Senj, 16. - 19. rujan 2015. godine, Hrvatska September 2015, Croatia · 2016-06-03 · th17...

Senj, 16. - 19. rujan 2015. godine, HrvatskaSenj, 16th - 19th September 2015, Croatia

17th international conference on printing, design and graphic communications Blaž Baromić

Senj, 2nd - 5th October 2013, Senj, Croatia Proceedings

1

FOTO: Ivana Pavlović

17. međunarodna konferencija tiskarstva, dizajna i grafičkih komunikacija Blaž Baromić

Zbornik radova Senj, 2. - 5. listopad 2013., Hrvatska

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IZDAVAČ / PUBLISHER

Hrvatsko društvo grafičara, Hrvatska / Croatian Society of Graphic Artists, Croatia

UREDNIK / EDITOR

dr. sc. Miroslav Mikota, prof. v.š.

GRAFIČKE UREDNICE / GRAPHIC ART DIRECTORS

Nika Svilar, univ. bacc. ing. techn. graph

DIZAJN KORICA / COVER DESIGN

Jelena Kajganović

ISSN 1848-6193

Niti jedan dio ovog Zbornika ne smije se umnožavati, fotokopirati, prenositi niti na bilo koji način reproducirati bez

pismenog odobrenja izdavača.



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19th International Conference on Printing, Design and Graphic Communications

19. medunarodna konferencija tiskarstva, dizajna i grafickih komunikacija

Senj, 16. - 20. rujan 2015., HrvatskaSenj, 16th - 20th September 2015, Croatia



4

ORGANIZATORI / ORGANIZERS

Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Grafički fakultet University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Croatia

Ogranak Matice hrvatske Senj, Hrvatska Matrix Croatica Senj, Croatia

Hrvatsko društvo grafičara, Hrvatska Croatian Society of Graphic Artists, Croatia

Univerza v Ljubljani, Naravoslovnotehniška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Inštitut za celulozo in papir, Ljubljana, Slovenija Pulp and paper Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Sveučilište Sjever, Koprivnica, Hrvatska University North, Koprivnica, Croatia

Univerzitet u Travniku, Fakultet za tehničke studije, Bosna i Hercegovina University of Travnik, Faculty of Tehnical Studies, Bosnia and Herzegovina

SUORGANIZATORI / CO-ORGANIZER’S

University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno, Czech Republic

Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Tekstilno-tehnoloski fakultet University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology

ORGANIZACIJSKI ODBOR / ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

M. Mikota (voditelj organizacije Konferencije), M. Bilović, K. Draženović-Metelko, K. Golubović, T. Goršić T. Jeličić, G. Kozina, R. Krajačić, M. Milković, N. Mrvac, R. Naprta, D. Nekić, Đ. Osterman Parac, I. Pavlović, V. Rutar, A. Tomaš, D. Vusić, I. Zjakić

PROGRAMSKI I RECENZIJSKI ODBOR / PROGRAMME AND REVIEW COMMITTEE

W. Bauer (Aus), S. Bračko (Slo), M. Brozović (Cro), M. Cheppan (Sl), D. Čerepinko (Cro), P. Dzik (Ch), Dž. Kudumović (Ba), N. Enlund (Swe), D. Gregor-Svetec, (Slo), J. Gyorkos (Slo), A. Hladnik (Slo), C. Horvath (Hu), M. Jurković (Cro), H. Kipphan (Ger), M. Matijević (Cro), M. Mikota (Cro), M. Milković (Cro), D. Modrić (Cro), N. Mrvac (Cro), A. Nazor (Cro), B. Neff Dostal (SAD), K. Možina (Slo), Z. Paszek (Pol.), Đ. Osterman Parac (Cro), M. Plenković (Cro), A. Politis (Gre), Z. Schauperl (Cro), K. Skala (Cro), A. Tomljenović (Cro), M. Vesely (Ch), G. Vlachos (Gre), E. Vlajki (Ca), W. Walat (Pol.), M. Zlateva (Bug), I. Zjakić (Cro).

Naklada / Issue: 150



5

Uvodna riječ

Cijenjene kolegice, cijenjeni kolege,

pred Vama je Zbornik radova 18. međunarodne konferencije tiskarstva dizajna i

grafičkih komunikacija Blaž Baromić koji sadrži znanstvene radove kroz koje su

pokrivene teme Konferencije: povijest tiskarstva, knjige i pisma, grafičke komunikacije

i mediji, grafički dizajn, fotografija, izdavaštvo, priprema za tisak, tisak, dorada,

ambalaža, sustav upravljanja bojom i kolorimetrija, materijali, postojanost papira i

otisaka, kontrola kvalitete, marketing, ekologija i ostale teme vezane uz tiskarstvo,

dizajn i grafičke komunikacije.

Radove, koje možete pronaći u ovom zborniku, recenzirali su članovi Međunarodnog

znanstvenog i recenzijskog odbora Konferencije, no za sadržaj radova i podatke

iznesene u njima odgovaraju sami autori pojedinog rada.

Posebno poglavlje Zbornika čine mentorirani studentski radovi koji su u sklopu

Konferencije nominirani za Nagradu za najbolji studentski rad.

Vjerujem da ćete u Zborniku pronaći zanimljive radove koji će Vas upoznati s novim

znanstvenim istraživanjima i saznanjima te koji će biti poticaj daljnjem znanstvenom

radu i razvoju u područjima objavljenih radova.

Svim autorima, organizatorima Konferencije, članovima Organizacijskog i Znanstvenog

i recenzijskog odbora, sponzorima i donatorima te timu koji je oblikovao i realizirao

ovaj zbornik zahvaljujem na suradnji, doprinosu i trudu zahvaljujući kojem je Zbornik

i realiziran.

Urednik



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Introduction Words

Dear Colleagues,

The Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Printing, Design and Graphic

Communications Blaž Baromić is in front of you. The Proceedings contents scientific

papers covering Conference topics: History of printing, book and script,

Graphic communications and media, Graphic design, Photography, Publishing,

Prepress, Press, Postpress, Packaging, Color management, Materials, Paper and print

durability, Quality control, Marketing, Ecology and other topics related to printing,

design and graphic communications.

All papers are reviewed by members of the International scientific and review

committee, however the contents and date of the papers are the sole responsibility

of the authors.

Special chapter of the Proceedings is the chapter with mentored students’ papers

nominated for the Prize for the best student paper.

I believe that you will find interesting papers with new data about scientific researches

and knowledge, which will be incentive for further scientific work and development

in the area of the papers published in the Proceedings.

I thank for the participation and cooperation in the creation of the Proceedings to all

authors, Conference participants, Conference organizers, members of Organizing and

Scientific and Review Committees, sponsors, donators and the team which designed

and realized the Proceedings!

Editor

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KARAKTERISTIKE OTPADNIH VODA IZ PROCESA

RECIKLIRANJA OTISAKA LEP TEHNOLOGIJE

CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTEWATER FROM LEP

TECHNOLOGY PRINTS RECYCLING PROCESS

Marina Vukoje1, Ivana Bolanča Mirković1, Ivana Plazonic1

1University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Getaldićeva 2, Croatia

E-mail: [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected]

SAŽETAK

Klasični kemijski deinking proces je najviše raširen u papirnoj industriji za recikliranje papira,

te se smatra jako učinkovitim s obzirom na uklanjane čestica iz papirne suspenzije. S

obzirom da proces recikliranja papira koristi velike količine vode i kemikalija, procesne i

otpadne vode mogu sadržavati različita anorganska i organska onečišćivala. U ovom radu

prikazat će se karakteristike otpadnih voda iz laboratorijskog procesa recikliranja papira, tj.

otisaka dobivenih indirektnom elektrofotografijom. Otisci korišteni za recikliranje, načinjeni su

varijacijom napona razvijačkog bubnja na dvije različite papirne podloge. Nastale otpadne

vode analizirane su u pogledu pH, električne provodljivosti, ukupnog organskog ugljika i

kemijske potrošnje kisika.

Ključne riječi: Indirektna elektrofotografija, recikliranje papira, organsko onečišćenje,

karakteristike otpadnih voda

mailto:[email protected]

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ABSTRACT

Traditional chemical deinking process is widely used in paper recycling industry and it is

considered to be effective for the removal of ink particles. Considering that the process uses

large quantities of water and chemicals the effluents can contain inorganic and organic

pollution. In this study effluent characteristics from laboratory deinking process of LEP

technology prints were examined. The prints were obtained by varying the voltage of the

developing drum in indirect electrophotography printing with liquid toner on two different

paper substrates. The effluents obtained after all chemical flotation deinking processes were

analysed in terms of pH, electrical conductivity, total organic compound and chemical oxygen

demand.

Key words: LEP Technology, flotation deinking, organic pollution, effluent

characteristics

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1 INTRODUCTION

The demand for paper and paperboard is increasing constantly. In order to obtain a product

of suitable quality, natural raw materials have to be refined and processed. This requires

large amounts of energy and the use of hazardous chemicals, causing additional

environmental impacts [1]. Recycling saves energy, reduces raw material extraction, thus

reducing climate change and environmental impact. Recycling has become one of the most

common processes of paper production using a waste paper as raw material for

papermaking. Water is an essential element in the production of paper. It is used in large

quantities during the pulping and paper manufacturing process. Considering this fact, paper

recycling process produces large amounts of wastewater which can be returned to a process

or realised into the environment with or without any treatment. Depending on the

characteristics of wastewater and the concentration of the present polluting substances,

method of purification treatment should be selected. Produced wastewater effluents can

contain solids, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and organic substances [2, 3]. The

organic compounds may be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic pollutants.

2 THEORETICAL PART

Effluents from paper recycling process can contain large numbers of toxic compounds and

other pollutant, which are mostly organic [2, 3]. Oxygen demand is an important parameter

for determination of organic pollution in water but it can't show the concentration of a specific

substance. There are three widely-used methods of measuring oxygen demand. Two

measure oxygen demand directly: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical

Oxygen Demand (COD). A third method, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) measures oxygen

demand indirectly. In other words, the concentration of organic substances in effluent water

can be expressed as the amount of oxygen it takes to degrade these substances through

either biological processes (BOD which is a measure of oxygen consumption required by

microbial oxidation or readily degradable organic and ammonia) or chemical reactions (COD

which is a measure of the oxygen equivalent of the organic matter content of a sample that is

susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant) [4].

Some previous studies of wastewater analysis from paper recycling industry showed high

TOC and COD values of presence of other organic pollutants. Most of these pollutants come

from raw material or from additives in paper production process [2, 5]. Effluent characteristic

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can vary from plant to plant, or from different laboratory methods used in recycling process,

for example enzymatic or chemical deinking [1]. The effluents are strongly influenced by raw

materials and chemicals used for deinking process [6]. If there is a closed loop cycle of water

circulation, besides the environmental impact, contaminated water can also affect the

equipment for the production of paper and the quality of the final product. In order to avoid

these problems, it is crucial to make a characterization of process water samples and

determination of major organic components which can have negative effect [2].

The influence of graphic technology on environment depends on the printing technique and

used materials in the printing process (printing substrates, inks, finishing process etc.). The

digital press based on electrophotography generates less paper and chemical waste than

conventional printing press. Also the VOC emission and water footprint are lower than that in

conventional printing process [7]. Despite this known facts, there aren’t any data about

wastewater effluent characterization.

The aim of this work was to determine the influence of the conditions in indirect

electrophotography with liquid toner (negative voltage of developing drum) and printing

substrates on wastewater effluents characterization after process of paper recycling.

3 EXPERIMENTAL

3.1 Materials

Raw materials used in the chemical flotation deinking process were paper substrates printed

on the Turbo Stream HP Indigo machine based on indirect electrophotography. Prints for

recycling were obtained by varying the negative voltage of the developing drum in indirect

electrophotography printing with liquid toner (developing drum voltage: -200 V, -350 V, -430

V and -500 V). Liquid ElectroInk was used as a print media on two printing substrates: wood

– free offset uncoated paper and coated paper for electrophotography printing [8].

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DESINTEGRATION HOMOGENISATION FLOTATION

FOAM

PULP SUSPENSION

FOR PAPER

HANDSHEETS

EFFLUENT

S

Chemicals

m(paper) = 88 g

c= 4 %

T= 50°C

t = 10 min

c = 0,7 % T= 35°C t = 7 min

t = 8 min

3.2 Methods

3.2.1 Flotation deinking

For efficient recycling of the prints via flotation deinking mildly alkali media was used. All

made trials were carried out under the same experimental conditions. Chemicals used in the

flotation deinking process are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Chemicals used in all trials

Chemical Dosage

Sodium hydroxide 1%

Sodium silicate 2%

Hydrogen peroxide 1%

DTPA 0.2%

Surface active substance 0.4%

All chemicals were added in the disintegration stage of process. After homogenisation stage,

pulp suspension was transferred to flotation cell. During flotation process foam, which

contained different ink particles and other impurities, was collected and removed from pulp

suspension. Residual pulp was used for laboratory paper (handsheets) production. All

deinking trials were made according schematic view presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Schematic view of laboratory paper recycling process

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3.2.2 Analysis of wastewater

Effluents generated in laboratory paper recycling process were collected after flotation

process in order to determine the effluents characteristics. The effluents were characterized

by analysing the physicochemical characteristics. After flotation stage of each trial, pulp

suspension was filtrated by Büchner funnel in order to remove residual pulp from effluent

samples. In this way, collected samples were analysed in terms of the pH, electrical

conductivity, Total Organic Compound (TOC) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values.

Measurements were carried out according to the standard methods (Table 2). pH and

Electrical conductivity values were determinate by a WTW Multi 9310 (InoLab_IDS) while

HACH DR/890 Colorimeter was used for TOC and COD concentration measurements.

Table 2 Standard methods used for effluent characteristics determination

Physico-chemical Characteristics Method Applied for Laboratory Analysis

pH pH Meter

Electrical conductivity, μS/cm Potentiometry

Total Organic Compound (TOC), mg C/L Colorimetry - Direct method High Range, Test’ N Tube

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), mg O2/L Colorimetry - Reactor Digestion Method High Range

4 RESULTS

The influence of negative voltage of the developing drum in indirect electrophotography with

liquid toner and different paper substrates on wastewater effluents characterization after

paper recycling process is presented in Figures 2-5.

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Figure 2 pH values of wastewater generated by LEP technology prints recycling as

the function of voltage changes of the developing drum

Namely, for efficient chemical deinking process it is necessary to achieve mild alkali media

(8.5 – 9 pH value). In this research 8.5 pH values, in disintegration step of recycling process

for all made trials, were adjusted by sodium hydroxide. From results presented at Figure 2 it

is evident that mild alkali media used in all trials after flotation process is decreasing. This

appearance could be caused by conditions in LEP technology printing, influence of paper

substrate and ElectroInk composition. Decrease of pH value was not been influenced by one

single parameter, but the mutual interaction of all above mentioned parameters. The highest

pH value of wastewater effluent (7.772) was obtained for coated paper printed by LEP

technology at -430 V of developing drum. It is interesting that prints made on uncoated paper

at the same voltage of developing drum, gave wastewater effluent with the lowest pH value

(6.698).

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Figure 3 Conductivity values of wastewater generated by LEP technology prints

recycling as the function of voltage changes of the developing drum

Conductivity presents the influence of all the ions present in the solution. It measures the

flow of electrons through a fluid, which is proportional to the concentration of ions, their

charge, and mobility. Conductivity can be direct connected to flotation process and removal

of dirt in foam. It can be assumed that a part of the ions which allow conductivity of the

solution are removed together with the foam and dirt in the process of flotation. In earlier

published study the results of LEP technology prints recycling efficiency were presented [8].

From recycling efficiency results and wastewater conductivity results, it could be concluded

that the higher the percentage of speck removal is, the lower the conductivity is. Figure 3

shows obtained conductivity values where it is clearly shown how voltage of developing drum

have higher influence on conductivity of wastewater collected after recycling of prints made

on coated paper. Comparing wastewater conductivity results achieved by recycling of prints

on uncoated and coated paper, generally conductivity in effluents of uncoated paper have

lower values than in effluents provided by recycling of coated paper. Gained results could be

explained due to better recyclability of uncoated than coated papers by chemical flotation

deinking used in this research. For uncoated paper, conductivity results vary from 838 - 848

µS/cm. When it comes to coated paper, conductivity varied from 828 – 873 µS/cm.

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Figure 4 COD values of wastewater generated by LEP technology prints recycling as


Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) can give useful information about influence of recycling

process on the environment and biodegradability of the present dissolved materials. COD

values are higher for uncoated paper for all used voltages of developing drum during LEP

technology printing. For the both paper substrates the highest COD value was achieved for

the voltage of developing drum -430 V. It is known that paper and ink composition can affect

the effluent characteristics and therefore contribute the organic pollution. By this research it

is confirmed that variation of printing conditions can strongly influence wastewater effluents

as well.

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Figure 5 TOC values of wastewater generated by LEP technology prints recycling as


As the presented results show (Figure 5), TOC values as well as COD values (Figure 4) are

higher for uncoated paper. For the uncoated paper the highest TOC value was achieved for

the voltage of developing drum -430 V. For the coated paper, obtained TOC results were

equal for all variances of developing drum voltages (around 32 mg C/ L), only for -500 V this

value was slightly lower (23 mg C/L).

5 CONCLUSION

Comparing the wastewater effluents collected from LEP technology prints recycling, higher

environmental impact can be cause by uncoated papers due to obtained higher COD and

TOC values. From all gained results it can be concluded that voltage changes of developing

drum during LEP technology printing can strongly affect wastewater effluents characteristics

gained after recycling process. Except printing conditions, major impact on wastewater

effluents has used raw materials (uncoated or coated paper substrates) and chemicals

required for efficient paper recycling. All experimental samples have mostly provided slightly

acidic wastewater effluent after they were recycled. On the other hand, uncoated papers

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provided wastewater effluents with lower conductivity values than coated papers. This

measurement confirms the presence of ions in wastewater effluent, so further detailed

determination is needed in order to make a conclusion about their environmental impact

during recycling process. Detailed characterization of process water samples and

determination of present organic components is necessary in order to make a conclusion

about whole environmental impact of recycling process. From all monitored voltages of

developing drum (-200 V, -350 V, -430 V, -500 V) the voltage of -430 V obviously had the

major effect on paper substrate and consequently on wastewater effluent after recycling

process. In this study the impact of changes in voltages of developing drum in LEP

technology printing on wastewater effluent characteristic was only observed, but to explain

how those printing condition effects, further investigations about physicochemical properties

of printing substrate and their changes during recycling process are necessary. Due to

obtained COD and TOC results, all the effluents can be safely discharged into the

environment without any treatment and without a risk of causing pollution. All obtained values

are within the Croatian limit standards [9].

6 REFRENCES

[1.] Lee, C.K., Ibrahim, D., Ibrahim, C.O., Rosli, W.D.W.: “Enzymatic and chemical deinking

of mixed office wastepaper and old newspaper: paper quality and effluent characteristics”

BioResources 6(4), (2011) 3859-3875

[2.] Rigol A.; Latorre A.; Lacorte S.; D. Barcelo; Determination of toxic compounds in paper-

recycling process waters by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid

chromatography–mass spectrometry; Journal of Chromatography A, 963 (2002) 265–275

[3.] Terasaki M.; Fukazawa H.; Tani Y.; Makino M.; Organic pollutants in paper-recycling

process water discharge areas: First detection and emission in aquatic environment;

Environmental Pollution 151 (2008) 53 – 59

[4.] Boyles W.; The Science of Chemical Oxygen Demand; Technical Information Series,

Booklet No. 9; HACH Company, 1997

36

[5.] Moussavi G.; Aghanejad M.; The performance of electrochemical peroxidation process

for COD reduction and biodegradability improvement of the wastewater from a paper

recycling plant; Separation and Purification Technology, 132 (2014) 182–186

[6.] Vukoje, M.; Plazonić, I.; Barbarić-Mikočević, Ž.; Effluent characteristics from newspaper

chemical flotation deinking; Proceedings - The Seventh International Symposium GRID

2014; Novaković, D. (ed); pp 351-356 ; Srbija, Novi Sad, 2014

[7.] Bolanča Mirković I.; Majnarić I.; Bolanča Z.; Ecological Sustainability and Waste Paper

Recyclin Procedia Engineering 100 (2015) 177 – 186; 25th DAAAM International Symposium

on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation, DAAAM 2014

[8.] Bolanča Mirković I.; Vukoje M.; Majnarić I.; Bolanča Z.; LEP technology prints recycling in

the function of voltage changes of developing drum and squeegee roller; Proceedings of

International Conference MATRIB 2015 Materials, Wear, Recycling; Čorić, D. ; Žmak, I.(ed).;

pp 362-369; Vela Luka; 2015; Hrvatsko društvo za materijale i tribologiju – Zagreb

[9.] Pravilnik o graničnim vrijednostima emisija otpadnih voda, Narodne novine br. 80/13,

2013.

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