Welcome back to WHAP!Monday, January 29, 2018

We are studying the Scientific Revolution today. Be ready to take some notes.

-> Choose an identity for tomorrow’s Enlightenment simulation- take a post-it note from the side table.

Turn your PERIOD 4 MAPS into the tray!

WHAP HW/Reminders● Enlightenment philosopher profile due tomorrow● You should be done reading Ch. 15 by tomorrow- definitely be sure to go over

the last part (pages 740-750) and know the Enlightenment especially well for Wednesday’s class

● If you missed the Period 4 Exam on Friday, you need to make this up ASAP! If you missed Friday’s test but are present today, your Period 4 Review is due TODAY! Turn it into the tray.

Upcoming WHAP Agenda

MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY

1/29 Scientific Revolution

1/30 Enlightenment Salon Simulation

1/31Absolutism vs Enlightenment Smackdown

2/17 Years WarAmerican Revolution

2/2French Revolution

2/5French Revolution

2/6NapoleonHaitian Revolution

2/7Latin American Revolutions

2/8Harkness Discussion: Revolutions

2/9Revolutions LEQ

Week of 2/12: Industrial Revolution (project in class)

Discussion Question:

What examples of revolutions or revolutionary ideas have we already seen in our study of world history?

Scientific Revolution: Context (Prior to 1550)● Which civilizations have we already studied that were involved in science,

mathematics, astronomy, and technological innovation? ● Was Western Europe seen as being at the forefront of science, math, and

technological innovation prior to 1550? ● Before 1550, what was scientific thought like in Europe? Who were

considered authorities on physical/natural matters?

Scientific Revolution: Context (Prior to 1550)● Before 1550, educated

Europeans largely looked to the ancient Greeks (especially Aristotle) as the gold standard on natural matters

● The Bible, The Church, superstition and tradition also dominated thinking about the world in Europe before 1550

Why did the Scientific Revolution begin in Europe instead of the Islamic World or China?

Causes of the Scientific Revolution- What made it possible? Why Europe? ● European universities were “neutral zones of intellectual autonomy”- separate

from the control of the state and church● European exploration gave them a lot more information about the larger world● The Renaissance was a rebirth in learning; it encouraged secular study and

made people become more curious about their world● The Reformation challenged established authority= no longer constrained by

tradition● Printing press + Luther’s emphasis on education= more literate population

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1550-1750): KEY CONTRIBUTORS

● Nicolaus Copernicus (Poland)- promoted the heliocentric theory- the sun is at the center of the universe, and everything revolves around it

○ Refuted the previous geocentric theory promoted by Ptolemy (Greek)- Earth is at the center of the universe)

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1550-1750): KEY CONTRIBUTORS● Johannes Kepler (Germany)- supported Copernicus’s ideas with mathematical proofs

(mathematical laws govern planetary motion)● Galileo Galilei (Italy)- Built his own advanced telescope to study the cosmos; revealed new

insight on stars and planets● Francis Bacon (England)- Supported empiricism- urged scientists to experiment and then

draw conclusions● Rene Descartes (France)- Believed things should be doubted until proven by reason;

encouraged use of mathematics to prove ideas● Isaac Newton (England)- Developed laws of physics, including the law of universal

gravitation; developed calculus to explain complex scientific ideas● Andreas Vesalius (Belgium)- Dissections led to new insights on human anatomy● Robert Boyle (Ireland)- “The father of modern chemistry”- proposed matter was made of

small particles; helped explain how volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1550-1750): MAJOR IDEAS● The natural world and larger universe operate according to fixed scientific

laws● Advanced mathematics can and should be used to explain the natural world● People can understand the natural world through observation (empiricism)● Ideas should be tested using experimentation- led to the scientific method● Ideas should be doubted until proven by math and science● Humans should use reason and logic to examine the world around them● Inductive reasoning- using evidence to form conclusions

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1550-1750): MAJOR EFFECTS● Radical departure- no longer rely on the works of ancient philosophers, the

Church, or tradition to explain the natural world- now, science, observation, experimentation, and reason can give new insight

● The field of science grew tremendously- inspired new research, education expanded

● Permanently changed humans’ view of their position in the cosmos● While not anti-religion, it challenged the teachings and authority of the

Church- prompted a response from the Church● Resulted in some loss of religious faith in Europe● Set the stage for the Industrial Revolution later on● Focus on reason and logic led to the Enlightenment- applied principles of the

Scientific Revolution to society and politics

Galileo standing trial in 1633 before the Inquisition