Planning Tools and Techniques Module
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Transcript of Planning Tools and Techniques Module
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-1
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-2
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-3
Assessing the Environment
• Environmental scanning - the screening of large amounts of information to anticipate and interpret changes in the environment.
• Competitor intelligence - an environmental scanning activity by which organizations gather information about competitors.
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-4
Forecasting Techniques
• Forecasts - predictions of outcomes.• Quantitative forecasting - forecasting that
applies a set of mathematical rules to a series of past data to predict outcomes.
• Qualitative forecasting - forecasting that uses the judgment and opinions of knowledgeable individuals to predict outcomes.
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-5
Exhibit PM-1: Forecasting Techniques
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-6
Exhibit PM-1: Forecasting Techniques (cont.)
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-7
Benchmarking
• Benchmarking - the search for the best practices among competitors or non-competitors that lead to their superior performance.
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-8
Exhibit PM-2: Steps in Benchmarking
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-9
Allocating Resources
• Resources - the assets of the organization including financial, physical, human, intangible, and structural/cultural.
• Budget - a numerical plan for allocating resources to specific activities.
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-10
Exhibit PM-3: Types of Budgets
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Exhibit PM-4: How to Improve Budgeting
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Scheduling
• Scheduling - detailing what activities have to be done, the order in which they are to be completed, who is to do each, and when they are to be completed.
• Gantt chart - a scheduling chart developed by Henry Gantt that shows actual and planned output over a period of time.
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-13
Exhibit PM-5: A Gantt Chart
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-14
Scheduling (cont.)
• Load chart - a modified Gantt chart that schedules capacity by entire departments or specific resources.
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-15
Exhibit PM-6: A Load Chart
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-16
Scheduling (cont.)
• PERT network - a flowchart diagram showing the sequence of activities needed to complete a project and the time or cost associated with each.
• Events - end points that represent the completion of major activities in a PERT network.
• Activities - the time or resources needed to progress from one event to another in a PERT network.
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-17
Scheduling (cont.)
• Slack time - the amount of time an individual activity can be delayed without delaying the whole project.
• Critical path - the longest sequence of activities in a PERT network.
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-18
Exhibit PM-7: Steps in Developing a PERT Network
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-19
Exhibit PM-7: Steps in Developing a PERT Network (cont.)
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-20
Exhibit PM-8: Events and Activities inConstructing an Office Building
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-21
Exhibit PM-9: PERT Network forConstructing an Office Building
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-22
Breakeven Analysis
• Breakeven analysis - a technique for identifying the point at which total revenue is just sufficient to cover total costs.
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-23
Exhibit PM-10: Breakeven Analysis
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-24
Linear Programming
• Linear programming - a mathematical technique that solves resource allocation problems.
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-25
Exhibit PM-11: Production Data forCinnamon-Scented Products
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-26
Exhibit PM-12: Graphical Solution to a Linear Programming Problem
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-27
Project Planning
• Project - a one-time-only set of activities that has a definite beginning and ending point in time.
• Project management - the task of getting a project’s activities done on time, within budget, and according to specifications.
• Scenario - a consistent view of what the future is likely to be.
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-28
Exhibit PM-13: Project Planning Process
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-29
Terms to Know
• Environmental scanning• Competitor intelligence• Forecasts• Quantitative forecasting• Qualitative forecasting• Benchmarking• Resources• Budget• Scheduling• Gantt chart
• Load chart• PERT network• Events• Slack time• Critical path• Breakeven analysis• Linear programming• Project• Project management• Scenario
Management, Eleventh Edition by Stephen P. Robbins & Mary Coulter ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9A-30