Research Designs by Dr.P.N.Narayana Raja

8/3/2019 Research Designs by Dr.P.N.Narayana Raja

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Research design

Research design


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MAJOR STYLES OF RESEARCH STUDY

MAJOR STYLES OF RESEARCH STUDY


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Definition of Research Design Definition of Research Design


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Need for research Design

Need for research Design


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KINDS OF RESEARCH DESIGNS KINDS OF RESEARCH DESIGNS

Case Study

Exploratory or

Formulative

Descriptive

Explanatory or

diagnostic or analytical

Post-facto design( Pseudo experiment)

Experimental design


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Factors influencing the Choice of Case Study

Factors influencing the Choice ofCase Study


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Exploratory orF

ormulative designs

Lowest Order design

Exploratory orFormulative designs

Lowest Order design


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Descriptive Designs

LowerOrder designs

Descriptive Designs

LowerOrder designs


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Explanatory or Diagnostic orAnalytical designsHigherOrder designs

Explanatory or Diagnostic orA

nalytical designsHigherOrder designs


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Post-Facto designHigherOrder design

Post-Facto design

HigherOrder design


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Experimental Design

Highest Order design

Experimental Design

Highest Order design


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What is Case Study

What is Case Study


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DEFINITIONOFA CASE STUDY

DEFINITIONOFA CASE STUDY


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TYPES OF CASE STUDY

Illustrative

case studies

Programimplementation

case studies.

Exploratory

case studies

Critical instance

case studies

Prospectivecase studies

Cumulativecase studies

Narrativecase studies

Medicalcase studies

describe a domain; use

one or two instances to

analyze a situation.

undertake them before

implementing

a large-scale investigation.

examine one or a few

sites for one of two

purposes.

discern whether

implementation complies

with intent

Programeffectscase studies

determine theimpact of programs

quasi-experimentsIn deductive

theory testing

aggregate informationfrom several sites

collected at different

present findings in a

narrative format


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CASE STUDY

CASE STUDY Advantages

Case studies give vivid,observing and interesting

accounts of a phenomenon. It gives in-depth, penetrating

account and cover wide varietyof details.

Easy to relate the case to asocial environment which is not

always possible in otherdesigns.

It helps to understand latentbehavioral pattern.

It develops insights into thesubject matter, helps todevelop hypothesis.

.


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Explores a new knowledge based on researchers first

hand observation.

The purpose is to achieve new insights into a

phenomenon.

The new insights that are generated from this design

helps to formulate a more precise problem or

to develop hypotheses for further definite research.

Example - Exploring the ritual practices among adhivasis

EXPLORATORY OR FORMULATIVEDESIGN:


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DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN:

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN:


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DIAGNOSTIC OR ANALYTICAL OREXPLANATORY DESIGN:

DIAGNOSTIC OR ANALYTICAL OREXPLANATORY DESIGN:


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Types of relationship

Types of relationship


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EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:

EXP

ERIM

EN

TA

L DESIGN:


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Three conditions of experimental approach Three conditions of experimental

approach


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OTHER CONCEPTS

Independent

variable

DependentVariable

Intervening

variable

Extraneous

Variable

Standard

variable


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ability to attribute the variance

in the dependent variable

to the treatment and

the treatment alone

an ability to generalize

the results to the

larger Population

- generalisability


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THREATS TOINTERNAL VALIDITY

THREATS TOINTERNAL VALIDITY

History

Selection Statisticalregression

Instrumentation

Selection

History

Experimental

Mortality

Selection

Maturation

Selection

Testing

Maturation Testing


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Threats to External Validity Threats to External Validity


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Types of Experimental Design

After-only design

effect on the dependent variable is

Assessed in both experimental

and control groups after the

experimental group has been

exposed to the independent variable.

X2X1Results

YesYesPost Test

NoYesTreatmentEffect = X1-X2

Control

Group 1

Experiment

Group 1


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Before-after design.

same group used as both control &

experimental group - tested & their

knowledge measured before

the course again after the course .

X2YesPost Test

YesTreatment

X1YesPre TestImpact = X2-X1

Test

Results

Experiment

Group 1


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Before-after design

with control group.

both the experimental & control groupsare measured before & after the experimental

group has been exposed to the independent

variable. The effect of the independent variable

is then measured by comparing the changesin the dependent variable in both groups.

(D-C)=X2(B-A)=X1Results

Yes (D)Yes (B)Post Test

NoYesTreatment

Yes (C) Yes (A)Pre Test

Impact = X1 X2

Control

Group 1

Experiment

Group 1


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F= X4E= X3(D-C)=X2(B-A)=X1Results

Yes (F)Yes (E)Yes (D)Yes (B)Post Test

YesYesNoYesTreatment

NoNoYes ( C)Yes (A)Pre Test

Control

Group 2

Experiment

Group 2

Control

Group 1

Experiment

Group 1

This design builds maximum variance

of dependent variable.

Soloman 4 group design:

X1 X2 = G

X3 X4 = H

Impact or result = G-H


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POST FACTO DESIGN /QUASI EXPERIMENTAL /

PSEUDO EXPERIMENT:

POST FACTO DESIGN /QUASI EXPERIMENTAL /

PSEUDO EXPERIMENT:


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TYPES OF QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

TYP

ESOF

QUA

SI

EXP

ERIM

EN

TA

LDESIGN

Single case

Experimental

design.

Retrospective &

prospective

studies.

Time-series

design.


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Research Designs by Dr.P.N.Narayana Raja

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