordingly, fo u r prototypesystems m ad e largely o f wo od with plastic vessels fo r f loatation hav e beenbuil t and tested over a period o f 18 mo nths. The resul ts have de m on -strated the feasibility o f subm ersible systems based on the prototypes.

    I N T R O D U C T I O NM u s s e l a n d o y st e r c u l tu r eW i th i n t h e la st t e n y e a rs , t h e r e h a v e b e e n s ig n i fi ca n t d e v e l o p m e n t s i no f f - b o t t o m s h e ll fi sh a q u a c u l t u r e i n A t l a n ti c C a n a d a . S p e c i e s t h a t h a v eb e e n g r o w n c o m m e r c i a l l y us in g t his t e c h n i q u e i n c lu d e b l u e m u s s el s( M y t i lu s edu l i s ), t h e n a t i v e o y s t e r ( Cra ssostrea virginica ), the E u r o p e a nf la t o y s t e r ( Ostrea edu l i s ) a n d s c a ll o p s ( P l a c o p e c t e n m a g e l l a n i c u s ) .

    T h e g r o w - o u t t e c h n o lo g y us e d i n A t la n t i c C a n a d a h a s b e e n b o r r o w e df r o m J a p a n , t h e U n i t e d S t a te s a n d E u r o p e . I n a fe w i n s t a n c e s l o c a l111Aquacuttural Engineering 0144-860 9/87/S03.50- - Else vier Applied Sc iencePublishers Ltd, England. 1987. Printed in G reat B ritain

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    112 G. W. Rob er tson, M . J . Cashin, J. H. Merr it t, E. K olb eg r o w e r s h a v e d e v e l o p e d s o m e i n n o v a t i v e t e c h n i q u e s t o s u i t t h e i r p a r t ic u -l a r n e e d s . A n e x p e n s i v e a n d c r i t i c a l p a r t o f t h e g r o w - o u t t e c h n o l o g y ,n a m e l y f l o a t a ti o n , h a s n o t b e e n d e v e l o p e d t o s u i t c o n d i t io n s in A t l a n t i cC a n a d a . T h e m o s t c o m m o n f l o a t a ti o n u s e d is a l o b s te r b u o y o fe x p a n d e d p o l y s ty r e n e . E x p e r i e n c e h a s s h o w n th is ty p e t o b e i n a d e q u a t eb e c a u s e o f t h e s e v e r e w i n t e r c o n d i t i o n s th e i n d u s t r y fa c es . T w o o f th em a i n d i ff ic u lt ie s e n c o u n t e r e d a r e e x t r e m e w i n t e r d a m a g e f r o m ic e a n dw a t e r a b s o r p t i o n b y t h e b u o y s w h e n t h e y a r e s u n k t o a v o i d i c e . A l s o ,s y s te m s b a s e d o n w o o d e n r a f ts h a v e b e e n u s e d . T h e r a ft s h a v e s u f fe r e dd a m a g e f r o m t h e b r e a k - u p o f w i n t e r i c e , e v e n w h e r e t h e y h a v e b e e nm o v e d t o a s h e l t e r e d a r e a b e f o r e t h e o n s e t o f w i n te r .I t is r e c k o n e d t h a t m a j o r d e v e l o p m e n t s in o f f - b o t t o m s h e ll fi sh a q u a -c u l t u r e w i l l r e l y p r i ma r i l y on t w o s pe c i e s : t he b l ue mus s e l a nd t heE u r o p e a n f l a t o y s te r . T h e f u t u r e s u c ce s s o f t h e i n d u s t r y d e p e n d s t o s o m ee x t e n t o n f i n d i n g a p p r o p r i a t e f l o a t a ti o n , h o w e v e r , t o s u it w i n t e r c o n d i -t io n s i n A t l a n t i c C a n a d a .W i t h i n t h e n e x t 1 0 y e a r s , a n n u a l p r o d u c t i o n o f b l u e m u s s e l s i se x p e c t e d t o r e a c h 9 0 0 0 t ( w h o l e m u s s e l in t h e s h el l) f r o m t h e p r e s e n tl ev e l, m o s t l y i n N o v a S c o t i a a n d P r i n c e E d w a r d I s la n d , o f a b o u t 1 5 0 0 t.T h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g a n t ic i p a te d o u t p u t f o r o y s te r s is 2 0 0 0 t. T h e p r o d u c -t i on c yc l e fo r t he s e s pe c i e s i s i n t he r a n ge o f 1 t o 3 y e a r s de pe n d i ng o nl o c a t i o n . B a s e d o n t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a n d o n c u r r e n t c o s t s , a n n u a le x p e n d i t u r e f o r f l o a t a ti o n , f o r m a t e ri a ls o n l y , c a n b e e x p e c t e d t oa p p r o a c h S C A N 5 0 0 0 0 0.I n v ie w o f t h e n e e d t o r e d u c e t h e d i f fi cu l ti es e n c o u n t e r e d w i t h th ea r r a n g e m e n t s i n u se , e sp e c i a ll y t h e d a m a g e c a u s e d b y i ce , t h e p r e s e n tw o r k w a s d o n e t o d e v e l o p a s u b m e r s i b le f l o a t a t io n s y s te m t h a t w o u l ds u it c o n d i t io n s i n A t l a n t i c C a n a d a .Floatation arrangem entsD e s c r i p t io n s o f v a r i o u s f l o a t a t i o n a r ra n g e m e n t s f o r s h e ll fi sh c u lt u r e h a v eb e e n p r e s e n t e d i n t h e l it e ra t u re . T h e s e i n c l u d e ra f t c u l t u r e i n g e n e r a l a n da f ew d e s c r i p t i on s o f s ubm e r s i b l e s t ruc t u r e s i n pa r t i c u l a r.T h e U n i v e r s it y o f M a i n e S e a G r a n t P r o g r a m s u p p o r t e d a p r o j e c t t ode v e l op a s ub m e r s i b l e r a f t f o r t he c u l t u r e o f oys te r s . Tw o b r i e f de s c r ip -t io n s o f t h is p r o j e c t ( A n o n , 1 9 7 2 ; S c h n e i d e r a n d M o r i n , 1 9 7 3 ) i n d i c a t et h e s u b m e r s i b le s t r u c t u r e t o b e c o m p l e x a n d e x p e n s iv e . L if e ti m e o f th es t r u c t u r e w a s n o t p r o j e c t e d . C o n t a c t w i t h t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M a i n e S e aG r a n t P r o g r a m h a s p r o d u c e d n o f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n o n u s e o r r e c e n td e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c o n c e p t. K e r r e t a l . (1980 ) b r i e f l y de s c r i be a f ew s ub -me r s i b l e r a f t c onc e p t s a pp l i c a b l e t o r i g i d f l oo r c a ge s fo r t he c u l t u r e o f

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    Su bm ersib le structures fo r shellf ish culture 113f la t fi sh . I n f l a t a b l e c o l l a r s a l l ow t he c a ge t o r i se t o t he s u r f a c e fo r ha rve s t ,c l e a n i n g a n d s o r ti n g .

    K o r r i n g a ( 1 9 7 6 ) w r i te s a b o u t a s u b m e r s ib l e s y st e m u s e d i n t h e n o r t h -w e s t e r n s e c t i o n o f th e B l a c k S e a i n t h e U S S R . I n t h is r e g io n , ic e a n d g a lew i n d s t h r e a t e n t h e m u s s e l 'p a r k s ' i n w i n te r , t h e r e f o r e i t w a s n e c e s s a r y t od e v e l o p a h i b e r n a t i o n s y s t e m . T h i s s y s t e m c o n s i s t e d o f m e t a l f r a m e s ,e a c h a b o u t 4 .5 m i n le n g t h a n d c a p a b l e o f h o l d i n g 2 4 c o l le c t o rs , w i t hh a l f - g r o w n m u s s e l s . P V C f l o a t s w e r e a t t a c h e d t o t h e t o p - s i d e o f t h es t ru c t u r e , w h i le a c a st i r o n a n c h o r ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0 0 k g ) w a s a t t a c h e dt o t h e b o t t o m o f t h e s t r u c tu r e . T h i s e n a b l e d t h e s t r u c t u r e to m a i n t a i ni t se l f i n a n up r i gh t ve r t i c a l pos i t i on a t a s u i t a b l e de p t h be l o w i c e a ndw a ve a c t i on . D i ve r s w ou l d r e - s u r f a c e t he s t ruc t u r e s w he n f e a s i b l e ,s o m e t i m e i n t h e s p r in g .S u b m e r g e d c u l t u r e o f t h e s h e l lf is h m i g h t e m p l o y a s u p p o r t s t r u c t u r er e s t i n g o n t h e s e a f l o o r . M e i x n e r ( 1 9 7 6 ) d e s c r i b e s s u c h a s u b s u r f a c ef r a m e s u p p o r t i n g t r a y - r e a r e d o y s t e r s ; i t i s m a r k e d a t t h e s u r f a c e b y as in g le b u o y . A b a r g e o r w o r k b o a t p e r i o d i c a l l y h o i s ts t h e e n t i r e f r a m e t ot h e s u r f a c e f o r h a r v e s t in g , s o r ti n g a n d c l ea n i n g . A l t h o u g h g o o d g r o w t hr a t e s w e r e r e p o r t e d f o r t h i s G e r m a n o p e r a t i o n , e c o n o m i c s w a s n o t d i s -cussed .A s i m i l a r f r a m e a r a n g e m e n t , u s e d t o s u p p o r t s t r in g c u lt u r e o f o y s t e r si n N e w E n g l a n d , w a s r e p o r t e d b y M a t t h i e s se n a n d S m i th ( 1 9 7 9 ). I t w a sl e s s t ha n s uc c e s s fu l f o r r e a s ons r e l a t e d more t o t he g row t h r a t e s ( l oc a -t io n ) a n d c u l t u r e t e c h n i q u e , t h a n t o t h e s u p p o r t e q u i p m e n t .S u s p e n d e d c u l tu r e o f o y s te r s a n d m u s s e ls f r o m p e r m a n e n t l y m o o r e dr a ft s is a m u c h m o r e c o m m o n p r a c ti c e . M i l n e ( 1 9 7 2 ) d e s c r i b e s m a n y r a f td e si gn s a r o u n d t h e w o r l d , m o s t c o m m o n l y s u p p o r t in g s t ri n g c u l tu r e o fo y s t e r s a n d / o r r o p e c u l t u r e o f m u s se ls . F l o a t a t i o n ( a t t h a t s ta g e o f a q u a -c u l t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t ) w a s o f t e n p r o v i d e d b y e x p a n d e d p l as ti c s s u c h a spo l ys t y r e n e (S haw , 1971 ) w i t h c on c re t e , f ibe rg l as s , m e t a l d rum s (Q u a s i met al. , 1 9 7 7 ) a n d b a m b o o p o l e s a ls o u se d i n v a ri o u s l o c a ti o n s . G o o dre s u l ts a nd l ong r a f t l if e ( a bo u t 10 ye a r s t o da t e ) ha v e be e n e xp e r i e nc e db y c o m m e r c i a l g r o w e rs u s i n g a lu m i n u m r af ts in L a k e B r as d ' O r , N o v aS c o ti a. P r a ct ic e o n t h e U S w e s t c o a s t h a s i n c l u d e d t h e s u s p e n d e d c u l t u reo f oys t e r s u s i ng l a n t e rn ne t s , s tr ings a nd t ra ys . Q u a y l e (19 71) de s c r i be st he s t r i ng c u l t u r e o f oys t e r s i n Br i t i s h Co l umbi a , u s i ng l og r a f t s a s t hes u p p o r t s t r u c t u r e . H e r i t a g e ( 1 9 8 3 ) h a s r e p o r t e d o n a m u s s e l c u l t u r ep r o j e c t i n B r it is h C o l u m b i a i n w h i c h b o t h r a ft s w i th p o l y s t y r e n e fl o a t a -t i o n a n d l o n g l i n e s y s te m s w e r e u s e d . T h e r e w e r e c o n s i d e r a b l e lo s se s o fm u s s e l s f r o m p r e d a t i o n b y w a t e r f o w l ; t h i s i s a w o r l d w i d e p r o b l e m .M us s e l c u l t u r e f rom r a f t s ha s be e n p ra c t i s e d i n P uge t S ound ,W a s h i n g t o n .

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    114 G. W. Robertson, M. J. Cashin, J. H. Merritt , E. KolbeC o n s t r u c t i o n o f r a ft s v a r ie s w i t h t h e g r o w e r. S e v e r a l m i n o r v a r i a t io n so f a d e s i g n f o r s u p p o r t o f t r a y - c u l t u r e d o y s t er s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n a s e r ie s

    o f p a p e r s o n A u s t r a l i a n r e s e a r ch . I n m o s t o f t h e t e st s, t ra y s w e r e s lu n gb e n e a t h r a f ts c o n s t r u c t e d o f p la s ti c b a r r e l s i n h a r d w o o d f r a m e s ( W i s el ye t a l., 19 7 9 b , c ,d ) . S o m e r a f t s w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d o f 4 - i n p l a s t i c p i p e ,f o r m e d i n t o a r e c t a n g u l a r f r a m e ( W i s e l y et al., 1 9 7 9 a ) . T o l o s a ( 1 9 7 8 )d e s c ri b es a f e r r o - c e m e n t b u o y d e s ig n p r o p o s e d f o r l o n g - li n e s u s p e n d e dm u s s e l c u l t u r e i n th e P h i l ip p i n e s . S u c h a c u l t u r e t e c h n i q u e is c o m m o n i nN e w Z e a l a n d f o r t h e g r e e n - l i p p e d m u s s e l a n d h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d f o ro y s t e rs i n J a p a n ( M i l n e, 1 9 7 2 ) . G l a s s - re i n f o r c e d p l a s ti c h a s b e e n i n t r o -d u c e d i n t o l a r g e r a f t s i n I r e l a n d ( H a n c o c k , 1 9 8 2 ) a n d S p a i n ( F i g u e r a s ,1 9 8 2 ) i n a n e f f o r t t o i n c r e a s e t h e l i f e a n d r e d u c e m a i n t e n a n c e a n d t h ei n c i d e n c e o f f a il u re , p a r t i c u l a r ly o f b u o y a n c y c o m p o n e n t s .O n e r a f t d e s i g n r e p o r t e d u s e s la r g e p o l y s t y r e n e b l o c k s t o f l o a t t h em a i n s u p p o r t f r a m e . H o w e v e r , A p r i U a n d M a u r e r ( 1 9 7 6 ) d e s c r i b e t h ed i ff ic u lt ie s o f m a i n t a i n i n g t h e s e t y p e s o f r a f ts i n o p e n a r e a s o f D e l a w a r eB a y , d u e p r i m a r i l y t o b o a t i n g t ra f fi c a n d w a v e a c t i o n . T h e y f u r t h e r q u e s -t i o n t h e e c o n o m i c s o f r a f t c u l t u r e in a r e a s s o u t h o f N e w E n g l a n d ( g iv e nt h e m a r k e t v a l u e s i n 1 9 7 6 ) . S u c h a q u e s t i o n h a s a l s o b e e n r a i s e d b yM a t t h i e s s e n a n d S m i t h ( 1 9 7 9 ) w h o d i s c u s s t h e e c o n o m i c s o f s e v e r a lc u l tu r e t ec h n i q u e s fo r a s m a ll p r o d u c e r i n s o u t h e r n N e w E n g l a n d . T h e yfe l t t ha t , a t a l oc a l oy s t e r s a l e p r i c e o f S U S 0" 12 a p i e c e , r a f t c u l t u r e w a sn o t v i a b le .O b s e r v a t i o n s o n m u s s e l c u l t u r e in a s h e l te r e d l o c a t i o n i n n o r t h e r nN o r w a y , u s in g a s y s t e m o f l in e s , f lo a t s a n d a n c h o r s , h a v e b e e n m a d e b yW a l la c e ( 1 9 8 3 ). T h e r e w e r e c o n s i d e r a b l e d i f fi cu l ti es c a u s e d b y t h e f o r -m a t i o n o f w i n t e r ic e.

    F i g u e r a s ( 1 9 8 2 ) h a s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t w h e n m u s s el s a re a g i t a te d b y r a f tm o v e m e n t t h e y c l o s e u p a n d c e a s e t o f e e d , w i t h c o n s e q u e n t l a c k o fg r o w t h . T h i s f a c t o r h a s t e n d e d t o r u l e o u t s o m e e x p o s e d s i te s t h a t w o u l dbe a t t r a c t i ve o t he rw i s e a nd s ugge s t s t ha t l ow e r , s e mi - s ubme rge d p l a t -f o r m s w o u l d e n a b l e t h e e x p l o i t a t io n o f e x p o s e d s ite s a n d , a s a f u r t h e ra d v a n t a g e , w o u l d e n a b l e th e u s e o f s h o r te r , m o r e e c o n o m i c a l r o p e s .I t is i n te r e s ti n g t o n o t e t h a t i n I r e l a n d ( H a n c o c k , 1 9 8 2 ) t i m b e r c o m -p o n e n t s o f r a ft s h a v e b e e n p r e s s u r e t r e a t e d w i th p r e s e rv a t iv e s , e v id e n t l yw i th o u t h a r m t o s h e ll fi sh . A l s o t h e r e is e v i d e n c e t o s h o w t h a t c o p p e rc o m p o n e n t s c a n b e u s e d t o p r e v e n t b i o - fo u l in g w i t h o u t d e tr i m e n t a le f fe c ts ( H u g u e n i n a n d H u g u e n i n , 1 9 8 2 ).D esign guidelinesI t a p p e a r e d t h a t c o n c e p t s f o r s u b m e r s i b le s t r u c tu r e s s u i ta b l e f o r A t l a n t icC a n a d a c o u l d n o t b e a d o p t e d a l to g e t h e r f r o m p r a c ti ce s r e p o r t e d e ls e-

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    Sub m ersible s tructures fo r shell fish culture 115w h e r e . T h e r e f o r e i t w a s c o n s i d e r e d n e c e s s a r y to d e v e l o p n e w d e si g ns .T h e f o ll o w i n g g e n e r a l g u id e l in e s w e r e u s ed :

    (1 ) T h e s t r u c t u r e w i t h s u s p e n d e d s h e ll f is h c o l l e c to r s m u s t b e e a s i l ys u b m e r g e d t o a d e p t h o f 1"5 m o r m o r e b e l o w t h e s u rf a ce . O r d i -n a r i l y t h i s w o u l d t a k e p l a c e in w i n t e r t o a v o i d d a m a g e a n d l o ss b yf l o a t in g ic e . S u b m e r g i n g a t o t h e r t im e s m a y b e d e s i r a b l e , h o w e v e r ,d e p e n d i n g u p o n l o c a t i o n i n o r d e r t o:p r e v e n t a s u r fa c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f m u s s e l la r v a e f r o m s e t tl in g o noys t e r s ;a vo id c o l l is i ons w i th s u r f a c e c r a ft ;m i n i m i z e d a m a g e t o s tr u c t u r e s d u e t o e x c e s si v e w a k e s f r o m l a r g ev e s s e ls o r f r o m w a v e s r e s u l t in g f r o m s to r m s ;d e c r e a s e c h a n c e o f d a m a g e o r t h e f t b y p a s s er s -b y ;p r e v e n t e x p o s u r e t o p o s s ib l e s u r fa c e p o l l u ta n t s , f o r e x a m p l e f r o ma sm al l o i l sp i ll ;d e a l w i t h p o s s i b l e l o c a l r e s i d e n t s ' c o m p l a i n t s t h a t f l o a t i n g s t ru c -t u r e s a f f e c t t h e i r v i su a l e n j o y m e n t o f t h e s h o r e a r ea .

    (2 ) C o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e s tr u c t u r e m u s t b e c o m p a t i b l e w i t h c o m m o nm a i n t e n a n c e a n d h a r v e st in g p r o c e d u r e s - h a u li n g c o ll ec to r s o rn e t s i n t o a b o a t , o r h o i s t i n g n e t s f o r c l e a n i n g a n d / o r s o r ti n g .( 3 ) T h e s t r u c t u r e s m u s t b e r u g g e d e n o u g h t o w i t h s t a n d h a n d l i n gd u r i n g m a i n t e n a n c e a n d d e p l o y m e n t a n d w a v e a n d c u r r e n t a c t io nd u r i n g m o o r a g e .

    (4 ) A i r fl o a t a t i o n (i f u s e d ) c a n n o t b e e x p o s e d a b o v e w a t e r b e c a u s e o fp o t e n t i a l r if le s h o t s f r o m v a n d a l s , e s p e c i a ll y d u r i n g t h e h u n t i n gs e a s on .(5 ) T h e s t ruc tu re s , ov e r t he i r e xp e c t e d l i f e tim e , s ho u ld no t be s us -c e p t i b l e t o m a r i n e b o r e r d a m a g e s i n c e i n s o m e a r e a s b o r e rp o p u l a t i o n s a r e c o m m o n . N o r c a n c e r ta i n w o o d p r e se r v a ti v e s b eu s e d w i t h o u t e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e i r u s e w i ll h a v e n o e f fe c t o n t h es h e ll f is h o r e n d a n g e r p u b l i c h e a l t h .(6 ) O n t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e li fe o f t h e s t ru c t u r e w o u l d b e a t l e a s t 7y e a r s , t h e c o s t o f m a t e r i a l s s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d S C A N 5 . 00 p e rm u s s e l c o ll e c to r ( 3 0 k g) o r a c o r r e s p o n d i n g v a l u e o f S C A N 1 0 .0 0

    pe r oys t e r l a n t e rn ne t (60 k g ) . (A l l c os t s g ive n be low a re fo r t hey e a r 1 9 8 3 .)M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S

    G e n e r a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n sA f t e r a r e v i e w o f v a r i o u s a l t e r n a ti v e s , p r i n c i p a l l y a r r a n g e m e n t s b a s e d o nl i ne s a n d f l oa t s a nd on r a ft s, it wa s de c ide d t o de v e lop s ub m e rs ib l e r a ft s.

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    116 G. W. Robertson, M. Z Cashin, J. H. Merritt, E. Kolbe

    T h i s p r e f e r e n c e w a s b a s e d l a r g e ly o n t h e v ie w t h a t s er v i c in g a n d h a r v e s t -i n g w o u l d b e e a s i er . F u r t h e r m o r e , i t w a s c o n c l u d e d t h a t a i r f l o a t a ti o nu s i n g p l a s t i c v e s s e l s s h o u l d b e e x a m i n e d a n d t h a t w o o d a s t h e m a i nm a t e r i a l o f c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r t h e r a f t a n d a n c h o r s o f c o n c r e t e a n d / o rs t o n e s h o u l d b e u s ed .T h r e e r a f t s b a s e d o n t h e f i r s t d e s i g n , P r o t o t y p e I , w e r e p l a c e d i n t h ew a t e r o n s i te a t B e a v e r H a r b o u r , N o v a S c o ti a, in J u ly 1 9 8 3 . T h r e e m o r eP r o t o t y p e s , II , I I I a n d I V f o l l o w e d l a t e i n 1 9 8 3 . O b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e m a d eu n t il D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 4 .M u s s e l s a n d o y s t e r s w e r e b e i n g g r o w n c b m m e r c i a l l y a t B e a v e rH a r b o u r , b y s u s p e n d e d c u l tu r e f r o m s u r f ac e r a ft s m a d e o f w o o d w i thb l o c k s o f e x p a n d e d p o l y s t y r e n e f o r fl o at a ti o n . T h e m u s s e ls w e r e g r o w no n c o l l e c t o r s o f 'V e x a r ' p l a s t i c m e s h a n d t h e o y s t e r s i n l a n t e r n n e t s . T h eh a r b o u r is la r g e w i t h a s u b s t a n t i a l w h a r f a n d is w e l l s h e l te r e d , p a r t l y b yi s l a n d s . T h e r e w a s n o t m u c h b o a t t r a f f i c . W a t e r d e p t h o v e r m u c h o f t h eh a r b o u r w a s i n t h e r e g i o n o f 1 0 m a n d t h e h e i g h t o f t i d e w a s a p p r o x i -m a te ly 1 -5 m .D e t a i l e d c a l c u l a ti o n s ( n o t p r e s e n t e d ) w e r e m a d e o n e a c h r a f t d e s i g n i no r d e r t o e s t i m a t e r a f t w e i g h t a n d c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y a n d t o d e t e r m i n es ta b i li ty w h e n s u b m e r g e d a n d w h e n f lo a ti ng . T h e n u m b e r o f m u s s e lc o l l e c t o r s t o b e c a r r i e d b y t h e r a f t s ( n o t e d i n t h e F i g u r e c a p t i o n s ) w a sc a l c u l a te d o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n s t h a t t h e t o p o f th e r a f t w o u l d b e 1 .5 mb e l o w t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e a t lo w t i d e a n d 3 -0 m b e l o w a t h i g h t id e a n d t h a tt h e m a x i m u m w e i g h t, in a ir , o f e a c h c o l l e c t o r w i th m a t u r e m u s s e l s w o u l db e 4 5 k g. N o b u o y a n c y w a s a t t r ib u t e d t o t h e w o o d . T h i s l ef t a s u b s ta n t i a lm a rg in o f s a f e ty fo r fou l i ng o f t he r a f t , e t c . i n t ha t t he no rm a l we igh to f t h e c o l l e c t o r w i t h m a t u r e m u s s e ls w a s 3 0 k g a n d t h e w e i g h t a t w h i c ht h e r a f t w o u l d l o s e b u o y a n c y a n d s i n k w a s r e c k o n e d t o b e 5 3 k g . S o m em us s e l c o l l e c to r s w e re i n s t a l le d on t h e r a f t s i n t he t r ia l s bu t no t up t o t hera t e d c a p a c i t y i n a l l c a s e s .A 6 - m f i b e r g l a s s s e r v i c e b o a t , u s e d f o r g e n e r a l o p e r a t i o n s a t B e a v e rH a r b o u r , w a s u s e d t o c a r r y o u t m u c h o f t h e w o r k o n s it e b u t a la r g e r( fi sh ing ) ve s s e l ha d t o be u s e d on on e o c c a s ion , fo r i n s t a l l a t i on o f thel a r g e s t r a f t , P r o t o t y p e I I . A s m a l l p o r t a b l e a i r c o m p r e s s o r w a s u s e d t op r o v i d e a i r f o r f lo a t a t i o n a n d s c u b a d i v in g g e a r w a s u s e d b y t w o d i v e r sw h o a s s is t e d in th e o p e r a t i o n s .Prototype IP ro to ty pe I , s ho w n in a s k e t c h i n F ig . 1 , wa s ba s e d on a n i n i ti a l c onc e p t .T h r e e m o d e l s w e r e b u il t. T h e c r o ss m e m b e r s w e r e f o r t h e s u p p o r t o f

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    Su bm ersib le structures fo r shellf ish culture 117

    F i g . 1. Prototype I (model 3). Overall dimensions: 1.2 x 1.8 x 3.7 m hig h. Buoy ancy:plastic pipe. 204 mm diameter, 2 x 43 dm 3. A nc ho r: modified concrete building block,25 kg. N um be r of mu ssel collectors: 7 (210 kg).s e v e n m u s s e l c o l le c t o r s . T w o l e n g t h s o f p l a st ic s e w e r p i p e c a p p e d a t t h et o p a n d o p e n a t t h e b o t t o m w e r e u s e d f o r f lo a ta t i o n . A i r c o u l d b ep u m p e d i n to o r e x h a u s t e d f r o m t h e p i p e s by m e a n s o f a U - t u b e m a d ee s p e c i a ll y f o r t h e p u r p o s e a n d c o n n e c t e d t o t h e a ir c o m p r e s s o r . A l t e r-n a t i v el y, a d i v e r c o u l d a d m i t a ir d i r e c t ly f r o m h is o w n a i r s u p p l y .

    A f t e r t es ts o n t h e f i r s t m o d e l o f P r o t o t y p e I i n a s w i m m i n g p o o l a n ds o m e m o d i f i c a t io n s , th e t h r e e m o d e l s o f P r o t o t y p e I , w i th o n l y m i n o rd i f fe r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e m , w e r e b u i l t a n d d e p l o y e d o n s ite .

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    1 1 8 G. W. Ro ber tson , M . J . Cashin, J. H. Merr it t, E. K olb ePrototype II

    P r o t o t y p e I I , s h o w n i n F ig . 2 , w a s d e s i g n e d t o c a r r y 8 9 m u s s e l c o l le c t o rs .P l a s ti c b a r r e l s w e r e u s e d f o r f l o a t a t io n . T h e y w e r e a v a i la b l e a t l o w c o s tf r o m f o o d p r o c e s s o r s . E a c h b a r r e l h a d t w o s m a l l o p e n i n g s a t t h e t o p( b o t t o m a s in s t a ll e d i n t h e r a ft ). O n e o p e n i n g , 3 8 m m i n d ia m e t e r , w a sl e ft u n c a p p e d . T h e o t h e r , la r g er , o p e n i n g w a s f it te d w i t h a c a p t h r o u g hw hi c h a s ma l l r i g id p l a s ti c p i pe w a s i n s e r t e d i n o r de r t o a l l ow t he pa s s a ge

    Fig . 2 . P r o to typ e 11. Ov e ra l l d im ens io ns : 3 .7 x 3 .7 x 4 .6 m h igh . Buoy ancy : 8 p l a s t i cb a r r e ls , e a c h 2 1 4 d m a. A n c h o r : 6 h a l f - b a rr e l s o f c o n c r e t e , a p p r o x . 1 4 0 0 k g. N u m b e r o f

    m u s s e l c o l l e c t o r s : 8 9 ( 2 6 7 0 k g ) .

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    Subm ersible s tructures for shell fish cul ture 119o f ai r i n to a n d o u t o f t h e b a r re l . T h e s e p i p e s w e r e c o n n e c t e d t o g e t h e r i nt w o s e ts o f f o u r b a r r e l s b y l in e s o f f le x i b le P V C t u b e s w i t h v a lv e s . T h u st h e t o p f o u r b a r r e l s w e r e u s e d b y t h e m s e l v e s t o p r o v i d e t h e r e q u i r e db u o y a n c y w h e n s u b m e r g e d a n d w h e n r a i si n g t h e r af t t o t h e su r fa c e. A i rw a s a d m i t t e d t o t h e b o t t o m s e t o n l y a f te r th e r a f t h a d s u r f ac e d , i n o r d e rt o r a i s e t h e s u p p o r t s c l e a r o f t h e w a t e r s u r f a ce f o r e a s e o f s e r v ic i n g a n dha rve s t i ng .

    T h e l o o s e e n d s o f t h e p l a s ti c t u b e s w e r e a t t a c h e d t o t h e t o p o f t h e r a ftw h e n n o t i n u se a n d r e c o v e r e d b y d iv e r s w h e n r e q u i re d .T h e a n c h o r f o r P r o t o t y p e I I c o n s i s t e d o f s i x h a l f - b a r r e l s ( o r d i n a r ys t ee l d r u m s o f 2 0 0 - l i t e r c a p a c i ty ) f il le d w i t h c o n c r e t e a n d c o n n e c t e d t ot h e r a f t b y c h a i n s i m b e d d e d i n t h e c o n c r e t e , r o p e a n d s h a c k l e s w h i c ha l lo w e d e a s y c o n n e c t i o n a n d a v o i d e d t w i st in g a n d w e a r o f t h e l in e a n dc o n n e c t i o n s . I ts w e i g h t w a s 1 4 2 0 k g .A s m a l l w inc h wa s i n s t a l l e d on a s u r f a c e r a f t , one o f t he r e gu l a r r a f t su s e d o n t h e s i t e , i n o r d e r t o c a r r y t h e a n c h o r t o t h e d e s i r e d l o c a t i o n . I tw a s u s e d t o r a i s e th e a n c h o r a t h i g h t id e , f r o m a p o i n t w h e r e t h e a n c h o rh a d b e e n d e p o s i t e d o n t h e s h o r e a t l o w t id e . A f i sh i n g v e s s el w a s u s e d t oa s si st w i th t h e t o w i n g a n d p o s i t i o n i n g o f th e r a ft a n d a n c h o r .Prototype IIIP r o t o t y p e I II , s h o w n i n F i g . 3 , w a s a l o n g l in e s s im i l a r t o P r o t o t y p e I I b u ts m a l l e r w i t h o n l y o n e b a r r e l a n d f o r 2 2 m u s s e l c o l l e c t o r s . I t w a s n o tde s ign e d t o be s t a b l e , by i t se l f, w he n f l oa t i ng a t t he s u r f a c e bu t r e q u i r e dthe u s e o f a ho i s t i n t he s e rv i c e bo a t t o m a in t a in s ta b i li ty . T h e ho i s t iss h o w n i n F i g . 4 .

    T h e a n c h o r c o n s i s te d o f o n e - q u a r t e r o f a b a r r e l f il le d w i t h co n c r e t e ,c o n n e c t e d a s f o r P r o t o t y p e I I , w e i g h i n g 1 2 0 k g . T h e r a f t , w i t h a n c h o ra t t a c he d , wa s f l oa t e d a nd t owe d i n to pos i t i on u s ing t he s m a l l s e rv i c eboa t .Prototype IVP r o t o t y p e I V , s h o w n i n F i g . 5 , w a s d e s i g n e d t o c a r r y 7 4 m u s s e l c o l l e c -t o rs . U n l i k e t h e o t h e r r a f ts i t r e s te d o n t h e s e a b e d , s t a n d i n g o n f o u r l eg so f 7 3 m m ( 3 - i n s c h e d u l e 4 0 ) s t e e l p i p e . I t w a s m a d e f r o m a r e g u l a rs u r f a c e r a f t w i th t he a d d i t i on o f t he l e gs a nd a f loa t a t i on s ys t e m inc lud ingp l a s t i c ba r r e l s , a i r l i ne s , e t c . F i s h ne t t i ng wa s i n s t a l l e d a t t he c o rne r s o ft h e r a f t t o r e t a i n b e a c h - s t o n e s w h i c h w e r e u s e d a s b a l l a s t . C o n e s ( n o ts h o w n i n F ig . 5 ) w e r e a t t a c h e d t o t h e l eg s t o d i s c o u r a g e p r e d a t o r s .B e c a u s e t h is r a ft t e n d e d t o t ip w h i l e b e i n g s u b m e r g e d o r r a i s e d , i t w a sne c e s s a ry t o bu i l d a s e pa ra t e f l oa t a t i on de v i c e t o s t a b i l ize it. T h i s s t a b il i -

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    G. W. Rober tson , M . J . Cash in , J. H . M er r i t t , E . Kolbe20

    Fig. 3. Pro totyp e Ili. Overall dimensions: 1.2 x 1.2 x 0-9 m h igh . Buoyancy : 1 plasticbarrel , 214 dm 3. An cho r: 1/4 barrel of conc rete, approx. 120 kg. Nu m be r of musselcollectors: 22 (660 kg).

    z a t i o n u n i t , c o n s i s t i n g o f a s t e e l f r a m e a n d f o u r b a r r e l s w i th i t s o w np n e u m a t i c s y s te m , w a s a t t a c h e d t e m p o r a r i l y t o t h e t o p o f t h e r a f t , in th em i d d l e . I t w a s u s e d o n l y w h e n l o w e r i n g o r r a i s in g t h e r a ft , s o c o u l d h a v eb e e n u s e d w i th a n u m b e r o f ra ft s .

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    Su bm ersib le structures fo r shellf ish cultureb

    121

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    Fig. 4. Hoist app aratu s for Pro totyp e III. (a) Colum n, length 1.8 m x 51 m m x 51 mmhollow steel section; (b) bo om , length 1.2 m x 51 m m x 51 ra m ; (c) built-up base to fitexisting m ou nt; (d) 1-t han d winch; (e) pulley; (f) nylon rope.

    R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O NP r o t o t y p e IP r o t o t y p e I p r o v e d t o b e u n s u i ta b l e o n t w o m a i n c o u n ts : t h e c o s t w a s t o oh i g h a n d p r o b l e m s w e r e e x p e r i e n c e d i n m a i n t a in i n g t h e ra f t s ta b le a n ds ta t i o na r y . T h e c o s t o f m a t e r ia l s p e r m u s s e l c o l l e c t o r w a s S C A N 1 0 .5 4o f w h i c h t h e p la s ti c p i p e a c c o u n t e d f o r m o r e t h a n S C A N 5 .0 0 , f o r t h ec h e a p e s t m o d e l .

    T h e P r o t o t y p e I r a ft s w e r e f o u n d t o h a v e d r i f t e d f r o m t h e f t o r ig i n a ll o c a t i o n s a n d t o h a v e s u n k , w i t h l o ss o f m u s s e ls , o n t w o o c c a s i o n s a f te rs t o r m y w e a th e r . O b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e a m o u n t o f a ir in t h e p ip e s s h o w e dt h a t th e r a t e o f lo s s o f a ir , w h i c h w o u l d h a v e b e e n d u e m a i n l y t o d i f fu s i o na t t h e w a t e r / a i r i n t e r f a c e , w a s i n t o l e r a b l y h i g h . T h i s l o s s o f a i r c o n t r i -b u t e d t o t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s .

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    122 G. W. Ro ber tson , M . J . Cashin, J . H. Merr it t, E. K olb e

    Fig. 5. Prototyp e IV. Ov erall dim ensions : 3.7 x 3.7 x 3.0 m high. Bu oyan cy: 4 plasticbarrels, eac h 214 d m 3. An chor: n ot required. N um ber o f mussel collectors: 74 (2220 kg).P r o t o t y p e I IP r o t o t y p e I I f u n c t i o n e d a s a n t i c i p a t e d b u t o n a c c o u n t o f i t s l a r g e s i z ew a s d i ff ic u lt t o m a n o u v e r i n t o p o s i ti o n a n d r e q u i r e d d e e p w a t e r ,a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 m . A l s o , w i t h t h e s m a ll c o m p r e s s o r , t h e t im e r e q u i r e dt o r a is e th e r a ft w a s a b o u t 7 m i n . I n c o n t r a s t t o P r o t o t y p e I , t h e o b s e r v e dr a t e o f l os s o f a ir f r o m t h e b a r r e l s w a s lo w . T h e m a t e r i a ls c o s t p e r m u s s e lc o l l e c t o r w a s S C A N 4 . 14 , n o t i n c l u d i n g a n y a l l o w a n c e f o r th e e x t rae q u i p m e n t ( s u r fa c e ra f t a n d w i n c h a n d e x t r a b o a t) r e q u i r e d .Prototype IIIP r o t o t y p e I II w a s m a n o u v e r e d e a si ly a n d o p e r a t i o n o f t h e sm a l l h o i s tf r o m t h e s e r v i c e v e s s e l w a s s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d . T h e m a t e r i a l s c o s t w a sS C A N 2 .6 5 p e r m u s s e l c o ll e ct o r , n o t i n c l u d i n g th e c o s t o f t h e h o is t ,l o w e r t h a n t h e c o s t f o r a n y o f t h e o t h e r r a f ts .

    T h e c o s ts o f th e v a r io u s c o m p o n e n t s f o r P r o t o t y p e I II a r e l i st ed i nT a b l e 1 .

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    Subm ersible structures o r shellfish cultureTABLE 1Material C osts for Prototy pe III (1983 SC AN )

    123

    Com ponent Material Quantity Cost38 89 m m (nominal 2 4") 19 .5m 16.00spruce lumb er9.5 63.5 m m (s 2~") galvanized 36 4.79bo lt assembly9.5 102 m m (] 4") galvanized 4 1-05bo lt assembly51 x 5 1 x 3 m m ( 2 x 2 x ~ ' ) 1 -2 m 5.75

    aluminum angleHigh density poly ethylen e barrel 1 10-0013 m m (")schedu le 40 PVC pipe 1.2 m 1.6413 m m (")sched ule 40 PVC 90 1 0-40elbow6 m m (] ') clea r PVC tubing 9"1 m 3.30Co nc rete and 45 gallon steel dru m 1/2 6.0013 m m (")polye thylene rop e 3-0 m 1.3013 m m (")galvanized thimble 2 3"009.5 m m (] ') galvanized shackles 2 5.10Total 58.33

    Main f lam eFasteners

    Co rner bracket fas tenersFloa tation system

    A n c h o rA nc ho r assembly

    P r o t o t y p e I VP r o t o t y p e I V w a s in s ta l l ed n o t f a r f r o m s h o r e in D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 3 a n dt h e r e w e r e p l a n s t o m o v e i t t o d e e p e r w a t e r a f e w d a y s l a te r . A p a r t ic u -l ar ly s e v e r e s t o r m a r o se , h o w e v e r , b e f o r e t h e r a ft c o u l d b e m o v e d . T h er af t w a s s e v e r e ly d a m a g e d a n d n o t r e p a i r e d a n d r e t u r n e d t o t h e w a t e ru n t i l M a y 1 9 8 4 . T h e s e a b e d w a s so f t , a n d o v e r t h e c o u r s e o f t h es u m m e r , t h e l eg s s a n k f u l ly 1 .5 m . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e c o l l e c t o rs t o u c h e dt h e b e d a n d t h e m u s s e l s w e r e l o s t to p r e d a t o r s . T h i s r a ft m i g h t h a v eg i v e n b e t t e r r e s u lt s o n a f i rm b e d . T h e m a t e r i a l s c o s t w a s S C A N 5 .3 3 p e rm u s s e l c o l l e c t o r , n o t i n c l u d i n g t h e c o s t o f th e s t a b i l iz a t io n u n it .M u s s e l g r o w t h a n d s o m e o t h e r fa c to r sT h e m u s s e l s g r o w n o n t h e s u b m e r g e d r a f t s w e r e c o m p a r e d v is ua l l y w i t hm u s s e l s g r o w n o n t h e r e g u l a r su r f a c e r a ft s . E x p e r i e n c e d o b s e r v e r s c o n -c l u d e d t h a t th e g r o w t h r a t e s o n t h e s u b m e r g e d r a f ts w e r e a t l ea s t a s g o o da n d p o s s i b l y b e tt e r . F u r t h e r o b s e r v a t i o n s w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r -m i n e t h e o u t p u t o f m u s s e l s a n d o f o y s t e r s a n d w h e t h e r t h e n o r m a lg r o w t h p e r i o d s w o u l d a p pl y .

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    124 G. W. Ro bertso n, M . J . Cashin, J . H. Merrit t, E. K olb eT h e r e w a s n o e v i d e n c e o f d a m a g e t o a n y o f t h e r a f t s t h r o u g h w o o db o r e r i n f e s t a ti o n .S u b s t a n t i a l g r o w t h s o f se a w e e d , n o t a b l y o n P r o t o t y p e s I I a n d I II , w e r eo b s e r v e d w h e n t h e r a f t s w e r e b r o u g h t t o t h e s u r f a c e a n d i n s p e c t e d i nM a y 1 9 8 4 . K e l p h a d g r o w n o n P r o t o t y p e I I ; i t w a s c o n f i n e d to t h e t o p

    2 m o f t h e r a f t a n d w a s p u l l e d o f f e a si ly . P r o t o t y p e M , i n c o n t r a s t,a l t h o u g h i t w a s w i t h i n a f e w h u n d r e d m e t r e s o f t h e o t h e r r a f t , w a sc o v e r e d b y a g r e e n a l g a t h a t h a d t o b e s c r a p e d o ff .B a s e d o n t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s , a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y t h e g r o w t h o f m u s s e l so n t h e s u b m e r s i b l e r a f t w il l b e s a ti s fa c t o ry . A s f a r a s in f e s t a t io n b y w o o db o r e r s i s c o n c e r n e d , t h e p r e s e n t r e s u l t s a r e e n c o u r a g i n g b u t t h e t i ' i a lp e r i o d w a s t o o s h o r t a n d t h e r a f t s i t e s t o o f e w t o a l l o w g e n e r a l c o n c l u -s ions .

    C O N C L U S I O N SI t w a s n o t p o s s ib l e to c o n t i n u e t h e o b s e r v a t io n s b e y o n d D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 4 .F u r t h e r m o r e , c o n d i t i o n s c a n v a r y f r o m o n e s it e t o a n o th e r . T h e r e f o r eo n l y a f e w c o n c l u s i o n s , b a s e d o n r e s u lt s o v e r a p e r i o d o f a b o u t 1 8m o n t h s i n t h e f ie ld , c a n b e r e a c h e d .T h e r e s u l t s h a v e s h o w n t h a t a s u b m e r s i b l e r a f t c a n b e i n s t a l l e d a n ds e r v i c e d a d e q u a t e l y , u s i n g a i r f o r f l o a t a t i o n a n d w i t h a s i m p l e s e r v i c ev e s s e l a n d a f e w m e c h a n i c a l a id s . B a s e d o n t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s , o u t p u t o fm us s e l s a n d r a f t li fe a r e l i k e ly t o be s a t i sf a c to ry , at a m a te r i a l s c os t o f le s st h a n S C A N 5 .0 0 p e r m u s s e l c o ll ec to r .B e c a u s e o f i ts l o w c o s t a n d e a s e o f o p e r a t i o n f r o m a s m a l l b o a t , P r o t o -t y p e II I w o u l d a p p e a r t o b e a su i t a b l e d e s i g n fo r t h e B e a v e r H a r b o u r s ite .O f c o u r s e i t w o u l d b e p o s s i b l e t o b u i l d a l a r g e r r a f t w i t h s i m i la r c h a r a c -t er is ti cs . A l s o t h e n e e d f o r a s s i s ta n c e f r o m a d i v e r c o u l d b e e l i m i n a t e d b yt h e p r o v i s i o n o f a n a i r t i g h t b u o y a n c y t a n k a n d a s i m p l e m e a n s o f c o n -n e c t i n g a n d d i s c o n n e c t i n g t h e w i n c h l in e a t th e t o p o f t h e r a f t.

    A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T ST h e w o r k w a s d o n e u n d e r c o n t r a ct f ro m t he D e p a r t m e n t o f S u p p l y a n dS e r v i c e s f o r t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f F i s h e r i e s a n d O c e a n s , i n c o l l a b o r a t i o nw i t h G . A . P o st a n d M . S i m m o n s o f t h e A q u a c u l t u r e C o r p o r a t i o n o fN o v a S c o t i a w h o l a rg e l y i n s ti g a t e d th e p r o j ec t .

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    A no n (1972) . Des ign of subm ers ib le raf ts for aqua cul ture and sys tems analysiso f ha t che ry p rocedures . Un iv . o f Ma ine Sea Gran t P rogram Repor t R /AG,pp . 23 -5 .A pri l l , G. & M aurer , D . (1976) . Th e feasibi li ty of oyster raf t cul ture in east coastestuaries. Aquacul ture , 7 , 147-60 .Figue ras , A. ( 1982). M ussel pr od uc t ion set to r ise . W orld Fishing, 31 ( 12 ), 30.H an co ck, R. (1982) . I r ish mu ssel raf t farming. W orld Fishing, 31 (5) , 19.Her i t age , G. D. (1983) . A b lue musse l , Mytilus edulis Linnaeus , cu l ture p i lo tpro jec t in south coas ta l Br i t i sh Columbia . Canadian Technica l Repor t ofFi sher ies and A qua t ic Sc iences , No. 1174, i -v i i, 1 -2 7 .H ug uen in, J . E. & H ug ue nin, S. S. (1982) . B iofou hng resis tant shel lf ish t rays . J .Shellfish Res., 2 ( 1 ), 4 1 -6 .K err, N. M ., Gil lespie, M . J. , H ull , S. T. & Kingwell , S. J . (198 0). T h e design , co n-s t ruc t ion and loca t ion of m ar ine f loa ting cages. Presen ted as par t of the CageRear ing Sympos ium, Unive r s i ty o f Read ing , 26 -27 M arch 1980 ; sponso redby Ins ti tu t e o f F i she ri e s M anagem en t .K orr inga, P. (1976) . M ussel fan nin g Russian-s tyle in the B lack Sea. In: FarmingMarine Organisms Low in the Food Chain , Elsevier Scient i f ic Publ ishingC o m p a n y , A m s t e rd a m , p p . 2 0 7 - 3 1 .M at th iessen , G. C. & Smi th , L . J . (1979) . Analys i s of m etho ds for the cu l ture ofCrassostrea virginica i n N e w E n g l a n d . Proc. World Mariculture Soc., 10,6 0 9 - 2 3 .Meixner , R. (1976) . Cul ture of Pacif ic Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in conta inersin G erm an coas ta l waters . F AO Technical Conference on Aqu acul ture, Kyoto ,J a p an , 2 6 M a y - 2 J u n e 1 9 76 . P a p e r F I R : A Q / C o n f / 7 6 / E . 2 8 .Milne, E H. (1972) . Float ing cages and raf ts . In: Fish and Shell f ish Farming inCoastal Waters, F i s h in g N e w s B o o k s L td , L o n d o n , p p . 1 2 9 - 4 6 .Quasim, S. Z. , Parulekar , A. H. , Harkantra , S. N. , Ansar i , Z. A. & Nai l A.( 1977) . A quac u l t u r e o f G reen M usse l Mytilus viridis L: Cul t iva t ion on ropes

    from f loat ing raf ts . India n J. Ma r. Sci ., 6 (June) , 15-25.Qu ayle, D. B. (1971 ). Pacif ic O yster raf t cu l ture in Bri t i sh Colum bia. Bull. Fish.Res. B d Can. , No. 178.Schneider , W. L. & M or in , R. H . (1973) . D es ign of subm ers ib le raf ts for aqua-cul ture and sys tems ana lys i s of ha tchery procedures . Univ . of Maine SeaG r a n t P r o g r am A n n u a l R e p o r t R / A 6 , p p . 2 8 - 3 0 .Shaw, W. N. ( 1971 ). Oy s te r cu l ture research - - O f f -bot tom g rowing techniques .The Am erica n Fish Farmer, Augus t 1971 , 16 -21 .Tolosa, R. T. (1978) . Ferrocement buoys for mussel cul ture . S E A F D E CQu arterly Report, 2 (3) , 22 -4 .Wallace, J . C. (1983). Spatfal l and growth of the mussel , Mytilus edulis, inhan ging cul ture in the W estf jord area (88 5 ' N) , Norway. Aquacul ture , 31 (1),8 9 - 9 4 .Wise ly , B. , Hol l iday , J . E . & Reid , B. L . (1979a) . Exper imenta l deepwatercu l t u r e o f t he Sydney Rock Oys t e r (Crassostrea com mercialis, Saccostreacucullata ): II. P on to n T ray cultivation. Aquacul ture , 16 , 141-6 .Wisely . B. . Hol l iday , J . E . & Reid , B. L . (1979b) . Exper imenta l deepwater

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