Damaged DNA amplified by activities such as smoking and Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of genetic errors

TOMÁS CORREA GAVIRIA

Medical student

3RD SEMESTER

Teacher : Lina Martinez

February 23/2015

Tomás Correa GaviriaMolecular Biology

3rd Semester

• Damaged DNA amplified by activities such as smoking

• Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of genetic errors

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Journal Reference: Laura A. Wyss, Arman Nilforoushan, Fritz Eichenseher, Ursina Suter, Nina Blatter, Andreas Marx, Shana J. Sturla. Specific Incorporation of an Artificial Nucleotide Opposite a Mutagenic DNA Adduct by a DNA Polymerase. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015; 137 (1): 30 DOI: 10.1021/ja5100542

• ETH Zurich. "Damaged DNA amplified by activities such as smoking." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 15 January 2015. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150115102833.htm>.

• Journal Reference:Martin A. M. Reijns, Harriet Kemp, James Ding, Sophie Marion de Procé, Andrew P. Jackson, Martin S. Taylor. Lagging-strand replication shapes the mutational landscape of the genome. Nature, 2015; DOI: 10.1038/nature14183

• University of Edinburgh. "Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of genetic errors." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 January 2015. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150127111416.htm>.

MEDICAL UTILITY

Learn how Smoking tobacco and consuming foods such as cured meats, induce chemical changes in a sequence of DNA, that leads to genetics mutations. And how scientist can amplify genes even when adducts are present to find mutations on the DNA sequence

Learn that the sequences of DNA have a series of scaffolds that leads to mutations on the DNA sequence and how this knowledge can help scientist to understand different diseases produce by mutations and how they can be treated.

Damaged DNA amplified by activities such as smoking

Smoking tobacco and consuming foods such as cured meats, induce chemical changes to individual building blocks of DNA, that leads to genetics mutations. This is because the contents of these materials can chemically react with and change building blocks of cellular DNA, thereby creating DNA adducts.Scientist have been able to determinate the samples of DNA that contain adducts and how many are they. However this procedure its laborious and finding the specific place where the adducts are have not been possible.

Researchers from the team led by Shana Sturla ,had focused their attention to an adduct called O-6-benzylguanine. They recreate an enzyme reaction in a test tube to obtain a negative copy of the genetic material that contains the O-6-benzylguanine. The DNA is replicated naturally in cells but it can not replicate adducts, that’s why the researchers had to create several derivate of DNA building blocks to find a match , finally one sample was suitable as a counterpart to the alkylguanine.

Thanks to Shana Sturla and the researches, scientist now should be able to find artificial counterparts to other adducts using the same method.

Comment: This Study its important because now scientist can amplified their sequences more easily, and detect those parts of the DNA that have alerted gens and work faster to solve this problems.

Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of genetic errors

DNA has several copying enzymes called polymerases that are involved on its replication. One polymerase first makes short stretches of DNA that act as a scaffold (that has a lot of errors) so that the other copying enzymes can then replicate the remaining DNA. A significant fraction (1.5 percent) of the scaffold is left on the sequence of DNA. This scaffold lead to genetic disease, alter susceptibility to common diseases or contribute to the development of cancer because it destroy the regulatory switches of the DNA.

The researchers hope that this knowledge will aid in the hunt for disease causing mutations, particularly in the difficult to interpret regions of the genome that do not code for proteins.

Comment: This Study its important because it gave the scientist a shed light of how this scaffold work and to understand how our DNA its likely to have a lot of mutations, so they can aid to find diseases caused by this mutations.

INTRODUCTION

In this Brouchure wil be shown the significant relatioship between the Molecular biology and the medicine, and how the Molecular biology helps to develop new methods to treat and find mutations on the DNA.

The first new its about how the DNA its amplified by activities such as smoking and how scientist can amplified the sequences of DNA to detect those parts of the DNA that conteins mutations.

The second new its about how the DNA conteins a series of scaffolds that leads to mutations on the sequence of DNA and how they are related to Diseases caused by mutations.

INTRODUCTION

Scientists have focused their attention on the study of the DNA, for this they have create a lot of new methods to study it´s structure and how the changes of it produce mutations that induce numerous diseases.

The first study shows how activities such as smoking and eating crude meet produce changes on the DNA structure that lead to diseases and how scientist have develop a method to discover the specific place where is the mutation.

The second is about how the DNA contain a series of scaffolds ( peaces of DNA that contain mistakes) which are use on the raplication proces and how a 1,5 percent of this scaffolds isn´t isolated from the DNA sequence, and how this remaining structures induce mutations and disseases.

Damaged DNA amplified by activities such as smoking

Damaged DNA amplified by activities such as smoking23 Februay, 2015

DNA replication is the process of producing two identical replicas from one original DNA molecule. This biological process occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological inheritance. DNA is made up of two strands and each strand of the original DNA molecule serves as a template for the production of the complementary strand, a process referred to as semiconservative replication. Cellular proofreading and error-checking mechanisms ensure near perfect fidelity for DNA replication

Damaged DNA amplified by activities such as smoking23 Februay, 2015

Activities such as Smoking tobacco and consuming foods like cured meats

Induce chemical changes to individual building blocks of DNA, that leads to genetics mutations

Creating DNA adducts, which are forms of DNA that results from the expocition

to carcinogenic materials

Damaged DNA amplified by activities such as smoking23 Februay, 2015

DNA adducts can not be normally replicated in the DNA replication process.

Researchers from the team led by Shana Sturla ,had focused their attention to an adduct called O-6-benzylguanine

Researchers had to make a lot of building blocks of DNA in order to find a suitable counterpart for the O-6-benzylguanin

Finally they were able to produce a DNA chain that contain the counterpart of the O-6-benzylguanin

Damaged DNA amplified by activities such as smoking23 Februay, 2015

The aim of the work was that it is possible to amplify genes even when there are adducts present on the sequence of DNA, this means that alterd genes could be amplified in the future so it will be esay to find the specific region where is a mutation.

Damaged DNA amplified by activities such as smoking23 Februay, 2015

Student Obsevation

This Study its important because now scientist can amplified their

sequences more easily, and detect those parts of the DNA that have alerted gens and work faster to

solve this problems.

23 Februay, 2015

Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of genetic errors

Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of genetic errors

DNA has several copying enzymes called polymerases that are involved on its replication. One polymerase first makes short stretches of DNA that act as a scaffold (that has a lot of errors) so that the other copying enzymes can then replicate the remaining DNA. A significant fraction (1.5 percent) of the scaffold is left on the sequence of DNA. This scaffold lead to genetic disease, alter susceptibility to common diseases or contribute to the development of cancer because it destroy the regulatory switches of the DNA.

The researchers hope that this knowledge will aid in the hunt for disease causing mutations, particularly in the difficult to interpret regions of the genome that do not code for proteins.

Comment: This Study its important because it gave the scientist a shed light of how this scaffold work and to understand how our DNA its likely to have a lot of mutations, so they can aid to find diseases caused by this mutations.

Scaffolds are short sequences of DNA that are used to be the bases in order to create a new DNA chain, other copy enzymes replicate the reamining DNA of the new chain.

A significant fraction ( up to 1.5 per cent) of the scaffolds are not remove from the DNA chain, this induce to mutations.

23 Februay, 2015

Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of genetic errors

This remaining scaffolds tend to be in important regultory switchwes that often control when genes are switched on and off.

Mistakes in these crucial genetic sequences can change and destroy the

regulatory switch

Which can lead to genetic diseases, alter suceptibility to common diseases or contribute

to the development of cancer

23 Februay, 2015

Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of genetic errors

The study has revealed that some of the genetic switches that control when genes are actives are likely to be hotspots for DNA flaws, or mutations, to develop

23 Februay, 2015

Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of genetic errors

The researchers hope that this knowledge will help them to find those regions of the DNA that have the mutations which are causing diseases , particularly in the difficult to interpret regions of the genome that do not code for proteins.

23 Februay, 2015

Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of genetic errors

Student Obsevation

This Study its important because it gave the scientist a shed light of how this scaffold work and to understand how our DNA its likely to have a lot of mutations, so they can aid to find diseases caused by this mutations.

MEDICAL UTILITY

Learn how Smoking tobacco and consuming foods such as cured meats, induce chemical changes in a sequence of DNA, that leads to genetics mutations. And how scientist can amplify genes even when adducts are present to find

MEDICAL UTILITY

Help scientist to make a detailed analysis of the molecular mechanisms that triggers cancer and it´s corresponding factors.

MEDICAL UTILITY

Learn that the sequences of DNA have a series of scaffolds that leads to mutations on the DNA sequence and how this knowledge can help scientist to understand different diseases produce by mutations and how they can be treated.

MEDICAL UTILITY

Learn that there are points in our DNA that are likely to have a rate of damaging mutations .This was an unseen pattern that will help the scientist to have a better understanding on how ours genetic material is.

REFERENCES

• Journal Reference: Laura A. Wyss, Arman Nilforoushan, Fritz Eichenseher, Ursina Suter, Nina Blatter, Andreas Marx, Shana J. Sturla. Specific Incorporation of an Artificial Nucleotide Opposite a Mutagenic DNA Adduct by a DNA Polymerase. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015; 137 (1): 30 DOI: 10.1021/ja5100542

• ETH Zurich. "Damaged DNA amplified by activities such as smoking." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 15 January 2015. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150115102833.htm>.

• Journal Reference:Martin A. M. Reijns, Harriet Kemp, James Ding, Sophie Marion de Procé, Andrew P. Jackson, Martin S. Taylor. Lagging-strand replication shapes the mutational landscape of the genome. Nature, 2015; DOI: 10.1038/nature14183

• University of Edinburgh. "Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of genetic errors." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 January 2015. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150127111416.htm>.