Progress Presentation of Improvement of Octane Number
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Transcript of Progress Presentation of Improvement of Octane Number
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LOGO
Improvement of octane number of
gasoline by addition of ethanol
Cairo University
Faculty of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
April ,03, 2009
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Contents
Gasohol5
Historical over view2
Gasoline3
Biomass4
Introduction1
Experimental scheme and Purpose6
Proceeded Experimental7
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1.Introduction.
�Global Reserves.
�Price of Gasoline.
�Environmental impact of Gasoline.
�Renewable energy supplies.
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2.Historical Overview.
�Brazilian experiences.
�Result.
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Petroleum Products
3.Gasoline.
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3.1.Gasoline Octane Rating.
�Measurement of the fuel’s ability to resist
ignition caused by pressure and heat.
�Octane numbers give the antiknock value of
gasoline.
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3.2.Gasoline Additives.
�In the past, Tetra Ethyl lead was used to increase octane rating
�Oxygenates are now used to enhance octane rating
� Alcohols
• Ethanol (OUR CASE STUDY)
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3.3.Air-Fuel Mixture.
�For proper combustion and engine performance, the correct amounts of air and fuel must be mixed
�Stoichiometric fuel mixture is a chemically correct air-fuel mixture
�For gasoline, it is 14.7:1
� 14.7 parts of air to 1 part fuel, by weight
�Under constant operating conditions, this mixture burns all of the fuel
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3.3.1.Lean Air-fuel Mixture.
�Contains a large amount of air compared to
fuel
�Desirable for high fuel economy and low
exhaust emissions
�Too lean mixture can cause poor performance
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3.3.2.Rich Air-fuel Mixture.
�Contains a larger amount of fuel mixed with
the air
�Increases engine power
�Increases fuel consumption and exhaust
emissions
�An over-rich mixture will reduce power, foul
spark plugs, and cause incomplete burning
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3.3.3.Lean and Rich Air-Fuel Mixture.
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3.4.Gasoline Combustion.
�For gasoline to burn properly, it must be mixed
with the right amount of air.
�Mixture is compressed and ignited.
�Combustion produces heat.
�Heat causes gases to expand.
�Expansion causes pressure.
�Pressure pushes the piston down on the power
stroke.
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3.4.Gasoline Combustion
�Untitled_0001.wmv
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3.4.1.Normal Gasoline Combustion.
�when the spark plug ignites the fuel and
burning progresses smoothly through the fuel
mixture
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3.4.1.Normal Gasoline Combustion.
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3.4.2.Abnormal Combustion.
�Occurs when the flame does not spread evenly
and smoothly through the combustion chamber
�Common types of abnormal combustion:
� detonation
� Pre-ignition
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3.2.2.1.Detonation.
�occurs when the fuel-air charge, inside the
engine cylinder; ignites explosively, instead of
gradually, after the application of the spark.
�Causes engine knock as the combustion
chamber pressure rises so quickly that parts of
the engine vibrate
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3.2.2.1.Detonation.
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3.2.2.1.Detonation.
Detonation can blow a
hole in a piston head
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3.2.2.2.Pre-ignition.
�occurs when the gasoline quality is not good
enough to withstand the high compression ratio
used in the engine
�“Hot spot” causes the mixture to burn
prematurely
�“knock” can be heard during
pre-ignition
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3.2.2.2.Pre-ignition.
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4.Biomass.
�What is Biomass?
�Environmental impact of biomass.
�Bio fuels
�Ethanol fuel and its properties
�Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethanol
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4.Biomass
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4.Biomass.
�What is Biomass?
�Environmental impact of biomass.
�Bio fuels
�Ethanol fuel and its properties
�Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethanol
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5.Gasoline+Ethanol (Gasohol).
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5.Gasohol.
�Mixture of gasoline and alcohol.
�6% Ethanol raises octane about 3.5-4.0 numbers.
�Fuel system modifications are not needed to use
gasohol.
�Alcohol increases antiknock qualities of the
gasoline.
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6.Experimental scheme and Purpose.
�Density.
�Vapor pressure.
�Distillation .
�Total Sulphur .
�Existent Gum.
�Studying the emissions characteristics of an ICE
with ethanol blended gasoline.
�Research Octane Number (RON).
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6.1.Preliminary trials of some of
the experiments.
Sample
Densi
ty
Kg/m
3
Sulph
ur
ppm
RON
Distillation (°c)
IPB 5% 10% 50% 90% 95% FPB
E 0 748.6 116 79 42.5 64.5 71 108 154 174 188
E 10 751.3 102 86 44 57.5 60.5 105 152 168 188
E20 756.9 96 93 - - - - - - -
E 30 760.8 80 99.7 - - - - - - -
M I D O R MIDOMM
MDOM
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7.Proceeded Experimental.
�Distillation of blends at Atmospheric Pressure.
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7.1.Distillation set up.
�crandl3.mov
�Movie.wmv
�Tc (°°°°F) = 100 +(Atmospheric Temp (°°°°F) / 2)
� Atmospheric temp= 138.5
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7.1.E0 , t(10%)=136 oF.
y = 8E-05x3 - 0.005x2 + 0.927x + 48.97
R² = 0.998
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temp oC
Volume Fraction Distillated %
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7.1.E6 , t(10%)=126 oF.
y = 2E-07x5 - 5E-05x4 + 0.004x3 - 0.161x2 + 2.481x + 39.94
R² = 0.999
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temp oC
Volume Fraction Distillated %
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7.1.E12 , T(10%) =121.17 oF.
y = -4E-06x4 + 0.000x3 - 0.049x2 + 1.530x + 39.18
R² = 0.990
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temp oC
Volume Fraction Distillated %
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7.1.E18 , T(10%) =126.8 oF.
y = -5E-06x4 + 0.001x3 - 0.074x2 + 2.199x + 37.13
R² = 0.989
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temp oC
Volume Fraction Distillated %
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7.1.1.comments.
�Samples may cause a vapor lock {T10%<Tc} due to
� Impurities in sample.
� Inefficient preparation of sample and apparatus.
� Inefficient rate of evaporation.
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7.2.Standard Test Method for
{ RON }For Engine Fuel.
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7.2.Standard Test Method for
{ RON }For Engine Fuel.
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7.2.Standard Test Method for
{ RON }For Engine Fuel.
�MVI_1414.AVI
�MVI_1417.AVI
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6.1.Preliminary trials of some of
the experiments.
SampleDensity
Kg/m3
Sulphur
ppmRON
Distillation (°c)
IPB 5% 10% 50% 90% 95% FPB
E 0 748.6 116 79 42.5 64.5 71 108 154 174 188
E 10 751.3 102 86 44 57.5 60.5 105 152 168 188
E20 756.9 96 93 - - - - - - -
E 30 760.8 80 99.7 - - - - - - -
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Samples Results
Composition of Ethanol Octane number
E 0 79.3
E 6 84
E 12 88.4
E 18 92.4
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7.2.Comments.
�During our experiments in both MIDOR and Misr
Petroleum companies ,our results are logic since
each 6% ethanol must increase octane number 4
degree as theoretical literature.
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LOGO