Science and Engineering Applications - jfips.com · used according to Eko Agus Prawoto. The...

Science and Engineering Applications 3 (2018) 199-204 ISSN-2456-2793(Online)

©Payam Publishing Pvt. Lt. Indiahttp://www.jfips.com/saea 199

Tectonics on the Architecture Acculturation of

Bandung Institute of Technology West Hall Building R. Asep Ahadiat Gandawijaya*1, Bachtiar Fauzy 2

1Architecture Department, Student of the Graduate School, Parahyangan Catholic University,Bandung-Indonesia

22Architecture Department, Lecturer of the Graduate School, Parahyangan CatholicUniversity,Bandung-Indonesia

*Email:[email protected]

Abstract

Structural and non-structural elements can be combined into an aesthetic architectural structure and give some characteristics

to the building. Wide spans buildings in Indonesia tend to have the effectiveness schemes which do not always give aesthetic

or characteristic forms. Producing designs plans which have some characters can be done through the exposure and

composition of structures in tectonics technology and materials approach as the main elements of the supporting structures.

Maclaine Pont attempted to combine the hybridity of local (Indonesian) elements and Dutch material techniques in creating

the wide spans building in the West Hall of Bandung Institute of Technology. The objective of this study is to know the

pattern of wooden structures on the wide spans building which isthe West Hall of Bandung Institute of Technology which

combinesthe effectiveness scheme on the structures and the representative structures on the cultural and natural factors. The

method used was by breaking down the structural elements in the interior (interior element theory of D.K. Ching) with the

understanding of archetypes. The results of the study show that the West Hall of Bandung Institure of Technology was

formed from several patterns of wooden structures, namely the repetition dominance of arc structures and the trapezoidal

trunks structure, as the main structure of the inner chamber, with a reinforcing block beam (skew) forming the letter Y and

trapezium, as well as the bolt (bolt) as a binder between the main structure.

Keywords:Tectonics, acculturation, architecture, West hall, Bandung Institute of Technology

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.26705.xxx.xxx.xxxx

Received:06/04/2018 Published online:19/04/2018

1. Introduction

Structures are the parts in which buildings are made up,

including foundations/footings, sloofs, walls, columns, rings,

easels, and roofs. Structural elements have functions to

support the existence of nonstructural elements including

visible elements, interiors, and architectural details to form a

single unit [1]. Each part of the structure building also has its

own function and role.

The development and advancement of technology in the

modernism era of building materials technology have

affected the buildings architecture in Indonesia, such as

building materials using technology that can survive in the

tropical climate, the process of building them which is easier,

more precise and faster in its development. Many architects,

developers, assigners are brought to the trend not because of

the materials technology only but rather duplicate and

receive completely external style and applied in the country.

The effect is that the local architecture experiencesan identity

degradation.

Dutch colonial architect, Maclaine Pont, in this phenomenon,

at that time had predicted the identity degradation problem.

The Western Hall was used by Pont asan architectural

experiment, local materials, new construction modeling

techniques, woodworking technology, and in combining

traditional country architecture with the advancement of

modern construction techniques without forgetting the

aesthetic and functional values. Innovative structural

processing results expression potential of the overall

Science and Engineering Applications

Journal home page

http://www.jfips.com/

http://www.jfips.com/saea



architectural structure and artistic expression of the

connection and construction details which are used.

2.Methods

The architectural elements in the physical sense are defined as

the conditions in which the architecture operates. A room or a

space can only be defined when it has a limit. When a space is

formed by a boundary, there is a direct separation between the

inner and outer space. The relationship between the two is

determined by the quality of the boundary element. According

to Francis D. K. Ching [2], the interior elements include floor,

wall, ceiling, aesthetic, opening, and light elements. In this

study, elements that feature wooden structures are wall,

ceiling and opening elements and their understanding of

aesthetic elements that refer to the design principles, namely

the proportion, space scale, balance, space harmony, unity and

space variation, room rhythm, [3]. To give more

understanding about structural patterns, archetype theory is

used for that [4].

The theories stated in this research are used to classify the

variation of architectural elements especially on the patterns

of wood forming structure of West Hall of Bandung Institute

of Technology and give descriptions on each variation in

order to prove the existence of a common language of

structure/form (common language of form). In reading the

structure in more detail manner, the tectonics manner can be

used according to Eko Agus Prawoto. The approach can make

four tectonic-forming parameters the articulation of materials,

the articulation of expression of load burden, the articulation

of elements and articulation of manufacture process [5].

Overall, it can be seen that the structure and architecture of

the West Hall of Bandung Institute of Technology are

classified into exposed structures, hidden structures, valued

structures and unappreciated structures as proposed by Angus

J. MacDonald [6]. Exposed and valued structures include

ornamentation of structures and structures as architectures.

Exposed and unappreciated structures include structures as

ornaments. A structure that is hidden and valued includes a

structure as a form producer. Hidden and unappreciated

structures include neglected structures.

3. Results and Discussions

The West Hall of Bandung Institute of Technology has a

rectangular base shape in which in its each side, it has some

additions (additive). The addition of buildings on the West

side (Mass D), East building (Mass E) and North (Mass C)

are smaller than the base shape (Mass A), while the South

side of the building (Mass B) is longer than the base shape

(Mass A). It shows that the hierarchy of Mass A is higher than

the other buildings, Mass B and C have higher hierarchy than

Mass D and E, while mass D is hierarchically equal to Mass E

(Fig. 1). The five building masses are tied to the surrounding

corridor (Mass F) of the whole mass, or can be called as

datum. When viewed entirely, the mass shape of the West

Hall of Bandung Institute of Technology has a symmetrical

shape on the central axis of the South North.

Figure 1. Additive, Hierarchy and Symmetrical Form

3.1 Pattern of Wooden Structure Mass A, B and C

The hall has a high level of closure which has the outer and

supporting areas in the West and East sides. However, it has a

high openness with supporting rooms on the North and South

sides. Therefore, it can be said that the main room from

within is in Mass A, B and C. The structural pattern of

wooden forming the interior of the West Hall ofBandung

Institute of Technology on Mass A consists of the repetition

of the square frame structure, while Mass B and C consist of

the member plan structure which has isosceles trapezoidal

frame structure that gives the impression of a linear space

(Table 1). If it is compared to the local structures of wooden

structures that have limited span of ± 6 meters, the use of

stacked arched beam structures and clamps with iron rings

can streamline wood dimensions and maximize until ± 15m

spans. The wood structure of Mass A, B and C is included in

the structure exposed and appreciated which is as an

architecture that is the form of an appreciation of the pure

structure form on the interior of the West Hall of Bandung

Institute of Technology.

The construction pattern is made differently in the main room

and the companion chamber with Room A with a linearly

recurring Arched Beam pattern of five columns constructed

with a half arch on the East and West sides, with the

construction emphasized on the upper axis of the foam, Room

B and C use the column and beam pattern (Straight Beam)




with seven columns of repetition, but the area of C is greater

than B in the area of Room A, the structure pattern of uses the

plan structure with the help of skew on the roof supporting

areas (Table 2).

Table 1. Pattern of Wooden Structure A, B and C Viewed

from Cutting asection a – a

Section A-A

Table 2. The Patterns of Skeleton System Wooden Structure

Mass A is structured from two and a half arcs which face each

other and are connected at the upper midpoint, continued with

a rigid structure that attaches to the skeletal structure of Mass

B and C (figure 2). The skeleton module is flanked by the

isosceles trapezium-shaped skeleton united with flank system

connections and cross-linking structures. The module is a

module that undergoes linear repetition facing the West and

East. The bonding of the structure between the repetitions of

Western modules to the East is linked with the cross-sectional

structures of varied degrees.

(Figure 3) forms a Y-shaped structure pattern when viewed

from section b (Table 3). The difference of the skew pattern

based on the load hierarchy is that the skew on the plane of

the feet is wider than the top skew pattern and the uppermost

pattern is smaller to support the roof, the skew which job is to

support the beam so that the flexible wood can be nailed to

support the load of the pull and press in the area above.

Figure 2. Section Structure Bonding Mass A, B and C viewed

from cutting a

Figure 3. The Structure of the Section Bonding between the

Repetition of the Western and Eastern Module

The interior of The West Hall of Bandung Institute of

Technology shows the dominance of the wooden structures

use representing the mass shape that Mass A has the highest

hierarchy seen from the use of different structures from other

rigid structural forms. Besides, from the height of the room, it

can also be seen that Mass A has a vertical and horizontal

wide expression with the use of the frame arc, it is in contrast




with Mass B and C which only have a broad expression

horizontally (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Wood Forming Structures of A, B and C Masses

Seen From a Pieces

The repetition of modules to the West and East and the cross-

section structures of varied degrees results in the expression

of different Y structures and still show Mass A with the

highest hierarchy. It can be seen that cross-secction structure

of Mass B and C interior (table 3, b-1 and b-2 pieces) have

smaller open degrees compared to that of the cross section

interior of A mass (table 3, b-3 pieces). The cross section

structures between the repitition of West and East structural

modul on Mass A form repitition of structures in Y and

triangle shapes because each corner of the cross section meet

each other. Meanwhile, at Mass B and C, the corner of cross

section do not meet each other. This shows that the structure

of the Mass A of the cross section hold heavier loads than the

cross section structure of Mass B and C. In other words, the

hierarchy of the interior wooden structure of the West Hall of

Bandung Institute of Technology of Mass A has the highest

hierarchy, it is in line with the understanding of the visible

mass structure reflected from the exterior.

The repetition of cross-section structure has differences at the

end of a room, or it can be said as the termination

structure.On the longitudinal side, the structure termination

has a corresponding direction to the previous repetition

(Figures. 5 and 6), meanwhile on the short side of Mass B and

C, they have the structures termination which are parallel to

the direction of the previous structure (similar to Figure 9).On

the other hand, the termination of the arc structure on the

West and East sides uses a half arc structure which is placed

perpendicular to the full arc structure (Figure 7 and Figure 9

on the right). The termination of the West and East side arc

structure is connected with Mass D and E structures

(supporting rooms on the West and East sides).

Figure 5. The Termination Pattern of A Mass' Wooden

Structure (b-3 Pieces),Source: redrawn from Vries, Gerrit de,

and Segaar-Höweler, Dorothee C. (2009).Henri Maclaine

Pont: Architect, Constructeur, Archeoloog. Rotterdam:

BONAS [10].

Table 3. The Pattern of A, B and C Masses' Wooden Structure

Seen From b Pieces

Figure 6. The Termination Pattern of B and C Masses'

Wooden Structure (b-1 Pieces)




Source: redrawn from Vries, Gerrit de, and Segaar-Höweler,

Dorothee C. (2009).Henri Maclaine Pont: Architect,

Constructeur, Archeoloog. Rotterdam: BONAS [10].

Figure 7. The Termination Pattern of A Mass' Wooden

Structure (a Pieces)

Source : redrawn fromVries, Gerrit de, and Segaar-Höweler,

Dorothee C. (2009).Henri Maclaine Pont: Architect,

Constructeur, Archeoloog. Rotterdam: BONAS [10].

3.2 Wooden Structures of D and E Masses

The wooden structure pattern forming Mass D and E is equal

to Mass B and C’s, the difference can be seen at the distance

of Mass D and E (Figure 7) which is shorter than B and C

(Figure 5) and the difference in the structure termination

pattern. Mass D and E have structures termination (Figure 7),

which is parallel branches to the structure next to them, while

Mass B and C (figure 5) have structure terminations that have

a contrary direction to the structure next to it. Therefore, when

it is viewed as a whole, the walls of Mass D and E (Figure 7)

have a triangular structure pattern, while Mass B and C

(Figure 5) have trapezoidal patterns. For the upper sector of

Mass B, C, D and E formers, it has similar patterns, which is

isosceles trapezoidal rod frame structure.

Type of D and E structure

Overall,the Mass D and E have similar structural forms to

Mass B and C, but visually, they resemble more the cross-

linking structures on Mass A that forms Y letter and a triangle

(Figure 8). However, the height of the room and the room's

structure can be said to be equal to Mass B and C, which

indicates the overall supporting room that has a lower

hierarchy than Mass A.The smaller room size than Mass B

and C show that Mass D and E have the lowest degree in the

whole building.

Table 4. The Wooden Structure Patterns of Mass D and E

seen from Cutting c

The structure development used by the interior of Bandung

Institute of Technology's West Hall through the process of the

connection system on the construction enhances the building

expression by showing every existing detail on it. It is in line

with the Frampton’s principle [7] about the tectonic

cultivation as an important element in the construction of

architectural forms. The pattern of wooden structure forming

the West Hall of Bandung Institute of Technology shows that

the element bears or supports and other elements that is in line

with Mangunwijaya's thought [8], where there is an arc-

shaped main structure flanked by a trapezoidal structure

forming an interior room as well as supporting the roof

structure above it, which is reinforced with a cross-section

structure and a binding tool as a whole. Overall, the interior of

Bandung Institute of Technology’s West hall is formed from

the repetitive wooden structural elements. Therefore, it forms

a linear space which is in line with the principle of display

structure composition and a three-dimensional room

according to Purnama Salura [9].

4. Conclusions

The interior's structural pattern of the West Hall of Bandung

Institute of Technology is formed from the repetition of the




arc frame structure in the main room (Mass A), the repetition

of the isosceles trapezoidal frame structure in the

supportingrooms that surround them (Mass B, C, D and E),

with a cross-reinforcement block (sekur) forming the letter Y

in the main room (Mass A), the cross-reinforcement block

(sekur) forms a trapezoid on the long side of Mass B and C,

the cross-block reinforcement (sekur) forms a triangle on the

short side of Mass B and C and the entire boundary area

(wall) of Mass D

Figure 8. The Structure’s Details of the Wood Forming

Structure of Mass D and E

Figure 9. The Termination Pattern of Mass D and E Wooden

Structure(b-3 and cutting c)

and E, and the clamping rod (pinchers) as a binder between

the internal structure of each room or the bond between one

mass structure and another. Overall, the pattern of interior

structure forming the Bandung Institute of Technology 's

West Hall has a symmetrical structure to the North and South

axis and shows the highest hierarchy found in Mass A which

has a wooden structure that is different from the supporting

mass in its surroundings.

References

[1] Ching, Franchis D.K., (1996). Ilustrasi Desain Interior. Erlangga,

Jakarta

[2] Ching, Francis D.K., (2008). Arsitektur: Bentuk, Ruang, Dan

Tatana Edisi Ketiga. Erlangga. Jakarta

[3] Evensen, Thomas Thiis., (1990). Archetypes in Architecture.

Norwegian University Press, New York

[4] Frampton, Kenneth., (1995) Studies in Tectonic Culture. London,

England : The MIT Press, 1995.

[5] Henri Maclaine Pont: (2009) Architect, Constructeur, Archeoloog.

Rotterdam: BONAS.

[6] Mangunwijaya, Y.B., (1988). Wastu Citra: Pengantar ke Ilmu

Budaya Bentuk Arsitektural. Gramedia, Jakarta.

[7] Macdonald, Angus J., (1994). Structure and Architecture.

Architectural Press, Routledge, New York.

[8] Mangunwijaya, Y.B. 1988. Wastu Citra: Pengantar ke Ilmu Budaya

Bentuk Arsitektural. Jakarta: Gramedia.

[9] Salura, Purnama., (2010). Arsitektur yang Membodohkan. CSS

Publishing, Bandung

[10] Vries, Gerrit de, dan Segaar-Höweler, Dorothee C.,

(2009).


Science and Engineering Applications - jfips.com · used according to Eko Agus Prawoto. The...

Documents

Transcript of Science and Engineering Applications - jfips.com · used according to Eko Agus Prawoto. The...