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International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 4(1): January-February 2015

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL

PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 2.093*** ICV 5.13*** Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE……!!!

A REVIEW ON FAMILY LAMIACEAE WITH EMPHASIS ON SOME

MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS OF THE GENUS

CLERODENDRUM

Naira Nayeem1,Shalini Kapoor Mehta

2

1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,College of Pharmacy,Northern Border University, Saudi

Arabia

2MS Ramaiah Medical College, MSR Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

KEYWORDS:

Lamiaceae, Clerodendrum,

Phytochemistry, traditional use,

pharmacological activity.

For Correspondence:

Naira Nayeem *

Address: Department of

Pharmaceutical Chemistry,

College of Pharmacy, Northern

Border University, Saudi

Arabia.

Email:

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Clerodendrum is a genus consisting of flowering plants belonging to the

family Lamiaceae.This genus is native to tropical and warm temperate

regions. Some of the important plants belonging to this family are C.

inerme, C. seratum ,C. Infortunatum, C. indicum, and C. viscosum.

Traditionally these plants have been used in various indigenous systems

of medicines. These plants are a rich source of plant phyto constituents

like terpenes, alkaloids, phenols, phenolic acids, tannins, steroids,

flavonoids. which are useful as anti-oxidant, anthelmintic, antibacterial,

hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, anticancer, anti-oxidant etc. Aim of this

review is to compile the exhaustive literature on the above mentioned

plants from the Clerodendrum species and to create the awareness of

these plants which have been reported to have potent activities which

when exploited and appropriately used can be a boon to the mankind.

mailto:[email protected]



INTRODUCTION:

The genus Clerodendrum L. belonging to the family Lamiaceae is very widely distributed in

tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It includes over 450 species. The plants belonging

to Lamiaceae family are well known for constituents having important bio-active properties

These plants have been used in various indigenous systems of medicines, specifically in

Chinese, Indian, Japanese and Korean systems of medicine for the treatment of various diseases

such as skin diseases, typhoid, cancer, jaundice and hypertension1.The plant parts used for

treatment included whole plant, leaves, root, stem, bark, flower, fruit, and seeds. Along with

biological studies, isolation and characterization of chemical constituents and its correlation with

the biological activities have also been reported2. The major chemical components reported from

the genus are phenolics, steroids, terpenes, flavonoids, volatile oils, etc. The family is closely

related to the verbinaceae3. The main difference between the two families is the ovary.

Verbenaceae have an unlobed ovary and a terminal style while Lamiaceae have a deeply four-

lobed ovary with gynobasic style4.The name Clerodendrumis derived from the Greek kleros -

chance or fate, and Dendron-meaning tree.

Taxonomy5:

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Asterids

Order: Lamiales

Family: Lamiaceae

Subfamily: Teucrioideae

Genus: Clerodendrum

Species: 1) Clerodendrum inerme

2)Clerodendrum seratum

3)Clerodendrum infortunatum

4)Clerodendrum indicum

5)Clerodendrum viscosum



Morphology:

Clerodendrum inerme is a shrub distributed in South and South-east Asia, Australia, and Pacific

islands which are branched and colored bark pale brown. Leaves are simple, opposite, obovate ,

apex is rounded ,glabrous, and with petioles It has as axillary pedenculate inflorescence with 3 to

5 flowered cymes. The flower are small, bisexual, calyx five lobed .It has a funnel shaped

corolla which is five lobed. The filaments are purplish red, the ovary is 4 celled, and the stigma

is bifid. The fruit is a purple drupe6.

Clerodendrum serratum is a perennial shrub which grows to a height of 2.4 m. Stem is not much

branched, young parts are usually glabrous. Leaves are sessile measuring12.5-15 by 5.7-6.3 cm,

oblong or sub –elliptic shape with an acute base and acuminate tip. Petioles are 6cm long. It

consist of numerous flowers are pubescent dichotomous cymes with a pair of acute bracts .It has

a pyramidal erect penicle which is15-25 cm long; the pedicels are twisted to make the large

lower corolla. It consists of bracts which are ovate or sometimes lanceolate. Fruit is drupe

succulent and dark purple when ripened7.

Clerodendrum infortunatum is a terrestrial shrub with blackish erect stem which grows to about

4mts high , with no branches and produce circular leaves with 6 inch diameter, opposite,

petiolate, exstipulate, hairy leaves with a characteristic disagreeable odor. The stem is hollow

and the leaves are 6-8 inch long The inflorescence is terminal, few-flowered cyme flowers are

bluish-purple with pyramid shaped terminal panicles. Leaves are opposite oblong or elliptic,

serrate, and the fruits are berries four lobed purple drupe, the seeds may be with or without

endosperm8,9

.

Clerodendrum indicum is a semiwoody shrub, perennial; 6-9 ft tall slightly branched. The stem is

hollow and the leaves are elliptic and 15-20 cm long, borne in whorls of four on very short

petioles. It has a huge inflorescence which consists of many tubular white flowers in a terminal

cluster up to 0.6 m long. The tubes of the flowers are about 10 cm long which droop downward,

and the expanded corollas are about 5 cm across. The fruits are attractive dark metallic blue

drupes7.

Clerodendrum viscosum is a perennial woody shrub .It consists of 4-angled stem. Leaves are in

whorls, sessile, and glabrous. Leaves usually three at a node, sometimes opposite oblong or

elliptic, serrate, Flowers are purple with white pyramid shaped terminal panicles. Fruits are 4

lobed purple durpe, somewhat succulent10

.



1.Clerodendruminerme 2.Clerodendrum serratum 3.Clerodendrum infortunatum

4.Clerodendrumindicum 5.Clerodendrum viscosum

Phytochemistry:

Several phytoconstituents have been reported from the different parts of Clerodendrum inerme β-

sitosterol , stigmasta-5,22,25-trien-3-β-ol , B-friedoolean-5-ene-3-β-ol , 5-hydroxy-6,7,4′-

trimethoxyflavone and betulinic acid have been isolate from the aerial parts . The leaves have

been reported to contain triterpenicglucoside, lup-1, 5, 20(29)-trien-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ,

n-octacosane, friedelin and β-amyrin. The plant also contains 3-Iridoid Glycosides Ethylcholesta-

5-9 [11], 22E-trien-3β-ol,Sterols, Inerminoside, InerminosideA, Inerminoside-C, Inerminoside-

D,and Sammangaosides A and B, verbascoside, isoverbascoside, Neolignans (I-III),3-

epicaryoptin, neolignan11, (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyl phenyl) ethyl-O-2", 3"-diacetyl-α-

rhanopyranosyl-(1-3)-4-O-(E)-fernloyl-β-D, glucopyranoside, cynaroside, luteolin

,acacetin,cosmosin, Apigenin,salvigenin, 5-hydroxy--7-dimethoxy-6-flavone,cleroinermin, 4-

methylscutellarein and pectolinarigenin Megastigmane. It also contains sugars like, galactose,

sucrose and protiens like lysine, arginine,serine,proline, threonine and glutamic acid 11-

20.Clerodendrum Serratum has been reported to contain oleanolic acid, serratagenic acid

queretaroic acid ,ferulic acid, clerodermic acid, betulinic acid, γ-sitosterol, β-sitosterol



Stigmasterol,α-spinosterol, Clerosterol, cholestanol, , campesterol and 24-ethyl cholesterol

Clerodone, Lupeol,Catchin, Luteoline, clerodin, Ethycholesta –5, 24 25-trine 3β-o hispidulin and

7-o-gluconoids of hispidulin, C ruteuarein, cleroflavone, apigenin, 7-hydroxy flavanone,

scutellarein and pectolinarigenin have also been isolated from this plant. The other constituents

reported are acteoside, indolizinoverbascoside ,betulin, , friedelin and monomelittoside21-

27.Clerodendrum infortunatum leaves were reported to contain clerodin , fixed oil consisting of

Glycerides of oleic,lenoleic, lignoceric and stearic acid.Luperol β-sitosterol,Clerosterol which

has been identified as 5, 25-sigmastadien_3β-ol,clerodolone as lup_20(30)-en-3β-diol-12-one

and clerodone identified as 3β-hydroxylupan-12-one , 2,-(3, 4-dehydroxyphenyl) ethanol 1-O-α-

2,rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-(4-O-caffeoyl)glycopyranoside (acteoside) and24α- and 24ß-

epimers of 24-ethylcholesta-5,22-dien-3ß-ol. Benzoic acid, cabsurin, and quercetin have been

reported from the aerial parts of the plant. Lupeol Apigenin, acacetin and methyl esters of

acacetin-7-O-glucuronide, cabruvin, scutellarein, scutellarein-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, Hispidulin

Acetoside, fumaric acid, methyl and ethyl esters of caffeic acid, Clerodolone, Clerodol ,Clerodin

are the other constituents isolated and reported from this plant. It has also been reported to

contain carbohydrates like Raffinose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, glactose, glucose and fructose 28-

34.Clerodendrum indicum has been reported to contain Cleroindicin A-Hispidulin, scutellarein,

scutellarein-7-O-β-D-glucuronide 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylethanol, hispidulin 7-O-glucuronide,

roseoside,scutellarein,eupafolin,clerodendrol,lariciresino,l 9-O-beta-D-glucoside,Clerodendrone,

cleroindicins,17-hydroxyteuvincenone G and 17-hydroxyteuvincen-5(6)-enone G 35-42

.The

phytoconstituents reported from Clerodendrum viscosum are Viscose Squalenene, monoterpenes,

p-cymene, α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, myrcene and sesquiterpenes flavonoids Viscosene.

Literature review also revealed the presence of N, N-carbonylbis-, 4-Pyranone,2,3-dihydro-,

alpha-D-Galactofuranoside, methyl 2,3,5,6-tetra-O-methyl-, N, N-Dimethylglycine, ,2,3-

dihydro-, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, 2(1H)Pyrimidinone,1-methyl-, 2,4-Dihydroxy-5,6-

dimethylpyrimidine, 1,3-Methylene-d-arabitol, Glycerin, Xylitol, 3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone

Hexadecanoic acid, Phenol,4,4’-(1-methyl ethylidene) and Orcinol43-47

.

Traditional uses:

The genus Clerodendum has been used traditionally for treatment of various diseases and

disorders; some of them include Night blindness, pneumonia, rheumatoid arthritis, pain,

inflammation, rheumatism, respiratory disorders, malaria, asthma, bronchitis, cholera, snakebite,



tuberculosis, wounds, hepatoprotective and antimicrobial activities.It has also been used for

venereal infections, elephantiasis, as a vermifuge, febrifuge, sedative, in the treatment of

cancer, diabetes, excessive menstrual bleeding, Gastrointestinal problems, diabetes, as

aphrodisiac, helminthiasis, insect repellent, spinal pain, diabetes, stimulation of appetite,

gonorrhea, low semen count, leucorrhea etc48-53

.

Pharmacological activities

Clerodendrum Inerme has been investigated and reported for various activities like

hepatoprotective Activity, anti-bacterial, Antinematidalcidal effects, anti-oxidant, anti-viral ,

antinociceptive ,insecticidal ,anti-cancer, Anti-hemolytic, anti-fungal and Antihypertensive

Activity54-74

.Clerodendrum Serratum has been reported to possess activities like anti-allergic

,protective ,anti-infertility, Antioxidant, wound healing ,hepatoprotective , antinociceptive, anti-

inflammatory and antipyretic , Anti-cancer, asthma , anti-histaminic, Bronchodilator activity,

vasorelaxant and wound healing activity75-88

.The pharmacological activites reported from the

plant Clerodendrum infortunatum are Anthelmintic, Hepatoprotective, Antimicrobial, Analgesic

and anticonvulsant, Wound healing, anti-oxidant, anticancer, anti-diabetic, antinociceptive, anti-

inflammatory ,insecticidal ,anti-malarial89-107

.Clerodendrumindicum is been reported for its anti

nociceptive, anthelmintic, antidiarrheal, antibacterial108-113

.The activities reported from

Clerodendrum viscosum are Antioxidant , Antinociceptive, analgesic ,anti-inflammatory, central

nervous system depressant activity, anti-bacterial Diuretic, anthelmintic, anti-cancerous,

antifungal, anti-hemolytic114-126

.

CONCLUSION:

This review of literature highlights the importance of some plants of genus Clerodendrum

belonging to the family lamiaceae. It reports the Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and

traditional uses of five plants i.e. C. inerme, C. seratum ,C. Infortunatum, C. indicum, and C.

viscosum. Several reports referring to their use in diseases like cancer, diabetes,as analgesics ,

anthelmintic, anti-oxidant ,diuretic etc, are published which justifies their use in the traditional

medicine. The most common constituents found in this species were Clerodolone, Clerodone,

Clerodol Clerosterol along with some proteins and carbohydrates. An initiative is necessary to

systematically evaluate these plants for unexplored activities and phytoconstituents so that they

can be commercially exploited.



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