Session 3 Aruments

8/8/2019 Session 3 Aruments

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Arguments?

Ms. Reshma Sable

[email protected]



CT Test Question

Q. If you have only one match and you walked

into a room where there was an oil burner, a

kerosene lamp, and a wood burning stove,

which one would you light first?

Q. What is the beginning of eternity, The end of

time and space; The beginning of every end, And the end of every race?



Content

Arguments?

Sentences?

Statements? Premises?

Conclusions?



Argument?

An Argument is a set of one or more

meaningful declarative statements (or

propositions) known as the Premises along

with another meaningful declarative

statements (or proposition) known as the

Conclusion.

Argument = Premises + Conclusion



Kathleen Dean Moore : " a claim or

proposition put forward along with reasons or

evidence supporting it."

R obert Ennis : " an attempt to support a

conclusion by giving reasons for it."



I rving M. Copi : "group of propositions of which

one, the conclusion, is claimed to follow from the

others, which are premises."

R ichard Epstein : ³is a collection of statements, one

of which is called the conclusion whose truth the

argument attempts to establish; the others are

called the premises, which are supposed to lead to,or support, or convince that the conclusion is true."



Proposition or Statement

A proposition (statement) is a sentencethat is either true or false.

Some of the statements are³ clearly true´ Example: ³Red is a color´

Some of the statements are ³ clearly false´

Example:³Mumbai is in China´

Some of the statements are ³ controversial´ Example: ³God does not exist´



Important things to Remember

A sentence may be used to express more

than one statement.

Example

"S ince smoking is bad for your health, you should

not do it."

includes two statements:

"Smoking is bad for your health." "You should not do it."



Important things to Remember (conti.)

"J oseph went to the store and Barbara went

to the beach,"

includes two statements:

Joseph went to the store

Barbara went to the beach




Not all sentences are statements.

Example

What is the time? (Question)

Hi, Dad! (Greeting)

Close the window! (Command)

Please send me your current catalog. (Request)

Let¶s go to Paris for our anniversary. (Proposal) Insert tab A into slot B. (Instruction)

Oh, my goodness! (Exclamation)




Opinions ± are not statements " opinion" is a belief that we accept.

Example

Our views about religion.

the best form of government.

what constitutes the virtuous life.

the meaning of works of art, literature, and music

can all be classified as "opinions."

such statements are not true or false, and there is

no need to offer reasons in support of them.




A Rhetorical Question

³It is a sentence that has the grammatical form of a

question but is meant to be understood as a

statement.´

Example:

³Alysaa, you should quit smoking. Don¶t you realize how bad that

is for your health?´

Here, the person asking the question is not looking for any information,

rather making an assertion that smoking is bad for ones health.




An Ought ImperativeOught : expressing duty/probability

Imperative : giving or expressing a command

Imperative sentences are statements if they are intended aspieces of advice or value judgments about what someone ought

or ought not to do.

Imperative sentences are NOT statements if they are intended as

orders, suggestions, proposals or exhortations (exhort : strongly

argue to do something).




Example

Commencement address: Do not read beauty

magazines. They will only make you feel ugly. (Mary

Schmich)




Beware, sometimes a sentence may seem to include two statements, but does not.

Example

"If Andre comes to the party, then Susan will stay athome."

note that this statement is NOT saying that bothevents (Andre comes to the party and Susan willstay at home.) will occur.

Rather it is making a single statement about therelationship of the two parts, namely that if one thinghappens the other will happen too.



Examples of Statement

"The U. S. holds presidential elections everyfour years."

"Bob bought a new car."

"Suzanne has the measles." "More than forty people are enrolled in this

class."

"An advanced form of life exists on the planet

Mars."E ach of these sentences is a statement because it is either true or false.



Truth or Falsity of each statement

With some investigation, one can determine

the truth or falsity of each statement.

It is very important to note that even if a

statement seems obviously false, such as the

statement about advanced life on Mars, it is

still a statement, though a false proposition.



Exercise on Identifying Statements

1. The batter hit the baseball 502 feet into

the center field.

Ans: YES, This is a Statement.

It is either true or false that the ball went

502 feet.



2. The teacher exclaimed, "Don't come into

class late again!"

Ans: This is NOT a Statement.

It is a command and an exclamation.



3. Blue is my favorite color.

Ans: This is a Statement.

It is NOT an opinion.Comment: Be careful about what you say is just an opinion. Can it

be true or false that the person's favorite color is blue? I think so.It may be that we have no other means of checking the truth of the statement than by person's own word, and, for all I know, theperson could be lying about their favorite color.

N one of those considerations change the fact that the statement is either true or false.



5. Wow! Did you see that baseball sail out of

the park?


It is an exclamation and a question.



6. The Fuehrer is independent of all gr oups,

associations, and interests, but is bound

by laws which are inherent in the nature

of the people.

Ans: I don't know what this means, so it is

difficult to say if it can be true or false.

Comment: S ometimes sentences can be so fuzzy and confusing that the best response is to admit that you

can't make a judgment about it.



7. I now pr onounce you man and wife.


Comment: This is not a statement, but is avery special kind of sentence. It is likeblessing or a toast, it is designed to helpestablish, and confirm a specific

reality. Specific individuals are grantedcertain authority to confer specific titles,rights, and responsibilities on others.



8. The most important thing in life is family.

Ans:YES this is a Statement.

It is either true or false.



9. The Chesnutt Library has more than

500,000 volumes.

Ans: YES this is a Statement.




10. Sit down and be quiet!

Ans:This is NOT a Statement.

Its a Command.



11. Ladies and Gentlemen of the Jury:

Could any reasonable person really

believe that a man of such outstanding

character as my client could havecommitted the heinous crime f or which he

has been accused?

Ans: This is NOT a Statement. Its a Question .



12. John F. Kennedy was shot by a single

gunman on November 22, 1963.


It may be controversial, but it is either true or

false.



13. Kill the referee!


Its an Exclamation and Command.



14. Take your umbrella with you today.


Its a Command.



15. Have you seen Eddie Mur phy's latest

movie?


Its a Question.



16. The teacher said, "If you are late f or

class again, I will give you a 0 f or your

next test grade."


It¶s either true or false that the teacher made

the statement.



16. Are you sure she is the one who did it?


Its a Question.



17. If you keep up this behavior, you will be

punished.





18. Complete this questionnaire.


Its a Question.



19. You will be punished if you do not sit

down.


It¶s either true or false.



20. You wouldn't dare break your word to

us, would you?


Its a Question.



CT Test Question

Q. How many books can you put in an empty

bag?

Q. How can you make 7 even?

Session 3 Aruments

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Transcript of Session 3 Aruments