Schools of ThoughtSchools of Thought

6 main Perspectives6 main Perspectives

Schools of Thought outlineSchools of Thought outline

PsychodynamicPsychodynamic– Major InformationMajor Information– Project, skits, ch.testProject, skits, ch.test

BiologicalBiological– Main InformationMain Information– Project, daily act.’s, Project, daily act.’s,

ch.testch.test Learning/BehavioralLearning/Behavioral

– Main InformationMain Information– Project, daily act.’s, Project, daily act.’s,

ch.testch.test

HumanisticHumanistic– Major informationMajor information– Project, ch.testProject, ch.test

CognitiveCognitive– Major InformationMajor Information– Project, ch.testProject, ch.test

DevelopmentalDevelopmental– Major InformationMajor Information– Project, ch.testProject, ch.test

Outline ContinuedOutline Continued

We have a chapter Test for each We have a chapter Test for each Perspective, just general knowledge, Perspective, just general knowledge, key points, goals, etc.key points, goals, etc.

At the end we will have an essay test At the end we will have an essay test where you will read a case study and where you will read a case study and attempt to describe, explain, predict, attempt to describe, explain, predict, and control based on the perspective and control based on the perspective of your choice or the one that fits it of your choice or the one that fits it bestbest

Perspective OutlinePerspective Outline

Major InformationMajor Information– Aims/GoalsAims/Goals– Historical Historical

BackgroundBackground– Features of Features of

PerspectivePerspective– LimitationsLimitations– ApplicationsApplications

ProjectsProjects– SkitsSkits– CartoonsCartoons– Case StudiesCase Studies– Movie ExcerptsMovie Excerpts– Chapter ProjectChapter Project

KEY POINTKEY POINT

We use these perspectives to We use these perspectives to complete the last four of the five complete the last four of the five main goals of psychologymain goals of psychology– Observe, Observe, Describe,Describe, Explain,Explain, Predict,Predict,

Control.Control. – We use these theories with that idea We use these theories with that idea

that they will give us a way to describe, that they will give us a way to describe, explain, and predict; so that we may explain, and predict; so that we may intervene (contol) if necessaryintervene (contol) if necessary

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis

Aims/GoalsAims/Goals– Believes we think, Believes we think,

feel, and behave the feel, and behave the way we do because way we do because of our unconscious of our unconscious motivesmotives

Main TheoristsMain Theorists Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

– Heavy influence on sex and the internal drives Heavy influence on sex and the internal drives to satisfy themto satisfy them

Alfred AdlerAlfred Adler– Split w/Freud, developed own personality Split w/Freud, developed own personality

theories that encouraged healthy/cooperative theories that encouraged healthy/cooperative individuals/families to pursue social equalityindividuals/families to pursue social equality

– Inferiority ComplexInferiority Complex Carl JungCarl Jung

– Also later split from Freud, developed Also later split from Freud, developed Psychological Archetypes and Psychological Archetypes and personal/collective unconsciouspersonal/collective unconscious

Goals of PsychodynamicGoals of Psychodynamic

To understand our thoughts, feelings, To understand our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.and behaviors.– And how those (above) are influenced And how those (above) are influenced

by unconscious mental processesby unconscious mental processes– Those unconscious mental processes Those unconscious mental processes

are formed by early childhood are formed by early childhood experiencesexperiences

Main GoalMain Goal

Understand and Understand and explain our explain our thoughts, feelings, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in and behaviors in relation to our relation to our unconscious mind unconscious mind formed from formed from childhood childhood experiencesexperiences

UnconsciousUnconscious

According to Freud, largest part of According to Freud, largest part of mind of which we are unawaremind of which we are unaware

Contains our instincts, passions, Contains our instincts, passions, fears, and traumasfears, and traumas

These form the basis for neurosesThese form the basis for neuroses– Neuroses: term for range of disordersNeuroses: term for range of disorders– Like hysterias, phobias, compulsions, Like hysterias, phobias, compulsions,

anxieties and panic disorders. anxieties and panic disorders.

Ending ActivityEnding Activity

Create a neat Chart on a piece of Create a neat Chart on a piece of colored copy paper that has Theory, colored copy paper that has Theory, Features, Main Theorists, Main goal, Features, Main Theorists, Main goal, and vocabulary across the topand vocabulary across the top– You should probably not draw rows yet.You should probably not draw rows yet.

Fill in the first column so far for Fill in the first column so far for PsychodynamicPsychodynamic– And identify; psychodynamic, And identify; psychodynamic,

unconscious, neurosisunconscious, neurosis

Bell WorkBell Work

Get Computer only if you need to Get Computer only if you need to show me a “digital” illustration of show me a “digital” illustration of how you have been making progress how you have been making progress for your project!!for your project!!– IF you printed off stuff you are fine as IF you printed off stuff you are fine as

well!well!

Features of Features of PsychodynamicPsychodynamic

Psychodynamic Structure Psychodynamic Structure of Personalityof Personality

Psychodynamic Structure of Psychodynamic Structure of PersonalityPersonality

Developed by FreudDeveloped by Freud Believed mind had 3 basic Believed mind had 3 basic

psychological structurespsychological structures– Id, Ego, Super-EgoId, Ego, Super-Ego

IDID

Follows what Freud called the Follows what Freud called the Pleasure Pleasure PrinciplePrinciple– Urge for an immediate release of energy or Urge for an immediate release of energy or

emotion that will bring personal gratification, emotion that will bring personal gratification, relief, or pleasurerelief, or pleasure

Basic Two year oldBasic Two year old– ““I want, I want, I want, I want now!”I want, I want, I want, I want now!”

Demands pleasure thru instant Demands pleasure thru instant gratification with no regard for laws, gratification with no regard for laws, customs, or needs of otherscustoms, or needs of others

Present at BirthPresent at Birth

EgoEgo

Develops b/c a child’s demands for Develops b/c a child’s demands for instant gratification cannot be met or instant gratification cannot be met or b/c meeting them could be b/c meeting them could be dangerousdangerous

““Stands for reason and good sense”Stands for reason and good sense” Guided by Guided by real world principlereal world principle

– Understanding that in real world we Understanding that in real world we cannot always get what we want.cannot always get what we want.

Ego (cont’d)Ego (cont’d)

Seeks to satisfy the appetites of the id in Seeks to satisfy the appetites of the id in ways that are consistent with real life.ways that are consistent with real life.

Mediator b.t. Id/SuperEgoMediator b.t. Id/SuperEgo ExampleExample

– Id lets you know you are really hungryId lets you know you are really hungry– Ego lets you know there are certain ways more Ego lets you know there are certain ways more

appropriate than others.appropriate than others.– With no ego, we would just eat raw hamburger With no ego, we would just eat raw hamburger

meat to satisfy hunger instead of taking time meat to satisfy hunger instead of taking time to cook it.to cook it.

SuperEgoSuperEgo

Develops throughout early childhoodDevelops throughout early childhood Functions according to Functions according to moral moral

principleprinciple– Incorporates standards/values of Incorporates standards/values of

parents and community to form moralsparents and community to form morals Acts as conscience & floods ego w/ Acts as conscience & floods ego w/

feelings of guilt/shame when we feelings of guilt/shame when we think or do something against think or do something against society.society.

Examples: Task #1Examples: Task #1

You have a date with You have a date with someone you just someone you just picked up. It is 5:30 picked up. It is 5:30 pm and your pm and your reservation to eat is at reservation to eat is at 7. You just got really, 7. You just got really, really hungry while really hungry while waiting at the waiting at the restaurant. What restaurant. What happens?happens?

IdId– Feed, Feed, NowFeed, Feed, Now

SuperEgoSuperEgo– It is against customs to It is against customs to

act like this on a date, it act like this on a date, it is rude to just gorge is rude to just gorge yourselfyourself

EgoEgo– Wait until dinner comes Wait until dinner comes

and maybe order and maybe order something that is something that is faster, or an appetizer.faster, or an appetizer.

Example: Task #2Example: Task #2

You have a test on FridayYou have a test on Friday Billy is having a raging party Thurs. night.Billy is having a raging party Thurs. night. Id?Id?

– Party on WayneParty on Wayne SuperEgoSuperEgo

– Partying is bad 1Partying is bad 1stst off, you need to study for the off, you need to study for the test to get good grades and go to collegetest to get good grades and go to college

EgoEgo– Study now, and go out with your friends Friday Study now, and go out with your friends Friday

night after doing well on the test.night after doing well on the test.

Activity: Due FridayActivity: Due Friday

Draw Sketches or Draw Sketches or cartoons portraying cartoons portraying the id, ego, and the id, ego, and super ego. It could super ego. It could be one big sketch be one big sketch or a series of or a series of cartoonscartoons

Bell WorkBell Work

Work on Sketches of Id, Ego, Super-Work on Sketches of Id, Ego, Super-egoego– 10 minutes10 minutes

Movie Example: Task #3Movie Example: Task #3

IdId– Keep job, it feeds you, and gets money Keep job, it feeds you, and gets money

in pocketin pocket Super EgoSuper Ego

– Help lady, you know how and its not Help lady, you know how and its not illegalillegal

EgoEgo– Just show her some loop-holes to keep Just show her some loop-holes to keep

job but not draw attentionjob but not draw attention

Movie Examples: Task #4Movie Examples: Task #4

Movie Example from IncrediblesMovie Example from Incredibles– IdId

Wanting to Finish First and look coolWanting to Finish First and look cool

– Super EgoSuper EgoParents don’t want found out, you’re a Parents don’t want found out, you’re a

superhero its unfair, etc.superhero its unfair, etc.

– EgoEgoFinish 2Finish 2ndnd/3/3rdrd still look cool, but don’t stand still look cool, but don’t stand

out.out.

Lesson ClosingLesson Closing

Give 1 Take 1 ActivityGive 1 Take 1 Activity– With your 6 o’clock partners you will fill With your 6 o’clock partners you will fill

out one of the assigned stages and then out one of the assigned stages and then after you will go around and teach one after you will go around and teach one section to someone, then be taught section to someone, then be taught another in return.another in return.

– Page 327Page 327

ReviewReview 11stst Stage of Psychosexual Development? Stage of Psychosexual Development?

– OralOral Erogenous zone is?Erogenous zone is?

– part of the body from which we get pleasure, and is sexual in orientationpart of the body from which we get pleasure, and is sexual in orientation Anal Stage takes place from?Anal Stage takes place from?

– 1-2 yrs. 1-2 yrs. Anal Stage is based on what?Anal Stage is based on what?

– Strict/Liberal Toilet TrainingStrict/Liberal Toilet Training What are 2 fixations from OralWhat are 2 fixations from Oral

– Smoking, Chewing nails, tongue piercingSmoking, Chewing nails, tongue piercing What are 2 fixations from AnalWhat are 2 fixations from Anal

– Anal RetentiveAnal Retentive– Anal ExpulsiveAnal Expulsive

33rdrd Stage of P.S Development Stage of P.S Development– PhallicPhallic

This is where child grows love for opposite sex parent and rivalry toward same sexThis is where child grows love for opposite sex parent and rivalry toward same sex– Oedipus ComplexOedipus Complex

Tired of anxiety w/same sex parent, child begins this process?Tired of anxiety w/same sex parent, child begins this process?– IdentificationIdentification

Stage where there is little action w/ erogenous zoneStage where there is little action w/ erogenous zone– Latent StageLatent Stage

Last stage (genital) what happens before settling down in mid-twenties in loving Last stage (genital) what happens before settling down in mid-twenties in loving relationshiprelationship

– Sexual experimentationSexual experimentation

Pyschosexual Theory of Pyschosexual Theory of Adult PersonalityAdult Personality

Freud’s idea that our adult Freud’s idea that our adult personality is formed in childhood as personality is formed in childhood as a consequence of psychosexual a consequence of psychosexual experiences. experiences.

Formed in psychosexual stages from Formed in psychosexual stages from birth to pubertybirth to puberty

Pyschosexual Theory of Pyschosexual Theory of Adult PersonalityAdult Personality

5 Stages5 Stages– OralOral– AnalAnal– PhallicPhallic– LatentLatent– GenitalGenital

Failure to resolve Failure to resolve conflicts in stages conflicts in stages can lead to can lead to fixationsfixations

Each stage Each stage (except Latent) has (except Latent) has related erogenous related erogenous zone zone

Erogenous ZoneErogenous Zone– part of the body part of the body

from which we get from which we get pleasure, and is pleasure, and is sexualsexual

Oral StageOral Stage Day 1 – 1 yr. oldDay 1 – 1 yr. old Erogenous zone Erogenous zone

centered in baby's centered in baby's mouth. mouth.

Satisfaction from Satisfaction from putting things in putting things in mouth to meet mouth to meet demands of IDdemands of ID

ID demands are oral, ID demands are oral, such as sucking, such as sucking, biting, and breast-biting, and breast-feeding. feeding.

Too much or too little Too much or too little stimulation of this stimulation of this stage can lead to:stage can lead to:

Oral FixationsOral Fixations– Thumb-suckingThumb-sucking– Nail bitingNail biting– Tongue/lip piercingTongue/lip piercing– SmokersSmokers

Engage in these Engage in these especially under especially under stressstress

Anal StageAnal Stage

22ndnd Stage (1-2yrs) Stage (1-2yrs) Zone moves to anal or bottomZone moves to anal or bottom All about how strict/liberal toilet All about how strict/liberal toilet

training istraining is Pleasure derived from ability to Pleasure derived from ability to

control bowels control bowels

Anal StageAnal Stage

Overly strict toilet trainingOverly strict toilet training– Can lead to an anal retentive personalityCan lead to an anal retentive personality– Adult who is obsessively neat, tidy, and Adult who is obsessively neat, tidy, and

organizedorganized– related to pleasure from holding on to related to pleasure from holding on to

their feces when toddlers their feces when toddlers – then parents insisting that they get rid then parents insisting that they get rid

of it by placing them on the potty until of it by placing them on the potty until they perform! they perform!

Anal StageAnal Stage

Liberal Toilet TrainingLiberal Toilet Training

– Can lead to anal expulsive personalityCan lead to anal expulsive personality

Person who wants to share things with youPerson who wants to share things with you

They like giving things awayThey like giving things away

Phallic StagePhallic Stage

3-5 yrs. Old3-5 yrs. Old Erogenous zone moves to genitalsErogenous zone moves to genitals Oedipus Complex Begins Oedipus Complex Begins

– (or is said to)(or is said to)– Love/attachment of opposite sex parentLove/attachment of opposite sex parent

Phallic StagePhallic Stage Oedipus ComplexOedipus Complex

– Hatred/Rivarly towards same sex parentHatred/Rivarly towards same sex parent B/C competing for love of opposite sex parentB/C competing for love of opposite sex parent

– Love/Attachment towards opposite sex parent.Love/Attachment towards opposite sex parent.– Leads to process of identificationLeads to process of identification

IdentificationIdentification– Child sets out to resolve anxiety felt by competing Child sets out to resolve anxiety felt by competing

w/same sex parentw/same sex parent– By imitating/copying/joining in those same sex By imitating/copying/joining in those same sex

behaviors (masculine=male; feminine=female)behaviors (masculine=male; feminine=female)– This is where the child will learn their gender role.This is where the child will learn their gender role.

No real fixations are caused by this according No real fixations are caused by this according to Freud!to Freud!

Latent StageLatent Stage

5-12 years5-12 years latent stage b/c nothing latent stage b/c nothing

psychosexually happens during this psychosexually happens during this time! time!

Libido is dormant.Libido is dormant. No Major Erogenous ZoneNo Major Erogenous Zone

Genital StageGenital Stage

12- mid 20s12- mid 20s Last stage Last stage Begins in pubertyBegins in puberty Time of adolescent sexual Time of adolescent sexual

experimentation experimentation Successful resolution Successful resolution

– settling down in a loving relationship settling down in a loving relationship with another in mid 20s with another in mid 20s

Lesson ClosingLesson Closing

Talk about ProjectsTalk about Projects Page 328: Task # 5Page 328: Task # 5

– Little Hans Case StudyLittle Hans Case Study Begin Work on Tic-Tac-Toe ProjectsBegin Work on Tic-Tac-Toe Projects

Bell WorkBell Work Main Goal of Psychodynamic Perspective?Main Goal of Psychodynamic Perspective?

– To understand how thoughts/feelings/behaviors are influenced by To understand how thoughts/feelings/behaviors are influenced by unconscious mental processes formed by childhood experiencesunconscious mental processes formed by childhood experiences

Main TheoristsMain Theorists– Freud, Adler, JungFreud, Adler, Jung

UnconsciousUnconscious– Contains our instincts, passions, fears, and traumasContains our instincts, passions, fears, and traumas

NeurosisNeurosis– Hysterias, phobias, anxieties, and compulsionsHysterias, phobias, anxieties, and compulsions

Id operates on what?Id operates on what?– Pleasure principlePleasure principle– Seeking Instant GratificationSeeking Instant Gratification

Ego operates on what?Ego operates on what?– Real World PrincipleReal World Principle– Understanding that in real world we cannot always get what we want.Understanding that in real world we cannot always get what we want.

Super Ego operates on what?Super Ego operates on what?– Morals PrincipleMorals Principle– Incorporates standards/values of parents and community to form moralsIncorporates standards/values of parents and community to form morals

Defense Mechanisms Defense Mechanisms

Read Hand-out aloudRead Hand-out aloud Tools the ego uses in its job as mediatorTools the ego uses in its job as mediator

– Uses when unable to keep both the id/super-Uses when unable to keep both the id/super-ego happyego happy

Not necessarily unhealthy. Not necessarily unhealthy. – Lack of these can lead to problems later in life. Lack of these can lead to problems later in life.

D.M.’s are tools we use unconsciously in D.M.’s are tools we use unconsciously in life to protect us from the anxieties of lifelife to protect us from the anxieties of life

Lesson ClosingLesson Closing

Read aloud the Examples of Defense Read aloud the Examples of Defense MechanismsMechanisms

With 3 o’clock partner…….With 3 o’clock partner…….– Create a skit for two of the mechanisms Create a skit for two of the mechanisms

assigned you!assigned you! Go over skitsGo over skits Work on ProjectsWork on Projects

Bell WorkBell Work

Sit with 3 o’clock partner right awaySit with 3 o’clock partner right away Shore up Sketch StuffShore up Sketch Stuff Participate in Skits when readyParticipate in Skits when ready

When done w/skits; get out notes When done w/skits; get out notes packet and be ready to readpacket and be ready to read

Levels of ConsciousnessLevels of Consciousness

One of M/I functions of One of M/I functions of Psychodynamic PerspectivePsychodynamic Perspective

Deals with three levels of mindDeals with three levels of mind ConsciousConscious Pre-ConsciousPre-Conscious UnconsciousUnconscious

Conscious LevelConscious Level

Small in sizeSmall in size Part of mind that holds what you’re Part of mind that holds what you’re

aware ofaware of Able to verbalize these types of Able to verbalize these types of

thoughts/experiencesthoughts/experiences Able to think logically as wellAble to think logically as well ExamplesExamples

– Thoughts, perceptions, Thoughts, perceptions,

PreconsciousPreconscious

Small/Medium partSmall/Medium part ordinary memory. ordinary memory. Information can be readily brought to Information can be readily brought to

the consciousthe conscious ExamplesExamples

– MemoriesMemories– Stored knowledge/informationStored knowledge/information

UnconsciousUnconscious Largest Part (huge!!)Largest Part (huge!!) not directly accessible to awareness.not directly accessible to awareness. Sort of dump box for urges, feelings and Sort of dump box for urges, feelings and

ideas  that are tied to anxiety, conflict and ideas  that are tied to anxiety, conflict and pain. pain.

These are feelings and thoughts that you These are feelings and thoughts that you think have gone away but really haven’tthink have gone away but really haven’t

They remain, influencing your actions and They remain, influencing your actions and your conscious awareness.  your conscious awareness. 

Where most of the work of the Id, Ego, and Where most of the work of the Id, Ego, and Superego take place. Superego take place.

Iceberg MetaphorIceberg Metaphor Material passes easily back and forth between the Material passes easily back and forth between the

conscious and the preconscious.conscious and the preconscious. This material can easily slip into the unconscious. This material can easily slip into the unconscious.

Iceberg metaphor for the mind’s layout:Iceberg metaphor for the mind’s layout: Only 10% of an iceberg is visible (conscious) Only 10% of an iceberg is visible (conscious)

whereas the other 90% is beneath the water whereas the other 90% is beneath the water (preconscious and unconscious). (preconscious and unconscious).

The Preconscious is allotted approximately 10% -The Preconscious is allotted approximately 10% -15% whereas the Unconscious is allotted an 15% whereas the Unconscious is allotted an overwhelming 75%-80%. overwhelming 75%-80%.    

ID

Repressed Feelings

SuperEgo

DreamsEgo

ReviewReview This is the level, where you’re able to verbalize informationThis is the level, where you’re able to verbalize information

– ConsciousConscious This is the smallest levelThis is the smallest level

– ConsciousConscious Largest level of consciousnessLargest level of consciousness

– UnconsciousUnconscious Part of mind where information is readily available but not Part of mind where information is readily available but not

on tip of tongueon tip of tongue– Pre-consciousPre-conscious

Memories and stored information are examplesMemories and stored information are examples– Pre-consciousPre-conscious

Thoughts and Perceptions are examplesThoughts and Perceptions are examples– ConsciousConscious

Urges, anxieties, and/or repressed feelings are examplesUrges, anxieties, and/or repressed feelings are examples– UnconsciousUnconscious

Largest level of consciousness, base of ice-bergLargest level of consciousness, base of ice-berg– UnconsciousUnconscious