Science and Engineering Applications 3 (2018) 199-204 ISSN-2456-2793(Online)
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Tectonics on the Architecture Acculturation of
Bandung Institute of Technology West Hall Building R. Asep Ahadiat Gandawijaya*1, Bachtiar Fauzy 2
1Architecture Department, Student of the Graduate School, Parahyangan Catholic University,Bandung-Indonesia
22Architecture Department, Lecturer of the Graduate School, Parahyangan CatholicUniversity,Bandung-Indonesia
*Email:[email protected]
Abstract
Structural and non-structural elements can be combined into an aesthetic architectural structure and give some characteristics
to the building. Wide spans buildings in Indonesia tend to have the effectiveness schemes which do not always give aesthetic
or characteristic forms. Producing designs plans which have some characters can be done through the exposure and
composition of structures in tectonics technology and materials approach as the main elements of the supporting structures.
Maclaine Pont attempted to combine the hybridity of local (Indonesian) elements and Dutch material techniques in creating
the wide spans building in the West Hall of Bandung Institute of Technology. The objective of this study is to know the
pattern of wooden structures on the wide spans building which isthe West Hall of Bandung Institute of Technology which
combinesthe effectiveness scheme on the structures and the representative structures on the cultural and natural factors. The
method used was by breaking down the structural elements in the interior (interior element theory of D.K. Ching) with the
understanding of archetypes. The results of the study show that the West Hall of Bandung Institure of Technology was
formed from several patterns of wooden structures, namely the repetition dominance of arc structures and the trapezoidal
trunks structure, as the main structure of the inner chamber, with a reinforcing block beam (skew) forming the letter Y and
trapezium, as well as the bolt (bolt) as a binder between the main structure.
Keywords:Tectonics, acculturation, architecture, West hall, Bandung Institute of Technology
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.26705.xxx.xxx.xxxx
Received:06/04/2018 Published online:19/04/2018
1. Introduction
Structures are the parts in which buildings are made up,
including foundations/footings, sloofs, walls, columns, rings,
easels, and roofs. Structural elements have functions to
support the existence of nonstructural elements including
visible elements, interiors, and architectural details to form a
single unit [1]. Each part of the structure building also has its
own function and role.
The development and advancement of technology in the
modernism era of building materials technology have
affected the buildings architecture in Indonesia, such as
building materials using technology that can survive in the
tropical climate, the process of building them which is easier,
more precise and faster in its development. Many architects,
developers, assigners are brought to the trend not because of
the materials technology only but rather duplicate and
receive completely external style and applied in the country.
The effect is that the local architecture experiencesan identity
degradation.
Dutch colonial architect, Maclaine Pont, in this phenomenon,
at that time had predicted the identity degradation problem.
The Western Hall was used by Pont asan architectural
experiment, local materials, new construction modeling
techniques, woodworking technology, and in combining
traditional country architecture with the advancement of
modern construction techniques without forgetting the
aesthetic and functional values. Innovative structural
processing results expression potential of the overall
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architectural structure and artistic expression of the
connection and construction details which are used.
2.Methods
The architectural elements in the physical sense are defined as
the conditions in which the architecture operates. A room or a
space can only be defined when it has a limit. When a space is
formed by a boundary, there is a direct separation between the
inner and outer space. The relationship between the two is
determined by the quality of the boundary element. According
to Francis D. K. Ching [2], the interior elements include floor,
wall, ceiling, aesthetic, opening, and light elements. In this
study, elements that feature wooden structures are wall,
ceiling and opening elements and their understanding of
aesthetic elements that refer to the design principles, namely
the proportion, space scale, balance, space harmony, unity and
space variation, room rhythm, [3]. To give more
understanding about structural patterns, archetype theory is
used for that [4].
The theories stated in this research are used to classify the
variation of architectural elements especially on the patterns
of wood forming structure of West Hall of Bandung Institute
of Technology and give descriptions on each variation in
order to prove the existence of a common language of
structure/form (common language of form). In reading the
structure in more detail manner, the tectonics manner can be
used according to Eko Agus Prawoto. The approach can make
four tectonic-forming parameters the articulation of materials,
the articulation of expression of load burden, the articulation
of elements and articulation of manufacture process [5].
Overall, it can be seen that the structure and architecture of
the West Hall of Bandung Institute of Technology are
classified into exposed structures, hidden structures, valued
structures and unappreciated structures as proposed by Angus
J. MacDonald [6]. Exposed and valued structures include
ornamentation of structures and structures as architectures.
Exposed and unappreciated structures include structures as
ornaments. A structure that is hidden and valued includes a
structure as a form producer. Hidden and unappreciated
structures include neglected structures.
3. Results and Discussions
The West Hall of Bandung Institute of Technology has a
rectangular base shape in which in its each side, it has some
additions (additive). The addition of buildings on the West
side (Mass D), East building (Mass E) and North (Mass C)
are smaller than the base shape (Mass A), while the South
side of the building (Mass B) is longer than the base shape
(Mass A). It shows that the hierarchy of Mass A is higher than
the other buildings, Mass B and C have higher hierarchy than
Mass D and E, while mass D is hierarchically equal to Mass E
(Fig. 1). The five building masses are tied to the surrounding
corridor (Mass F) of the whole mass, or can be called as
datum. When viewed entirely, the mass shape of the West
Hall of Bandung Institute of Technology has a symmetrical
shape on the central axis of the South North.
Figure 1. Additive, Hierarchy and Symmetrical Form
3.1 Pattern of Wooden Structure Mass A, B and C
The hall has a high level of closure which has the outer and
supporting areas in the West and East sides. However, it has a
high openness with supporting rooms on the North and South
sides. Therefore, it can be said that the main room from
within is in Mass A, B and C. The structural pattern of
wooden forming the interior of the West Hall ofBandung
Institute of Technology on Mass A consists of the repetition
of the square frame structure, while Mass B and C consist of
the member plan structure which has isosceles trapezoidal
frame structure that gives the impression of a linear space
(Table 1). If it is compared to the local structures of wooden
structures that have limited span of ± 6 meters, the use of
stacked arched beam structures and clamps with iron rings
can streamline wood dimensions and maximize until ± 15m
spans. The wood structure of Mass A, B and C is included in
the structure exposed and appreciated which is as an
architecture that is the form of an appreciation of the pure
structure form on the interior of the West Hall of Bandung
Institute of Technology.
The construction pattern is made differently in the main room
and the companion chamber with Room A with a linearly
recurring Arched Beam pattern of five columns constructed
with a half arch on the East and West sides, with the
construction emphasized on the upper axis of the foam, Room
B and C use the column and beam pattern (Straight Beam)
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with seven columns of repetition, but the area of C is greater
than B in the area of Room A, the structure pattern of uses the
plan structure with the help of skew on the roof supporting
areas (Table 2).
Table 1. Pattern of Wooden Structure A, B and C Viewed
from Cutting asection a – a
Section A-A
Table 2. The Patterns of Skeleton System Wooden Structure
Mass A is structured from two and a half arcs which face each
other and are connected at the upper midpoint, continued with
a rigid structure that attaches to the skeletal structure of Mass
B and C (figure 2). The skeleton module is flanked by the
isosceles trapezium-shaped skeleton united with flank system
connections and cross-linking structures. The module is a
module that undergoes linear repetition facing the West and
East. The bonding of the structure between the repetitions of
Western modules to the East is linked with the cross-sectional
structures of varied degrees.
(Figure 3) forms a Y-shaped structure pattern when viewed
from section b (Table 3). The difference of the skew pattern
based on the load hierarchy is that the skew on the plane of
the feet is wider than the top skew pattern and the uppermost
pattern is smaller to support the roof, the skew which job is to
support the beam so that the flexible wood can be nailed to
support the load of the pull and press in the area above.
Figure 2. Section Structure Bonding Mass A, B and C viewed
from cutting a
Figure 3. The Structure of the Section Bonding between the
Repetition of the Western and Eastern Module
The interior of The West Hall of Bandung Institute of
Technology shows the dominance of the wooden structures
use representing the mass shape that Mass A has the highest
hierarchy seen from the use of different structures from other
rigid structural forms. Besides, from the height of the room, it
can also be seen that Mass A has a vertical and horizontal
wide expression with the use of the frame arc, it is in contrast
Science and Engineering Applications 3 (2018) 199-204 ISSN-2456-2793(Online)
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with Mass B and C which only have a broad expression
horizontally (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Wood Forming Structures of A, B and C Masses
Seen From a Pieces
The repetition of modules to the West and East and the cross-
section structures of varied degrees results in the expression
of different Y structures and still show Mass A with the
highest hierarchy. It can be seen that cross-secction structure
of Mass B and C interior (table 3, b-1 and b-2 pieces) have
smaller open degrees compared to that of the cross section
interior of A mass (table 3, b-3 pieces). The cross section
structures between the repitition of West and East structural
modul on Mass A form repitition of structures in Y and
triangle shapes because each corner of the cross section meet
each other. Meanwhile, at Mass B and C, the corner of cross
section do not meet each other. This shows that the structure
of the Mass A of the cross section hold heavier loads than the
cross section structure of Mass B and C. In other words, the
hierarchy of the interior wooden structure of the West Hall of
Bandung Institute of Technology of Mass A has the highest
hierarchy, it is in line with the understanding of the visible
mass structure reflected from the exterior.
The repetition of cross-section structure has differences at the
end of a room, or it can be said as the termination
structure.On the longitudinal side, the structure termination
has a corresponding direction to the previous repetition
(Figures. 5 and 6), meanwhile on the short side of Mass B and
C, they have the structures termination which are parallel to
the direction of the previous structure (similar to Figure 9).On
the other hand, the termination of the arc structure on the
West and East sides uses a half arc structure which is placed
perpendicular to the full arc structure (Figure 7 and Figure 9
on the right). The termination of the West and East side arc
structure is connected with Mass D and E structures
(supporting rooms on the West and East sides).
Figure 5. The Termination Pattern of A Mass' Wooden
Structure (b-3 Pieces),Source: redrawn from Vries, Gerrit de,
and Segaar-Höweler, Dorothee C. (2009).Henri Maclaine
Pont: Architect, Constructeur, Archeoloog. Rotterdam:
BONAS [10].
Table 3. The Pattern of A, B and C Masses' Wooden Structure
Seen From b Pieces
Figure 6. The Termination Pattern of B and C Masses'
Wooden Structure (b-1 Pieces)
Science and Engineering Applications 3 (2018) 199-204 ISSN-2456-2793(Online)
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Source: redrawn from Vries, Gerrit de, and Segaar-Höweler,
Dorothee C. (2009).Henri Maclaine Pont: Architect,
Constructeur, Archeoloog. Rotterdam: BONAS [10].
Figure 7. The Termination Pattern of A Mass' Wooden
Structure (a Pieces)
Source : redrawn fromVries, Gerrit de, and Segaar-Höweler,
Dorothee C. (2009).Henri Maclaine Pont: Architect,
Constructeur, Archeoloog. Rotterdam: BONAS [10].
3.2 Wooden Structures of D and E Masses
The wooden structure pattern forming Mass D and E is equal
to Mass B and C’s, the difference can be seen at the distance
of Mass D and E (Figure 7) which is shorter than B and C
(Figure 5) and the difference in the structure termination
pattern. Mass D and E have structures termination (Figure 7),
which is parallel branches to the structure next to them, while
Mass B and C (figure 5) have structure terminations that have
a contrary direction to the structure next to it. Therefore, when
it is viewed as a whole, the walls of Mass D and E (Figure 7)
have a triangular structure pattern, while Mass B and C
(Figure 5) have trapezoidal patterns. For the upper sector of
Mass B, C, D and E formers, it has similar patterns, which is
isosceles trapezoidal rod frame structure.
Type of D and E structure
Overall,the Mass D and E have similar structural forms to
Mass B and C, but visually, they resemble more the cross-
linking structures on Mass A that forms Y letter and a triangle
(Figure 8). However, the height of the room and the room's
structure can be said to be equal to Mass B and C, which
indicates the overall supporting room that has a lower
hierarchy than Mass A.The smaller room size than Mass B
and C show that Mass D and E have the lowest degree in the
whole building.
Table 4. The Wooden Structure Patterns of Mass D and E
seen from Cutting c
The structure development used by the interior of Bandung
Institute of Technology's West Hall through the process of the
connection system on the construction enhances the building
expression by showing every existing detail on it. It is in line
with the Frampton’s principle [7] about the tectonic
cultivation as an important element in the construction of
architectural forms. The pattern of wooden structure forming
the West Hall of Bandung Institute of Technology shows that
the element bears or supports and other elements that is in line
with Mangunwijaya's thought [8], where there is an arc-
shaped main structure flanked by a trapezoidal structure
forming an interior room as well as supporting the roof
structure above it, which is reinforced with a cross-section
structure and a binding tool as a whole. Overall, the interior of
Bandung Institute of Technology’s West hall is formed from
the repetitive wooden structural elements. Therefore, it forms
a linear space which is in line with the principle of display
structure composition and a three-dimensional room
according to Purnama Salura [9].
4. Conclusions
The interior's structural pattern of the West Hall of Bandung
Institute of Technology is formed from the repetition of the
Science and Engineering Applications 3 (2018) 199-204 ISSN-2456-2793(Online)
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arc frame structure in the main room (Mass A), the repetition
of the isosceles trapezoidal frame structure in the
supportingrooms that surround them (Mass B, C, D and E),
with a cross-reinforcement block (sekur) forming the letter Y
in the main room (Mass A), the cross-reinforcement block
(sekur) forms a trapezoid on the long side of Mass B and C,
the cross-block reinforcement (sekur) forms a triangle on the
short side of Mass B and C and the entire boundary area
(wall) of Mass D
Figure 8. The Structure’s Details of the Wood Forming
Structure of Mass D and E
Figure 9. The Termination Pattern of Mass D and E Wooden
Structure(b-3 and cutting c)
and E, and the clamping rod (pinchers) as a binder between
the internal structure of each room or the bond between one
mass structure and another. Overall, the pattern of interior
structure forming the Bandung Institute of Technology 's
West Hall has a symmetrical structure to the North and South
axis and shows the highest hierarchy found in Mass A which
has a wooden structure that is different from the supporting
mass in its surroundings.
References
[1] Ching, Franchis D.K., (1996). Ilustrasi Desain Interior. Erlangga,
Jakarta
[2] Ching, Francis D.K., (2008). Arsitektur: Bentuk, Ruang, Dan
Tatana Edisi Ketiga. Erlangga. Jakarta
[3] Evensen, Thomas Thiis., (1990). Archetypes in Architecture.
Norwegian University Press, New York
[4] Frampton, Kenneth., (1995) Studies in Tectonic Culture. London,
England : The MIT Press, 1995.
[5] Henri Maclaine Pont: (2009) Architect, Constructeur, Archeoloog.
Rotterdam: BONAS.
[6] Mangunwijaya, Y.B., (1988). Wastu Citra: Pengantar ke Ilmu
Budaya Bentuk Arsitektural. Gramedia, Jakarta.
[7] Macdonald, Angus J., (1994). Structure and Architecture.
Architectural Press, Routledge, New York.
[8] Mangunwijaya, Y.B. 1988. Wastu Citra: Pengantar ke Ilmu Budaya
Bentuk Arsitektural. Jakarta: Gramedia.
[9] Salura, Purnama., (2010). Arsitektur yang Membodohkan. CSS
Publishing, Bandung
[10] Vries, Gerrit de, dan Segaar-Höweler, Dorothee C.,
(2009).
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