Pakage PAU (Fruits)

PACKAGE OF PRACTICES

FOR CULTIVATION OF FRUITS

under the guidance of

Dr. Mukhtar Singh GillDirector of Extension Education

Compiled and Edited by

Dr. Kanwal MahindraAssociate Director of Extension Education

PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

LUDHIANA

The Package of Practices for cultivation of fruits containsthe latest recommendations and readily-usable information providedby the specialists of fruits of PAU through the coordination of theDirector of Research. These improved farming techniques for steppingup productivity of fruits have been discussed and finalised in theHorticultural Officers’ Workshop held on 2-3 November 2010. It ispurposely written in a simple and easy-to-understand languagebecause these recommendations are intended for the use of fieldlevel extension workers and the farmers of Punjab.

Price per copy : Rs. 30.00

Printed and Published by Dr. Jagtar Singh Dhiman Additional Directorof Communication for Punjab Agricultural University and

Printed at PAU Printing Press, Ludhiana. (2010)

E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]

Cover Design : Kulwant Singh Basra

CONTENTS

FRUITS 1-114

1. Introduction

General Recommendations 2

Planting of orchards 4

2. Citrus 8

3. Mango 25

4. Pear 36

5. Peach 46

6. Plum 54

7. Grape 63

8. Guava 75

9. Ber 82

10. Litchi 89

11. Loquat 93

12. Papaya 97

13. Pomergranate 101

14. Phalsa 103

15. Banana 104

16. Management of some other Horticultural pests 108

Management of bird damage

17. Some hints/precautions in plant protection 112

Appendix I to VIII 115-132

I. Fertilizer source for the supply of nitrogen, 115

phosphorus and potassium

II. Instruction for proper use of drip irrigation 116

system in orchards

III. General recommendations regarding safe use of 118

insecticides

IV. First aid precautions 119

V. Antitodes for pesticides for human beings 122

VI. Proforma for referring sample to Plant Clinic, PAU, 129

Ludhiana for diagnosis of disorders

VII. Important telephone numbers for the convenience 130

of the farmers

VIII. Scientific names of fruit crops 132

CAUTION NOTICE

The information on performance

of recommendations given in thisbook holds good only when usedunder optimum conditions. Their per-formance may either change in duecourse of time due to several factorsor can vary under different systems ofmanagement. Mishandling/negligenceof the user can also result in damage/loss/non-reproducibility of results. Alldisputes are subject to Ludhianajurisdiction only.

FRUITS1. INTRODUCTION

In Punjab, Kinnow, (Mandarin), Mango, Guava, Sweet Orange,Pear, Ber, Grapes, Peach and Litchi are major fruits; whilelimes/lemons, Plum, Amla, Pomegranate, Phalsa, Banana etc.are the minor fruits grown in the region. There is a goodscope for expansion of area under fruits due to their high perunit production.

Area, Yield and Production of Major Fruits in Punjab (2009-10)

Fruit crop Area Yield/ha Production(ha) (Tonnes) (MT)

Kinnow 38837 22.6 876358

Sweet Orange 2984 8.1 23998

Lime & Lemons 625 7.6 4741

Mango 6434 14.5 93521

Guava 7972 21.2 169341

Ber 2206 17.3 38189

Pear 2598 22.6 58543

Grape 541 28.6 15487

Peach 1530 17.6 26904

Plum 164 17.6 2892

Litchi 1582 14.1 22376

Amla 238 13.6 3227

Other 1843 34.8 29388

Total 67554 - 1365063

Fruit crops are labour and capital intensive and require deeptechnical knowledge to achieve the production potential. Effort hasbeen made through these package of practices to make availablethe required knowledge and information for the benefit of fruitgrowers.

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

Zone Fruit trees recommended

1. Submontane Zone : Mango, Litchi, Kinnow and otherThe districts of Ropar, Hoshiarpur Mandarins, Pear, Guava, PeachNawanshehar/Gurdaspur (except the , and Plum. Lemon and Loquat areBatala tehsil) Dera Bassi block of of minor importance in this region.Fatehgarh Sahib district and unionterritory of Chandigarh.

2. Central Zone : Pear, Guava, Grape, Peach, Plum,The districts of Amritsar, Kapurthala Kinnow and other Mandarins andJalandhar, Ludhiana, Sangrur (except Mango. Ber, Sweet Orange and LemonSunam tehsil), Fatehgarh Sahib are minor fruits of the region. Banana(except Dera Bassi block), Patiala except Amritsar, Gurdaspur, JalandharMoga, Batala tehsil of Gurdaspur and and Kapurthala.Zira tehsil of Ferozepur.

3. Arid-irrigated Zone : Kinnow and other Mandarins, SweetThe districts of Bathinda, Faridkot, Orange, Guava, Grape and Ber.Mukatsar Ferozepur (except Zira Grapefruit, Lime and Lemon aretehsil, Sunam Sub division of Sangrur minor fruits of the region. Bananadistrict) and Mansa district. except Mukatsar and Faridkot with pH

less than 8.5.

4. Special Areas : Guava, Ber, Amla, Mango and Galgal(i) Kandi Area are important fruits of the region,

while Kinnow and other Mandarins,and lemon are of minor importance.

ii) Bet Area Pear, Guava, Banana and Plum areimportant fruits, while fruits of minorimportance are Phalsa and Ber.

Suitable Soil for an OrchardSoil for an orchard should be deep, well drained, loamy, fertile

and free from hard pan within two metres of its depth. Watertable should be below three metres and not fluctuating. Waterlogged, marshy and salt affected soils should be avoided for fruitgrowing.

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The nutritional status and other conditions of the sub- soil arealso important for the growth of fruit trees. Analysis of soil for orchardplantation should be done to the depth of two metres as follows:

1. Collect 500 g soil samples separately from each soil layer i.e.for top 15 cm, 15 to 30cm, 30 to 60cm, 60 to 90cm, 90 to120cm, 120 to 150 cm and 150 to 200cm either by soil auger orby digging a pit.

2. If a hard pan or concrete layer is present, note its depth andthickness and collect its sample separately.

3. Put different soil samples in separate clean cloth bags, avoidingcontamination. Label each bag indicating the depth of the layerfrom which sample has been taken. Send the sample to theSoil Testing Laboratory or hand over the same to the UniversityExtension Specialist of your district.

Suitability Limits of Soil for Orchard Plantation

*Character Citrus and Other fruit plantspeach

(i) Conductivity (mmhos/cm) < 0.5 < 1.0

(ii) Calcium carbonate (%) < 5 < 10

(iii) Lime concretion(%) < 10 < 20

(iv) pH < 8.5 Upto 8.7Upto a depth of 60 cm only in thelower layers however, the pH maygo upto 9.0

*Concern all soil-horizons upto a depth of two metres.

Leaf Sampling Procedures in Fruit CropsIn order to diagnose or confirm nutrient deficiencies or toxicities

and to determine nutrient status of fruit trees, following leaf samplingprocedures should be adopted.

Fruit Leaf age Sample Season Remarksmonth size*

Citrus 4-8 100 July-October Immediately behind fruitPeach 3-5 100 Mid-May to Mid shoot leaves from current

Mid July season’s growthPear 4-6 50 July-Sept. -do-Plum 3-4 100 May-July -do-

Fruit Leaf age Sample Season Remarksmonth size*

Guava 5-7 50 August- Mid shoot leaves from non-October fruiting terminals

Mango 5-7 30 March-April Non-flushing and non-fruitingtwigs

Ber 5-7 70 November- From middle of shoot.January

*Number of leaves

Sampling Instructions : Collect 4-8 leaves per tree from eachdirection. (North, East, South and West) at working height (1-2m), removing one leaf per shoot. Sample along diagonals (Xpattern) from about 10-20 per cent trees from selected blocks inthe orchard.

Collect leaf samples in polythene bags, keep the bags in ice-box and immediately send to Leaf Analysis Laboratory of the“Department of Horticulture, PAU, Ludhiana-141 004”.

PLANTING OF ORCHARD

Planting TimeEvergreen fruit plants: There are two planting times for

evergreen fruit plants, viz. February-March and September-October.Planting of Citrus, Mango and Litchi should preferably be done duringSeptember-October. Kinnow and Ber plants can also be transplantedbare rooted during December to February. After digging the plantsfrom nursery remove the foliage and cover the roots with moistwrapping material.

Deciduous fruit plants: These are planted in dormant stagepreferably during December-January before the start of new growth.However, grapes can be transplanted upto mid February.

Pit MakingThe orchard site should be properly laid out before planting. One

metre deep and one metre wide round pits should be dug for eachplant. Refill the pits with a mixture of top soil and farmyard manurein equal parts. The refilled pits should be watered a few days beforeplanting the trees. To each pit, add 30 g of Lindane 5% dust or 15 mlof Chlorpyriphos 20 EC mixed in about 2 kg soil against white ants.

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Selection of Nursery PlantsHealthy fruit plants, free from diseases and insect pests and of

known pedigree should be obtained from a reliable nursery, preferably

from one near to the orchard site. The plants should be of medium

height having been budded or grafted on the recommended rootstock.

The bud union should be smooth. Evergreen plants should be lifted

with well sized earth balls whereas deciduous plants should be taken

out with major part of root system intact. Tying material should be

removed from the bud/ graft union before transplanting.

Handling and Transportation of Nursery PlantsPlants should be carefully handled during transportation to avoid

breakage of earth balls,as the plants with broken earth balls are

likely to dry up. Before loading the plants (with earth ball) in the

vehicle a layer of cushioning material such as parali,dried grass or

sand should be spread at the bottom. Then place/pack the plants

carefully in the vehicle. During long transportation sprinkle water on

the foliage to keep these turgid.

Bare rooted plants may be packed in small bundles. The root

portion of these bundles should be given mud coating and then

wrapped with moist material such as wet gunny bags, parali or

polythene sheet to avoid dehydration of feeder roots during transit.

Care of Young PlantsAfter planting, provide supports to the plants. Remove dead and

diseased portions by careful pruning. Provide adequate protection

against vagaries of summer and winter season. Should there be

indication of white ant attack, apply Chlorpyriphos @ half litre per

acre followed by light irrigation. Keep examining the young plants

and remove stock sprouts, suckers, etc.

Windbreaks and HedgesA good windbreak should be provided on the windward side of

orchard well before the orchard is established. Eucalyptus, Arjuna,

Jamun, seedling Mango, Mulbery etc. are good windbreak plants.

In the spaces between windbreak trees, a hedge may also be planted.

Bougainvillea, Jati Khatti, Galgal, Karonda, etc. form good hedges.

Hedges of citrus species should not be planted around a citrus

orchard.

Planting Distance and Number of Plants per acre

Fruit Plant Distance Actual (Row x plants/row)

(Feet) (Metres) plants

Mango 30 9.0 49 7x7

Citrus/Soft pear/ 20 6.0 110 11x10Plum/Pomegranate

Guava 20x17 6x5 132 12x11

Peach/Loquat 22 6.5 90 10x9

Sand Pear/Ber/Litchi 25 7.5 72 9x8

Papaya/Phalsa 5 1.5 1760 44x40

Grapes (Bower) 10 3.0 440 22x20

Note:1. In case of Mango, Litchi and Pear which bear late and are planted

comparatively at wider spacing, additional fillers (temporaryplants such as Peach, Plum, Papaya or Phalsa etc.) to theextent of about 80 per cent of the original plants can beaccommodated to make use of the vacant space. The fillersshould be removed when the permanent plants start commercialbearing.

2. Purchase 10 to 20 per cent more plants than those mentionedabove. These plants should be kept in nursery to fill up gapswhich may develop subsequently due to the death of plants.

High Density Planting

Distance Actual Row x Plants/

Fruit Plant Feet Metres Plants row

Kinnow 20x10 6x3 220 11x20

Grapes 13x5 4x1.5 660 15x44

Peach and Plum 20x6.7 6x2 440 11x40

High Density plantation (20x10 ft.) is recommended in Kinnowmandarin for better economics returns. These are widened byuprooting alternate trees (20x20 ft.) at 15th year of the tree age toprolong the life expectancy of Kinnow orchards.

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Fruit Plant NurseriesThe list of fruit plant nurseries of PAU, alongwith the plants

available are given below:

S.No. Address Available Fruit plants

1 Department of Horticulture Kinnow, Lemon, Lime, Grapefruit,PAU Ludhiana-141004 Peach, Pear, Plum, Grape, Guava,

Ber and Papaya.

2. Research Sweet Orange, Kinnow, Lemon, Lime,Station, Abohar (Ferozepur) Grapefruit, Grape, Ber, Peach, Plum

and Date Palm.

3 Research Station, Sweet Orange, Kinnow, Lime, Lemon,Bathinda Ber and Peach.

4 Fruit Research Station, Ber, Guava, Litchi, Peach, Plum, Kinnow,Bahadurgarh (Patiala) Lemon and Lime.

5 Fruit Research Station, Mango, Litchi, Peach, Plum, Kinnow,Gangian (Hoshiarpur) Lemon and Lime.

6 Research Station, Mango, Litchi, Guava, Pear, PeachGurdaspur and Plum.

2. CITRUS

The Citrus fruits comprising of Mandarins (mainly Kinnow), Sweet

Oranges, Limes and Lemons are of major economic significance in

Punjab. Kinnow ranks first with respect to area and production,

followed by Sweet Orange and Limes and Lemons. The districts of

Hoshiarpur, Ferozepur and Faridkot, occupy over half of the area

under Kinnow in the State. Sweet Orange is grown particularly in

the arid irrigated region of Punjab i.e. districts of Ferozepur, Faridkot,

Mukatsar, Bathinda and Mansa. The Citrus fruits are an important

source of vitamin C and contains 25-60 mg of vitamin C per 100g of

juice. The rind of fruit is rich in pectin and essential oils.

Climate and SoilCitrus plants, being of tropical origin, cannot withstand extended

cold periods. Temperatures of –2oC to OoC are injurious to the Citrus

plants, if such low temperatures prevail for long periods. Extremely

high temperatures are also not conducive to the production of the

high quality Citrus fruits. Under such conditions, the foliage is killed

and much of the fruit drops. In areas, which have more total heat

units available during the growing season, Oranges mature early

with a higher amount of total soluble solids. Citrus fruits are

successfully grown in comparatively dry areas of Punjab provided

adequate irrigation facilities are available. Citrus plants can be grown

almost all over the Punjab State.

Citrus thrives well in deep, fertile, well-drained soils devoid of

any hard pan and layer of calcium carbonate in root zone. Citrus

trees are susceptible to salt injury and cannot thrive well in saline/

alkaline soil. Presence of excessive free lime leads to deficiency of

phosphorous, manganese, zinc and lime induced chlorosis. The soils,

which are water-logged or have a high and fluctuating water-table

should not be put under Citrus. Soils having electrical conductivity

upto 0.5 mmhos/cm, calcium carbonate upto 5 per cent, lime

concentration upto 10 per cent and pH upto 8.5 are suitable for

successful cultivation of Citrus. The optimum pH range for Citrus

cultivation is between 5.5 to 7.5.

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Recommended Cultivars

1. Mandarins (santra)Kinnow: It is a prime fruit of the State. Fruit medium globose

to oblate; skin golden orange when fully mature; acidity moderatewith fine sugar/acid blend; flavour very rich; seeds 12 to 25; maturesin January; less prone to fruit drop.

Local: In some pockets of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Ropardistricts of Punjab, it may be planted. Fruit small to medium in size,oblate to subglobose; skin cadmium yellow, base short neckedand furrowed; flavour fair, juice abundant, slightly acidic; seeds 3-7; matures in December-January.

2.Sweet Oranges (malta)Musambi: Fruit small to medium, subglobose,surface smooth

with longitudinal furrows,apex marked with circular ring, flesh paleyellow or whitish; juice has low acidity; seeds 20-25;ripens inNovember. Plants budded on Pectinifera root stock do much betterthan those buded on other rootstocks.

Jaffa: Fruit medium to large,round to oblate; skin orange red;acidity and sweetness well blended; flavour rich; seeds 8-10; ripensin December.

Blood Red: Fruit medium to large; roundish to slightly oblong,rind thin, deep orange, tight and glossy; flesh fully red when ripe;rich flavour with sweetness and acidity well blended; seeds 8-10;ripens in December-January. Plants budded on Cleopatra root stockdo better than others.

Valencia: Fruit medium, slightly oval; skin deep golden yellow;juice abundant, subacid in taste, rich in flavour, seeds 2-7; ripensduring February-March.

3. GrapefruitStar Ruby : Trees medium in size, fruit size small to medium,

shape oblate-roundish. Peel smooth, glossy yellow having distinctlybright red blush. Flesh colour is deep red, fruits seedless (1-2 seeds),juicy, rich in vitamin C and have high TSS well blended with acidity.It is an early variety which ripens during last week of November andhave yield of 53 kg/tree.

Red Blush: Fruit small to medium, oblate, peel smooth, glossyand deep yellow having crimson colour in patches at maturity. Deepbright crimson blush in juice vesicles. Mildly acidic and high in TSS,seeds 0-8, mostly aborted; ripens during last week of November.

Marsh Seedless: Fruit medium to large; oblate-roundish; skinlight yellow, smooth; acidity and sweetness medium; seeds none tosix; ripens in December-January.

Duncan: Fruit large; oblate; skin pale light yellow or creamy;acidity and sweetness good but bitterness well marked, seeds about50. Ripens in January.

Foster: Fruit medium to large; oblate; skin pale yellow, fleshpink, acidity and sweetness well-blended, bitterness well-marked;seeds 40-50; ripens in November-December.

4. LemonPunjab Baramasi Lemon (2008) : Tree spreading and vigorous,

fruit medium to large, spherical in shape, peel smooth, fruit veryjuicy with low seed content and matures in the first week of July.Average yield is 84 kg/plant.

Eureka: Fruit medium oblong, apex nippled; skin lemon yellow,smooth, juice abundant, clear, strongly acidic with excellent flavour;seeds rarely present ripens in August-September.

PAU Baramasi Lemon-1: The fruit is lemon yellow, round,tapering towards the base and apex is rounded. The skin is smoothand thin. Fruit is very juicy and seedless. Contains about 7 per cent acidity.

Punjab Galgal: Its trees are vigorous. Fruit is medium in size,oval in shape, peel is smooth, glossy, medium thick and yellow atmaturity. Its juice has 5.2 per cent acidity, and 5-8 seeds per fruit. Itmatures in last week of November and gives 80-100 kg fruit per tree.

5. Lime (Nimboo)Kagzi: Fruit small, round and thin skinned, pulp greenish white,

juice strongly acidic.

6. Sweet Lime (Mitha)Local: Fruit medium, globose to ellipsoid, rind smooth with

distinctive aroma. Juice abundant, lacking in acidity and insipid, seeds5-6 ripens in the beginning of September.

PropagationThe propagation of quality plants need utmost attention because

of susceptibility of Citrus to viruses and mutation. The quality ofnursery plants has a major contribution in the productivity of Citrusorchards vis-à-vis the decline problem.

Rootstock Raising: Citrus seeds should be sown in nurserysoon after extracting from fruits, as they loose viability rapidly. The

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seeds are sown in nursery beds of 2 m x 1 m size and in rows 15 cmapart. The seeds should never be sown more than 2.5 cm deep.

Jatti Khatti seeds should be obtained from healthy fruits fromvigorous trees. Preferably the fruits which are too close to the groundshould not be used for seed extraction for fear of Phytophthorainfection. The seeds are extracted in August-September. Immersethe seeds in hot water at 52oC for about 10 minutes to checkphytophthora infection. For Blood Red, Cleopatra should be used asa rootstock. The seeds of Cleopatra ripen in January and should besown in the first week of February for raising the seedlings. ForMosambi, Pectinifera should be used as a rootstock. Its seeds shouldbe sown during August-September to raise the seedlings.

The seedlings are transplanted to nursery when average seedlingsare 10-12 cm high. The seedlings of uniform vigour and height shouldbe selected for transplanting. Dwarf and exceptionally vigorousseedlings and those with badly crooked roots should be removed,approximately 25 per cent of total seedlings are discarded. Thiswould ensure the uniformity of stock and selection of nucellarseedlings. At the time of transplanting, care should be taken to preventdoubling up of the roots. If necessary, the roots may be pruned backslightly before planting.

Spray of 1.5% (32.6 g/litre of water) urea on rough lemonseedlings at monthly interval (March to December) increases numberof buddable plants, improves budding success and produces healthyKinnow plants.

Budding:Budding in the nursery is usually done when the seedlings are

of pencil thickness. Budding is done by inserting shield shaped budinto the slot cut in the bark of the tree at 15-20 cm from the ground.This slot is usually ‘T’-shaped. It can be made by first making ahorizontal cut about 1.5-2.0 cm long according to the thickness ofthe stock. Another vertical cut, about 2.5 cm long, is made downwardsfrom the middle of the horizontal cut to receive the bud shield. Afterthe ‘T’-cut has been made in the stocks, the bud is removed from thebudstick and inserted into the slot and wrapped up with the plastictape keeping the bud uncovered. The budding should be fairly tight,but not so tight as to girdle the stock.

Shield or ‘T’-budding is done in sweet orange, kinnow, grapefruit

etc. during mid February-March and again during August-

September, when the sap flows in the seedlings. In Lemons andLimes, the plants can be propagated by air layering (gootie) or bycuttings. Moss grass or roots of water hyacinth can be used as arooting media.

The cuttings are planted in well prepared nursery beds or inpolythene bags about 5 x 7 cm size during February orSeptember.

PlantingThere are two planting seasons of Citrus plants in Punjab i.e.

the spring and the monsoon. The spring planting starts from 15th

February and continues upto 15th March. The monsoon season startsfrom the middle of August and continues upto the end of October.Citrus is, however, commonly planted when rains have set in and theweather has sufficiently cooled down. Kinnow and Baramasi Lemonplants can be successfully transplanted bare-rooted during December-February. After digging the plants from nursery, remove the one-fourthfoliage and cover the rest with moist wrapping material.

Training and PruningCitrus trees may be pruned at any time, but it is better to avoid

those periods when trees are in active growth. The best time forprunning the bearing trees is after the harvest of the fruits during latewinter or early spring. For getting better yield of high quality fruit,prunning of such branches is necessary to open up the tree for properventilation and provide more chances for innerwood to bear fruit.Removal of dead and dried wood is necessary to check the furtherspread of diseases.

Manures and FertilizersFertilizer doses for citrus plants other than kinnow

Age of the Dose per tree

Tree (year) Farmyard manure N Urea (46 %N)(kg) (g) (g)

1-3 5-20 50-150 100-300

4-6 25-50 200-250 400-500

7-9 60-90 300-400 600-800

10 and above 100 400-800 800-1,600

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Fertilizer doses for Kinnow* plants

Age of Dose per tree

Tree (year) Farmyard N P Urea SuperphosphateManure (kg) (g) (g) (46% N) (16% P

2O

5)

(g) (g)

1-3 10-30 110-330 - 240-720 -

4-7 40-80 440-770 220-385 960-1680 1375-2400

8 & above 100 880 440 1920 2750

These nutrients can also be supplied from other fertilizersavailable in the market (Appendix-I).

In Kinnow and other citrus fruits, entire farmyard manure shouldbe applied during December. Split the N dose into two parts andapply the first half in February and the second half in April-May afterfruit set.

Apply phosphorus alongwith the first dose of nitrogen.

Zinc Deficiency : The symptoms of zinc deficiency appear onfully mature new leaves as irregular interveinal chlorosis commonlyknown as “mottled leaf”. The terminal leaves become small and narrowreferred to as ‘little leaf’. Fruit bud formation is severely reduced andtwigs dieback. To control zinc deficiency, spray 0.3% (3 g/litre ofwater) zinc sulphate solution without addition of lime on spring flushin April-May or summer flush in June and on late summer flush in

August-September. Under acute deficiency conditions, spray 0.45%(4.5 g/litre of water) zinc sulphate. Foliar application should be givento the fully developed flushes. Since zinc deficiency becomes acuteafter first fruit bearing in the fourth year, one maintenance spray of0.3% zinc sulphate solution should be given in April right from thestart of the third year. A gap of one week should be kept between thefoliar application of Bordeaux mixture and zinc sulphate solution.

IrrigationThe young plants upto the age of 3-4 years, should be irrigated

at weekly intervals, whereas, older trees be irrigated after 2-3weeks interval, depending upon the climate, rainfall and type ofsoil. Irrigation is crucial before sprouting in February, after fruit set in

April and in the hot weather, otherwise the growth of trees may beadversely affected resulting in the excessive shedding of flowers/fruits.

Drip irrigation in kinnowThe drip irrigation system enables efficient and judicious use of

water along with improvement in yield. The requirement of water duringdifferent months according to age of the tree is given as below :

Amount of water (litre/day/plant) to be applied to Kinnowthrough drip irrigation

Month Age of plants (Yrs)

0-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9 and more

Jan 3 6 9 12 15

Feb 6 12 18 24 30

March 9 18 27 36 45

April 13 25 39 52 65

May 16 32 48 64 80

June 17 34 51 68 85

July 13 26 39 52 65

Aug 12 24 36 48 60

Sept 11 22 33 44 55

Oct 8 16 24 32 40

Nov 5 10 15 20 25

Dec 3 6 9 12 15

Note :

1. Follow the instructions for use of drip irrigation system given inAppendix-II.

2. Amount of irrigation water may vary by 10-15 percent dependingupon the prevailing weather conditions.

3. For lifting water from canal storage tank, a booster pump with solar/electric motor of 2 HP will be sufficient for 10 acre Kinnow orchard.However, for 15 and 25 acres a booster pump with electric motor of3 and 5 HP respectively, will be required for lifting water.

In the beginning, 1-2 drippers per plant or tree are required whichmay be increased to 4-5 depending on the soil type and age of theplant or tree. For efficient use of water sub lateral loops of the drippersshould be used around each plant or tree.

IntercroppingIntercropping should not be done in bearing orchards. But in

young and non-bearing orchards, intercropping upto four years withleguminous crops such as Guara, Moong, Mash, Cowpea, Gram

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and Pea may be done. The Guara-Wheat rotation with Guara as agreen manure can be taken in Sweet Orange for 5-6 years. Sufficientspace should, however, be left unsown to permit the young trees tomake unrestricted growth. Recommended fertilizers should be addedto meet the requirements of intercrops separately. The fruit trees andthe intercrops should be provided with independent irrigation system.

Caution : Tall and exhaustive crops like Cotton, Chari, Bajra,Maize, Berseem, Bhindi and creeper type vegetables shouldnot be grown in the orchards.

Weed ControlSpray Glycel 41 SL (glyphosate) @ 1.6 litre/acre as post-

emergence (second fortnight of March) followed by Glycel 41 SL orGramaxone 24 WSC (paraquat) @ 1.2 litre/acre (second fortnight ofJuly) in 200 litres of water.

Control of Pre-harvest Fruit DropFor checking excessive physiological fruit drop in Kinnow, spray

the trees with 20 ppm 2,4-D (sodium salt of horticulture grade) duringend-March, end-April, mid-August and mid-September @10g in 500litres of water.

Caution : Spray 20 ppm GA3 instead of 2,4-D when cotton or

other broad leaved crops is cultivated in or around the orchard.

The pathological fruit drop caused by stalk end rot can beeffectively checked by giving four sprays of Aureofungin solution (20 gin 500 litres of water) or Bavistin (500 g in 500 litres of water) or Bordeauxmixture (2:2:250), four months after fruit set at 15 day intervals.

Fruit ThinningKinnow tends to bear too heavily in the third and fourth year of

its age. Sometimes there may be 400-500 fruits on young plants ofthis age. Due to such a heavy load, health of plants suffers badlyand some of them may even die. Thus, the fruit on young Kinnowtrees must be thinned out judiciously soon after setting in May.

Quality improvementTo improve fruit size and increase yield in kinnow mandarin,

three foliar sprays of potassium nitrate (1%) at the end of May, Juneand July should be applied.

Fruit Maturity and HarvestingKinnow fruits should be harvested when they have attained proper

size, attractive colour and acceptable total soluble solids : acid ratio.The fruit from the periphery should be picked when they attain TSS/acid ratio of 12:1, whereas the fruits from the interior of the trees can

be harvested somewhat later when they have a ratio of 14:1. Thebest time for picking Kinnow fruits is from mid-January to mid-Februarywith a little variation depending upon locality, season, etc.

The fruits should not be pulled from the branches during harvestingas the skin from stem end can be ruptured. Harvest with the clipperretaining a non-protruding short fruit stalk (button).

Post-harvest Handling and MarketingAfter harvesting, the fruit should be properly cleaned and suitably

graded. The fruits can be packed in boxes in 3 or 4 layers in such away that they do not get pressed while in transit.

The proper stage of maturity is the prime factor for harvestingKinnow fruit for storage. Fruits harvested too early or late in theseason do not keep well in the storage. Harvesting during early hoursof the day when there is dew on fruits or immediately after rainsshould be avoided. Little spoilage occurs by dipping Kinnow fruits in125 ppm Benlate for one minute, drying them in air followed bywrapping in 100 gauge perforated polythene bags.

After harvested, the Kinnow fruits should be washed in cleanwater followed by dip in 0.01% chlorinated water (Sodium hypochlorite4% @ 2.5 ml/liter water). The fruits should be partially dried undershade and citrashine wax should be applied with foam. Waxed fruitsshould be again dried under shade before packing. This techniquehelps in improving the appearance and maintains the fruit qualityduring transit, storage and marketing for two weeks. The healthyunbruised Kinnow harvested during first week of February can bestored for 8 weeks at prevailing room temperature by individuallyseal packing with electric sealer or rubber band in 10 micron thickhigh density polythene bags.

The kinnow fruits harvested at optimum maturity, packed inventilated corrugated fibre board boxes should be stored at 5-6oCand 90-95% RH. The quality remains acceptable for 45 days.

After harvesting the kinnow fruits should be washed in cleanwater followed by a dip in 0.01 per cent chlorinated water (Sodiumhypochlorite 4% @2.5ml/l water). The fruits are partially dried undershade and Citrashine wax should be applied. The waxed fruits areagain dried in shade before packing. The technique helps in improvingthe appearance and maintains the fruit quality during transit, storageand marketing for 2 weeks.

Larger sized Marsh Seedless Grapefruits can be stored betterthan the small sized fruits at room temperature. These can be storedfor 60 days at 15-20oC. Treatment of harvested fruits with GA

3 @ 30

ppm and wrapping in polythene (100 gauge) considerably improve

17 18

1. Citrus Psylla (Diaphorina citri)is active throughout the year with itspeak period of infestation from Marchto mid October. The populationdensity is more in arid zone. The adultpsyllid is grey coloured and activelyflying. It rests on the leaves withclosed wings and hind end raisedupwards. The nymphs are orangeyellow. Both nymphs and adultssuck the cell sap from buds, leaves

Spray 1250 ml Rogor 30 EC(dimethoate) or 1000 mlMetasystox 25 EC(oxydemeton-S-methyl) or200 ml imidacloprid 200 SLin 500 litres of water per acreduring March with theappearance of the pest andagain in the first week ofSeptember.

the storage life. For preparing 30 ppm GA3, dissolve 1.5 g GA

3 in a

small quantity of ethyl alcohol (30-50 ml) and make up volume to 50litres with water.

The non-aloholic naturally carbonated lemon beverage can beshelf stabilized with optimized concentration of clarifying agents andoptimized heat treatment with a shelf life of four months.

Citrus DeclineIt may be due to several causes, such as unhealthy planting

material carrying viruses and similar diseases, improper rootstock,defective soil, poor drainage, mismanagement of the orchard,malnutrition, insects, nematodes and diseases.

For the Rejuvenation of Declining Citrus Orchards, thefollowing Schedule is Recommended:

(1) Remove dead wood during January-February before the newgrowth starts. Spray 2:2:250 Bordeaux mixture immediately and applyBordeaux paste to the cut surface and the trunk of the trees. ApplyBordeaux paint to the trunk after a week. The method of preparingBordeaux paste and Bordeaux paint are given at the end of the fruit portion.

(2) Add fertilizers, as recommended under ‘Manures andFertilizers’.

(3) Spray the solution containing 1.5 kg of zinc sulphate in 500litres of water and Bordeaux mixture separately (there should be aminimum gap of one week between the two sprays) in April, Juneand September or on new growth flushes when the leaves have attainedtwo-third of their size.

(4) Follow the recommended spray schedule.

Plant Protection

A. Insect pests

Pests and symptoms of attack Control measures

and young shoots and as aconsequence, the leaves get curledand shoots start drying. It also actsas a vector of greening disease.

2. Citrus Leaf Miner (Phyllocnistiscitrella) : Leaf miner is a serious pestin the nursery and young plantationsduring flushing seasons. The larvaeattack the tender leaves/shootsepidermis by making serpentinemines which are silvery in colour. Theaffected leaves become distortedand crumpled. Severe infestationcauses defoliation. The pest isactive from end March to Novemberwith its maximum infestation duringApril-May and September-October.Its attack encourages thedevelopment of citrus canker.

3. Citrus Whitefly (Dialeurodescitri) and Citrus Blackfly(Aleurocanthus woglumi) are theserious pests of Citrus in the state.Both nymphs and adults suck thecell sap from tender leaves andshoots and reduce the vigour of plant.Severely infested foliage turnsyellowish green, becomes curled andfinally shed. Sooty mould developedon honey dew excreted by thewhitefly, gives black appearance tothe foliage. Affected trees have lesschlorophyll, nitrogen and crudeprotein and produce few flowerswhich may shed. The fruits areinsipid. Nymphs of whitefly are smallpale yellow insects with red eyes.

Citrus blackfly lays eggs in spiralrings on the lower side of new leavesand nymphs are black in colour.

Note : Time of applicationmay be adjusted with theappearance of the pest.

Spray 500ml Sumicidin 20EC (fenvalerate) or 1000 mlRipcord 10 EC (cyper-methrin) or 1250 mlHostathion 40 EC (triazo-phos) or 1875 ml Durmet 20EC (chlorpyriphos) or 200ml imidacloprid 200 SL in500 litres of water duringApril-May and August-September.Note : Synthetic pyrethroidsshould be avoided on fullgrown trees.

Spray 1000 ml Fosmite 50EC (ethion) or 1250 mlHostathion 40 EC(triazophos) or 1140 mlThiodan 35 EC (endosulfan)in 500 litres of water per acreduring April-May and againduring September-October.Hostathion and Thiodan arealso effective against Citruspsylla.


19 20


Freshly emerged adults are reddishbut later on get covered with a heavypulverulence of salty bluish look.Both the species are active fromMarch to November with their peakperiod of infestation during April-Mayand September-October.

4. Aphids : (Toxoptera aurantii,Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae):These aphids are becoming theregular pest of Citrus. Toxopteraaurantii and Myzus persicae areactive from first week of February tofirst week of May with their criticalperiod of infestation from first weekof March to first week of April. Thesetwo species along with A. gossyptiare also causing damage to Citrusplants from last week of August tosecond week of November with theircritical period of infestation fromsecond week of September to firstweek of October. The nymphs andadults suck the cell sap from youngleaves and tender twigs. This impairsthe vitality of the tree and causessevere curling and deformation ofyoung leaves resulting into stuntedgrowth. The honeydew excreted bythe aphids also provides a goodsubstrate for the growth of sootymould, which affects thephotosynthetic activity of the plant.

5. Mites : Mites damage theleaves, flowers and fruits. Theirincidence is maximum during dryand hot period (May-June) orsometimes become serious inAugust-September. The leaves have

Same as for Citrus psylla

Spray 670ml Rogor 30 EC(dimethoate) in 500 litres ofwater.


minute specks left by the feeding ofmites. Leaves generally give dustylook.

6. Leaf Folder (Psorostichazizyphi). The pest is active in thenursery and young plantations fromMay to October. The larvae feedinside the leaves by webbing themtogether and start feeding from topto downwards. The plants becomestunted.

7. Bark-eating Caterpillar(Inderbella quadrinotata). This pestcauses damage by boring holes intothe stem and branches and feedson the bark under the cover of itsexcreta. The pest is active inneglected orchards.

8. Citrus Thrips (Scirtothrips citri):The pest starts appearing in firstweek of March with the initiation offlowering and causes damage topetals, stamens and subsequentlythe basal part of the ovary. Theattacked flowers dry up and shrivel.Thrips attack continued upto thirdweek of April. As soon as the petalsstart drying, adults and nymphs ofthrips within the floral parts startlacerating the developing fruits. At theinitial stage, the damage on the rind/skin of the fruits appears as lightsilvery white abrasion but with theincrease in size of fruit, the scarringbecomes prominent and deep on therind of fruits.

8. Mealy bugs : Four species, viz.Planococcus citri, Planococcus

Spray 1250 ml Dursban20EC (chlorpyriphos) or1000 ml Ekalux 25 EC(quinalphos) in 500 litres ofwater.

Remove the webbing andinject kerosene oil into theholes during September-October and again inJanuary-February. Treat allthe alternate host plants inthe vicinity.

Spray Hostathion or Thiodanor Metasystox or Fosmiteas given for citrus psylla orwhitefly in mid-March andagain in mid-April.

1. Monitor regularly theinfestation of trees by

21 22

lilacinus, Nipaecoccus viridis andMaconellicoccus hirsutus are activein citrus orchards during July-October, but Planococcus citri is amajor pest. These species causedamage to leaves, tender shoots,twigs, branches and fruits. Thenymphs and females of these mealybugs suck cell sap and reduce thevigour of plant. The severe feedingcauses drying up to tender shootsand growing point. Heavy infestationalso encourages the growth of sootymould due to which the leaves,shoots and fruits become black incolour. All these mealy bugs,hibernate on the twigs and branchesof trees.

observing the underside ofleaves, young shoots, fruitsand branches.2. Keep the orchards neatand clean.3. Do not allow the branchesof trees to touch the ground.4. Prune or remove theinfested branches anddestroy them.5. Destroy the ant nests inthe orchards.6. Drench spraying ofinsecticides like 1875 mlDurmet/Dursban/Coroban 20EC (chlorpyriphos) in 500litres of water first on theappearance of pest andrepeat the spray if required.


B. Diseases

Disease, Causal organism Controland symptoms

1. Canker: It is caused byXanthomonas campestris pv. citri.Disease appears on leaves, twigsand fruits. On leaves it appears asyellowish spots, which graduallyenlarge, turn rough and brownish andbecome raised on both sides of theleaf. The spots are surrounded by ayellow halo. Fruit lesions becomerough and corky confined only to therind. Kagzi lime and Grapefruit arehighly susceptible.2. Scab: Caused by Elsinoefawcetti appears as small, darkbrown, rough, irregular, raised lesionsmostly on under-side of the leaves.Twigs and fruits are also infected.

Give three sprays of 50gstreptocycline + 25 g coppersulphate in 500 litres ofwater one each in October,December and February.Bordeaux mixture (2:2:250)or 50% copper oxychloride(0.3%) can also be sprayed.Also spray nursery plantsparticularly during July-August.

Clipping of infected leaves inJuly and apply three spraysof Ziram 27 SC (0.25%) orDithane M-45 (0.25%) orBordeaux mixture (2:2:250)or 50% copper oxychloride

1 2

3. Gummosis (Foot Rot): Causedby Phytophthora parasitica.Affected trees show symptoms offoot rot with profuse gumming, trunkgirdling, pale green foliage, stuntedgrowth flushes and twig die back. Thegummy lesions may extenddownwards as well as upwards onthe tree trunk and may also appearon branches/limbs.

4. Wither Tip: Also called die back(anthracnose). It may be caused byColletotrichum gloesp orioides ormay be due to physiological causes.Symptoms include drying of tips andbranches and even of large limbs;necrotic circular areas on leaves;fruit-rot.5. Melanose or Stem and Fruit Rot:Caused by (Phomopsis citri)

(0.3%) during last week of Juneto August at 20 daysinterval.i) Decorticate and disinfectwounds on trunk either with*(a) disinfectant solution andcover the wounds with, *(b)Bordeaux paste, which whendries up apply *(c) Bordeauxpaint followed by spraypreferably *(d) Bordeauxmixture (2:2:250). orii) Give two applications ofRidomil Gold 68 WP CurzateM8 Ridomil MZ or Matco 8-64. as paint (2 g/100 ml ofLinseed oil) to the infectedtrunk portion and drench (25g/10 litres of water/tree) thesoil at the base of the tree inFebruary-March and again inJuly-August.iii) Give two sprays of Aliette80 WP 0.25% (2.5g/litre ofwater) in April andSeptember in addition to soildrenching with Ridomil Gold68 WP/Curzate M8/RidomilMZ 72 WP or Matco 8-64(25g in 10 litres of water pertree) in February-March andJuly-August.Remove the infected twigsduring February and thenspray with Bordeaux mixture(2:2:250) or 50% copperoxychloride (0.3%) duringMarch, July and September.

Spray Bordeaux mixture(2:2:250) or 50% copper

manifests as dark circulardepressions and yellowish margins onleaves, branches and fruits. Later thespots become raised, rough and lightbrown and yellow margins disappear.Sand paper texture develops on thesurface of leaves and fruits.6. Citrus Greening : Caused by abacterium and manifests as stiff,upright multiple twigs and buds;small chlorotic or mottled leaves; pre-mature defoliation, die-back ofbranches and greening of fruits.

7. Virus and Virus-like Diseases

Tristeza: Citrustristeza virus causesveinlet clearing in young leaves,necrosis of cells at bud union, honeycombing of main stem, inverse pitson bark.

(ii) Exocortis (Citrus exocortisviroid): It is not common on Kinnowand sweet orange budded on JattiKhatti. In some species like Lime, itcauses yellow blotches and crackson shoots with stunting of trees

(iii) Ring Spot: (Citrus ring spotvirus) The disease appears as yellowrings on mature leaves. The ringnumber varies from one to several perleaf with variable diameter. These ringsmay coalesce to form bigger patchesby covering the entire leaf. Theseverely infected plant shows die-backand decline symptoms with low fruityield. The virus is transmitted throughthe infected bud wood.

oxychloride (0.3%) duringJuly-August and September.

(i) Use disease free bud wood.(ii) Since it spreads through aninsect vector, citrus psylla(Diaphorina citri) keep the samerigorously under check throughrecommended insecticidal sprays.

(i) Use disease free bud woodand only tolerant rootstockssuch as Jatti Khatti.(ii) Control the insect vector(aphid) that causes its spreadthrough recommended insecticidalsprays.

(i) Use disease free bud wood.(ii) Use only resistant rootstockslike Jatti Khatti.(iii) It spreads through the cuttingtools. Sterilize them after eachcontact with infected plants toavoid spread to healthy trees.

Use virus free plants for raisingthe citrus orchard.

1 2Integrated Spray Schedule for Controlling Insect Pests,Diseases, Nutritional Deficiencies and Fruit Drop in Citrus

Month Treatment Quantity in Insect pest/disease500 litres water

December- Bordeaux* mixture 2:2:250 Root rot, gummosisJanuary and canker.

February- Rogor 1250 ml Citrus psylla,March** Leaf miner

April (after Thiodan, 1140 ml Citrus psylla, white fly,fruit set) Zinc sulphate 1.5 kg black fly, leaf miner,

and Aliette 1250 ml zinc deficiency andGummosis

May-June Rogor or 1250 ml Citrus psylla, leafNuvacron + 625 ml miner, mite, scabZinc sulphate 1.5kgBordeaux mixture 2:2:250

July-August Rogor 1250 ml Citrus psylla, leafAureofungin solution 20g miner, white fly, black fly,or Bavistin 500g mite, lemon, caterpillar,or Bordeaux* mixture 2:2:250 scab, canker and

pathological fruit drop.

September 2, 4-D + 5g Physiological andZinc sulphate 1.5 kg pathological fruit dropBavistin 500g zinc deficiency, lemonor Bordeaux*mixture 2:2:250 caterpillar, leaf miner, and Aliette 1250 g citrus psylla canker and

gummosis

* Copper oxychloride (Blitox, blue copper, Fytolan).** Before the flowers open.* In general Bordeaux mixture is a better fungicide than other copper based

fungicide like Blitox or Fytolan (except when specified) which may be sprayed@ 1.5 kg in 500 litres of water as substitute of Bordeaux mixture under situationswhen its ingredients i.e. copper sulphate and lime are not available.

23 24

Langra: Fruit maturity occurs in the second week of July. Fruitmedium to large, skin medium thick, smooth, green, flesh fibreless,lemon yellow with fine taste and flavour with TSS 15.7%, acidity0.3%, stone medium in thickness. The yield of this variety is morethan 100kg per plant.

Alphonso : Fruit maturity takes place in the first week ofJuly. Fruit medium in size, oval with prominent ventral shoulder,fruit colour greenish light yellow with light pinkish blush towardsthe proximal end, skin thin and smooth, flesh cadmium yellow andfirm, fibreless, superb taste, captivating flavour, juice abundant,TSS 17.5%, acidity 0.35% and stone is small. The tree yields70kg.

Sucking MangoesOut of collections made from a survey undertaken in and outside

Punjab, the following collections were considered ideal andrecommended for cultivation.

Gangian Sandhuri (GN-19) : Tree is medium in vigour, mediumto heavy bearer, fruit yield 83.7 kg/tree. Fruit large, ovate oblong,basal sinus cavity absent, black flat, skin thick, tough, sidhuri blushat shoulders with yellow base, pulp orange in colour, very good tastewith pleasant flavour, juice abundant, stone and fibre and fruit ripensin the end of July.

GN1 : Its trees bear regularly and yield a medium crop. Fruits

mature in the second week of July. Fruit is medium in size, ovate,basal sinus shallow, beak and apex pointed. Skin smooth, green atmaturity, pulp orange colour, juice thin but abundant with TSS 19%,stone small and fibre absent.

GN2 : An alternate but heavy bearer. Fruit maturity occurs in the

third week of July. Fruits medium to large in size, oval-oblong, ventralshoulder prominent, sinus absent, beak depressed apex broadlypointed. Skin thick, pulp yellow, TSS 25%, stone small, fibrous allover.

GN3 : A large and spreading tree. Fruit matures in the second

week of July. Regular but a heavy cropper in alternate years. Fruitsmedium in size, ovate, basal sinus absent, beak and apex pointed,skin thick, surface smooth, spinach green with sparce glands. Pulpyellow, juice abudant, TSS 22%, stone medium in size.

GN4 : Tree large with drooping limbs, bears regularly. Fruits

mature in the third week of July. Fruit extra large, ovate oblong.

25 26

3. MANGO

The Mango is the choicest fruit of most of the people in India.The Mango fruit contains 0.6% protein, fair amount of carbohydrates(11.8%), minerals like calcium, phosphorus & iron (0.3%) and is arich source of vitamin A (4800 units) B

1 & B

2 90mg and vitamin C 13

mg per 100g of pulp. The fruit is consumed at all its developmentalstages.

Climate and SoilMango can be grown in a wide variety of soils provided the soil is

deep without any hard pan or compact Kankar in atleast top 4 feetsoil. The electrical conductivity of the soil should be less than1.0 mmhos. whereas calcium carbonate and lime concentrationshould be less than 10 and 20 per cent, respectively. Soil shouldhave a pH less than 8.5 upto the depth of 60 cm and the water tableshould be below 3 metres.

Mango is essentially a tropical crop, but can grow betweentemperature range of 0o–45oC. However, the ideal temperature formango cultivation is 24–27oC during the growing season alongwithhigh humidity. Young trees and actively growing shoots get killed at

temperature falling below –1oC and small developing fruits aredamaged if the temperature suddenly falls below 4.5oC.

Rainfall during flowering adversely affects final fruit set. Windsmay also cause great damage to the crop by way of fruit drop,breakage of limbs or even uprooting of the plants. High velocity windsalso affect the process of pollination. Hot summer wind (loo) damagesthe fruit by causing severe fruit drop.

Recommended CultivarsDusehri : It is a mid season and the most widely grown

cultivar of the region. Fruits mature in the first week of July. Fruitsare small to medium, skin medium-thick, smooth and yellow; fleshfirm, fibreless, pleasantly sweet, acidity 0.2%, stone small and

thin; keeping quality good. It has a tendency towards regularbearing and is well adapted to Punjab conditions and yields 150kgfruit per tree.

Ventral shoulder prominent. Sinus slight beak prominent, apexpointed, skin yellowish green with sparce glands. Juice abundant,slightly thick with 21% TSS, stone large and sparcely fibrous.

GN5 : Tree medium in size, spreading, dome-shaped, and

alternate bearer. Fruit maturity occurs late in the season. Fruitmedium in size, ovate, basal sinus shallow, dorsal shoulder sloping,ventral shoulder prominent, back round, sinus shallow, beak pointed,apex broadly pointed. Skin thick and smooth. Juice slightly thick,TSS 22%. Stone medium in size, fibre absent.

GN6 : A small spreading tree, bears alternately. Fruit maturity

occurs in mid July. Fruit large, skin colour yellow with red blush atthe basal end. Popularly known as Punjab Beauty. Pulp yellow,juice abundant with pleasant flavour, TSS 17%. Stone medium,oblong, fibrous all over.

GN7 : A medium sized tree, bears medium crop regularly. Fruit

maturity occurs in the middle of July. Fruit medium in size, skinsmooth with numerous glands, pulp orange in colour, juice plentyand tasty, stone large in size, fibrous all over the stone.

PropagationAlthough there are several methods of propagation in Mango,

yet sidegrafting has been found to be more efficient and cheapermethod than inarching and has been recommended in the Punjab.The method is detailed below:

Rootstock Raising : Stones of selected healthy seedling mangotrees are sown in August. Germination takes place in 2-3 weeksdepending upon the medium. These seedlings alongwith stones aretransplanted to the nursery beds when their leaves are still brown incolour and expanded to one fourth of their normal size. Duringtransplanting their tap roots be pruned suitably retaining most of thefibrous roots. The seed beds are regularly watered so that notransplanted stone dies till properly established. The seedlings needto be protected from frost during the cold months. Seedlings resumegrowth in the end of February or the beginning of March and becomegraftable from March onwards.

Grafting : For grafting select healthy scion shoots with plump,terminal buds from the last mature flush. Reject scion shoots withswollen, protruded auxillary buds as they are known to producemalformed plants. Remove the leaf blades from the selected scionshoots leaving the petioles intact. In about 7-10 days the petiolesdrop and the terminal buds become swollen and ready for grafting.

One horizontal cut (1.25 cm) and two vertical cuts (4.0 cm each) aremade on the stock at a height of about 15 cm from the ground andthe bark of the demarcated portion is lifted away from the rootstock.An appropriate slanting cut is also made on the base of the scionstick to expose cambium. The length of the scion stick should notbe more than 7.5 cm otherwise considerable breakage of the graftedplants in the nursery occurs. The prepared scion stick is insertedunder the bark flap of the rootstock. The bark flap of the rootstock isrestored in its position and the graft joint is tied securely with apolythene strip of 150-200 gauge thickness. After the completion ofgrafting a part of the top of rootstock is lopped to encourage growthof the scion. In Punjab the propagation period is March to Septemberbut July to September is the best time.

PlantingMango being an evergreen fruit plant can be planted during

February-March and August-September in the pits (1 x 1 x 1 m)prepared about a month earlier. The best planting time is August-September when the weather relatively cools down.

The planting is done at 9 x 9 metre distance for the graftedvarieties and 10 x 10 metres for the sucking type mangoes in thesquare system. However, planting can also be done according toHexagonal system as this system accommodates 15 per cent moreplants per unit area..

Training and PruningMango hardly needs any training or pruning. Normally, a young

graft is allowed to grow unhampered for 3-4 years. The main scaffoldbranches should be selected on the grafted plants in such a waythat these are spaced 20-25 cm apart on the main stem. No furthertraining is required for giving a proper shape to the plant. Branchescrossing in the centre should be removed and there should be nobranch too close to the ground.

After a period of about 20-25 years, when the tree grows verytall, the fruiting is limited to only the peripheral part, leaving the centraltree part mostly unproductive. At this stage, the trees should beheaded back at the secondary branches to invigorate the trees andto increase their productivity.

Manures and FertilizersTen tonnes of Mango fruit produced in one hectare of land use

67 kg N, 16 kg P2O

5 and 73 kg K

2O. To meet this requirement the

following fertilizer schedule is recommended for ‘off’ year.

27 28

Dose per tree (g)

Age (Years) FYM (kg) Urea Superphosphate Muriate ofPotash

(46%N) (16%P2O

5) (60% K

2O)

1-3 5-20 100-200 250-500 175-350

4-6 25-50 200-400 500-750 350-700

7-9 60-90 400-500 750-1000 700-1000

10 and above 100 500 1000 1000

During the ‘on’ year apply half kg additional urea in June. Apply thewhole of FYM and the phosphatic fertilizer in December and N and K inFebruary. It is adviseable to use CAN @ 1.00 kg instead of urea, asthe use of urea induces soft nose disorder in mango fruits. It is a caseof ammonium induced calcium deficiency leading to this disorder.

IrrigationFrequency of irrigation to mango orchards depends upon the

type of soil, climatic conditions especially the rainfall and itsdistribution and the age of the tree. Generally, the young plants withshallow root system require frequent irrigation during the dry period.However, bearing trees with well developed root system usuallyrequire irrigation during the fruit development period between April toend June at an interval of 10-12 days depending upon theevapotranspiration. One irrigation should be given at the time ofaddition of fertilizers in the month of February. No irrigation shouldbe given for a period of 2-3 months during October-December.

Intercropping/Interplanting:The Mango tree has a juvenile period of 3-7 years depending

upon the variety.Therefore the vacant space between the trees canbe profitably utilized by growing intercrops. The intercrops also reduceweed growth and nutrient losses through leaching and surface runoff, besides, giving good returns. Vegetables like Onion, Tomato,Radish, Beans, Caulif lower, Cabbage, leafy vegetables andleguminous crops like Moong, Mash, Gram and Lentil can be grown.Crops like maize, Sugarcane and Bajra should not be grown.

Papaya, Peach and Plum can be grown as interplants in Mangoorchards till the bearing starts. Separate arrangements for manures,fertilizers, irrigation and interculture should be made for the interplantsand intercrops.

29 30

Fruit Drop and its ControlA spray of 10 g sodium salt 2,4-D in 500 litres of water in the last

week of April or in the first week of May controls the preharvest fruitdrop in Dusehri and Langra cultivars. 2,4-D should be dissolved in asmall quantity of ethanol or methanol and then the required volumeof water be added. It must be ensured that the spray pump is washedthroughly with washing soda before and after the spray. Do not repeatthe spray of the 2,4-D solution.

Fruit Maturity and HarvestingTapka, the natural fall of mature fruit is considered to be the first

indication of fruit maturity in Mango. It is usually 15-16 weeks afterfruit set. In case of coloured varieties change in the skin colour isalso indicative of the fruit maturity. The maturity of Mango fruit isalso indicated when specific gravity is around 1.0.

The harvesting should be done individually with the help of aladder or a bamboo attached sharp knife and a net for collecting theharvested fruits. In no case the fruit should be allowed to drop on theground as it damages the post-harvest life and cause rotting of thefruit.

Fully mature but still hard green fruits should be pickedindividually with the help of a picker attached at the end of a longbamboo stick. The harvested fruits be sorted and graded for size andmaturity before being packed in the boxes.

Post-harvest HandlingThe harvested fruits must be placed on a polynet upside down

so that the milky ooz flows out and does not stick to the fruit. Thefruit is then washed in warm water at 45-50oC and dried.

The fruit is graded according to the size ; Grade A : 200-350 g.,Grade B : 351-550g and Grade C:551-800g. and should be waxedwith paraffin emulsion or StaFresh. The fruit after this treatment isthen cold stored at a temperature of 7-9oC with relative humidity of85-90% in two to three layers in the cardboard boxes of the size of45x25x25 cm of five ply which are used for packing the fruit.Thistype of fruit can stay for 35-45 days, however, under ambientconditions the fruit can be stored for 10-12 days when the roomtemperature is around 30oC.

The fruits of ‘Alphonso’ harvested in the last week of June or firstweek of July can be ripened after 4 days by dipping in 600 ppmethephon solution for 4 minutes and packing in wooden boxes linedand covered with newspaper.

1. Mango Mealy Bug (Drosichamangiferae) : Both nymphs andfemale bugs which are mealy incolour cause a lot of damage bysucking the cell sap f rominflorescence, panicles, tender

leaves, shoots and fruit pedicle fromJanuary to April. The affectedpanicles shrivel and get dried.Infested plants are covered withsooty mould. First instar nymphsafter hatching from eggs in soilmigrate and crawl up the mangotrees and congregate on the growingshoots and panicles. Fertilizedfemale bugs start migrating to soilwhen temperature starts rising.They hide in cracks and crevices

and lay eggs in ovisacs. There arethree nymphal instars in the soil.

2. Mango Hoppers (Amritodusatkinsoni and Idioscopus sp.).Mango hoppers are very activeduring February-March at the time

of flowering. Enormous number ofnymphs and adults are foundclustering on the tender leaves and

i. Dig or plough around mangotrees during summer to kill

the eggs.i i . Nymphs should beprevented from crawling up thetrunk by applying a slipperyband at the base by midDecember which consists of15-20 cm wide alkathenesheets. It is applied to thebasal end of the stem andsecure both its upper andlower edges with 1-3 nails (2cm). It is desirable to cover

the lower end with compactedsoil around the lower edge ofthe alkalthene sheet so thatnymphs are prevented fromclimbing up from under theslippery band. Occasionalwiping of the band during rainsis also desirable.i i i . In case of severeemergence apply methylparathion 50 g dust (follidol

2%) on the compacted soil tokill the nymphs.

I. In case of old denseorchards, prune some of thebranches during winter to havebetter light interception.II. Do not go for high densityplanting.III. Spray two times : one inthe end of February and

Plant Protection

A. Insect Pests

Pests and symptoms of attack Controlinflorescence and suck the cell sap.

The infested flowers become stickyand sooty, shrivel, turn brown andultimately fall off as the summerwinds blow. The hoppers love dampand shady places during summerand their population is high in theold neglected and dense orchards.

3. Mango Scale : Some timesappears as a serious pest in certainlocalities. It inflicts damage bysucking the cell sap from leaves.

4. Stem Borer (Batocera

rufomaculata). Sometimesdestroys the trees by tunnelling intothe stem. On hatching the grubsmake zig-zag burrows beneath thebark and tunnel into the trunks ormain stems, moving upward, feedingon the internal tissues. When thegrubs reach sapwood, the stems dieand wither away. Normally, theattack goes unnoticed till a branchor leaves start shedding and drying

up. Sometimes sap and masses offrass seen exuding from boredholes.

5. Mango Shoot Borer(Chlumetia transversa). Eggs arelaid on tender leaves. Freshlyhatched caterpillars bore into mid-ribs of tender leaves and come outafter a couple of days to bore intotender shoots near the growing pointtunnelling downwards and throwingtheir excreta out of entrance hole.When full grown, these caterpillars

1 2

second in the end of Marchwith 1 kg Hexavin 50 WP(carbaryl) or 800 ml.Malathion 50 EC or 700 mlThiodan 35 EC (endosulfan)in 500 litres of water.

Spray 500 ml MethylParathion 50 EC in 500 litresof water in March andSeptember

Remove the frass and inject4 ml Methyl Parathion 50 ECdissolved in one litre of waterinto the hole and plug it withmud.

Remove and burn the driedshoots and spray the newgrowth with 700 ml Thiodan35 EC (endosulfan) in 500litres of water.

31 32

B. Diseases

Disease/Symptoms Control

come out and enter into the slits andcracks in the bark of the tree, driedmalformed inflorescences or cracksand crevices in the soil, for pupation.Leaves of affected shoots wither anddroop down. Young grafted seedlingsare severely affected and may evenbe killed. Young caterpillars areyellowish orange in colour withcharacteristics dark brownprothoracic shield. Full growncaterpillars are dark pink, with dirtyspots.

6. Red Ants (Oecophyllasmargdina). Infest some mangoorchards. They are a nuisance andgive protection to certain injuriouscoccids in their nests of leavesformed on the tree.

1 2

1. Mango Malformation: Its causecould be environmental factors,mites, virus and/or fungus, Fusariummoniliforme. On seedlings that areover three months old, swellingappears in the axis of leaves. Smallclustered leafy shoots are producedat the apex on the main shoots orlaterals. In the case of bearing trees,the panicles are af fected. Thepeduncles become thickened andf leshy with heavy numerousbranches. Profuse development ofnumerous small leafy structureoccurs in place of flowers, resultingin a “witch’s broom” appearance; i.e.

1. Remove the affected shootsevery month and destroythem.

2. Spray 200 ppmNaphthalene Acetic Acid(NAA) in October. Dissolve100 g NAA in 100-150 mlalcohol and make the volumeupto 500 litres.

Remove the nests and burnthem.

33 34

all the floral structures are crowdedin the form of a broom. Fertile flowersare rare. The whole mass turnsgreyish brown and then black.Witch’s broom is also formed inyoung and even nursery plants. A fewor all the inflorescences produced bya tree may be malformed.

2. Powdery Mildew: Caused by

Microsphaera mangiferae: A whitishpowdery growth appears on the

inflorescence and the floral axis. Theinfected floral parts show necrotic

streaks and eventually drop. Smallfruits, branchlets and the floral axis

show die back symptoms and mayeventually drop leaving the main axis

naked.

3. Anthracnose or Dieback:

Caused by Colletotrichumgloeosporioides causes dark brown

to brownish black spots on shootswither owing to infection on the bark.

Fruit may also show small, raised,dark brown or black areas.

4. Twig Dieback or Leaf Blight:Caused by Macrophoma mangiferae:

Minute, light brown spots appear onlarge and green twigs. These spots

enlarge and cover more than half ofthe leaf surface. The inner margins

of the lesions is dark brown. Theseverely affected twigs dieback. Dark

brown lesions appear on young andripening fruits followed by rotting.

Spray 500 ml Karathane or

1.25 kg wettable sulphur in500 litres of water before

flowering, during flowering andafter fruit set. If need be, give

one more spray after 10-15days.

Prune the shoots showing

spots of canker, anthracnoseand dead branches.

Immediately after pruning,apply the disinfectant

solution* to the cut endsfollowed by Bordeaux paint.

Thereafter, spray withBordeaux mixture (2:2:250).

-do-

1 2

5. Stem-Canker: Caused bySchizo-phyllium commune: Itcauses discoloration and drying offoliage of one or more branches andexudation of gum from the affectedbark. Branches may be killed in duecourse. Small shell like dirty whitefruiting bodies of the fungus, with gillsin the lower side, appear in rows on

the dead main branches.

6. Black Tip: It is associated withtoxic gases f rom brick-ki lnschimneys; fruits become abnormallylong at the tips, causing pre-matureripening. Black tip may cover half ofthe fruit.

Spray Bordeaux mixture(2:2:250) or 1.5 kg copper

oxychloride in 500 litres ofwater at fortnightly intervals.

Spray three times with 0.6%Borax before flowering, duringflowering and along with

Bordeaux mixture (2:2:250) or1.5 kg of copper oxychloridein 500 litres of water after fruitset.

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Integrated Spray Schedule for the Control of Insect Pestsand Diseases of Mango

Month Material Quantity for 500 Insect pests/ litres of water Diseases

February Hexavin 50WP or 1 kg or Mango hopper,

Malathion 50EC or 800 ml or and

Thiodan 35EC or 700 ml or powdery mildew

Karathane 500 ml

March Repeat as in Mango hopper and

February powdery mildew

May-June Bordeaux Mixture or 2:2:250 or Fruit rotting fungi,

Copper oxychloride 1.5 kg Leaf blight and twig die

back

July Thiodan 700 ml Mango hopper andmango scale

August Thiodan 700 ml Mite, mango scale,

1.5 kg chaffer beetle and

October 200 ppm NAA 100g Malformation

4. PEAR

Pear is one of the important fruit crops of temperate regions. Itsfruits are rich source of protein (0.69 g), vitamins (vitamin A 0.06 mg,vitamin B 0.03 mg) and minerals like calcium (8mg), phosphorus(15mg) and iron (0.5mg) per 100g of pulp. Patharnakh fruits are wellknown for their keeping quality and ability to withstand transportation.

Climate and SoilThe sub-tropical pears which are recommended for cultivation in

Punjab require 200 to 300 chilling hours. The soft pear cultivarsgrown in higher hills of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmirrequire 900 to 1000 chilling hours which are not available under thesub-tropical conditions of northern India. For this reason these arenot cultivated in these areas.

Pear can be grown successfully on a variety of soils from sandyloam to clay loam provided it is deep, well drained, fertile, withoutthe presence of hard pans of any type in the top 2 metres and doesnot have a pH value more than 8.7. The electrical conductivity shouldbe less than 1.5 mmhos/cm, calcium carbonate less than 10% andlime concentration less than 20%. In high pH soils deficiencies ofiron and zinc always pose a problem.


Hard PearPunjab Nakh (2008) : It is a selection from Patharnakh. Tree

spreading and vigorous. Fruit weight 155 g, ovate, light yellowishgreen with prominent dots. The flesh is gritty, crisp and juicy. Keepingquality good. Fruits mature in fourth week of July. The average yieldis 190 kg per plant.

Patharnakh : Tree spreading and vigorous, fruit medium, round,green with prominent dots. Flesh gritty, crisp and juicy. Keepingquality good, stands transportation well. Matures in the last week ofJuly. Average yield is 150 kg per tree.

Semi Soft PearPunjab Gold : Tree upright and medium in vigour. Fruit large

with average weight of 166g ground colour golden yellow, white

35 36

fleshed. Total soluble solids 13.3 per cent with acidity 0.22 per cent.

Mature fruit less gritty, mellow when ripe. Matures in end of July.

Yield 80 kg per tree. Suitable for processing and table purposes.

Punjab Nectar : Tree upright and medium in vigour, precocious,

fruit medium to large, ground colour yellow green, white fleshed,

average fruit weight 138g. Total soluble solids 13.6 per cent, acidity

0.21 per cent, mature fruits less gritty, mellow when ripe and very

juicy. Fruit matures in fourth week of July. The average yield is 80 kg

per tree. Suitable for table and processing purposes.

Punjab Beauty : The trees are upright, medium in vigour and

regular in bearing. The fruit is medium,yellow with red blush. The

flesh is white and more juicy and sweet than LeConte and

Baggugosha. Fruits mature in third week of July. The average yield

is 80 kg per plant.

Baggugosha : Tree upright and vigorous, fruit greenish yellow,

stem end tapering. Flesh white or cream-coloured, sweet, somewhat

gritty. Matures in the first week of August and stands transportation

well. Average yield is 60 kg per tree.

Le Conte : Tree medium in vigour and spreading. Fruit small

to medium in size pyriform in shape and greenish yellow in colour.

Flesh whitish, juicy and sweet. Matures in the first week of August.

Average yield is 60 to 80 kg per tree.

Soft PearNigisiki (2010) : Tree spreading, medium in vigour, leaf colour

green, fruit size medium, ground colour golden brown, flesh whitish.

TSS 12.9%, acidity 0.21%, mature fruits very soft, fruit firmness

(11.17 lb f), very juicy (74.6% juice), matures in end June to first

week of July, fruit ripen on tree, yields 80.2 Kg per tree. Suitable for

processing like RTS, nectar and squash. Fruits have good

storage potential and can be stored for 4 weeks at 0-10 C and 90-

95% RH.

Punjab Soft (2008) : Tree upright, spreading and medium in

vigour. The fruit is medium, ground color yellow green. The flesh is

white and mature fruit is very soft and very juicy. Total soluble solids

11.3 per cent with acidity 0.135 per cent. Matures in first week of

July. The average yield is 85 kg per plant. It is suitable for processing.

PropagationPear can be propagated on Kainth (Pyrus pashia) rootstock.It

reduces precocity and does not produce rootsuckers.

Collection of Kainth (Pyrus pashia) Seed : Fully mature fruitsof Kainth are collected from end of September to first week of October.Seeds extracted from the softened fruits are stratified for promotinggermination during December by placing them in alternate layers ofmoist sand in wooden boxes for a period of 30 days. The stratifiedseeds are sown in nursery beds in January. The seeds startgerminating within 10 days. One month old seedlings are planted innursery at a distance of 10x60 cm. These seedlings become graftablein January next year.

Raising of Kainth rootstock without stratification : The seedsextracted from mature fruits in last week of September or first weekof October can be sown directly. Freshly extracted seeds should beplaced in moist sand in wooden boxes for germination. The seedsgerminate in 10-12 days. These seedlings are planted in the field inlines at 10 cm apart leaving 60 cm space after every four lines at 2to 4 leaves stage. These seedlings become buddable in May-Juneor can be grafted in December-January.

Budding/Grafting : The pear is T-budded or tongue grafted onKainth seedling. Tongue grafting is done in December January andT-budding in May-June.

PlantingThe planting of pears is done in winter while plants are still

dormant up to middle of February. Planting may preferably becompleted within January. Generally one year old plants are usedbut 2 to 3 years old nursery trained plants can also be planted.

Closer plantingThe pear cv. Patharnakh can be planted at 8x4 m distance and

the trees are trained by bending of main scaffolds and two secondaries.This also helps in reducing juvenility by two years.

Training and PruningTraining at planting time : To develop a strong scaffold system

pear trees should be trained according to modified leader system.The plants should be headed back at a height of 90 cm at the time ofplanting. The buds start sprouting in February-March. No branchshould be allowed to develop up to the height of 45 cm from theground level.

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Training in Second Year : The top most shoot in the centre iskept as the leader but it is cut back where immature portion starts.Three to five laterals which are properly spaced at a distance of 15to 20 cm from each other in different directions should be selected.It is advantageous if these laterals are bent downward by tying withrope or thick thread to the ground. The tying of these laterals willencourage the development of secondaries.

Training in Third year : The laterals left at the end of secondseason’s growth should be headed back to encourage the sproutingof buds to develop tertiary branches.

Training in Fourth and Fifth year : The unwanted secondary/tertiary branches should be removed. The leader should be cut backto a well placed, out growing lateral.

Pruning : The pear trees bear on spurs which remain productivefor about 8 years. Therefore, pear trees do not need pruning everyyear. In case of old and bearing trees, pruning of dead wood and oldnon-bearing spurs should be done during January. Thinning out andheading back of laterals may also be done to encourage the formationof more fruiting spurs.

The Patharnakh pear trees should be pruned at the height of 2.5m for better quality and fruit production. For this closer spacing of4x4 m is recommended. Bordeaux paste should be applied afterpruning of plants.

Rejuvenation of Old Pear OrchardsPear trees tend to become less productive at an age of about 20

years. Production on such trees can be restored by rejuvenatingthem. It can be achieved by heading back 3 to 4 main scaffolds toabout 15 cm during December-January. The rest scaffolds shouldbe completely removed. Paint the cut ends with Bordeaux paint.Mainy sprouts shall emerge on these stubs in March. In May, retainonly one to two out going-shoots on each stub with a total of 6 to 8shoots per tree. Rejuvenated trees start fruiting in third year andbear commercial crop in the fifth year.

Weed ControlSpray Hexuron 80 WP (diuron) @ 1.6 kg/acre as pre-emergence

(first-fortnigh of March) after thorough ploughing so as to remove theestablished growing weeds/plant debris. Glycel 41 SL (glyphosate)at 1.2 litres/acre or gramoxone 24 WSC (paraquat) 1.2 litres/acreshould be sprayed as post-emergence when the weeds are growingactively and have attained a height of 15 to 20 cm . Mix the herbicides

in 200 litres of water which is enough to give thorough coverage tothe weeds in one acre. In case there is emergence of weeds during/after rainy season, another spray of glycel/gramoxone at the samerate may be done. Spray Glycel and gramoxone during calm day soas to avoid spray drift to the foliage of the fruit tree.

Manures and Fertilizers

Dose per tree* fertilizer (g)

Age of the Farm yard Urea Superphosphate Muriate of potash tree(years) manure (kg) (46% N) (16% P

2O

5) (60% K

2O)

1-3 10-20 100-300 200-600 150-450

4-6 25-35 400-600 800-1200 600-900

7-9 40-50 700-900 1400-1800 1050-1350

10 and above 50 1000 2000 1500

* These nutrients can also be supplied from other fertilizersavailable in the market.

Note: All the farmyard manure, superphosphate and muriate ofpotash should be added in December. Half of urea should be addedin early February before flowering and the other half in April after thefruit set.

Zinc deficiency : It appears on younger leaves as difuseinterveinal chlorosis, reduction in leaf size and tendency of the leafedges to curl upward. To correct its deficiency, spray the plants with3 kg zinc sulphate + 1.50 kg unslaked lime is 500 litres of water.

Iron deficiency : Iron deficiency appears on apical leaves whichdevelop characteristic symptoms of dark green veins on a pale greenbackground. Its deficiency may be corrected by spraying 0.3 percent ferous sulphate (300g in 100 litres of water).

IrrigationPear trees need frequent irrigation after transplanting. The interval

of irrigation may be 5 to 7 days during summer months and 15 daysin August and September. No irrigation should be given in the monthof January. Bearing trees should be irrigated through flood methodduring summer months at an interval of 5 to 7 days so that fruit sizemay be increased.

IntercroppingIntercrops like moong, mash and toria can be grown during kharif

while wheat, peas, grams and senji may be grown during rabi seasonin young and rejuvenated pear orchards to get some income during

39 40

the non-bearing period. Even in bearing orchards crops like peas,grams, senji can be grown during rabi while moong, mash and sunflower

during kharif. Additional dose of fertilizers should be given for intercrops.

Berseem should not be grown as intercrop in pear because of its

higher demand for irrigation during winter when the pear plants are in

dormant condition and do not require any irrigation.

Crop RegulationPear tree tend to overbear, resulting in smaller fruits. To obviate

this, one fruit per cluster may be retained after thinning. This operation

should be performed soon after the occurrence of the natural fruit

drop in the middle of April.

Fruit Maturity and HarvestingHarvesting of fruits should be done at proper stage of maturity.

The fruits of Patharnakh mature 145 days after fruit set whereas

fruits of Baggugosha and Punjab Beauty take 135 days and Punjab

Nector and Punjab Gold take 140 days to reach maturity. The fruits

should be picked by giving an upward twist to the fruit so that the

spurs are not damaged.

Post-harvest Management and ProcessingHandling : The fruit should be harvested at proper maturity. The

bruised and damaged fruits should be sorted-out and only graded

and healthy fruits be packed in Corrugated Fibre Board (CFB) cartons

for ripening, storage and marketing.

Ripening : For improving ripening and eating quality of pear

varieties, Punjab Beauty fruits should be chilled at 0oC and ripened

at 20oC for 3 days, while that of Patharnakh fruits should be chilled

for 3 days at 0oC and ripen at 20oC for 4 days.

For proper ripening and improving quality of pear, fruits should

be treated with 1000 ppm Ethephon for three to four minutes or

exposed to 100 ppm ethylene gas for 24 hrs and stored at 200C. The

Patharnakh fruits would be ready in 8 days while Punjab Beauty

takes 4 days to ripen.

Storage : Fruits of Punjab Beauty can be stored at 0-1oC with

RH of 90-95 per cent for 60 days. These fruits have post-storage

shelf life of 1-2 days at room temperature and 4 days in refrigerator.

However, Patharnakh fruits can be stored at 0-1oC with RH of 90-95

percent for 60 days. These fruits have post-storage shelf life of 2

days at room temperature and 4-6 days in refrigerator.

41 42

Fruits of Punjab Soft can be stored at 0-10C with RH of 90-95 per

cent for 4 weeks. Similarly, the fruits of Punjab Nakh can be cold

stored for 60 days at 0-10C with RH of 90-95 per cent.

Processing : For value addition, the fruits of Punjab Nactor,Punjab Soft and Punjab Gold are suitable for the preparation of Readyto Serve (RTS), Nectar and Shelf Stable Squash products.

Plant-ProtectionA. Insect Pests

1. Hairy- caterpillar (Euproctis sp.)Are sporadic pests. Females lay eggsin clusters on ventral surface of leavescovered with yellow hair. On hatching,the young caterpillars feed gre-gariously on leaf lamina, skeletonzingthe same completely. Later, thecaterpillars segregate and gnaw theleaves. In case of severe infestation,the entire tree may be defoliated.Young caterpillars have whitish hair,while full grown caterpillars have redhead, darkish brown body with whitehair on the head and a tuft of long hairat anal end. Adults are yellow mothswith pale lines on forewings.

2.Spider mites (Eutetranychusorientalis and Tetranychus urticae)attack during April-June. Initiallyyellowish-white specks appear on theleaves followed by leaf scorching andpremature leaf fall. Infested leavesgather dust.

i) Collect and destroy theegg masses and thegregariously feeding youngcaterpillars.ii) Spray 700 ml Thiodan 35EC (endosulfan) in 500 litresof water.

Frequent irrigations duringApril-June. Removal ofcastor and bhang, as theyact as alternate sources ofmites. Spray 1000 ml ofdicofol or 1000 ml Fosmite30 EC (ethion) or 1000 mlMetasystox 25 EC(oxydemeton methyl) in 500litres per acre of water assoon as mite populationappears on underside ofleaves. Repeat the spray ifneeded.


1 2Pests and symptoms of attack Control measures

Spray 1 kg Hexavin 50 WP

(carbaryl) or 800 ml Rogor30 EC (dimethoate) in 500litres of water.

Remove webbing and applyKerosene into the holesduring September-Octoberand again in January-February. Treat all the alternatehost plants in the vicinity.

1. Harvest the ripening fruitsand do not allow the ripefruits on the tree.

2. Regular removal of fallenfruits from the ground andbury the infested fruitsatleast at 60 cm depth.3. Shallow ploughing withcultivator immediately afterharvest is ef fective inexposing and killing thepupating larvae/pupae whichare mostly present at 4-6 cmdepth.4. In orchards, only with

history of severe infestationspray 1250 ml Sumicidin20 EC (fenvalerate) in 500litres of water in the end ofJune and repeat the sprayat weekly intervals ifrequired. Fruits should beharvested on third dayafter spray.Spray 100 ml Metasystox 25EC (oxydemeton methyl), or200 ml imidacloprid 200 SL

3. Leaf-Hoppers. Sometimes cause

serious damage to the plants bysucking the cellsap from the leavesand tender fruits.

4. Bark eating Caterpillar(Indarbela quadrinotata). This pestcauses damage by boring holes intothe stem and branches and feeds onthe bark under the cover of its excreta.The pest is active in neglected orchards.

5. Fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). Itis a serious pest of pears. Fruitsnearing maturity are punctured by the

fruit fly for egg laying and the maggotsafter hatching bore into the fruits thusrender the fruits unfit for consumption.Isolated orchands are less infested byfruit fly.

6. Aphids : Two aphid species causedamage to the vegetative and flowerbuds, leaves, flowers and developing

B. Diseases

Disease and Symptoms Control

1.Pear Scab caused by Venturiapyrina Olive-dark mouldy spotsappear especially on the underside ofthe leaf. Later the spots turn grey andnecrotic. Similar olive spots developon the pedicel, calyx and petals. Theaffected blossom and petals usuallydrop. Dark brown spots are producedon the fruit. The spots join togetherbecome corky and crack.

2.Shoot/Fruit-Blight and BarkCanker Botryodiplodia theobromaeand Phoma glomerata Cankers appearon bud scars, wounds, twig stubs orin crotches. Cankers are elliptical.Small circular brown spots appeararound a leaf-scar or superficial wound.As the canker enlarges the centresbecome sunken with the surrounding

Apply bulkly organicmanues to the trees. Pre-blossom sprays of 0.2%Captan beginning from thedormant stage andcontinuing till petalfall at 10-day intervals. Seven or eightsprays may have to be givenif the disease persists.Collect and burn, orcarefully plough the fallenleaves to minimizeascospore discarge andconsequent infection withthe disease. Prune the treesto promote good aeration.Cankers on the trunk andin the crotches should beremoved and the dead barkdecorticated along with 2cm of the healthy bark. Allthe dead wood and pruningshould be destroyed. Coverthe wounds with adisinfectant solution andafter this, apply Bordeaux

or 160 gm thiamethoxam 25

WG in 500 litres of water firstat initiation of foliage (3rd-4th

week of February), second atfull bloom (1st-2nd week ofMarch) and third at fruit set(3rd-4th week of March) onsemi-soft pear. OnPatharnakh single spray ofany of these insecticides atfull bloom (2nd -3rd week ofFebruary) is effective.

43 44

45 46

5. PEACH

Peach is a temperate zone fruit tree but is possible to grow it inthe sub-tropical climate of Punjab plains because of availability ofsuitable low chilling cultivars. In Punjab about 300 chilling hours areavailable and the cultivars whose chilling requirement is more than300 hours shall not grow successfully. Peach cultivation is distributedthroughout the state.

Peaches are highly valued as a table fruit for their attractivecolour and palatability. Fruits contain about 8.0% sugar, 0.8 per centminerals and 1.5 per cent proteins. Peaches can be processed ascanned and dried products, frozen preserves, jam, nectar, juice,beverage and marmalade etc. Peaches are also good source of lowcalorific diet.

Climate and SoilSub-tropical climate of Punjab is ideally suited for the cultivation

of low chilling peaches. Availability of chilling temperature upto 300hours during winter months is enough to break the dormancy of lowchilling cultivars. After fruit setting from March to June, the climateis warm to hot (35o-42oC). This is favourable for the development andmaturity of fruits provided adequate water supply is available.

Loamy sand or sandy loam, well drained, fertile soil with limecontent less than 10% is suitable for peach cultivation. Heavy wetsoils are unfit for peach growing. Soil with an electrical conductivitybelow 0.5 m mhos/cm, calcium carbonate less than 5%, lime lessthan 10%, absence of hard pan, upto a depth of 120 cm and pHbetween 6-8 is good for peach.


A.Yellow Fleshed1. Partap: Its fruits mature in the third week of April. Tree is

medium in vigour. Fruit weight is 65-70 g, almost round, yellow withred over colour: Flesh is firm and free stone at full ripe stage. Averageyield 70 kg per tree; The fruit contains TSS 12% and acidity 0.7% .

2. Florda Prince: Tree is vigorous and the fruits mature inthe fourth week of April. Fruit size medium (65-70 g); yellow with red

healthy bark. The fungus perpetuatesitself on the trees in bark cankers.

3.Root-Rot and Sapwood Rotcaused by Polyporus palustris,Ganoderma lucidum and Schizop-hyllum commune. Gummosis of maintrunk, limbs and secondary branches.The bark and wood of the roots rot andturn brown, with white mycelial mat inthe crevices. The affected trees beginto show symptoms of wilt, early leaffall and increase in fruitset beforecollapsing. Rotting of roots leads totoppling over the trees, especiallythose with bulky tops.

paste to them. After a weekcover the dried paste withBordeaux paint. (Fordifferent preparations, see atthe end) The whole operationshould be immediatelyfollowed by spraying thepruned and canker infectedtree with 2:2:250 Bordeauxmixture.March : Spray Bordeauxmixture or 0.3% copperoxychloride 50% (1.5kg in500 litres of water).June: Repeat as in MarchJanuary : After the leaf fall,repeat as in March.1. Locate the affected trees(showing distress signs) byexamining their roots.2. To each full grown tree (4-6 yrs) apply 10g Bavistin50%WP+5g Vitavax 75%WP mixed in 10 litres ofwater along the trunk andaround the drip area twiceonce before the monsoon(April-May) and second afterthe monsoon (Sept.-Oct.).Immediately af ter thetreatments, apply l ightirrigation to the trees. Reducethe dose of the fungicidesto half in younger trees.3. Avoid deep hoeing to avoidinjuries to the roots, throughwhich the fungus attacks.Also avoid growing intercropswhich require excessiveirrigation during winter.4. Avoid piling up of the soilaround the trunk of the tree.

1 2

blush at maturity, flesh firm and free stone at full ripe stage. Averageyield 100 kg per tree; TSS 12% and acidity 0.5%.

3. Shan-i-Punjab: Tree is vigorous with fruits maturing in thefirst week of May. Fruit is large, turns yellow with red blush at maturity.Average yield 70 kg per tree, flesh firm and free stone at full ripestage. It is good for canning. Its TSS is 12% and acidity is 0.74 percent.

4. Earli Grande: Tree is semi-vigorous, high yielding and fruitmaturity occurs in the first week of May (4 days earlier than Shan-e-Punjab). Fruit is large (90 g) and firm fleshed, free stone at full ripestage and of good keeping quality. Its TSS is 10.5% and acidity is0.7%.

B. White Fleshed1. Prabhat : Tree semi-vigorous. Fruits matures in the 3rd

week of April. Fruits are medium round with an attractive red blush,flesh white, juicy, sweet and free stone when fully ripe. TSS 12 percent and acidity 0.37 percent. Average yield is 64 kg per tree.

2. Khurmani: Tree is medium in vigour with an upright growthhabit. Its fruits mature in Ist week of June. Fruit medium in size (70g), soft-fleshed, juicy and cling stone. TSS 13% and acidity 0.4%.

3. Sharbati: Tree is very vigorous. Fruit matures in the end ofJune to first week of July. Fruit medium in size (70 g), clingstoneand turns greenish yellow on ripening with pink patches. Yield pertree is 100-120 kg. TSS 13% and acidity 0.33%.

C. NectarinePunjab Nectarine : Tree is vigorous and spreading, fruits mature

in 2nd week of May. Fruit large, fuzzless, weighing 90 g, round, attractivewith 90-100% red blush over yellow ground colour at maturity, fleshyellow, firm, melting and free stone at full ripe stage. TSS is 11.5% andacidity is 0.8%. Average yield is about 40 kg/plant.

D. RootstockFlordaguard : This new rootstock is free from nematodes. On

this rootstock the peach varieties give 17.3 kg yield per plant whileon sharbati it gives 10.3 kg per plant only.

PropagationThe peach is commonly propagated by budding or grafting on

peach rootstock like Flordaguard, Sharbati and Khurmani. Rootstockseedlings are raised as follows:

Root Stock Raising : Procure ripe fruits of Sharbati/Khurmaniin June-July. Extract stones from pulp, wash and dry these undershade for 4-5 days. Treat the stones with Ziram or Thiram or Captan@300g per quintal of stones. Pack the stones in dry gunny/plasticbags and store these under cool dry place till these are used forstratification from November-January.

Stratification is a low temperature treatment in which stones areplaced in alternate layers of moist sand at or below 7.20C for 100-120 days till the seed dormancy is broken and germination starts.Kernels/seeds can be used instead of stones for raising the seedlings.Wooden boxes or well drained trenches in open space can be usedfor stratification. When seed germination starts in upper layer it isconsidered that dormancy of seed is broken. Stones or seeds areremoved carefully from each layer of sand without damage to radicleor plumule of germinating seeds. Separate the germinating stonesfrom cracked stones and uncracked stones and sow these separatelyin well prepared nursery plots. These are sown 30 cm apart in rowsat a distance of 15 cm. Normally sowing of seeds is done in the firstfortnight of February.

Budding/Grafting : About 40% seedlings from the nursery plotsbecome fit for T-budding in first week of May. The successful buddedplants become ready for transplanting in December-January. Therest of the unbudded seedlings or the unsuccessful budded seedlingsare used for grafting in December-January.

In the middle of February the scions produce new growth. Usuallya scion may produce 3-4 shoots which may be allowed to grow uptoApril. In May one of the vigorous shoots is retained and all othersare removed. This practice produces vigorous nursery plants.Polythene tape around the graft union should be removed before itcauses girdling. Staking of young grafts is necessary to preventbreakage.

Crown Gall DiseaseThe crown gall disease is caused by a bacterium Agrobacterium

tumefaciens and has been noticed in peach nurseries and orchards.The disease can be easily identified by the formation of tumours ofvarying sizes especially at the crown portion and sometimes onroots and on the stem at the position of the graft union of the plant.

For raising disease free plants in the orchards following pointsmay be kept in view.

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(I) Procure disease free plant material from a reliable source.

(II) Avoid injury to roots and crown portion of the plant at the time ofuprooting from the nursery, replanting and performing other culturalpractices in the orchard.

(III) Keep the plants free from insects, nematodes and rodent injuries.

(IV) Discourage the exchange of plant material without knowing itssanitary conditions.

(V) Uproot and destroy the diseased plants from nursery or orchardwhenever noticed.

(VI) While planting, the diseased roots of the plant are pruned andremaining root system is dipped for one minute in 5% solution ofbleaching powder and then planted in the orchard.

Rootstock : Florda guard seedling rootstock is resistant to Rootknot nematodes. The trees are vigorous spreading, self fertile andprecocious having red leaves. Flowers produced in abundance, deeppink and showy. Fruits pubescent with dull red colour, yellow fleshedand free stone. Fruits ripen from end June to 1st week of July.

PlantingPeach should be planted in the orchard during winter when the

plants are completely dormant. One year old healthy nursery plantswhich are free from the incidence of nematodes and crown gall diseaseshould be planted in the orchard from the end of December to endJanuary. The nematode infestation can be identified by the presenceof small root nodules and soil also remain sticking to the roots.Plant to plant distance is kept at 6.5 x 6.5m in square system ofplanting. Peach can also be used as filler plant in pear and litchiorchards. Keep the bud/graft union of the plant about 10-15 cm abovethe ground. Always procure 1.0-1.2 m tall plants for planting an orchard.

High Density PlantingPeach trees should be planted at spacing of 6 x 1.5 m with ‘Y’

system of training. This practice ensures higher yield and better fruitquality than the traditional planting system.

Training and PruningTo control tree size and to ensure new growth annually for fruit

bearing, training and pruning are important canopy managementpractices.

Training : Peach plants are trained according to the modifiedleader system. Various steps involved in training are as follows:

i) At the time of planting one year old plants are headed-back toabout 90 cm. Cut all side shoots to one or two bud stubs.

ii) During spring and summer months many lateral branches areproduced along the whole length of the plant. At the time of firstpruning in January, select 4-5 healthy well placed spirally locatedbranches in all directions on the axis of the plant and remove allothers. The lowest branch on the trunk should be at 45 cm from theground level. The top most central branch is called leader.

iii) During the next growing season many new branches developon the selected primary branches. The leader of the plant also growsin height and some side branches are developed on it. Select 3-4more well placed branches on the central branch and remove allothers if present. At this stage head-back the leader branch veryclose to some outward growing lateral. The leader is restricted in itsvertical growth. Thus, a peach tree is trained to modified leader witha strong framework for future fruiting.

Pruning : In peach, fruit is borne on one year old branches.Pruning should be done by thinning out some one year old shootsexpected to bear fruit. Some heading-back of old and unsuitablyplaced branches and sterile parts of flower bud bearing shoots shouldbe done. About 40 per cent of one year old branches should bethinned out to ensure proper tree growth and improve fruit size andquality. Lengthy and hanging branches should also suitably beshortened by heading back.

Best time of pruning peach is during January. Cuts thicker than5 cm should be covered with Bordeaux paste (Copper sulphate 2kg+unslaked lime-3 kg+ water 30 litres) followed by Bordeaux paint(Copper sulphate 1kg+Unslaked lime 2kg+linseed oil 3 liters) after 1or 2 weeks.

Fruit ThinningPeach is a heavy fruit bearer. If all the fruits are allowed to mature

on the trees, they remain small sized and of inferior quality with lowmarketable yield. Over bearing weakens the trees and causes shortlife of trees. To overcome these problems, fruits should be thinnedannually. In Partap variety best time of fruit thinning is during secondand third week of March while in Shan-e- Punjab it is third to fourthweek of March. Girdling plus thinning done at full bloom or girdlingalone done four weeks after full bloom advance fruit maturity by 7-12days and improves fruit quality in Shan-e-Punjab. Fruit to fruit distanceon the shoots should be 10-15 cm. Before starting fruit thinning,

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shake fruit bearing branches slightly. The weak stemmed fruits arelikely to drop naturally. Then start thinning of fruits from base to topof branches. The operation must be completed before pit hardeningof fruits. Proper pruning of trees also helps in thinning of fruits.

Manures and FertilizersFruiting is an exhaustive process for the tree. This removes

large amount of nutrients from the soil. To prevent the adverse effectsof nutrient deficiency in the plant these are applied annually accordingto the tree age.

Age (Years) Dose per tree (g)

Farm yard Urea Superphosphate Muriatemanure (kg) (46%N) single (16% P

2O

5) of potash

(60% K2O)

1-2 10-15 180-360 190-380 150-300

3-4 20-25 540-1000 570-760 450-830

5 & above 25 1000 760 830

Apply FYM, superphosphate and potash in December. Split urea intwo. Apply half of urea in January after pruning and the remainingsecond half after fruit set in March.

Iron deficiency: Peach trees planted on light textured, andhigh pH soils often exhibit iron deficiency symptoms during summerand rainy season. Interveinal chlorosis (yellowing in between veins)of developing new leaves on the terminal part of shoots are the clearsymptoms of deficiency. In severe case the new leaves may unfoldwithout any green colour (Ivory colour) and later veins may turn green.Typical symptoms appear by the second fortnight of March and withthe passage of time these progress and accentuate. Iron deficiencycan be corrected by spraying peach trees with 0.3 per cent ferroussulphate solution (3g ferrous sulphate in one litre of water) on springflush in April, on summer flush in June and late summer flush inAugust-September.

IrrigationIn peach, fruit development period starts after fruit set in March

and continues during April to June till maturity depending upon thevariety. This is the critical period of irrigation for the trees. Treesshould not suffer from any moisture stress particularly 25-30 days

before maturity of fruit, because the maximum weight gain is duringthese days.

Critical period of irrigation for peach varieties:

Variety Critical period

Partap, Flordaprince End March to third week of April

Shan-e- Punjab, Earli Grande Mid April to first week of May

Khurmani May to first fortnight of June

Sharbati End May to end June

The irrigation frequency depends upon the type of soil and thesource of irrigation. In early maturing varieties like Partap,Flordaprince, Earli-Grande and Shan-e-Punjab, irrigation should begiven during the first 3-4 weeks after fruit set at weekly intervals.Thereafter, from the second week of April to the start of harvesting,the trees may be irrigated at 3-4 days interval.

Weed ControlWeeds are common in peach orchards during spring and the

rainy season. They can be kept under control by using the followingdoses of herbicides.

Diuron 2 kg/ha or Glyphosate or Gramaxone at 1.5-2.0 litres/haare very effective in controlling the broad spectrum of weeds in peach

orchards. Diuron should be used at the pre-emergence stage of weedsin the first week of March, whereas Glyphosate or Gramoxone should

be used at the post emergence stage of weed when the weeds are15-20 cm tall. Dissolve the required quantity of weedicide in 200

litres of water per acre and spray during calm hours. The spray ofpost-emergence weedicides may be repeated as and when required

particularly during the rainy season when the weeds are abundant.

Maturity and HarvestingPeach fruits should be harvested at the right stage of maturity

depending upon their market destination. For distant market the fruit

should be picked at firm mature stage i.e. when the ground colourof fruit begins to change from green to yellow in yellow fleshed varieties

and fruits yield to pressure very slightly in between cupped hands.For the local market, however, the fruit may be picked when nearly

ripe.

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In white fleshed varieties colour of the fruit changes from greento straw (dry grass) with pink blush on the sides. Fruits harvested atthis stage take 3-4 days to ripe.

All the fruits do not ripen at the same time on the tree. Earlierset fruits mature first and later set fruits mature later. Generally 3-4pickings are done to complete the harvesting. During picking collectthe fruits in baskets/plastic cartons after putting some dry grass orpaper strips in it as a cushion to prevent injury or bruises to fruits.Drop bottom picking bags are now available or can be made to orderfor picking peaches. Transfer the fruits to some shady place withgood aeration to make them cool down. Field heat of the fruits canbe effectively removed by giving them 10-15 minutes quick dip incold water followed by surface drying of the fruits in shed. Thisprocess slows down the ripening process of fruits and is helpful inextending the shelf life.

Post-harvest HandlingBefore packaging, remove the injured, damaged and undersized

fruits from the lot and grade the fruits according to size and stage ofmaturity. Different grades of fruits are packed separately for bettermarketing. The commercially accepted fruit grades in peach andpackaging size are given in the Table:

Fruit Grade Fruit size (cm) Inner size of box No.of layers No.of fruits per(cm) layer

Special 5.5-6.3 and above 37x16.5x16.5 3 28-32

Grade-I 4.6-5.5 -do- 4 35-38

Grane-II Below 4.6 -do- 4 38-43

Generally 2 and 4 kg corrugated fibre board boxes (CFB) areused for packaging of fruits. These are better than wooden boxes.Shelf life of the peach fruits is very short after harvesting. This canbe increased by storing the fruit in commercial cold stores wheretemperature varies between 0o-3.3oC with relative humidity 85-90%.Fruits at this low temperature can be stored for 25 days withoutaffecting their palatability.

Plant ProtectionSee under plum.

6. PLUM

Plum is a minor fruit crop of Punjab which can be planted asfiller or in solid blocks. It is highly productive with medium sized,sub-acidic fruits. Plums are rich in sugars and vitamin-A. Fruits areused either as fresh fruits or processed into squash and jam.

Climate and SoilPlum is grown under sub-tropical conditions both in plains and

in sub mountane areas of the Punjab. Varieties with chillingrequirement below 300 hours can be grown successfully. Areasreceiving 100-125 cm rainfall well distributed throughout the growingseason are suitable for plum cultivation. Plum orchards are proneto damage by high wind velocity and must be protected by plantingwind-break trees.

It can be grown successfully in deep, sandy loam soils withgood drainage which are free from alkalinity and salinity conditions.Availability of ample good quality irrigation water is of primaryimportance while selecting a site for plum plantation. Plum treeswill fail to produce commercially acceptable crop if they suffer fromwater deficit.

Recommended cultivarsSatluj Purple : It is a self unfruitful variety and requires Kala

Amritsari as pollinizer. Pollinizer should be planted as an alternateplant in alternate rows for maximum yield. Satluj Purple and KalaAmritsari plants should be planted in the ratio 85:25 in an acre.Trees are medium in vigour with upright growth habit. The fruit ismedium large with average weight of 25-30g, roundish, turns intocrimson colour on ripening. Fruits are thick skinned with yelloworange firm flesh. It is sweet in taste having 13-14% TSS and 0.6-0.7% acidity and is suitable for table purpose. It is an early varietyripening in the first week of May with average yield of 40 kg per tree.

Kala Amritsari : It is self fruitful, high yielding indigenous varietywith vigorous tree. Fruits are medium sized, round oblate depressedat both ends, on ripening turn dark purple. Flesh is yellowish withmoderately juicy pulp. Fruits are somewhat acidic with 15% TSSand 1.2 per cent acidity. It ripens in the second week of May.Average yield is 45 kg /tree. Fruits are excellent for jam making.

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PropagationKala Amritsari is propagated by hard wood cuttings while Satluj

Purple by simultaneous grafting and rooting of rootstock cuttings.The time of preparation of cuttings and grafting is from end of Decemberto end of January. Hardwood cuttings of Kala Amritsari should be 15-20 cm in length with 4-5 buds on them and should be of pencilthickness . To increase the rooting success their basal parts (4-5cm) are dipped in 100ppm IBA solution for 24 hours. For making thissolution, dissolve 100 mg IBA in 10-15 ml of alcohol and make upthe volume to one litre.

Satluj Purple is multiplied through stenting techniquei.e.simultaneous grafting and rooting of rootstock cuttings. Thecuttings of Kabul Green Gaze are used as rootstock. Rootstockcuttings about 20 cm in length are tongue grafted with scion wood inthe first fortnight of January. The basal parts of the grafts are given24 hours soaking treatment with 100 ppm IBA solution. The cuttings/grafts are transplanted in well prepared nursery plots at a distance of15-20 cm in rows spaced 30 cm apart. The plants from the cutting/grafts are available for planting after one year in the month of January.

PlantingPlum is planted either in solid blocks at 6mx6m distance or as

a filler trees in mango,litchi and pear orchards during the first fortnight

of January. The plants of Kala Amritsari are also transplanted in theorchard of Satluj Purple as pollinizer in the ratio of 25:85 plants/acre. Alternate plants of Kala Amritsari are planted in the everysecond row of Satluj Purple for effective pollination and improvingfruit set in the orchard.

High density planting : Satluj Purple plum trees can also beplanted at 6x1.5 m distance with modified leader system and summerpinching (10-15 cm). This practice ensures high yield of better qualityfruits.

Training and PruningTraining : Plum trees are trained according to modified leader

system. The training is completed in 3 years from planting. One

year old healthy plants about one metre in height are transplanted inthe first fortnight of January. The plant is headed back at immatureterminal part at planting time. If the branches are present on thestem these are prunned to short stubs. The plants sprout in Februaryand produce numerous shoots during spring and summer months

and continue growing until about the beginning of October. Duringthe first dormancy, select 4-5 branches all around the central axisspaced 15-20 cm vertically one above the other. The remainingbranches present on the central axis should be removed. At thisstage the central terminal branch is called the leader. The lowestbranch on the stem should be about 45 cm from the ground. Duringsecond year, plant grows in height, produces secondary brancheson the selected primary limbs and new branches above the firstyear extension. In the third year, the tree grows in size and producesmany new branches on primary as well as on the secondary limbs.Out of these wide angled, well-spaced branches are selected andrest are removed. In the end of the year when the plant has developedgood frame-work, central leader is headed back close to an outwardgrowing lateral. In this way the modified leader trained plant is readyfor bearing fruit.

Pruning : Plum trees bear on one year old growth as well as onshort spurs depending upon the variety. Generally, light annualpruning should be done in January. It consists of the removal of thinand crowding twigs and branches within the tree. Criss- crossedand lengthy branches or out of place, dried and diseased branchesshould be thinned out to admit sunlight in the tree center for thedevelopment of better colour of fruits. Besides, water sprouts orsuckers arising from the crown part of the tree should also be cutregularly. After every 4 or 5 years of fruiting, heavy pruning of thetrees is done by heading back the lengthy branches about half oftheir length . The cuts thicker than 4-5 cm should be covered withBordeaux paste or Bordeaux paint.

Manures and FertilizersManures and fertilizers to the plum trees are applied according

to their age.

Dose per tree (g)

Age (years) Farm yard Urea Super Muriate ofmanure (kg) (46% N) phosphate Potash

Single (16% (60% K2O)

P2O

5)

1-2 6-12 60-120 95-190 60-1203-4 18-24 180-240 285-380 180-2405-6 30-36 300-360 475-570 300-3606& above 36 360 570 360

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Apply farm yard manure, super phosphate and muriate ofpotash in December. Split the N fertilizer in two halves. Apply half ofN fertilizer in spring before flowering and second half one month later afterfruit set.

Zinc deficiency : Plum trees growing on light textured soilsgenerally show zinc deficiency symptoms on the current seasongrowth in the summer months. The affected leaves on the terminalparts of branches are narrow, small with interveinal chlorosis. Onthe growing tips, the affected leaves appear in whorls i.e.rossetteform. If the deficiency persists, it may cause die back of the twigsand the fruits become hard and undersized. Zinc deficiency can becorrected by foliar spray containing 3 kg Zinc Sulphate and 1.5 kgunslaked lime in 500 litres of water as and when the deficiencysymptoms are observed on plants.

IrrigationThe young plum plants upto the age of 3-4 years need irrigation

at 4-5 days interval during summer months starting from April toJune. Being deciduous, the plums do not require frequent irrigationduring winter. Apply irrigation only when the drought period isprolonged. The bearing trees should be given regular irrigation fromfruit set to maturity. In summer, irrigation should be given at aninterval of 4-5 days.

Weed ControlWeeds should be checked by manual ploughing in the soil.

Control of pre harvest fruit drop : Two sprays of NAA 10 ppmin 2nd and 4th week of April or one spray of Ethrel 100 ppm in 4thweek of March (after pit hardening) reduced the pre-harvest fruit dropin plum cv. Satluj Purple.

Caution : i. There should not be any water stress in the orchardat the time of spray of growth regulators.

ii. Ethrel 100 ppm spray should be sprayed just after pit hardening andneither before nor later than this. Otherwise, it may increase fruit drop.

iii. As the fruit growth is rapid during April, trees should beirrigated frequently.

Fruit Maturity and HarvestingThe maturity of plum fruits is indicated when these have attained

normal size and colour. The peak season for plum harvest in Punjabstarts from first week of May. The first sign of fruit maturity is thechange of green colour to purple, red or yellow according to thevariety. For local consumption fruit should be picked at ripe but firm

stage. For distant market, fruits are picked when these havedeveloped 50% colour on the skin and should be firm.

Plum fruits are harvested with stem intact avoiding any skininjury. Fruits being perishable in nature should be handled with care.The basket used for picking should be padded with soft dry grass atthe bottom and on the sides. Immediately after harvest, transfer thefruit to some shady area under the trees/shed. For local market,fruit should be picked in the early hours of the day and immediatelyshifted to the shed/tent for sorting, grading and packaging. For distantmarket the fruits are picked in the evening hours and kept in theorchard shed to cool them overnight for sorting, grading and packaging.

Post-harvest HandlingThe fruits which are over ripe, soft, bruised or immature should

be discarded. Fruits are graded according to their size, colour andappearance. Different grades of fruits are packed in separate boxesand labeled. Three standard sizes recommended under “Ag-Mark”system of grading of plum along with the box size are as follows:

Grade Fruit size Inner size Number of Number of(diameter in cm) of box (cm) layers fruits/layer

Special 4.2 & above 36x16x16 3 28-32

Grade-I 3.6-4.2 -do- 4 38-42

Grade-II Below 3.6 -do- 4 50-56

In general, the fruits should be packed in 5 kg wooden boxesinstead of bamboo baskets. To prevent the fruits from injury, interiorof wooden box should be lined with newspaper sheets on all sidesand paper strips as padding at the bottom. The fruits are placed inlayers. After each layer make a partition of paper strips over linedwith newspaper sheet. Top layer of the fruit is covered with a cushionof paper strips and newspaper sheet and finally the lid of the box is nailed.

Plum is a perishable fruit and its shelf life is short. Lowtemperature storage prolongs the effective life of fruit. For best resultsfruit should be picked at the correct maturity and placed immediatelyin commercial cold stores where temperature is 00-30C with relativehumidity 85-90%. The fruit remains in good condition for 25 days.To facilitate better marketing of plum, refrigerated vans are desirablefor transportation.

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monsoon and feed on leavesduring night and hide during day.In case of severe attack, fruits arealso scrapped near the apical end.Eggs are laid in the soil, grubsfeed on roots and other organicmatter and sometimes the grubsfeeding on roots cause the deathof tree.

4. Hairy Caterpillars (Euproctissp.) are sporadic pests. Femaleslay eggs in clusters on ventralsurface of leaves and covered withyellow hair. On hatching, the youngcaterpillars feed gregariously on leaflamina, skeletonizing the samecompletely. Later, the caterpillarssegregate and gnaw the leaves.In case of severe infestation, theentire tree may be defoliated.Young caterpillars have whitishhair while full grown caterpillarshave red head, dark brown bodywith white hair on the head and atuft of long hair at anal end.Adults are yellow moths with paletransverse lines on forewings.

5. Peach Fruit fly (Bactroceradorsalis). It is a serious pestwhich starts in early May inPunjab and continues till the cropis over. Fruits nearing maturityare punctured by the fruit fly foregg laying. Its larvae feed anddevelop in the ripening fruits. Theinfested part of the fruit rots. Adirty brown fluid oozes from thesite of an egg puncture onpressing the infested fruits.Severely infested fruits may drop.

damage starts. Repeat thespray after 5-6 days if thedamage continues or theinsecticide is washed away byrain.

I. Collect and destroy the eggmasses and the gregariouslyfeeding young caterpillars.

II. Spray 700 ml Thiodan 35EC(endosulfan) in 500 litres ofwater.

1. Plant early maturing cultivarsi.e. Prabhat, Partap, FlordaPrince, Earli Grande, Flordasunand Shan-e-Punjab.2. Harvest the ripening fruits anddo not allow the ripe fruits onthe tree.3. Regular removal of fallen fruitsfrom the ground and bury theinfested fruits atleast at 60 cmdepth.

4. Shallow ploughing withcultivator immediately afterharvest is effective in exposing

1 2Storage : The Satluj Purple plum fruits, harvested at colour

break stage, followed by post-harvest treatment of calcium nitrate(2%) solution for five minutes, can be stored for four weeks in coldstorage (0-10C and 90-95% RH) with post storage shelf life of 2 daysat ambient temperature.

Non alcoholic naturally carbonated beverage can be preparedfrom fruits of Satluj Purple and Kala Amritsari plum at small andlarge scale. It has three months shelf life and retains its originalnutrients.

Plant Protection (Peach and Plum)

A. Insect Pests

Pests and symptoms of attack Control Measures

1. Peach Leaf Curl Aphid(Brachycaudus helichrysi). It isa polyphagous pest. Sucking ofthe cell sap from vegetative budsand unfolding leaves results incurling up and yellowing of leaves.Severe infestation affects fruit set andinduces premature fruit drop. Thepest is active from March to May.

2. Peach Black Aphid(Pterochlorus persicae). It islarger than other aphids and darker(almost black) in colour,resembling the colour of peachshoots. A large number ofindividuals congregate on stemsand tender shoots and suck thecell sap from the bark of the stem,limbs and branches from April toJune. The continuous drain of cellsap devatilizes the trees, whichaffect the fruit setting capacity aswell as fruit size.

3. Chaffer and other defoliatingBeetles. Adult beetles (Adoretusspp.) appear with break of

Spray 800 ml Rogor 30EC(dimethoate) in 500 litres ofwater immediately after the fruitset. Repeat the spray after 15days, if necessary.

Spray 800 ml Malathion 50ECin 500 litres of water on thecolonies on the stem and limbsas soon as the pestcongregates on these parts.Spray the tree when the Sun ishigh.

Spray in the evening 1 kgHexavin 50WP (carbaryl) in 500litres of water as soon as the

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1 2

Isolated orchards are less infestedby fruit fly.

6. Flat Headed-Borer(Sphenoptera dadkhani). It isa serious pest on peach. Adultbeetles appear in middle of Marchand feed on foliage. Eggs are laidsingly scattered all over the treetrunk and main branches. Onhatching, young grubs feed belowthe bark making minute irregulargallaries. The bark gets loosenedand splits. Full grown grubs boreinto the wood. Outside on thebark, gum globules ooze out fromthe entrance holes. Leaves turnpale and the growth of the treearrested. In severe infestation theentire tree may die.

7. Plum Caseworm(Cremastopsychae pendula). Itnibbles on the bark of tender

twigs, branches and stems.

and killing the pupating larvae/pupae which are mostlypresent at 4-6 cm depth.

5. In orchards only with historyof severe fruit fly infectionsSpray 1250 ml Sumicidin 20EC (fenvalerate) in 500 litre ofwater in mid May and repeatafter one week if requireddepending upon the variety.Fruits should be harvestedon third day after spary.

Drench spray of 1000 mlDurmet 20 EC (chlorpyriphos)in 500 litres of water duringJune after the harvest of cropand in October.

Spray 1 kg of Sevin 50WP(carbaryl) or 570 ml Thiodan(endosulfan) in 500 litres ofwater.

* For making 5kg. of Mashobra paint mix 5.50 litres water, 225glanolin, 12g stearic acid, 150g marpholin and 25g streptocycline.

1. Shot Hole (Stigminacarpophila) Dark brown scatteredlesions appear on leaves whichenlarge rapidly. Abscission ofdiseased area forms shot holes.

2. Bacterial canker andGummosis (Pseudomonasmorseprunosum) Bacteria attackevery part of tree (trunk,branches, shoots, spurs,blossoms, dormant buds, leavesand even fruits). The attackedlimbs are girdled when theinfection is severe. The death ofthe limbs above the attacked pointoccurs occasionally.

3. Brown Rot (Sclerotiniafructicola and S.fructigena).Fungus causes wilting and killingof petals and young twigs. Theleaves wither and drop. Cankerdevelops on large limbs and thebark is killed, cracks open andexude gum. On fruits, light brownspots appear as small roundareas which enlarge within a fewdays and the entire fruit rots,shrivels and becomes a hard, dryand wrinkled mummy, hanging onthe tree or falling to the ground.

B. Diseases

Disease and symptoms Control measures

Spray with Captan, Ziram orThiram (0.2%) at leaf fall or budswelling stage.

Before the commencement ofrains apply Mashobra Paint*after clearing the wound. Repeatthe treatment on the newlesions, in the following months.

1) Collect and destroy the fruitmummies by burning or buryingthem in the soil.

2) The infected twigs andcankers should be cut out andburnt.

3) Spray the tree with captan @0.2% (200g in 100 liters of water)about 3 weeks before harvestingthe fruits. If disease is severerepeat spray at fortnightlyintervals after harvesting thefruits.

4) Avoid injury during picking.

5) Select healthy unbruisedfruits for marketing.

7. GRAPE

Grape is planted on 966 hectares in Punjab producing 26658tonnes of fruits annually. Due to precocity and high economic returnsits cultivation is becoming popular in Punjab. Besides being grownon commercial scale, it can also be planted in the courtyards. Fruitcontains fair amount of minerals like potassium (0.15-0.25%), calcium(0.004-0.025%) and vitamins like B-complex (391-636 mg/100g). Itsjuice is a good stimulant of kidneys, mildly laxative and an excellentthrust quincher.

Climate and SoilCommercially grapes are grown in climate ranging from

temperate to tropical around the world. However, grapes do bestunder a long, hot, dry and rainless summer with adequate sunshinefollowed by a winter cold enough to induce dormancy in the vines.Certain specific heat units are required for ripening of a particularcultivar. Perlette, an early ripening variety requires 1600 heat units.Dry weather during flowering, fruit development and maturity isessential for the production of quality grapes. Early rains result incracking of berries and spoilage of crop. Moist weather also favoursthe spread of fungal diseases.

The best soil for grape is sandy loam, well-drained, fairly fertilewith good amount of organic matter. Salt affected, nematode infestedand water-logged soils should be avoided. Soils having electricalconductivity upto 1.5 mmhos/cm, calcium carbonate upto 10%, limeconcretion upto 20% and pH upto 8.7 are suitable for successfulcultivation of grape.

Recommended CultivarsPerlette: This variety is cultivated on more than 90% of total

acreage in Punjab. Bunch is medium to large and compact. Berryis seedless, firm, crisp, juicy and light amber. It is highly responsiveto quality improvement treatment. Treated bunches have large roundberries, with 16-18% TSS It ripens during first week of June. Averageyield per vine is 25 kg.

Production of grape vinegar : Production technology of grapevinegar at SL scale has been standardized and recommended. This

technology will provide an alternative use of Perlette grapes whichwill provide fruit based natural vinegar with properties of grapes andvinegar blended together. It possesses an increased shelf life of upto2 years.

Beauty Seedless: It performs well under south-western districts.Bunch is medium and well filled. Berry seedless, medium, bluish black.Highly responsive to quality improvement treatment. Treated buncheshave oblong berries with 16-18% T S S. Keeping quality is poor. Fruitripens in the first week of June. Average yield per vine is 25 kg.

Flame Seedless: Bunch is medium and well filled. Berryseedless, firm, crisp, light purple at maturity. It also gives goodresponse to quality improvement treatment. Bunches have berrieswith 18% T S S. It ripens during second week of June. For obtaininguniform colour treat the bunches with 400ppm ethephon at the colourbreak stage. Average yield per vine is 27 kg.

Punjab Purple (2008) : It is rich in anthocyanins- a source ofantioxidants and is suitable for processing in to juice, nectar andready to serve beverage. It contains 60-65% juice with total solublesolids 17-18% and acidity 0.50%. It has medium and loose bunches.The berry is seeded, medium in size and purple at maturity. It maturesin first week of June.

Preparation of red wineRed wine with 10.5 percent (v/v) ethanol can be prepared from

Punjab Purple grapes by alcoholic fermentation of must (juice+skin)using indigenous yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae G with afermentation efficiency of 90.4 percent. With this developed smallscale (5 litres) technology, wine recovery of 62.4 percent (v/v) can beachieved.Propagation

Select cuttings during December-January from vines that beargood crop and are free from the attack of insects, diseases andnematodes. Make cuttings from middle portion of one year old canes.The cuttings should be 30 - 40 cm long with a diameter of pencilthickness having at least 3-4 buds. Basal cut should be straight andbelow the node while the top cut should be slanting and 2-3 cmabove the node. Plant cuttings in February on well prepared flatbeds in the nursery. Keep one third portion of the cuttings aboveground and bury the remaining two-thirds in the soil.

PlantingThe rooted cuttings of grapevines are transplanted in the field

during middle of January to first fortnight of February before they

63 64

start sprouting. Vines are planted at a distance of 3mx3m in the pitsof 1x1x1 metre dimension. If the soil is light the size of the pits canbe reduced. The pits should be filled by mixing 50 to 60 kg wellrotten farmyard manure with half of the top soil. The refilled pitsshould be watered a few days before planting the vines. In each pit,add 30 g of lindane 5% dust or 5 ml of chlorpyriphos 20 EC mixed inabout 2 kg soil against white ants.

Training and PruningTraining : Train the vines on bower system. The vines are

trained as single stem upto the height of bower. The axillary shootson the trunk of vine are pinched off. The growing tip is pinched off at15 cm below the bower level. Two laterals are selected at the topand they are allowed to grow on either side in opposite direction.These two laterals become primary arms. Develop three pairs ofsecondary arms from each primary arm and train them along eachwire in opposite direction. The length of primary and secondary armsshould not be extended too fast. The entire area available for theframework of vine should be covered in instalments otherwise thearms develop too much waste wood which does not encourage thedevelopment of fruiting canes.

Grapevines should be trained to Y-trellis structure at a spacingof 1.5 x 4m. This system gives high yield, improves fruit quality andenhances maturity.

Pruning : Recommended pruning intensities for different cultivarsin Punjab.

Name of Planting Training Number of Number ofvariety distance system canes per vine buds per

(metres) cane

Perlette 3x3 Bower 60-80 4

Beauty Seedless 3x3 -do- 60-80 4

The grape variety Flame Seedless should be pruned at 4 budlevel for higher yield and better quality fruits.

Note: 1. Pruning should be done from mid-January to the first week of

February when the vines are in the dormant condition.

2. Badly trained young vines can be re-trained by removing thefaulty limbs. In old woody vines, cut the vine at ground levelduring the dormant season and retain a shoot emerging fromvine near the ground level. This single shoot is trained like thenewly planted vine

Rejuvenation technology :The old Perlette vines trained on bower system can be

successfully rejuvenated by heading back the primary arms leavingbehind 1 foot stubs in the month of December January. Bordeauxpaste should be applied after heading back of primary arms. Foruniform colour development of Flame seedless grapes, retain 75%crop load (80-90 branches/vine) immediately after branch emergenceand spray (foliar) 400 ppm ethephon (a.i.) at colour break stage.

Manures and FertilizersTo newly planted vines apply 60 g urea and 125 g muriate of potash

in April and repeat the same dose in June. For older vines planted at3x3 m distance the following fertilizer schedule may be adopted.

Age (year) FYM Urea Super phosphate Muriate of(kg) (46% N) (16% P

2O

5) potash (60%

(kg) (kg) K2O) (kg)

1 20 0.4 1.5 0.25

2 35 0.5 2.5 0.35

3 50 0.6 3.5 0.50

4 65 0.8 4.0 0.65

5 and above 80 1.0 4.5 0.80

Apply whole Farm yard manure(FYM) and superphosphate aswell as half N and K fertilizers after pruning. Apply remaining N andK after fruit set in April. Use of high doses of fertilizers may result inexcessive vegetative growth and barrenness. Complete shade underbower is an indication of excessive growth. In that case, the nutrientcontent of soil should be checked with a soil test and the fertilizerdose be adjusted, if necessary. Give two sprays of urea @ 1.0%first at full bloom and second at fruit-set to get higher yield and betterfruit quality in the Perlette grapes.

Irrigation

Time Number

After pruning in the Ist fortnight One irrigationof February

First week of March One irrigation

After fruit set in April till Ist week of May At 10 days interval

During the rest of May Weekly interval

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Time Number

June 3 or 4 days interval

July to October Irrigate when prolonged dryspell or rainfall is insufficient.

November to January One irrigation if soil gets

extremely dry.

Weed ControlGive pre-emergence application of Hexuron 80 WP (diuron) @

1.2 kg/acre in the first fortnight of March after thorough ploughing.

To remove the established weeds spray Glycel 4 l SL (glyphosate)or Gramaxone 24 WSC (paraquat) at 1.6 litres/acre in 200 litres of

water as post-emergence when weeds attain the height of 15-20 cm.

Quality Improvement To get optimum yield and quality adopt the following package

of treatments.

1. Thin flower buds one week before flowering by leaving 100-120

flower buds/panicle.

2. When berry size is 4mm, girdle the vine by removing a 4mm

wide ring of bark from the main stem and dip the clusters in 40

ppm GA3.*While girdling, there should be no injury to the wood

and no piece of bark should remain attached with the wood.

3. One week after the first GA3 treatment, give a second dipping in

40 ppm GA3.

4. The field should have sufficient moisture during girdling and at

least 3 weeks after that.

5. Harvest the crop when it attained the requisite T S S content.

Two foliar sprays of potassium sulphate @ 1.5%, first one week

after fruit set and second at colour break stage, improve the quality

and colour of perlette grapes.

Maturity and HarvestingGrapes should be harvested only when they are fully ripe. Grapes

need repeated picking to harvest the entire crop because they do

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not ripen at one time. Taste is the most valuable indication of the

ripeness of the bunch. If berries near the tip are good to eat, the

entire bunch is ripe for picking. Taste of berries supplemented with

colour, T S S and sugar-acid ratio gives a fair idea about the time of

harvesting. Ripe grape bunches should be carefully clipped with

scissors. The bunch should be picked close to the cane so that

there should be long cluster stem for handling of bunches during

picking, packing, displaying and marketing of fruits. During handling,

the natural bloom on berries should not be rubbed off. Harvesting

should be done during the cooler part of the day. Bunches should

not be exposed directly to the sun after harvesting.

Post- Harvest Handling and MarketingUnripe, over-ripe, small, mis-shapen, sun-burnt, decayed, soft

and bruised berries should be trimmed. Bunches should be graded

according to the fruit maturity and size. Different grades should be

packed in different containers. For nearby markets, mulberry or

bamboo baskets can be used whereas, for distant markets C F B

boxes of 2-4 kg capacity should be used. In cold storage maintain

temperature of -2 to 0oC with relative humidity of 85 to 90%. There it

can be kept upto 40 days. Shelf life can further be improved if field

heat of berries is immediately removed before actual storage by

forcing the air through the boxes at 2oC less than cold storage

temperature.

The Flame Seedless grapes harvested at optimum maturity with

firm berries having light purple colour and packed in ventilated CFB

boxes (4 kg) lined with polythene film containing one sheet of grape

guard can be stored with acceptable quality for 45-50 days at 0-20C

and 90-95% R.H.

Special ProblemsWater berry: It is characterised by drying of berries usually at

the tip of the clusters. Drying may also be scattered within cluster

during May and June. The berries look like small cellophane bags,

half filled with sap and remain hanging from the clusters. This

disorder is caused by over bearing, excessive application of

nitrogenous fertilizers and excessive irrigation or water stress. Apply

judicious irrigation and nitrogenous fertilizers to overcome this

problem.

Note : *For preparing 40ppm GA3 solution, dissolve one gram of GA

3 in 50 ml

ethyl alcohol in a thoroughly dry container and make the volume to 25 litres. Incase of non-availability of ethyl alcohol use 100 ml country spirit or methyl alcohol.Make the required solution by adding clean water.

1 2

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and fruits. It affects the productionof fruit and also depreciate thequality of grapes.

3. Leaf Roller (Sylepta lunalis).The eggs are laid on ventral surfaceof leaves. On hatching, the youngcaterpillars feed on epidermis ofleaves and skeletonize the same.Later these caterpillars roll theleaves and feed within. The pest isactive during monsoon.

4. Defoliating Beetles (Adoretusspp.). Adult beetles appear withbreak of monsoon and feed onleaves during night and hide duringday. In case of severe attack, fruitsare also scrapped near the apicalend. Eggs are laid in the soil, grubsfeed on roots and other organicmatter and sometimes the grubsfeeding on roots cause the deathof tree.

5. Yellow and Red Wasps(Polistes hebraeus and Vespaorientalis). These cause muchmore damage by feeding on ripeberries having thin skin and highsugar content.

6. Mealy Bugs : Nipaecoccusviridis and Maconellicoccushirsutus are active in grapevineorchards during July-October.Nipaecoccus viridis being the majorspecies causes damage to twigs,branches, leaves and fruits whileMaconellicoccus hirsutus is activeon tender shoots.

Spray 500 ml Thiodan 35 EC(endosulfan) or 500 mlMalathion 50EC in 500 litres

of water as soon as the attackbegins.

Spray in the evening 1 kgHexavin 50 WP (carbaryl) in500 litres of water as soon asthe damage starts. Repeatthe spray after 5-6 days if thedamage continues or theinsecticide is washed awayby rain.

Burn or smoke the waspnests in hedges on trees etc.at sun set. On a small scalethe damage by wasps can beavoided by covering thebunches with muslin cloth.

Same as under citrus butthrough spray of 1875 mlD u r m e t / D u r s b a n(chlorpyriphos) or 750 mlCuracron 50 EC(propinophos) of 500 g Asataf75 SP (acephate) in 500 litresof water should be done afterthe harvest of the crop in Julyto avoid the residue ofinsecticides.

1. Grapevine Thrips(Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus). Itis highly polyphagous. Thenymphs and adults rasp the ventralsurface of tender leaves and flower-stalks and suck the oozing cell sap.As a result of their intensive feedingthe leaves develop silvery whitescorchy patches with curly tips,gradually get deformed andultimately fall down. Attack onflower-stalks results in shedding offlowers. Fruits are also attackedresulting in scab formation on theberries. The attack occurs duringFebruary-March and again inSeptember. The control measurestargetted at early stage (February-March) are more effective comparedto late stage. However, if thrips andchaffer beetle attack occursimultaneously in September thenthe insecticidal application may bedone.2. Hopper (Arboridia viniferata).Nymphs and adults of hoppersusually suck the cell sap from theventral surface of leaves. Thefeeding spots on the leaves becomepale. In case of severe infestation,the affected leaves turn yellow,gradually start curling, becomebrown and ultimately fall down. Itis serious after rainy season. It isalso responsible for an indirect lossby producing honey dew whichserves as a substrate for the growthof sooty mould fungus on foliage

Spray 500 ml of Malathion 50EC in 500 litres of water per 100vines once before flowering andagain after the fruit set.

Spray 1.5 kg Hexavin 50 WP(carbaryl) in 500 litres of water.

Plant Protection

A. Insect Pests


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1 2B. Diseases

Disease Symptoms Control

1. Anthracnose or Die-Back:Caused by Elsinoe ampelina.Small light brown spots appear onyoung leaves which later enlarge,turn dark brown and give shot-holeappearances. In severe attackearly defoliation occurs. Darkbrown sunken spots with raisedmargins develop on new shoots/canes leading to their death fromtip backwards. Similar spotsappear on laterals of clusters.Under conditions favourable for thedisease dark brown depressedspots appear on berries also.

2. Cercospora Leaf Spot:Caused by Cercospora spp. Itmanifests as necrotic small areaon leaves with straw colouredcentre and reddish brown margins.

3. Downy Mildew: Caused byPlasmopara viticola: Light yellowoily spots appear on upper surfaceof leaves which on the lowersurface are covered with whitedowny growth of the pathogen.Later the spots become brown andbrittle. Leaves with many active

i) Prune the shoots and canesduring January-February andgive one dormant spray ofBordeaux mixture (2:2:250)after pruning using 125 litres ofwater/acre.ii) Spray with Bordeaux mixture(2:2:250) in the last week ofMarch using 250 litres of water/acre.iii) Spray Bavistin 50 WP @ 500g/acre in last week of April using500 litres of water.iv) Spray Bordeaux mixture(2:2:250) in the last week ofMay in 500 litres of water/acre.v) Spray Bavistin 50 WP @500g/acre in mid-July using 500litres of water.vi) Spray Bordeaux mixture(2:2:250) in mid-August in 500litres of water/acre.vii) Spray Bavistin 50 WP @500g/acre in first week ofSeptember using 500 litres ofwater.Spray the fungicides asrecommended for Anthracnose.

Same as for Anthracnose andgive one additional spray ofBordeaux mixture (2:2:250) inmid-September using 500 litresof water/acre

spots drop pre-maturely. Thedisease starts appearing innursery and on grown up vines inMarch-April. After rainy seasoni.e. August-September it mayassume serious proportions andcontinue to appear in humidweather. It affects tendrils andfresh growth of the shoots also.

4. Foot rot or Collar rot: Causedby Rhizoctonia sp. In case ofyoung vines the roots and thecollar region turn brownish withthe shredding of bark and internalbrown discolouration. Leaves turnyellow and ultimately the vines wiltand die.

5. Powdery Mildew caused byUncinula necator. White powderygrowth of the fungus on leaves,tender branches and berries. Thedisease infects all aerial parts ofthe vines. On leaves, whitepowdery patches appear whichenlarge, coalesce and becomedirty white at a later stage. Insouth-western Punjab, it appearsin the form of yellowish diffusedspots on the upper surface of theleaves and its presence is felt whenit appears on the berries as dirtywhite growth.

6. Rotting of berries : (Blackmould rot, blue mould rot etc.) iscaused by various kinds of airborne fungi, such as Botrytis,Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Penicilliumspp, yeast. Grape berries are

i) The cuttings before plantingshould be dipped into 0.2%Ziram suspension (2g per litreof water)ii) The soil in the pit should bedrenched with 0.4% Captan (400g in 100 litres of water) thoroughlybefore planting the cuttings.

Spray the vines with 0.25%wetable sulphur (1.25 kg in 500li tres of water) or sprayBayleton @ 200 g or Topas10EC @ 200 ml/500 litres ofwater in mid March, last weekof April and first week of May.

i) For Perlette practise thethinning of bunches asrecommended under qualityimprovement.

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1 2

attacked when still on vines. Thewasps aid in injuring the berriesand releasing the juice whichserves as substrate for the growthof fungi. In Perlette which hascompact bunches the growthpressure ruptures some berriesand the released juice flows intoother berries where the fungi grow.

i i) Use insecticides orrepellants to guard againstwasps and other insectscausing injuries to berries, asgiven under recommendationfor insect pests.

iii) During June spray grapevines with 0.2% Ziram (1 kg./500 litre of water) at 7 dayinterval. Stop spraying a weekbefore harvesting the bunches.

INTEGRATED SPRAY SCHEDULE TO CONTROL INSECTPESTS AND DISEASES OF GRAPES

Month Materials Quantity for Insect pests/500 litres diseaes

February Bordeaux 2.2.250 Anthracnose(before sprouting) Mixture

March (first week) Malathion 50 EC 500 ml Thrips, powderyBayleton/Topas 200 g/200 ml mildew

(Last week) Bordeaux mixture 2.2.250 Anthracnose/

Cercospora leaf spot/powdery mildew

Mid April Wettable sulphur 1.25 kg Powdery mildew

or Bayleton/Topas 200 g/200 ml AnthracnoseBavistin 50 WP 500g cercospora leaf spot.

Fourth week Malathion 50EC* 500ml Thrips

May (first week) Bordeaux mixture 2.2.250 Anthracnose

Bayleton/Topas 200g/200 ml Powdery mildew

June (first week) Ziram 1kg Rotting of berries

July (after Hexavin 50 WP 1.5 kg Thrips, jassid, chaffer

harvest) Bavistin 50 WP 500g beetle, leaf roller,anthracnose,cercospora leaf spot.

August (middle) Bordeaux mixture 2.2.250 Anthracnose,Cercospora leaf spot,downy mildew.

September Hexavin 50WP 1.5 kg Thrips and hopper,

(first week) Bavistin 50 WP 500 g cerscospora leaf spotAnthracnose, downymildew

September Bordeaux mixture 2.2.250 Anthracnose,

(middle) Cercospora leaf

spot, downy mildew

* In Perlette cultivar, carbaryl should be preferred as it also takes care ofthinning of berries apart from thrips control.

* Zinc sulphate 3kg plus 1.5 kg unslaked lime should be sprayed if deficiency

symtoms appear.

Allahabad Sufeda: The trees of this variety are somewhat dwarfwith compact sub-globose, round crown and spreading branches.The leaves are large in size and the tree has a less dense foliagethan Sardar guava The fruit is round and smooth with white fleshhaving pleasant flavour and 10-12 per cent TSS. In full grown trees,the fruit yield may vary from 120 to 140 kg per tree.

Arka Amulya : It is a hybrid of Seedless x Allahabad Sufeda.The trees are some what dwarf with compact, round crown and droopingbranches with dense foliage. The fruit is large, round, glossy withwhite flesh containing semi-soft seeds. The average yield of rainyand winter seasons crop is 144 kg per tree. The total soluble solidsin fruit range from 9.3 to 10.1 per cent and acidity from 0.25 to 0.34per cent.

PropagationGuava is commercially propagated by improved patch budding.

Rootstock Portugal : Portugal rootstock of guava is mostsuitable for Sardar and Allahabad Sufeda varieties, as it improvesfruit yield and weight. It also imparts vigour and wilt tolerance tothese scion varieties.

Rootstock Raising: Guava seeds of Sardar cv. which is knownto be wilt tolerant, are sown on raised seed beds of 2m x 1m size inAugust or March. The seedlings become ready for transplanting aftersix months and budding is done when these seedlings attain adiameter of 1.0 to 1.2 cm at about 15 cm height. Sometimes, theguava seedlings show signs of wilting due to damping-off. To controlthis, drench the seed beds with 0.3% Captan.

Budding : The best time for budding is May and June when itgives 75-80 per cent success. Freshly cut, angular budwood fromcurrent season’s growth is used for budding. A semi-circular or arectangular patch of bark (2.5 x 1.0 cm) with two buds is removedfrom the scion stick taking care that the bark does not split. It isthen fixed on the exposed portion of the rootstock and tied immediatelywith the polythene strip leaving both the buds uncovered. Thepolythene is removed after a week or so when the bud-take hasoccurred. When the shoots developing from the buds have attaineda length of 15-20 cm, retain the vigorously grown shoot and removethe weaker ones.

PlantingGuava may be planted in February-March or August-September

with earthballs or bare rooted. In latter case the plants should be

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8. GUAVA

Guava is an important fruit crop of Punjab and ranks third aftercitrus and mango. It occupies an area of 8183 hectares with anannual production of 155526 tonnes. Guava grows well in almost allthe districts of the State. It is highly nutritious fruit and containsvitamin C from 150-200 mg/100 g of pulp. Guava fruit containsantioxidant factors and is known to control the systolic blood pressure.

Climate and SoilGuava is successfully grown under tropical and sub-tropical

climatic conditions owing to its wider adaptability. It is a hardy andprolific bearing fruit plant. It bears twice in a year i.e. during rainyseason and winter season. However, the areas having distinct winterseason are considered best for increasing yield and improving fruitquality. It can be grown in arid and rainfed areas like Kandi.

Being a hardy fruit plant, it can be grown in poor, alkaline and illdrained soils. Preferably it should be grown on soils with pH rangingfrom 6.5 to 7.5, however, it can withstand soil pH upto 8.7. Forsuccessful cultivation, the soils for guava should be deep, well-drained,friable, sandy loam to clay loam. Guava is a shallow rooted plant,therefore, the surface soil should be rich.

Recommended CultivarsPunjab Pink : It is a hybrid between Portugal x L 49 = F

1 x

Apple colour. The trees of this variety are vigorous with droopingbranches. The fruit is medium to large in size with attractive redcoloured skin sometimes in summer season and golden yellow inwinter season. The flesh is red having pleasant flavour. TSS rangedfrom 10.5 to 12.0 per cent. It is a prolific bearer and the average yieldis 53 kg per tree.

Sardar: It is a selection from Allahabad Sufeda. This cultivar isalso known as L-49. The tree is dwarf with open rounded but flattenedcrown and spreading branches. The leaves are medium in size andthe tree has a dense foliage. The fruit is large, with rough surfaceand ribs on shoulders, having creamy white, smooth juicy flesh withexcellent taste, with 10-12 percent TSS. In full grown trees, the fruityield may vary from 125 to 150 kg per tree.

defoliated and the roots covered with some moist material. Guavaplants can be planted at a spacing of 6x5m. With this planting plan,132 plants can be accomodated in one acre.

Training and PruningTraining of guava trees improves fruit yield and quality. Modified

leader system of training is generally followed. The main objective oftraining guava plants is to provide a strong framework and scaffold orbranches suitable for bearing a heavy remunerative crop withoutbreakage of the branches. The flowers and fruits in guava are borneon current season’s growth, hence, a light annual pruning upto 10cm tip removal may prove useful to encourage new shoots after theharvest. Dead, diseased, intercrossing branches and suckers comingup from the base and sides of the framework should also be prunnedback annually.


Fertilizer dose per treeAge of tree Farmyard Urea (46%N) Superphosphate Muriate of potash(years) manure (kg) (g) (16% P

2O

5) (kg) (60% K

2O) (kg)

1-3 10-20 150-200 0.5-1.5 0.1-0.4

4-6 25-40 300-600 1.5-2.0 0.6-1.0

7-10 40-50 750-1000 2.0-2.5 1.1-1.5

Above 10 50 1000 2.5 1.5

Farmyard manure should be applied in May. Half of the inorganicfertilizers should be applied in May-June and the remaining half inSeptember-October.

Zinc Deficiency: The affected plants produce small leaves withyellowing or chlorosis in between the veins. The plant growth issuppressed and the branches start dieing back. Correct thisdeficiency by spraying the trees with zinc sulphate-lime mixture (1kg of zinc sulphate + half kg of unslaked lime in 100 litres of water).Give 2 or 3 such sprays at fortnightly interval between June toSeptember.

IrrigationThe young guava plants need irrigation at weekly interval during

summer months and 2-3 irrigations during winter months. Bearingtrees require, irrigation for flowering and better fruit set at an intervalof 2-3 weeks during summer months and at monthly intervals duringwinter months. Copious irrigation at flowering should be avoided as itmay cause excessive flower drop.

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IntercroppingThe leguminous crops like cowpea, guara, gram, beans etc. should

be sown as safe intercrops. During initial 3-4 years, vegetables likeradish, carrot, okra and brinjal can be interplanted in the vacant land.

Weed ControlPre-emergence application of Hexuron 80 WP (diuron) @ 1.6

kg/acre can be made during first fortnight of March for rainy seasoncrop and during first fortnight of September for winter season cropwhen field is free from weeds and stubbles. Glycel 41 SL (glyphosate)@ 1.6 litre/acre as post-emergence should be sprayed when theweeds are growing actively, preferably before weeds flower or attaina height of 15-20 cm i.e. during second fortnight of March for rainyseason crop and during second fortnight of September for winterseason crop. Dissolve the herbicides in 200 litres of water which isenough to give complete coverage on weeds in one acre. Spray Glycelduring the calm day to avoid spray drift to the foliage of the trees.

Crop RegulationGuava gives two crops a year. Winter season crop is superior in

quality than rainy season crop, which may get infested with fruitflies. In order to get only winter season crop, the following methodsmay be adopted.

(i) Spray urea 10 per cent or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) @of 600 mg/litre during May, when maximum flowers have opened.Each tree needs about 10-12 litres of solution i.e. about 1000 litresper acre. For making this concentration of NAA, dissolve 600g ofNAA in 1500-2000 ml alcohol, then make the volume of 1000 litres.

(ii) Pruning of terminal portions of the shoots upto 20 or 30 cmbetween 20th to 30th April avoids completely the rainy season crop.

(iii) Apply fertilizers during June to encourage growth in July-August for getting maximum flowering during August-September forwinter season crop.

(iv) Withhold irrigation during April-May.

Fruit Maturity and Harvesting Guava fruit is climacteric in nature and should be picked when

it is mature but firm. When picked at this stage, it ripens to giveexcellent taste and flavour. The fruits change their colour from darkgreen to greenish yellow at maturity. The fruits should not be allowedto over ripe on the trees as they deteriorate in quality and are more

liable to be damaged by birds. It is a common observation that farmersretain a few leaves or small branches with the fruit to make it attractive.But this practice rather leads to higher moisture loss from the fruitand may injure the adjoining fruits and aggravate spoilage.

Post-Harvest HandlingGuava is highly perishable fruit and should be marketed

immediately after harvest. Harvested fruits are cleaned, graded andpacked preferably in CFB cartons of sizes ranging from 4-10 kg or inbamboo baskets of different sizes. The guava fruits when picked atproper maturity can be kept at room temperature for one week inperforated polythene bags and for three weeks in CFB cartons incommercial cold storage at 0-3.3oC and RH of 85-90%.

Plant ProtectionA. Insect Pests


1. Fruit fly (Bacterocra dorsalis): Itis the most common and serious pestof guava. Being polyphagous, it feedsand breeds profusely on various fruitcrops. The fruit fly deposits the eggsat colour break stage of fruits in thesoft epicarp. On hatching, the maggotsbore further into fruits and feed on softpulp. The infested f ruits showdepressions with dark green punctureand when cut open the wrigglingmaggots are seen inside. The infestedfruits rot and fall down. Pupation takesplace in the soil under trees. Isolatedorchards are less infested by the fruitfly.

1. Avoid taking rainy seasoncrop only in orchards withhistory of severe fruit flyinfestations.

2. Harvest the ripening fruitsand do not allow the ripefruits on the tree.

3. Regular removal of fallenfruits from the ground andbury the infested fruitsatleast at 60 cm depth.

4.Shallow ploughing withcultivator immediately afterharvest is ef fective inexposing and killing thepupating larvae/pupae whichare mostly present at 4-6 cmdepth.

5. In orchards only withhistory of severe fruit flyinfestations, Spray 1250 mlSumicidin 20 EC

2. Guava Shoot Borer (Microcolonatechnographa): It is serious undernursery conditions. It damages thetender shoots of nursery/adult trees ofguava. Side sprouting of the vegetativebuds just below the larval galleryimpairs the quality of the seedlings asthe buds below the damaged portionproduce lateral shoots and plants givebushy look. Secondly, infested shootsdry up which can be located from adistance by the presence of fine blackfrass on the leaves/shoot parts beneaththe site of infestation.

3. Mealy bugs : Ferrisia virgata,Planococcus lilacinus and Nipaecoccusviridis are causing damage to guavatrees. Ferrisia virgata is active inorchards during June-October whileother tree species are causing damageduring July-October. Ferrisia virgata isthe major species as compared toother mealy bugs. The nymphs ofthese mealy bugs suck cell sap fromthe different parts of the plant likeleaves, tender shoots, twigs, branchesand fruits. Heavy infestation incouragesthe growth of sooty mould due to whichthe trees become black in colour. Allthese mealy bugs hibernate on thetwigs, branches and shoots of trees.

(fenvalerate) in 500 litres ofwater at weekly intervals onripening fruits commencingfrom July onwards till therainy season crop is over.Fruits should be harvestedon third day after spray.

In nursery spray 500 mlDurmet 20 EC(chlorpyriphos) or 400 mlEkalux 25 EC (quinalphos)per acre in 100 litres ofwater.

Same as under citrus


79 80

81 82

B. Diseases

Disease symptoms Control

1. Wilt: caused by Fusarium

sp.,Cephalosporium sp.Rhizoctonia

sp.: Symptoms appear on the infected

trees many months after their roots are

attacked by the fungi. Sparse foliage,

denuded branches, yellowing of leaves

and wilt ing are the important

symptoms. In the root, the cambium

in between the bark and the wood,

shows discoloration. Replanted trees

bear fruit for a number of years before

ultimately succumbing to the disease.

2. Fruit Rot, Anthracnose or Die

Back: Caused by Gloeosporium psidii

and Phytophthora parasitica; Rhizopus

sp., Aspergilus sp.: fully mature fruits

are more prone to attack of the fungus.

Circular, slightly sunken, brown spots

with definite margins appear on the

fruits. The centre of a lesion has a

pink sticky spore-mass, characteristic

of the anthracnose disease. Fruits rot

completely within 2 to 3 days. The

fungus also atttacks young trees, twigs

and branches during the rainy season

resulting in the die back of the shoot

from the distal end.

(i) Plant guava in a well

drained field. Avoid too

heavy soils.

(ii) Uproot and burn the

wilted trees alongwith all the

roots.

(iii) Drench the soil in the pit

with 2 per cent Formalin

solution and cover with

sarkanda and old wetted

gunny bags. Expose the

soil for 14 days and replant

healthy guava plants.

(i) Rain or irrigation water

should not be allowed to

stand in the basin around

the tree.

(ii) After pruning, spray the

trees with 300 g of Blitox or

300 g Captan in 100 litres

of water. Repeat the spray

af ter the f ruit set and

continue spraying at 10 to

15 days interval till maturity.

(iii) The rotten and mumified

fruits which fall on the

ground and are unfit for

marketing should be burried

deep into the soil.

(iv) Avoid bruising of the

fruits.

9. BER

The ber is one of the ancient and common fruit of Punjab. Itranks fourth in area after Kinnow, mango and guava. The total areaunder ber cultivation in Punjab is about 2673 hectares with an annualproduction of 44170 tonnes. The districts of Sangrur, Patiala, Mansa,Bathinda and Ferozepur are most famous for ber cultivation. Ber isone of the nutritious fruits. It is a rich source of vitamin C (120 mg/100g), protein (1.0%) and minerals like calcium (0.03%), phosphorus(0.036%) and iron (1.14%). Umran variety is most suitable for thepreparation of candy, sundrying and dehydration. Fully mature unripefruits of ber can be used for the preparation of murabba, pickle andchutney. The juicy varieties can be converted into pulp to serve asbase material for squash, nectar and ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage.The fully mature fruits of ber can be canned in sugar syrup.

Climate and SoilThe ber is a hardy fruit tree and can grow successfully even

under unfavourable climatic conditions where most other fruit treesfail to grow. It can be grown in sub-tropical and tropical climate. Bertrees relish hot and dry climate for successful cultivation but needadequate watering during the fruiting season. Excessive atmospherichumidity is a limiting factor for satisfactory fruiting. It can withstandhot and dry weather during summer months of May and June as treeenters into dormancy by shedding its leaves. New growth starts inJuly with the advent of rains and growth period continues till themiddle of November when it stops with the onset of cold weather.

Although ber grows and yields the best on deep sandy loamsoils with neutral or slightly alkaline reaction having good drainage,it can be grown on marginal lands or even those which are consideredunsuitable for growing other crops. It develops a deep tap-root systemand as such adapts itself to a wide variety of soils. It is known for itsability to thrive under adverse conditions of salinity, drought, alkalinityand water-logging. It can flourish even in soils with pH upto 9.2.

Recommended CultivarsUmran : Tree spreading and vigorous. Fruit large, oval with a

round apex. Skin smooth and glossy, golden yellow, turning to

chocolate brown at maturity. Pulp sweet with a pleasant flavour and19% TSS. Ripens from end-March to mid-April. Yield upto 150-200

kg of fruit per tree. Susceptible to powdery mildew disease.

Sanaur-2: Tree spreading and semi-vigorous. Fruit large,

oblong, smooth and golden yellow. Pulp sweet with a typical flavourand 19% TSS. Ripens in the second fortnight of March. Average

yield is 150 kg per tree. It is fairly resistant to powdery mildewdisease. Most suitable for Kandi area.

Kaithli : Tree erect and vigorous. Fruit medium, oblong with apointed apex, smooth and greenish yellow. Pulp soft, sweet with a

mild flavour having 18% TSS. Ripens in the end of March. Thisvariety is sometimes severely affected with powdery mildew disease.

Average yield is 75 kg per tree.

ZG-2 : Tree spreading and vigorous. Fruit medium-sized, bright

green when ripe, oblong, soft with an excellent blend of sugars andacids with 13% TSS. It is a mid-season variety ripens in the end of

March. Average yield is 150 kg per tree. Less susceptible to powderymildew disease.

Wallaiti : Tree semi-erect to erect and vigorous. Fruit mediumto large, oval in shape, skin smooth and light golden yellow to golden

yellow at maturity. Pulp soft, sweet with 13.8 to 15.0% TSS. It is anearly variety and ripens during first fortnight of March. Average yield

is 114 kg fruit per tree. Moderately susceptible to powdery mildewdisease.

PropagationRootstock Raising : The ber plants should be budded on

Zizyphus mauritiana preferably Elongated Dehradun or Coimbatore.While the former is suitable for greater plant vigour and higher yield,

the later produces semi-vigorous plants, which are suitable for closerspacing of 6x6m. However, Katha ber is generally used for raising

rootstock seedlings.

The germination of ber seed is quite difficult process on account

of the stony nature of the shell (endocarp) which contain the seed.Seeds should be dipped in 17-18% salt solution for 24 hours before

sowing. The stones are sown during April after fresh extraction inwell prepared nursery beds at a distance of 15 cm in rows spaced 30

cm apart. Germination starts in about 3-4 weeks and seedlingsbecome buddable in August.

83 84

Budding : The propagation of ber by budding is the most

successful method. Shield (T) budding is done during June-

September.

PlantingThe budded plants are usually transplanted during February-

March or August-September at 7.5 x 7.5 m in square system. Dig

out the plants from the nursery with a good-sized earth ball so that

minimum roots are lost. Pack the plants properly and carefully to

keep earthball intact. The ber plants can also be transplanted bare-

rooted with equal success. For this, lift the plants from nursery in

usual manner from mid-January to mid-February. Defoliate the plants

just before lifting them from the nursery.

On sandy Tiba land, it is advisable to sow seeds and bud in situ

as transplantation of budded plants has a poor success.

Training and PruningThe ber fruits are trained according to modified leader system.

After transplanting head back the main stem at 75 cm from the

ground level. Out of the new lateral growth produced on the main

stem select four to five laterals which are most favourably located

around the main stem. As the ber tree bears fruit on the current

season’s growth, regular annual pruning is necessary. Prune the

lower branches to prevent them from spreading on the ground. Also

remove thin, dry, broken and diseased branches of the previous

season. Pruning is done during second fortnight of May when the

trees are dormant. Pruning in Sanaur-2 Cv. should be done during

the thrid week of April. Pruning by heading back to 8 buds of previous

year’s growth gives higher yield of better quality fruits. Severe pruning

after four-five years is recommended.

Rejuvenation of Old Ber TreesBer trees need to be rejuvenated after the age of about 25 years.

This can be done by heading back the main limbs to about 30 cm

during second fortnight of May. The trees start giving commercial

crop with higher yield of excellent fruit quality during the third fruiting

season.


Age (Years) Farmyard manure Fertilizer dose per(kg/tree) tree(g) Urea 46% N

1 20 2002 40 4003 60 6004 80 8005 or more 100 1000

Apply the whole quantity of farmyard manure in May-June. Urea

may be split up in two parts – one part to be applied during the rainy

season in July-August and the other soon after the fruit set.

IrrigationIrrigation is essential during the development of fruit i.e. from

October to February. It may be given at intervals of 3 or 4 weeks

depending upon the weather. The fruit becomes large, quality

improved and fruit shedding is minimized by irrigating the trees during

fruit development period. Irrigation should be stopped in second

fortnight of March, as fruits on the branches lying on the ground get

damaged and their ripening is delayed.

Weed ControlPre-emergence application of Hexuron 80WP (diuron) at 1.2 kg/

acre should be made during the first fortnight of August when field is

free from growing weeds and stubbles. Glycel 41 SL (glyphosate) at

1.2 litres/acre or Gramaxone 24 WSC (paraquat) at 1.2 litres/acre

as post-emergence should be sprayed when the weeds are growing

actively preferably before weeds flower or attain a height of 15-20

cm. Dissolve the herbicides in 200 litres of water which is sufficient

to give complete coverage on weeds in one acre. Spray Glycel or

Gramaxone during the calm day to avoid spray drift to the foliage of

the fruit trees.

IntercroppingIntercropping can be successfully done on the vacant land in the

young orchard during the first three-four years. Only the leguminous

crops of short stature like gram, moong and mash should be grown

to get some income from the land. These crops also enrich the soil

by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. The exhaustive and tall-growing crops

should not be grown in the orchard as they deplete the soil of its

nutrients to a greater extent and compete for light with the trees.

Fruit Maturity and HarvestingThe ber tree grows quickly and the first crop can be harvested

within 2-3 years of planting. The peak season for harvesting is mid-March to mid-April. During this period, ber sells readily at remunerativeprices. The fruit should always be picked at the right stage of maturity,i.e. when it is neither under-ripe nor over-ripe. It should be pickedwhen it has acquired normal size and characteristic colour of thevariety e.g. deep golden yellow colour in Umran. All the ber fruits onthe tree do not ripen at the same time and picked 4-5 times frommid-March to mid-April In no case, the fruits should be allowed tobecome over-ripe on the tree as they deteriorate in taste and qualityand thus fetch lower price.

Uniform and Early Ripening : Ethephon 400 ppm at colourbreak stage (250 ml in 300 litres of water in first week of March)advances ripening by two weeks in Umran and produces attractive,uniform, better quality and deep golden yellow with chocolate tingecoloured fruit.

Post-Harvest HandlingGrading and Packing of Fruits : The grading should be done

before the fruit is marketed. Sorting should be done to remove culled,undersized, under-ripe, over-ripe, mis-shapened, cankered and bird-damaged fruits. The fruits should be graded into four grades namely,A grade – large sized; B grade – medium-sized; C grade- small-sized and D grade – under-ripe, over-ripe, deformed, mis-shapenedand cankered fruits. Highest distribution of fruits is found in grade B(33%), which is closely followed by grade A (27%). The extent of Cand D grade fruits is 21% and 19% respectively. The fruits of Umranbelonging to A and B grades which accounted for 60 per cent of thetotal crop have deep golden yellow colour are more acceptable tothe consumers and considered the best for marketing.

The fruits should be packed properly in Corrugated Fibre Board(CFB) cartons, wooden crates, polynets, wooden baskets and gunnybags of convenient sizes on the basis of grades.

Storage : The ber fruits of cultivar Umran, harvested at colourbreak stage can be stored at 7.5+10C and 90-95% RH for two weekswith acceptable colour and quality.

85 86

87 88

Plant Protection MeasuresA. Insect Pests


1. Fruitfly (Carpomyia vesuviana):

is one of the specific and serious

pests of ber. Fruitfly deposits eggs

in the epicarp of developing fruits.

After hatching, the larvae enter into

pulp and start feeding. The infested

fruits become deformed, turn brown,

rot and drop off. Fully grown maggots

emerge out of the fruit by making a

hole and pupate in the soil.

2. Leaf Eating Caterpillar

(Euproctis spp.): The young

caterpillars initially remain gregarious

and scrap leaves and tender fruits.

Later instars disperse and devour

leaves, fruits and tender shoots.

Affected fruits become unmarketable.

3. Lac Insect (Kerria spp.): Although

useful if reared commercially for lac

production. Their presence on ber

trees is considered as harmful

because they devitalize the trees and

affect adversely the yield of fruits.

I. Clean cultivation/sanitation

of orchards by picking and

destroying the infested fruits

should be done.

II. To escape egg laying on

fruits, harvest at green and

firm stage and do not allow

the fruit to ripe on the tree.

III. Rack the soil around the

trees during summer to

expose the pupae to heat and

natural enemies.

IV. Spray 500 ml Rogor 30 EC

(dimethoate) in 300 litres of

water during February-March.

Stop spraying atleast 15 days

before fruit picking.

I. At early and smaller scale,

pluck the leaves with egg

masses, and young

caterpillars and destroy.

II. Spray 750 g Hexavin 50 WP

(carbaryl) in 250 litres of

water as soon as the damage

is noticed.

I. Remove and destroy the

infested dry part and scrap

off the infested twig before

treatment.

II. Spray 250 ml Rogor 30 EC

(dimethoate) in 250 litres of

water in April and again in

September.

B. Diseases

Disease symptoms Control

1. Powdery Mildew Caused byMicrosphaera alphitoides. Youngdeveloping leaves and fruits arecovered with whitish powdery massof the causal fungus. This conditionresults in premature defoliation andfruit drop. Fruits remain small andbecome cankered and cracked.

2. Leaf Mould and Leaf Spotcaused by Isariopsis Indica andPhoma macrostoma. Theunderside of the leaves shows ablackish and sooty appearance.Leaves turn yellow and dropprematurely. Necrotic, small tomedium spots appear on theaffected leaves.

3. Black Fruit Spot : The diseaseis caused by Alternaria alternatawhich produces small, irregular,sunken, black spots on ber fruit.Some times Phoma macrostromais also associated with the diseaseat later stages. The infected fruitsbecome disfigured and may drop offbefore harvest. The disease startsits appearance during February andis very severe during February-March.

Spray 0.25 per cent wettablesulphur (250 g in 100 litresof water) or 0.05% Karathane40EC (50 ml or 0.05%Bayleton 25 WP (50g in 100litres of water) in September(at flowering), mid October,mid-November and mid-December. An other spraycan be given if need arisesin January.

Spray with Bordeaux mixture(2:2:250) or with 0.3%copper oxychloride (300 g in100 litres of water).

Spray with Mancozeb 75 WP@ 0.25% (2.5 gm per litre ofwater) during end Januaryand mid-February.

89 90

10. LITCHI

Litchi is one of the important fruits which can be grownsuccessfully in the sub-montaneous parts of the Punjab Statecomprising parts of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Ropar and Patialadistricts. Currently, it is planted over 1512 hectares and produces19286 tonnes annually. In view of the export possibilities of litchi fruitfrom Punjab, its future appears to be quite bright.

Climate and SoilThe climatic conditions of sub-montane tract of Punjab are

suitabale for the growth and fruiting of litchi. In these areas summersare quite hot to encourage vegetative growth of plants and wintersare cool enough to provide 200-300 hours of chilling temperature tofacilitate fruit bud differentation in litchi. Quite frequently, summertemperature rises above 40oC during the period of fruit growth anddevelopment. This is favourable for sun-burning and cracking of fruitsto varying intensities in all the recommended cultivars.

Litchi likes a deep, fertile, well-drained, medium textured soil, which isfree from hard pans of any kind and salinity. Preferably, the soil pH shouldbe around 7.5 to 8.0. In high pH and saline soils, litchi is difficult to establishand flourish. Therefore, such soils should be avoided.

Recommended CultivarsDehra Dun : It is an early, regular and heavy-bearing cultivar,

with fruits ripening in the second week of June. Its fruits have anattractive colour but are prone to splitting. The pulp is sweet,moderately juicy, medium soft in texture, juice has 17 per cent TSSand 0.48 per cent acidity. The pulp stone ratio is 3.75:1.

Calcuttia : It is heavy bearing cultivar with excellent fruit quality.Its fruits are large, attractive mature in the third week of June. It isless prone to cracking. The pulp is sweet and soft in texture,moderately juicy with good flavour, juice has 18% TSS and 0.49%acidity. The pulp/stone ratio is 4.78:1.

Seedless Late : It has shrivelled seed and a much greaterproportion of flesh in the fruit. Fruits mature in the third week of Juneand are more prone to splitting than Calcuttia. It is prone to irregularbearing. Fruits are deep carmine red, pulp is soft, sweet and very

juicy with an agreeable flavour, juice has 18.7 per cent TSS and 0.3per cent acidity. The pulp/stone ratio is 28:1. It comes into bearingrather late.

PropagationLitchi is propagated commercially by air-layering (gootee). A

terminal branch, 45-60 cm long and 1.0-1.25 cm thick is selected. A4 cm wide ring of bark is removed with a sharp knife. Place wetmoss or roots of water hyancinth on the exposed portion and wrap itwith polythene sheet. The ends of wrapped polythene sheet shouldbe tied tightly.

The rooting starts after about 4 weeks. However, the gooteeshould be severed from the mother tree only when a good number ofroots have developed. After severing from the mother tree, removethe polythene sheet and immediately plant the gootee in a nurserybed. Apply irrigation to the gootee after plantation in the nursery.Middle of July to September are the best months for the air layeringof litchi.

PlantingLitchi should be planted towards the end of the rainy season

when the environmental temperature becomes moderate and theatmosphere has high humidity i.e. in September. Two year old plantsshould be planted in the field as it considerably reduces field mortality.Young litchi plants if purchased should be planted in the nursery.

Protection of Young Plants Against Cold and Hot WeatherThe young litchi plants need protection against winter frost and

summer winds (loo) upto 4-5 years. Cover the plants with locallyavailable materials like sarkanda. Growing of dhaincha around theyoung plants provide good protection in summer and winter. Thedhaincha seed should be sown around plants in the basin in themiddle of February. It grows sufficiently by the middle of April toprovide shade to the plants of litchi. Dhaincha can be tied in winterto act as protection against frost. The open spaces in dhainchastems can be plugged with locally available straw. Root pruning ofdhaincha plants is necessary to avoid competition with litchi roots.It should be done three or four times in a year.

Wind Breaks: Litchi orchards should be protected from strongwinds which can cause the uprooting of trees and drop of flowersand fruits. A row of tall growing trees such as seedling mango,Jamun, Eucalyptus etc. should be planted around the orchard.


Dose (kg per tree)

Age of tree Farmyard Urea (46%N) Superphosphate Muriate of potash

(years) manure (16% P2O

5) (60% K

2O)

1-3 10-20 0.15-0.50 0.2-0.6 0.06-0.15

4-6 25-40 0.50-1.0 0.75-1.25 0.2-0.3

7-10 40-50 1.0-1.5 1.5-2.0 0.3-0.5

Above 10 60 1.6 2.25 0.6

Farmyard manure, superphosphate and muriate of potash shouldbe applied in December. Half of urea should be applied in the middleof February and the other half in the middle of April after fruit set.

IrrigationLitchi should be carefully irrigated at all stages of development.

Irrigate young plants twice a week during April-June and at weeklyintervals in winter. In bearing trees, irrigation need is critical duringfruit development which occurs from the second week of May to theend of June. Twice a week irrigation during this period reducescracking of fruits to a great extent and helps in proper sizedevelopment.

After the withdrawal of monsoon young orchards should beirrigated at weekly/fortnightly intervals from September onwards. Butto the bearing orchards irrigation should be applied at the end ofNovember or first week of December to protect it from frost injury.Later on irrigation during winter should be applied depending uponrain and soil moisture conditions.

IntercroppingLitchi is a slow growing plant and it takes about ten years to

come into commercial bearing. Moreover there is sufficient space inthe orchard to grow intercrops. Besides intercropping quick growingfruit plants such as peach, plum and Kinnow can be interplanted inlitchi orchards. As soon as the litchi orchard comes into commercialbearing the filler plants should be uprooted.

The growing of intercrops not only provides income to the farmerbut give protection to the young plants and keep the seeds under

91 92

control. The type of intercrops depends upon the soil, climate aswell as the marketing facilities. Pulses and vegetables should bepreferred as intercrops. The irrigation for intercrop and orchard shouldbe independent.

Fruit Maturity and HarvestingThe fruit is harvested in bunches. As the whole of the fruits do

not ripe at one time, spot picking is done. The fruit should be harvestedwith as little foliage as possible. The fruit is then packed in smallbaskets and sent to the market.

Plant Protection

A. Insect PestsA number of insects and mite pests are damaging the litchi

plants and fruits in the State. Among the various pests, leaf curlmite, fruit borer (especially Blastobasis sp.), leaf roller (Tortrixepicyrta) and bark eating caterpillar are very serious.


Litchi nut borer (Blastobasis sp.)It damages the fruit by enteringthrough a small pin-head size holenear the attachment of peduncle andfeeds inside it. Infested fruitsbecome unfit for consumption.

I. For the management of thepest, clean cultivation, i.e.remov ing of fal len f ruits(mummies) from the orchardand ploughing destroys thecarry over of pests to the nextcrop.II. Alternate sprays of 1250 mlThiodan 35 EC (endosulfan) or750 ml Sumicidin/Fenval 20EC (fenvalerate) or 1000 mlEkalux 25 EC (quinalphos) in500 litres of water at fruit set,20 days thereafter or mayadjust with the appearance ofpest and at colour break stage.

11. LOQUAT

The loquat can be grown successfully in Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur,Ropar, Patiala and Amritsar districts. This fruit needs more attention asit ripens during end March-April at a time when there is hardly any fruitavailable in the market. Thus it commands good price in the market.

Climate and SoilThe loquat trees are resistant to heat and drought. The thick,

leathery leaves are well adapted to withstand seasons of neglectwithout serious injury. However, warm and dry climate is essential

at the time of fruit ripening.

The loquat grows well on a fertile and light sandy loam soil.Good drainage is considered essential for better tree performance.

Recommended CultivarsGolden Yellow : It has medium sized egg-shaped fruit with

attractive golden-yellow colour. Flesh is yellowish with sour-sweettaste. Each fruit contains 4-5 medium sized seeds. Ripens duringthird week of March.

Pale Yellow : It has large fruits, which are slightly conical toroundish in shape, pale yellow in colour. Flesh is white and tastesour-sweet. Each fruit contain 2 or 3 medium sized seeds. Ripens

during second week of April.

California Advance : Fruit medium sized, conical to round in shape.External colour yellow. Flesh creamy white, taste sour-sweet. Fruit contain2 or 3 medium sized seeds. Ripens during fourth week of April.

The recommended cultivars of loquat are self-incompatible orpartially self-compatible. So solid blocks of one cultivar can not beplanted. California Advance is a good pollinizer for both Golden Yellowand Pale Yellow and should be planted alongwith these varieties.

PropagationThe vegetative propagation is very important to raise good

quality true-to-type plants for commercial orcharding. Promisingloquat varieties are generally grafted upon loquat seedlings of

commercial varieties.

Rootstock Raising : Loquat seed germinate readily when theseare sown immediately after extraction from the fruit. The seeds shouldnot be allowed to dry after extraction as exposure to heat and lighttends to result in poor germination. Fresh seeds are sown duringApril-May in moist sand. When seedlings are 4-5 cm tall, they aretransplanted in the nursery for further growth and grafting.

Inarching: The usual technique is to raise the plants throughinarching. The best time for inarching is July-August. Air layering isalso possible but success is much less.

PlantingThere are two planting seasons viz. February-March and August-

September. The plants should preferably be planted during August-September when the weather has cooled down sufficiently. Loquatshould be planted at 6.5 x 6. 5 m in square system.

IrrigationThe loquat is more tolerant to drought. However, the best results

are obtained when the orchard is irrigated judiciously. During fruitgrowth period to maturity (November to March), three to four irrigationsare generally recommended.


Dose per tree (kg)

Age of plant Farmyard Urea (46%N) Superphosphate Muriate of potash

(years) manure (16% P2O

5) (60% K

2O)M

1-2 10-20 0.15-0.5 0.2-0.5 0.15-0.4

3-6 25-40 0.6-0.75 0.5-1.2 0.6-1.0

6-10 40-50 0.8-1.0 1.5-2.0 1.1-1.5

Over 10 50 1.0 2.0 1.5

All farmyard manure should be applied in September alongwithP and K fertilizers. Apply half dose of nitrogenous fertilizer in Octoberand remaining half during January-February after the fruit set.

Maturity and HarvestingThe loquat tree starts bearing fruit in third year of planting. The

harvesting of immature and green fruits should be avoided. All fruitsin a cluster usually mature uniformly. Entire cluster may be cut at

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one go . The fruits should never be pulled from the tree by hand. Thefruit should preferably be harvested with clipper.

Average yield of loquat tree is about 16 kg. However, wellmaintained and healthy trees can yield fruit upto 40 kg.

Post-Harvest HandlingGrading: The fruits should be graded in to two categories before

packing. The large sized fruits free from blemishes should be placedin one box while all the remaining marketable fruit should be packedin another box. All superfluous stems should be clipped off. Badlybruised, shrivelled or scarred fruits should be discarded.

Packing: The fruits require careful packing. Paper is placed atthe bottom of each box. The paper cuttings can be used for providingcushion. The wooden boxes of 14 kg size should be used for sendingfruit to nearby markets.

Plant ProtectionA. Insect Pests: No serious insect-pests have been reported.

B. Diseases

Disease symptoms Control Measures

95 96

1. Shoot Fruit Blight and barkCanker is caused by Phomaglumerata. For symptoms seeunder pear.

2. Crown Rot caused byPhytophthora sp: The fungusattacks the bark producing cankerfrom the ground level upto the mainpoints from where the main limbsemerge. The rot girdles the trunkduring the next 2-3 seasons.Flowering is profuse on the affectedtrees, but fruiting is sparse and oflow grade. Yellowish-green foliageis characteristics of the disease.Thetrees show partial or complete wiltsymptoms. Ultimately the wholetree may succumb to the diseaseand dry up completely.

As given for pear.

(i) Remove the severelyinfested trees and burns.(ii) Remove the diseased barkduring the dry season byextending the cut an inchbeyond the diseased zone onall sides. First treat the cutpart with the Disinfectantsolution and then applyBordeaux paint after a week.(iii) Immediately after theabove treatment, spray thetrees with Bordeaux mixture2:2:250. Repeat the spray justbefore the monsoon; during

Disease symptoms Control Measures

3. Root Rot/White Rot is causedby Polyporus palustrisis. Theaffected tree shows symptoms of wiltduring early leaf fall and increase inthe fruit-set. The fruiting bodieswhich may grow up to 30 cm, ormore in diameter usually appearwhen the rot is fairly well advanced.

the monsoon and thereafter,too, till October.

i) Locate the affected trees inearly stages by examining theroots and the root collar regionof the trees, showingweakening signs. Dig outdecayed roots and cut themcompletely right from the collarregion.

ii) Treat the cut end of the rootsimmediately with disinfectingsolution. When dry, applyBordeaux paste.

iii) Drench the soil from wherethe dead roots have been dugout with Bordeaux Mixture(2:2:250).

yield in 50 kg/plant. It is least susceptible to citrus mite, Eutetranychusorientalis.

Honey Dew : The plant is of medium height and bears fruit quiteheavily on the trunk. The proportion of the male plants is low. Thefruit is large, elongated and contains few seeds. The flesh is extra-fine and sweet with pleasant flavour. This variety is also known asMadhu Bindu.

PropagationNursery Raising : Papaya seedlings are raised in polythene

bags of 25x10cm having about 8 to 10 holes of 1 mm diameter onlower part for drainage. Fill the bags with a mixture of farmyardmanure, soil and sand in equal proportions.

In the second week of July to third week of September about150 g seed is sown in bags for transplanting in one acre. Sow 2-3 seeds per bag. Treat the seeds with 3 g of Captan per kg ofseed before sowing. Out of seedlings that will emerge, retain themost vigorous ones. When the seedlings have emerged, drenchthem in poly bags with 0.2% Captan to prevent from damping offdisease. The nursery will be ready for transplanting in September-

October.

PlantingDig pits of 50 cm x 50 cm x 50 cm in size at a spacing of 1.5 x

1.5 meters. Fill the pits with a mixture of equal quantity of soil andthe well-rotten farmyard manure. To each pit add 30 g Lindane 5%dust. Give a light irrigation to make the soil settle in the pit. In thefirst week of September to 15th October, transplant three seedlings15 cm apart per pit and give a light irrigation.

PollinationWhen the plants have started flowering, thin them out to one

plant per pit, taking care the final population of plants has only about

10 per cent males that are well scattered throughout the field foradequate pollination.

Manures and FertilizersThe plants should be manured at the rate of 1.25 kg of fertilizer

mixture i.e. urea, superphosphate and muriate of potash in the ratioof (1:2:1/3) twice a year (February and August) alongwith 20 kg ofwell rotten farmyard manure.

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12. PAPAYA

Papaya is an ideal fruit for growing in kitchen gardens andbackyards of houses. It is also grown extensively as a filler plant inthe orchards as well as main crop under portected conditions. Papayais quick growing and starts bearing within 8-10 months oftransplanting. It is a rich source of vitamins, minerals and enzymes.Papaya contains about 2500 i.u of vitamin A and 85 mg of vitamin Cper 100 g pulp. Fruit contains a valuable enzyme papain, whichhelps in the digestion of protein rich foods.

Climate and SoilPapaya is a tropical fruit. It requires warm and humid climate

and can be cultivated upto height of 1000 metres above sea level. Itcan be grown successfully all over Punjab and plains of north India.Papaya is very sensitive to frost and wet soil conditions. It should,therefore, be planted in frost free areas on well drained soils. Youngplants must be well protected against frost. They should be coveredwith transparent plastic envelops, sarkanda, straw thatches or anyother covering material from November to February against frostdamage.

Recommended CultivarsPusa Delicious : A hermaphrodite variety of medium vigour,

having a plant height of 210 cm; fruiting starts at a height of 110 cmfrom ground level; fruit is medium to large; fruit shape is oblong tooval, flesh deep orange with excellent taste and flavour; TSS rangefrom 8-10 per cent. Average yield is 46 kg per plant.

Pusa Dwarf : It is a dioecious and dwarf variety having plantheight of 165 cm. It starts bearing fruit at 100 cm from the groundlevel. Fruits are medium in size, oval in shape with orange colouredflesh having TSS of 8-9 per cent. This variety is resistant to lodgingand can withstand cold better than other varieties. Its average yieldis 35 kg per plant. It is also very suitable for kitchen garden.

Punjab Sweet : It is a dioecious variety having plant height of190 cm. Fruit bearing starts from a height of 100 cm from the groundlevel. Fruits are large, oblong in shape with pointed tip. Flesh colouris deep yellow. TSS ranges from 9.0 to 10.5 percent. The average

Plant Protection

A. Insect Pests

Pests and Symptoms of attack Control Measures

99 100

B. Diseases

Disease/symptoms Control Measures

1. Anthracnose : (Colletotrichumgloeosporioides. Gloeosporiumsp). Fruits are severely affected asall the spots on the fruit becomedepressed and bear pinkishmasses of spores of the fungus.The infected leaves bearing spotsshow shredded margins.

2. Collar Rot and Stem Rot :(Pythium aphanidermatum andPhytophthora parasitica) : Rootsand trunk of the plant rot producingwet texture. The fungus causesthe yellowing of the foliage,

(i) Destroy the infected fruits.

(ii) Spray 0.2% Ziram or Captanor Indofil M45 (200g in 100 litresof water) at fortnightly intervals.

(i) Improve drainage.

(ii) Uproot and destroy theaffected plants immediately.

1. Aphid (Aphis gossypii andMyzus persicae): Nymphs andadults suck the cell sap. Theseaphids act as vector of papayamosaic virus

2. Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci):Both nymphs and adults damagethe papaya trees. Tiny, white scalelike objects cluster in-between theveins on ventral surface of leaf. Thepest is active during dry season.With the sucking of cell sap fromthe leaves, the affected leavesbecome yellowish, curldownwards, wrinkle and there isearly shedding. It also transmitsvirus causing leaf curl disease.

I. For the control of aphids,spray 250 ml Malathion 50 ECin 250 litres of water before virusattack begins.

II. Uproot and destroy theinfected plants immediately.

-do-

stunting of the growth and poor fruitdevelopment leading to the deathof the plant.

3. Papaya Mosaic (Virus) : Leavesbecome small, curled and wrinkled.The diseased leaves show blisterlike patches of green tissue ofyellow background.

4. Papaya Leaf Curl (Virus) :Young leaves at the top of theaffected plant become curled,twisted and deformed and deepgreen. Such plants becomestunted and bear no fruit.

Uproot and destroy the leaf curlaffected plants immediately.Spray 250 ml of Malathion50EC in 250 litres of wateragainst the vectors, viz. aphidsand white flies before the virusattack begins.

Same as for papaya mosaic

Disease/symptoms Control Measures

13. POMEGRANATE

Pomegranate is very much liked for its cool, refreshing juice andalso for its medicinal properties. It is commercially grown in India forsweet, acidic taste and table purposes. The bark of the stem, rootand rind of the fruit is used for slimming, control of dysentery, diarrhoeaand killing of tapeworms.

Climate and SoilCool winters and hot dry summers produce the best quality fruits

. It thrives in hot dry regions with irrigation facilities. The deep loamsor alluvial soils are considered ideal. Medium or deep light blacksoils are useful. Pomegranate can tolerate alkaline and wet soils.The cold winters make the trees deciduous which are otherwiseevergreen.

Recommended CultivarsGanesh: Tree is evergreen, bushy, precocious and regular bearer.

Fruit medium, peel colour yellow with pink blush, arils white withpink tinge. Soft edible seeds, TSS of juice is 13 per cent with lowacidity (0.5%). Main crop (ambe-bahar) matures in mid August. Toget-well sized and good quality of fruits, flower buds/flowers shouldbe removed manually from 15th April onward. Yields 6-7 tonnes per acre.

Kandhari: Tree is deciduous, vigorous and upright. Regularbearer, moderate yielding, bears only in ambe-bahar with red splashon the fruit rind, arils light pink with semi hard seeds, juice is sweetwith 12 per cent TSS and well blended with acidity (0.61%). To getwell sized and good quality of fruits, flower buds/flowers should beremoved from 22nd April onward.Yields 4-5 tonnes per acre.

PropagationPomegranate plants can be prepared by rooting of hard wood

cuttings during December. For getting high percentage of rooting,dip cuttings in 100 ppm IBA for 24 hours, before planting in nurserybeds.

PlantingOne metre deep pits with one metre diameter should be prepared

during November-December. The planting should be done during

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January. Ganesh should be planted at a distance of 3 x 3 m, whereas,Kandhari at 4 x 4 m apart.

Training and PruningDevelop the plants as a single stem upto 30 cms. Basal branches

should not touch the ground. The dead, diseased, broken, criss-crossing branches and water sprouts on the main trunk should beremoved.

Manures and FertilizersApply farmyard manure @ 5-6 kg per plant per year of age

during December. In addition, apply 20 g N for each year. The dosesshould be stabilized after five years. N should be split into two halves.One should be added in February and other half in April.

IrrigationIn winter, light irrigation should be given during a long dry-spell.

During summer irrigate at an interval of 10-15 days.

Plant Protection

A. Insect Pests

1. Aphids : Cause damage to theplants by sucking the cell sap fromleaves, flowers and tender fruits.

2. Fruit Borer: Some timesattacks the developing fruits duringMay-June.

Spray 500 ml Rogor 30 EC(dimethoate) in 500 litres ofwater.

Spray 700 ml of Thiodan 35 EC(endosulfan) in 500 litres ofwater during May-June at 15days interval. Two to threesprays are enough.

B. Diseases:

Disease and symptoms Control measures

Black Rot: Caused by abacterium. Xanthomonasaxonopodis pv. punicae Blackspots develop on the mature fruitsas soon as the rain starts. Theintensity increases with theincrease in humidity.

Spray Bordeaux mixture(2:2:250) during May and againin June and July.

14. PHALSA

Phalsa is indigenous to India. Phalsa is highly esteemed asfresh fruit, juice and syrup. The fully mature fruits do not keep long.It is a hardy bush bearing small berry like fruits. It is a minor fruit ofthe Punjab State.

Climate and SoilCapable of growing and fruiting in the hot, dry environment.

Phalsa trees can also thrive in the humid tracts of coastal India.

Rich loamy soil is considered to be good for deep root system ofphalsa. Non alkali soils free from layers of kankar are suitable forphalsa cultivation. Any type of soil of loamy texture, free fromalkalinity and pan formation is suitable. It is adapted to do well indrought conditions.

PropagationPhalsa is propagated from seed. For this, good sized and coloured

fruits should be obtained in June. The seeds should be sown in wellprepared nursery beds in July-August after the onset of monsoon.

PlantingTransplant healthy seedlings during January-February.

Training and PruningPhalsa plants should be trained as a bush. Bush like trained

plants are prunned annually in January-February at ground level. Iftrained on single stem to a height of one metre from the ground level,then these are prunned every year at that height

Manures and FertilizersApply 10 kg of FYM and 75 g nitrogen per bush soon after pruning.

Maturity and HarvestingPhalsa bushes start bearing in the second year. Bushes yield a

good commercial crop in the third year after planting. The fruits startripening by end May and its harvesting continues throughout June.Ripe berries are carefully picked on alternate days. The fruit is packedin small baskets or 2 kg packs.

15. BANANA

Cultivation of Banana can be made successful under subtropicslike Punjab, if planting is so regulated that bunches emerge beforewinter, so that there is minimum frost damage and choke conditionis avoided. This has been made possible by planting tissue cultureraised plants at proper time and of specific size. Tissue culture raisedplants are known to decrease the time for emergence and maturityof bunches and also improve yield over conventional sucker plants.This information needs to be utilized for successful cultivation of thistropical plant under Punjab conditions.

Climate and Soil

Banana is a tropical plant which is normally grown in coastalstates of India, but it is successful in subtropical climate also byadopting cultural practices so as to escape winter frost damage. It ismost suitable for bet area, river banks and central zone comprisingdistricts of Moga, Ludhiana, Fathehgarh Sahib, Mohali, Sangrur,Barnala and paddy growing areas of arid irrigated zone with pH upto 8.5.

It prefers neutral soil pH (6.5-7.5), but can be successfully grownin deep, well drained loam soils with pH up to 8.7 and rich in organicmatter. It is a shallow rooted crop, so at the time of selection of soil,drainage and anchorage may be kept in mind.


Grand Naine: It is a selection from ‘Giant Cavendish’, identifiedto be the major export variety introduced in India in recent past. Ithas the potential to bear 40 kg bunch. Grand Naine has replaced thefamous ‘Gross Michel’ an international variety of commerce, whichsuccumbed to Fusarium wilt. Plant characters resemble ‘Cavendish’for most of parameters except for its robust stature, well-spacedhands with straight fingers of bigger size. It bears a heavy bunchweighing 25-30 kg and requires propping.

Propagation

Plants raised through tissue culture are recommended.

Planting

Tissue culture raised banana plants of 30 cm size should beplanted on 15 Feb.-7 March in the field at 1.8 x1.8 m distance.

103 104

105 106

Before planting pit of 0.6 x 0.6 m size should be filled with half FYMand half top soil after mixing with (90 g P

20

5) i.e. 180g DAP.

Manures and FertilizersFertilization (200 g N and 200 g K

2 0 (350g MOP per plant) in 5

equal doses should be applied during April, May, June, July andAugust.

Table 1. Fertilizer schedule for banana cv Grand Naine.

Month Urea (g/plant) CAN (g/plant) MOP (g/plant)

February-March* - 190 -

May 60 - 60

June 60 - 60

July 80 - 70

August 80 - 80

September 80 - 80

*At the time of planting.or

Table 2. Fertilizer schedule for banana cv Grand Naine.

Month Urea NPK 12:32:16 MOP

(gl plant) (gl plant) (gl plant)

February-March* - 280 -

May 60 - -

June 60 - 40

July 80 - 60

August 80 - 80

September 80 - 80

* At the time of planting

IrrigationBanana prefers wet soil conditions. Water is crucial for its growth.

Little moisture stress can lead to decrease in finger size and colourof leaves. Excess water may lead to breakage of pseudostem nearroot portion, due to rotting. The details of water requirement are givenin the table below:

Table 3. Irrigation schedule for banana cv Grand Nalne.

Irrigation time Time of Irrigation

March-April Weekly interval

May-June 4-6 days interval

July onwards during rains 7-8 days interval, as per need

October-November 10-15 days interval

December-February 15 days interval

Sucker Management : Suckers should not be allowed to growtill the emergence of panicle. After bunch emergence only one sucker/plant should be allowed to grow.

Spathe Removal : Spathe (pollen inflorescence) should beremoved after complete panicle emergence, to enhance the filling offingers.

Frost Protection : To save the crop from frost damage, irrigatethe fields and smoke the crop with farm waste during expected frostdays. Also cover the bunches with polythene sheets and stalks withbanana leaves to decrease the frost injury and breakage of stalks.

Fruit Maturity and HarvestingEmergence of bunches will start during September-October-

November. These will be ready for harvesting during April-May.Harvesting should be done carefully so that sap from cut ends shouldnot flow on the fruits otherwise it would lead to blackening of bunches.

RatooningBanana yields two-ratoon crops after 1st crop; which means

banana yields 3 crops.

One sucker per plant should be retained during September afterthe emergence of panicle or at the time when about 80% of paniclesemerged in the field.

Post-Harvest Management and ProcessingRipening: The banana fruits harvested at green mature stage

can be successfully ripened in four days by exposing to ethylenegas (100 ppm) for 24 hours in a ripening chamber maintained at16-18oC and 90-95% RH. The fruits attained uniform colour, excellentquality with shelf-life of 4 days at 16-18oC and 2 days at 30-32oC.

The banana fruits harvested at green mature stage can also besuccessfully ripened in 4 days by dipping in a solution of ethephon

500 ppm (1.25 ml per litre of water) for 2-3 minutes. The fruits shouldbe air dried and kept at 16-18oC and 90-95% RH. The fruits attaineduniform colour, excellent quality with shelf-life of 4 days at 16-18oCand 2 days at 30-32oC.

Plant- Protection

A. Insect PestsTobacco caterpillar, thrips and aphid feed on banana plants.

Low population of aphid is active during February-mid April and againduring September-October, while thrips is active during May-June.

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1. Bacterial soft rot : Pseudostemrots, affected tissues become soft,dark brown or black and breaks atthe ground level.

2. Anthracnose : Dark brown toblack sunken spots develop on leavesand fruits, later on which enlarge andcover the entire fruit surface.

1. Use disease free plantingmaterial

2. Improve the drainage infield

3. Avoid injury to rhizome andpseudostem.

Spray Bavistin (0.1%) at 15days interval during July-September.

Pests and Symptoms of attack Control measures

B. Diseases

Tobacco caterpillar : It is activeduring July-September. Gregariouscaterpillars cause damage both onupper and lower surface of leaf bladeswhile full grown caterpillars (solitary)eat up the central whorl of plant thusrender the plants stunted.

1. Destroy the gregariouscaterpilllars by plucking theinfested leaves.

2. Spray 1000 ml endosulfan(Thiodan 35 EC) or 1000 mlquinalphos (Ekalux 25 EC) in500 litres of water on theappearance of the pest.Repeat the spray if needed.

16. MANAGEMENT OF

HORTICULTURAL PESTS

1. Squirrel

The Squirrel (Funambulus pennenti) lives in nest of twigs andleaves on trees. Fruits and seeds are its major food. In orchard, itcauses damage to a variety of fruits such as guava, ber, peach,plum, pomegranate, mulberry, grapes and jamun. For its control,break-back traps (krikis) and multicatch (Wonder) traps should beused. Krikis should be set on activity sites of squirrels duringmorning and evening as these are more active during these periods.Methods for the use of wonder traps is the same as given for ratsand mice.

II. Rats and MiceRats and mice usually live in burrows, possess acute senses of

smell and taste, and are very selective in food choice. They areprolific breeders, extremely adaptable and intelligent pests as a resulttheir control poses difficulties. Out of 8 species of rodents in fields,Indian mole rat, Bandicota bengalensis is most predominant underirrigated conditions and Indian Gerbil, Tatera indica in dry and sandysoils.

The rats and mice attack seeds and seedlings in nurseries offruits. Seedlings are also destroyed under heaps of soil made byrats. The Indian mole rat during burrowing, loosens the soil resultingin the felling of fruit plants.

Methods of ControlThe performance of different control methods vary in different

situations and at different stages of the crop. Therefore, best controlcan only be achieved if these methods are adopted properly atappropriate timings.

A. Mechanical Controli) During irrigation of vacant harvested fields and orchards, rats

coming out of flooded burrows should be killed with sticks.

ii) Traps can be used to control rodents. Before use, wash thetraps to remove odour from them. Place the traps at runways andactivity sites of rodents. To enhance trapping, do pre-baiting withplain grains (cracked wheat or bajra) for 2 days and then trapthe rats for 2 to 3 consecutive days. Kill the trapped rats bydrowning.

B. Chemical Controla) Poison bait preparations: The acceptance of poison baits

by rodents depends upon the quality, texture, taste, odour etc. ofthe baiting materials. Therefore, the recommended baiting materialsshould be used for preparation of poison baits.

(i) 2% Zinc phosphide bait: Smear 1 kg of bajra or sorghum orcracked wheat or their mixture with 20 grams of vegetable oil andmix it thoroughly with 25 grams of zinc phosphide.

Caution: Never add water in zinc phosphide bait and alwaysuse freshly prepared bait.

(ii) 0.005% Bromadiolone bait: Mix 20 grams of 0.25%bromadiolone powder, 20 grams of vegetable oil and 20 grams ofpowdered sugar in 1 kg of any cereal flour.

(iii) 0.0375% Racumin bait: Mix 50 grams of 0.75% racuminpowder, 20 ml of ground nut or sunflower oil and 20 grams ofpowdered sugar in 1 kg of cracked wheat or any other cereal.Since the bandicoot rat is most predominant species in orchards,racumin should be preferred which is relatively effective againstthis species.

b) Poison placement in orchards adopt burrow baitingonly : Rat burrows can be easily located in the fields, on bunds,water channels and surrounding waste lands. Close all the burrowsin the evening and in the re-opened burrows on the next day insert apaper boat containing about 10 g of poison bait about 6 inches deepin each burrow. In case of burrows of the Indian mole rat, gentlyremove the fresh soil from the burrow opening to locate the tunneland then put the poison bait deep inside it.

Safety MeasuresSince the rodenticides are very toxic to humans, domestic

animals, pets and birds, the following safety measures must beadopted.

1. Keep the rodenticide and poison baits away from the reach ofchildren, domestic animals, pets and birds.

2. Mixing of rodenticide in the baiting material should be donewith a stick, spade or by wearing rubber gloves. Avoid the contact ofpoison with mouth. Wash exposed skin and hands after mixing.

3. House hold utensils should never be used for preparation ofthe poison baits.

4. Use polythene bags for storage and carrying the poison bait.Bury them after use.

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5. Collect and bury left over poison bait and dead rats from the

field.

6. Zinc phosphide is toxic and there is no antidote for it. In case

of its accidental ingestion, induce vomitting by inserting fingers inthe throat and rush to doctor. Vitamin K is antidote for bromadioloneand racumin it can be given to the patient under medical advice.

C. Environmental ControlWeeds, grasses and bushes should be removed as these provide

shelter and food to rodents. Highly infested bunds, water channelsand field pavements should be periodically rebuilt to destroypermanent rat burrows.

Waste lands along roads, canals, railway lines, other uncultivatedareas and forest strip serve as hiding places for rodents. So, toprotect the adjoining crops, rat control operations must be carriedout in these areas also.

D. Biological ControlOwls, kites, eagles, falcons, cats, mongoose, jackals, snakes

and lizards are the natural predators for rats and mice. These shouldbe protected.

III. BIRDSBirds, in general, are both useful and harmful to fruit crops. Even

the same species may be beneficial or problematic in differentsituations. Only a few of about 304 species of birds of Punjab causeproblems in orchards. The rose-ringed parakeet is the only bird thatseems to be exclusively harmful to farmer’s interests.

Harmful BirdsSeveral fruits are damaged by birds at the bud stage and ripening

stage. Parakeet is the major bird pest causing serious damage toguava, peach, pear, almond, grapes, mango and ber. House crowsdamage peach, plum and grapes. The major damage to grape iscaused by mynas, especially the bank mynas.

MANAGEMENT OF BIRD DAMAGE

A. Mechanical Control:

1. Make false gun-shots at different intervals to scare the birds.

2. Frequent beating of drums and use of Gopia at different points

in the orchard is very effective against the birds.

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3. Covering the vines of grapes and isolated fruit trees with nylon

nets prevents the bird damage.

4. Fixing of scare crows i.e. a discarded earthen pot painted tostimulate human like head supported with wooden sticks and clothedin human dress to give a human like appearance is one of the mosteffective traditional techniques to keep the birds away. Position,

direction and the dress of the scare crow should be changed atleastat 10 days interval. The height of the scare crow should be 1 metreabove the plant height.

5. Use automatic bird scarer by shifting their position periodicallyand supplementing their noise with actual gunfire’s. The other simplestmethod is the use of rope-crackers. It involves tying of sets of smallfire crackers at a distance of 6-8 inches apart on a rope and ignitingit from the lower end. The explosions caused by fire crackers oncatching fire at different intervals scare the birds feeding on fruits.Fix the rope-crackers in the centre of the orchard.

B. Cultural PracticesAs far as possible sowing of maize and sunflower crops should

be avoided in and around the orchards.

C. Alarming CallsPlaying of cassettes (available at Communication Centre, PAU)

of distress or flock calls of parakeets and crows respectively in atape-recorder at peak volume for 1/2 hr. twice each in the morningbetween 7.00 to 9.00 a.m. and in the evening at 5.00 to 7.00 p.m.respectively, with a pause of 1 hour, scare the birds or halt theiractivities in orchards. Use of distress or flock calls remain effectivefor 15-20 days. Better results can be obtained by using this techniquein sequence or in combination with other methods as an integratedpest management. For covering larger area use of amplifier or

additional speakers (as per requirements) can be done.

Conservation of Useful Birds.Predatory birds like owls, falcons,hawks, eagles, kites, etc. eat

a large number of rats and mice. A single owl normally eats 4-5 ratsa day. Insect eating birds like drongos, babblers, shrikes, lapwings,mynas, and many other small birds like sparrows and weaver birdsfeed a large number of insects to their young. A single pair of housesparrows feeds insects to their young about 250 times a day.

Therefore, the useful birds should not be killed.

17. SOME HINTS/ PRECAUTIONS INPLANT PROTECTION

Methods of Preparing Various Fungicides

a) Wound Disinfectant SolutionMercuric chloride 1 g

Methylated spirit 250 ml

Water 750 ml

The solution should not be placed in metal container. Glassvessels or porcelain jar may be used to hold it. The disinfectantsolution should be applied with a large swap of cotton. Allow thedisinfectant to evaporate and cover the wounded surface withBordeaux paste which is applied with a brush.

b) Bordeaux PasteDissolve 2 kg of copper sulphate in 15 litres of water. Take another

15 litres of water. With a small portion of the second lot of water,slake slowly 3 kg of quick lime. Add the remaining portion of water toit. Mix the two concentrated solutions and stir. Apply the paste thusformed, to the cut ends with a brush.

c) Bordeaux PaintMonohydrated copper sulphate 1 kg

Hydrated lime dust 2 kg

Boiled linseed soil 3 kg

Monohydrated copper sulphate can be made by heating thecopper sulphate crystals over fire. Place the crystals on a sheetof iron or on a frying pan (tawi) till they crumble into a whiteamorphous powder. Lime dust and copper sulphate powder arethen mixed thoroughly and linseed oil is added. All the threeconstituents are then homogenized. Bordeaux paint is now readyfor application. Apply it with a brush. It may be stored in a vesselfor future use or made fresh, when needed. Bordeaux paint makesthe covered surface impervious to water. It is very useful in placessubject to abundant rains and protects the wounds from the wood-rotting fungi. It lasts a year or so.

Bordeaux mixture should not be applied, when it is raining or onexceptional hot day when the plants are showing sign of temporarywilting.

e) White Wash MixtureLime slaked 25 kg

Copper sulphate 500 g

Gum suresh 500 g

Water 100 l

Note: 1. Dissolve the Suresh in hot water before putting in themixture.

2. The quantity of water (500 litres) given in various sprayschedules is for full grown fruit trees for one acre sprayed with footsprayer. For young trees, the quantity of water will vary according tothe size of plants.

3. For motorized knapsack sprayer, use the same quantity ofinsecticides/fungicides as mentioned in the text, but the quantity ofwater for dilution will be approximately 1/10th.

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d) Bordeaux Mixture 2:2:250Copper sulphate 2 kg

Quick lime (unslaked lime) 2 kg

Water 250 litres

The raw material should be of good quality. Copper sulphate ofguaranteed 98 per cent purity should be obtained. Only the freshlyburnt limestone (quick lime) should be used. It should be free fromearth and sand. Solution of copper sulphate and lime should bemade separately. For preparing 2:2:250 Bordeaux mixture, dissolve2 kg of copper sulphate in 125 litres of water. Copper sulphatedissolves very slowly in cold water. Hence, in winter use hot water orsuspend copper sulphate in gunny sac into a wooden barrel or anearthen pitcher, so that the material remains immersed.

Note: Do not dissolve copper sulphate in a metallic vessel.

Slake 2 kg of quick lime in another vessel and add water slowly,when the lime is completely slaked, add enough water to bring it upto 125 litres.

Then mix the two solutions either by pouring the copper sulphatesolution into the lime solution slowly or the two solutions togetherinto a third vessel. Pour the lime solution through a strainer to keepback all lumps. Stir the mixture all the time while pouring. Stir andstrain the mixture again when pouring into the sprayers.

How to test Bordeaux mixture : i) Bordeaux mixture asprepared above, is alkaline containing excess of lime. It turns thered litmus paper blue. An excess of copper compound in the mixtureis dangerous to the foliage of many plants and is indicated by thesolution turning the blue litmus paper red.

ii) Another way of determining whether the mixture containsexcess of copper is to immerse a bright on surface, such as knifeblade or a nail in the upper layer of the liquid. A deposit of copper willform on the metal if the mixture is unsafe.

iii) A more accurate test can be made with ferrocyanide ofpotassium. Add a few drops of the Bordeaux mixture to littleferrocyanide in a small saucer. If no change occurs, the mixtureis safe but if it becomes reddish brown, too much copper ispresent.

More lime solution must be added, if the tests indicate thatcopper is present in excess.

APPENDIX - I

Fertilizer Sources for the Supply of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium

(A) Nutrient contents of different fertilizers

Fertilizer N (%) P2O

5_ (%) K

2O (%) Other

Ammonium sulphate 20.5 - -Ammonium chloride 25.0 - -Calcium ammonium nitrate 25.0 - -Urea 46.0 - -Superphosphate (single) - 16.0 -Diammonium phosphate 18.0 46.0 -Urea-ammonium phosphate 28.0 28.0 - -Nitro phosphate 20.0 20.0 - -Sulphate of potash - - 48.0Sulphated phosphate 13.0 33.0 - 15(s)Muriate of potash - - 60.0Manganese Sulphate - - - 30 (Mn)Zinc Sulphate (Heptahydrate) - - - 21 (Zn)Zinc Sulphate (Monohydrate) - - 33 (Zn)Ferrous Sulphate 7 H

2O - - - 19 (Fe)

Copper Sulphate S1 H2O - - - 24 (Cu)

Gypsum - - - 16 (G)FYM/Vermicompost (Dry) 0.5-1.5 1.2-1.8 1.2-2.0 Sufficient

(B) Quantity of the fertilizer to give 1 kg of nutrientFor 1 kg of NCalcium ammonium nitrate 4 kgAmmonium chloride 4 kgAmmonium sulphate 5 kgUrea 2.2 kgFor 1 kg of P

2O

5

Superphosphate 6.2 kgDiammonium phosphate 2.2 kgUrea-ammonium phosphate 3.6 kgFor 1 kg of K

2O

5

Muriate of potash 1.7 kg

Note: Urea-ammonium phosphate (28-28), and diammonium phosphate (18-46)contain both nitrogen and phosphorus. By adding one kg of phosphorus(P

2O

5) through these fertilizers, one kg nitrogen (N) from urea ammonium

phosphate and 400 g of N from ammonium phosphate is also added. Thispoint must be taken into account while using two fertilizers.

APPENDIX - II

Instruction for proper use of

Drip Irrigation System in Orchards

The drip irrigation system has great potential to use irrigationwater judiciously and efficiently along with improvement in the yield.Drip system supplies water in the near vicinity of the roots of theplants through devices called drippers/emitters @ 2-10 litres perhour at a low pressure (0.20-1.5 kg/cm2) to meet daily cropconsumptive use. Sometimes in place of drippers, micro sprinklersare used which supply water @ 20 to 400 litres per hour dependingupon the nozzle size and the working pressure. Field surveys showthat drip systems allow irrigation of 50 to 200 per cent additionalarea enabling it to give additional produce.

* For drip system the water may be available from canal system,stored rainfall and/or tubewell. In case of tubewell irrigation (goodquality water), the water can be directly pumped through meshfilter into the drip systems. In case of canal water supply, thewater should be first stored in the storage tank. Then it shouldbe pumped into drip system through sand filter and mesh filter.

* The storage tank should be lined.

* Its capacity should be according to the command area andavailability of canal water. For 10 acres of command area, waterstorage tank of 800 m3 capacity is sufficient.

* The floating inlet should be adopted to reduce the sucking of siltload.

Components and working of the system* Control unit i.e. pumping, filteration and fertilizer application units.

* The distribution network i.e., a network of main, sub main, lateraland emiters/micro sprinklers.

* The miscellaneous components, i.e. joints, flow and pressureregulating valves and water meters etc.

Caution : Quality components of ISI mark should be used.

The diameter of the main and submain (PVC) lines (25-75 mm)should be selected very carefully according to the size of the area tobe irrigated. The mains and submains are laid 45-60 cm below thesoil surface to avoid damage during interculture and deteriorationdue to ultraviolet radiation. The lateral lines (12-16 mm) are spreadalong the lines of trees and length of each line depends on length of

115 116

the plant row. These laterals are joined with the main/submain linewith the help of adopters. The discharge of the drippers may differfrom the specifications of the company, hence it should be ensuredthat the discharge of the drippers may not vary more than 10 percentof the specified one during working of the system.

For operating this system in a big orchard, divide the commandarea into 2 to 4 sub-units so that each sub-unit is not more than 10to 15 acres, which results in proper, judicious and economicalutilization of irrigation of water. Due to less spread of plant/tree underdrip irrigation, closer plant spacing in drip irrigated orchards ispossible.

FertigationFertigation involves the application of fertilizers with irrigation

water at a slow and controlled rate to meet nutritional requirementsat different stages of crop growth. Under this system, the fertilizerscan be applied in 10 splits as compared to 1-2 splits and thus suchapplications result in increased crop yields with substantial savingsin fertilizer and irrigation water. The application of liquid fertilizersmakes the nutrients continuously available to the plants. Fertilizerscontaining one or more elements can also be applied byinjecting them through suction side of the pump or by injectingunder pressure in the irrigation pipes or by injecting in the irrigationpipes through a ventury. Easily soluble fertilizers should be appliedto avoid precipitation, clogging and damage to the components ofthe system.

Maintenance* Maintain motor, diesel engine, main pump, pressure regulator

and fertilizer injector.

* In case of canal water supply, sand filter should be cleaned afterevery 2-3 weeks depending upon the silt load by back washing.

* Mesh filter should be cleaned every day.

* Measure the emitter discharge periodically to check anyclogging.

* After 3-6 months remove any algae or bacterial formation fromthe drip pipes using one litre hydrochloric acid (HCI) in 1000litres of water. Pump this solution in the pipes by injection, keepit for 15-20 hrs in them and then flush it out.

Initial cost is more but is compensated through coverage ofmore command area under irrigation and thereby increasing theproductivity.

117

APPENDIX - III

General Recommendations Regarding

Safe Use of Insecticides

1. Read the label carefully and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.

2. Keep pesticides in labelled containers only.

3. Store pesticides in a safe and locked place, out of reach ofchildren, irresponsible persons and pets.

4. Never store pesticides near foodstuffs or medicines.

5. In the handling of dangerous pesticides, the necessary protectiveclothing and devices must be used.

6. Do not tear open the pesticides bags, but cut them with a knife.

7. The preparations of spray solutions from concentrated dangerouspesticides should be done in drums using long sticks to protectthe operator from splashing and to permit stirring from a standingposition.

8. Wash hands thoroughly with soda and water (i) every time thesprayer/duster is filled with pesticides, (ii) before eating, drinkingor smoking and (iii) at the end of the day’s work.

9. Water contaminated, as a result of washing the equipment anddrums, must be disposed off by scattering it over barren land.

10. Do not blow, suck or apply your mouth to any sprinkler, nozzleor other spraying equipment.

11. Operators should not work for more than 8 hours a day. Thoseengaged in handling dangerous pesticides should be checkedby a physician periodically.

12. Separate working clothes should be used. They should bewashed and changed as frequently as possible.

13. Do not use the empty containers of pesticides for any purpose.Destroy them by making holes and burry them afterwards.

14. Do not burn weedicide cartons, but bury them deep.

15. The worker should not smoke, chew, eat or drink in the sprayingarea or while spraying

16. A worker suffering from cold or cough should not be engaged forspraying.

17. Spray should always be done in direction of the blowing wind toavoid skin exposure and inhalation.

118

119 120

APPENDIX - IV

FIRST AID PRECAUTIONS

In case of pesticide poisining, call a physician immediately.Awaiting the physician’s arrival, apply the FIRST AID.

1. Swallowed Poisonsa) Remove poison from the patient’s stomach immediately by

inducing vomitting. Give common salt one tea-spoonful (15 g) in aglass of warm water (emetic) and repeat until the vomit fluid is clear.Gentle stroking or touching the throat with a finger or placing theblunt end of a spoon will help induce vomitting when the stomach isfull of fluid.

b) If the patient is already vomitting, do not give common saltin warm water and follow the specific directions as suggested.

2. Inhaled Poisonsa) Carry the patient (do not let him walk) to fresh air immediately.

b) Open all doors and windows.

c) Loosen all tight clothing.

d) Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped or is irregular.Avoid a vigorous application of pressure to the chest.

e) Cover the patient with a blanket.

f) Keep the patient as quite as possible.

g) If the patient is convulsing, keep him in bed in some dark room.

h) Avoid any jarring noise.

3. Skin Contaminationa) Drench the skin with water (giving a shower with a hose or pump).

b) Apply a stream of water to the skin while removing the clothing.

c) Clean the skin thoroughly with water.

d) Rapid washing is most important for reducing the extent of injury.

4. Prevention of Collapsea) Cover the patient with a light blanket.

b) Do not use a hot-water bottle.

c) Raise the feet of the patient on the bed.

d) Apply elastic bands to arms and legs.

e) Give strong tea or coffee.

f) Give hypodermic injection of stimultants, such as caffine andepinephrine.

g) Give fluid administration of dextorse 5% intervenously.

h) Give blood or plasma transfusion.

i) Do not exhaust the patient by too much or too vigorous treatment.

5. Eye Contaminationa) Hold eyelids open.

b) Wash the eyes gently with stream of running water immediately.A delay of even a few seconds greatly increases the extent ofinjury.

c) Continue washing until the physician arrives.

d) Do not use chemicals. They may increase the injury.

Some Other First Aid Measures

1. Cut Injurya) The first aid treatment of cut injury depends upon the date and

extent of injury.

b) But in first aid one should clean the wound with antiseptic lotion.

c) If it is bleeding profusely tight bandage without ointment is to begiven.

d) The injured part should be kept raised or elevated.

e) If there is any associated fracture, a proper split or support shouldbe given. But the patient, should be brought to the hospital atthe earliest possible.

2. Snake Bite – Preventionsa) In snake infested regions long trousers, high shoes or legging

and gloves should be worn. Most important is to look where tostep while walking.

First Aida) Re-assure the complete rest to the victim to retard the absorption

of venom. A wide tournaquet of cloth should be placed a fewcentimeters proxymal or above the site of bite. It should be tightto an extent that a finger should pass below it with difficulty.

Suction of venom should be done by giving 1 cm linear and 1/2cm deep incision at the mark of the fangs after applying an antisepticlotion. Suction should preferably be done with rubber bulb, breastpump or with mouth after ensuring that there is no oral lesion. Itshould continue for about an hour. If done promptly 50% of thevenom can be removed.

3. Electric Injuries – Preventionsa) Educate the electric hazards to everybody.

b) Proper installation of electric appliances, grounding of telephonelines, radio and television areals, use of rubber gloves and dryshoes when working with electric circuit.

First Aida) Prompt switching of the current, if possible.

b) Immediate removal of the victim from the contact with the currentwithout directly touching him. Rescuer should use a rubbersheet, a leather belt, a wooden pole or any other non-conductivematerial to detach him.

c) If the victim is not breathing, mouth respiration should be given.

d) If no pulse is felt cardiac massage (pressure on left side chest)should be given.

e) In mild cases local treatment of burnt part is required.

4. Honey bee bitesa) Cooling of the part with ice pads.

b) Removal of stings.

c) Cleaning with soap and water.

d) Local and systematic anti allergies to be given.

e) Perfumes and bright colours attract these insects and shouldbe avoided.

f) Sensitive person can have severe anaphyllatic shock with evena single bite.

g) Every such patient must get the medical aid from a doctor.

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APPENDIX - V

ANTIDOTES FOR PESTICIDES FOR HUMAN BEINGS

Signs and Symptoms of Toxicity:

Inhalation Usually appear within 1/2 hour of exposure, maximum

after 6 hours. Nausea and vomiting, running nose,

feeling of chest tightness, excessive salivation, difficulty

in respiration, frothing from mouth, headache,

giddiness, vertigo

Oral intake Nausea and vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea,

muscle twitching, confusion and disorientation,

salivation and frothing, profused sweating, diminished

vision, pin-point pupils, respiratory difficulty, convulsions,

coma, death

I. INSECTICIDES

Organochlorines No specific antidote. For convulsions : Diazepam 10

(endosulphan, mg intravenous (I/V). Could be repeated upto 30-40

lindane etc) mg. After that it should be mixed with drip.

Phenobarbitone 100-300 mg in drip.

Organophosphates Atropine : 2-4 mg intravenous as a test dose. If no

(monocrotophos, effect double dose may be given every 10 minutes till

chlorpyriphos, atropinization. Maintain upto 24-48 hours. 2-PAM: 1-

methyl parathion 2 g I/V as 5% solution in dextrose to be given in

acephate, triazophos 5-7 minutes or 150 ml of saline drip every 30 minute.

malathion, quinlphos, If required it may be repeated every hour if the muscle

dimethoate etc) weakness and fasiculation persists. To be continued

every 6-8 hours for 1-2 days or 5% solution as

infusion @ 1/2 g/hr. 2-PAMCL: dose same as above.

Atropine+2PAM: should be given together as 2 PAM

acts as synergist to atropine

Carbamates Atropine : 2-4 mg I/V as a test dose. If no effect double

(Carbaryl dose may be given every 10 minute till atropinization.

carbofuran etc.) Maintain upto 24-48 hours.

Warning: Do not use oxime or morphine.

Pyrethroids Only symptomatic treatment, antihistamine are of

123 124

(cypermethrin, value, if large amounts are ingested to cause nervous

fenvalerate, infestation, pentabarbitone (0.7g/day)

deltamethrin etc). should be used. For diarrohoea treat by atropine.

Cartap Dimercaprol (BAL) 3-4 mg/kg body weight. (Comes

hydrochloride as 3 ml, 10% solution alongwith benzyl benzoate

(Padan, Caldan etc) in arachis oil). Given deep intram uscular every

4 hours for 2 days and then twice for another 10 days.

Aluminium phosphide No specific antidote, induce vomiting with 5% sodium

(celphos. bicarbonate. Give activated charcoal slurry with

phostoxin etc) sorbitol 50-100 g orally, diazepam 5-10 mg I/V slowly

over 2-3 minutes. Phenobarbitone 600-1200 mg.

diluted in 60 ml noral saline. Maximum dose 1-2 g.

Dimercaprol (BAL). Dopamine 4-6 ug/kg/min I/V.

Magnesium sulphate 3g I/V bolus followed by 6 g in

12 hours for 5-7 days. Administering 5% glucose I/V

can minimize liver and kidney damage.

Warning : Do not give water or water based drinks

Naturalyte No specific antidote. Treat symptomatically

(Spinosad)

Oxadiazine No specific antidote. Treat sympotmatically

(Indoxacarb)

Phenyl Parazole No specific antidote. Treat symptomatically

(fipronil)

II FUNGICIDES

Carbendazim Atropine: 2-4 mg I/V as a test dose. If no effect double

(Bavistin, Agrozim, dose may be given every 10 minute till atropinization.

Parazim, Derosal etc.) Maintain upto 24-48 hours.

Streptocycline Injection of adrenalin, antihistamine and cartisone in

case of acute anaphylactic shock, high or low blood

pressure, profuse respiration and urticaria.

Copper oxychloride Dimercaprol (BAL) 3-4 mg/kg body weight. Comes

Copper sulphate as 3 ml, given deep intramuscular every 4 hours for 2

(Blitox etc.) days and then twice for another 10 days.

Edifenphos Atropine: 2-4 mg I/V as a test dose. If no effect double

(Hinosan) dose may be given every 10 minutes till atropinization.

Iprobenphos Maintain upto 24-48 hours. 2-PAM : 1-2g I/V as 5%

(Kitazin) solution in dextrose to be given in 5-7 minutes

or 150 ml of saline drip every 30 minutes. If required it

may be repeated every hour if the muscle weakness

and fasiculation persists. To be continued every 6-8

hours for 1-2 days or 5% solution as infusion @ 1/2g/hr.

Methoxy ethyl Activated charcoal, egg white or 5% sodium bicarbon-

mercuric chloride ate solution (gastric lavage). High colonic irritation :

(MEMC), Agallol, 5% sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (fresh 100-200

Ceresan etc. ml) intravenous. For faster treatment sodium citrate,

oral 1-4 g every 4 hours. For spasms 100 ml (10%)

calcium gluconate intravenous.

Mancozeb, Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) intravenous @ 0.2 g/min.

Thiram, Zineb

Ridomil MZ (8% No specific antidote for metalaxyl. Antidote for manco-

metalaxyl+64% zeb as given above may be recommended as this

mancozeb) combination contains 64% mancozeb)

Triadimifon No specific antidote, gastric lavage with 5% sodium

(Bayleton) bicarbonate.

Dinocap No specific antidote. Gastric lavage with(Karathane) 5% sodium bicarbonate and medicinal charcoal

suspension. Then give 15-30 g sodium sulphate inhalf litre of water.

Carboxin Treat symptomatically(Vitavax)Captan (Captaf) If ingested, induce vomiting by administering a spoon-

ful of salt in hot water.Chlorothalonil Treat symptomatically(Kavach)Propiconazole (Tilt) Treat symptomaticallyWettable sulphur If chemical has gotten into the victim's eyes, flush eyes(Sultaf) with plenty of water for atleast 5 minutes

III. HERBICIDESAnilophos Atropine : 2-4 mg I/V as a test dose. If no effect double(Arozin, Libra, dose may be given every 10 minute till atropinization.Anilguard, Maintain upto 24-48 hours. 2-PAM : 1-2 g intravenousAnilfos Padigard etc.) as 5% solution in dextrose to be given in 5-7 minutes

or 150 ml of saline drip every 30 minutes. Ifrequired it

may be repeated every hour if the muscle weaknessand fasiculation persists. To be continued every 6-8hours for 1-2 days or 5% solution as infusion @ 1/2g/hr. 2-PAMCL: dose same as above. Gastric lavagewith 5% sodium bicarbonate.

2,4-D Ingestion: Gastric lavage with activated charcoal slurry.For muscle and cardiac irritability give Lidocaine 50-100 mg intravenous, followed by 1-4 mg/min as

needed. Alkalize urine by sodium bicarbonate 10-15g daily intravenously.

Glyphosate Ingestion : immediately dilute by swallowing milk(Roundup) or water.Isoproturon Flush eyes with soap. Wash skin with soap and water.(Arelon, DelronMilron etc.)Paraquat Induce vomiting unless unconscious. Give gastric(Grammoxone) lavage with one litre of 30% aqueous suspension with

Fuller's earth together with sodium sulphate. Repeatadministration until Fuller's earth is seen in stool.

IV. RODENTICIDESZinc phosphide As under aluminium phosphide(Ratol, Zinc-Tox etc.)Coumatetralyl Vitamin 'K' under medical supervision(Racumin)Bromadiolone Vitamin 'K' under medical supervision

Some common trade names of antidotes

Diazepam : Calmpose, Lori, Paciquil, Tenil, ValiumPhenobarbitone : GardenalDimercaprol : Inj. BAL (Knoll Pharma)PAM : Neopam, Pam, Pamplus, Pam-A-Korea

Atropinisation includes:1. Drying up of secretions i.e. dry mouth, no frothing, loss of

sweating.2. Tachycardia : Pulse should be maintained at about 110/minute3. Dilated pupils4. Hyperthermia

Sources of Information :(a) Farm Chemicals Handbook, 1994(b) Health hazards of Pesticides and its management (1996)

Voluntary Health Association of India(c) Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (1999) by

Narayan Reddy(d) National Poison Information Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi

Caution : Antidotes are to be used in case of poisoning only, for which aphysician must be consulted immediately.

Disclaimer : The information given is only advisory. Actual selection ofantidote, dose and manner of administration is to be decidedby the qualified physician. Punjab Agricultural University,Ludhiana accepts no legal responsibility.

Niacin 6 gram

20 kg dry matter , 17% protein and 78% TDN

intravenous, followed by 1-4 mg.min. as needed. Alkalize urine bySodium bicarbonate 10-15 g dailyintravenously.

Glyphosate (Roundup) Ingestion: Immediately di lute byswallowing milk of water.

Isoproturon (Arelon, Flush eyes with soap. Wash skin with

Delron Milron etc) soap and water.

Paraquat Induce vomitting unless unconscious.(Grammoxone) Give gastric lavage with one litre of 30%

aqueous suspension with with Fuller’searth together with Sodium sulphate.Repeat administration until Fuller’s earthis seen in stool.

IV. RODENTICIDESZinc phosphide (Ratol, As under aluminium phosphide.

Zinc-Tox etc.)

Coumatetralyl

(Racumin) Vitamin ‘K’ under medical supervision.

Bromadiolone Vitamin ‘K’ under medical supervision.

Some common trade names of antidotes

Diazepam Calmpose, Lori, Paciquil, Tenil, ValiumPhenobarbitone Gardenal

Dimercaprol Inj. BAL (Knoll Pharma)

PAM Neopam, Pam, Pamplus, Pam-A-Korea

Atropinisation includes:1. Drying up of secretions i.e. dry mouth, no frothing, loss of

sweating.

2. Tachycardia: Pulse should be maintained at about 110/minutes.

3. Dilated pupils.

4. Hyperthermia

Sources of Information:a) Farm Chemicals Handbook, 1994.

125 126

127128

List of Pesticides Restricted or Bannedin the Country

( a ) Pesticides restricted for use

1. Aluminium phosphide It is to be sold only to Government undertakings/

organisations and to be used under strict

supervision of Government expert or Pest

Control Operators.

2. Carbaryl Not to be sprayed at flowering stage of crops.

DDT Restricted for use in Public health only.

3. MEMC (methoxyethyl --

Mercuric chloride)

4. Methyl bromide Restriction for its sale and use is similar to that

of Aluminium phosphide.

5. Sodium cyanide Use of sodium cyanide shall be restricted for

fumigation of cotton bales by Plant Protection

Adviser to the Govt. of India.

6. Lindane Only for use in termite control in buildings, termite

control in sugarcane in agriculture and for export

only.

7. Methyl parathion Use is permitted only on those crops where

honey bees are not acting as pollinators.

8. Monocrotophos Banned for use in vegetables.

9. Fenthion Banned for use in Agriculture except for lowest

control.

b) Health hazards of Pesticides and its management (1996)Voluntary Health Association of India.

c) Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (1999) byNarayan Reddy.

d) National Poison Information Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi.

Caution: Antidotes are to be used in case of poisoning only, forwhich a physician must be consulted immediately.

Disclaimer: The information given is only advisory. Actualselection of antidote, dose and manner of administration is to bedecided by the qualified physician. Punjab AgriculturalUniversity, Ludhiana accepts no legal responsibility.

(b) Pesticides banned for use in agriculture in India

S.No. Name of Pesticide S.No. Name of Pesticide

1. Aldicarb

2. Aldrin

3. BHC (HCH)

4. Calcium cyanide

5. Captafol

6. Chlorobenzilate

7. Chlordane

8. Chlorotenvinphos

9. Copper acetoarsenite

10. Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)

11. DDT

12. Dieldrin

13. Endrin

14. Ethylene Dibromide

15. Ethyl mercury Chloride

16. Ethyl parathion

17. Heptachlor

18. Maleic Hydrazide

19. Menazon

20. Metoxuron

21. Nicotin sulphate

22. Nitrofen

23. Paraquat-di-methyl sulphate

24. Pentachloro Nitrobenzene (PCNB)

25. Pentachlorphenol (PCP)

26. Phenyl mercury acelate (PMA)

27. Sodium methane arsonate

28. TCA (Trichloro acetic acid)

29. Tetradifon

30. Toxaphene

(c) Pesticide formulations banned for use1. Carbofuran 50% SP 3. Methomyl 12.5% L

2. Methomyl 24% L 4. Phosphamidan 85% L

APPENDIX - VI

Proforma for Referring Sample to Plant Clinic, PAU,Ludhiana for Diagnosis of Disorders

1. Name and address of : ______________________________________

the farmers

2. Crop : __________Variety________Age of the crop____________

3. Problem noticed : ________________________________________________

(Approx. date)

4. Sowing date : ________________________________________________

5. Area (under the crop) : _____________________(acres)

6. Source of seed : ________________________________________________

7. Is this problem related Yes/No

to weather ?

8. If yes, type of weather : Rain/High temp./Storm/Frost/Hot dry Spell/Wet

condition/Hail/Any other (Specify)

9. Suspected disorder : Insect damage/Disease/Nutritional/Input Phytotoxicity/

Any other

10. Symptoms : Holes/Excreta/Rotting/Blight/Yellowing/Wilting/

Mottling/Mosaic/Root swelling/Distortion/Any other

11. Extent of spread : Less than 25%/25-50%/50-75%/More than 75%

12. Spread pattern : Whole Crop/Patches/Isolated plants

13. Crop rotation : Wheat-Rice/Wheat-Cotton/Any other (Specify)

14. Soil type : Sandy/Loamy sand/Clay/Loam

15. Soil/Water analysis report : Copy attached/Not attached

16. Drainage system : Good/Moderate/Poor

17. Source of irrigation : Canal/Tubewell/Rainfed

18. Irrigations applied : 1/2/3/4/5/More than 5

19. Industrial plant in : Yes/No

adjoining area

If yes, : Distance in meters___________________

20. Name the Input used : _________________________________________

Dose______________Timings_________________

21. Diagnosis by field : _________________________________________funtionary

(Extension Scientist)

To be sent to : Director Extension Education

Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

(Signature and Address of Extension Scientist)

129 130

APPENDIX - VII

Important Telephone Numbers for theConvenience of the Farmers

PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, LUDHIANA0161-2401960 to 2401979

Director of Extension Education 214

Addl. Director of Extension Education 418

Addl. Director of Communication 373

Associate Director, Extension Education 369

Plant Clinic 417

Seed Shop 419

Krishi Vigyan Kendras

Bathinda 0164-2215619

Ferozepur 01632-246517

Bahowal (Hoshiarpur) 01884-259949

Faridkot 01639-253142

Gurdaspur 01874-230945

Kheri (Sangrur) 01672-245320

Kapurthala 01822-233056

Langroya (Nawanshahr) 01823-250652

Rauni (Patiala) 0175-2225473

Ropar 0181-220406

Usman (Amritsar) 0183-2501989

Fatehgarh Sahib 01763-221217

Goneana (Mukatsar) 01633-210046

Moga 01636-235495

Samrala 01628-261597

Noormahal 01826-292053

Farm Advisory Services

Amritsar 0183-2501989

Bathinda 0164-2212684

Ferozepur 01632-242136

Faridkot 01639-250143


Hoshiarpur 01884-222392

Jalandhar 0181-2225768


Patiala 0175-2200646

Ropar 01881-222257

Sangrur 01672-234298

Chandigarh 0172-2775348

Director of Research 0161-2401221

Addl. Director of Research (Agri.) 0161-2407309

Research Coordinator (Engg) 0161-2400439

131 132

Research Coordinator (Basic Sciences) 0161-2400376

Research Coordinator (Home Science) 0161-2401013

Director (Seed) 0161-2400898

Director (Farm) 253

Plant Breeding 224

Cotton Section 334

Maize Section 437

Oilseed Section 433

Pulse Section 413

Fodder Section 443

Agronomy, Agromet. and Forestry 308

Entomology 320

Plant Pathology 319

Soils 317

Seed Sci. & Technology 243

Floriculture 440

Microbiology 330

Fodder 443

Extension Education 321

Farmers' Help Line

Farm Power & Machinery 446

Farm Management 461

Horticulture 458

Vegetable Crops 452

Agronomy 401

Soils 506

Plant Pathology 505

Plant Breeding, Genetics & Biotechnology 435

Entomology 504

Kairon Kisan Ghar 368

Kisan Call Centre 1551 (Toll Free)

Regional Research Stations

Abohar 01634-25326

Bathinda 0164-2212159

0164-2215619

Bahadurgarh (Patiala) 0175-2381473

Faridkot 01639-251244


Gangian (Hoshiarpur) 01883-85073


01822-255095

Naraingarh (Amloh) 01765-30126

Rauni (Patiala) 0175-225473

Usman (Amritsar) 01852-246437

Ballowal Sanukhri (Nawanshahar) 01885-241601

APPENDIX - VIII

Scientific Names of Fruit Crops

Name of crop Scientific name

Kinnow Citrus reticultata

Sweet orange Citrus sinensis

Lime Citrus aurantifolia

Lemon Citurs limon

Chakotra Citurs maxima

Grapefruit Citurs paradisii

Mango Mangifera indica

Soft pear Pyrus communis

Hard Dear Pyrus pyrifolia

Peach Prunus persica

Plum Prunus domestica

Grapes Vitis vinifera

Guava Psidium guajava

Ber Zizyphus jujube

Litchi Litchi chinensis

Loquat Eryobotrya japonica

Papaya Carica papaya

Pomegranate Punica granatum

Phalsa Grewia asiatica

Banana Musa sp

Pakage PAU (Fruits)

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