Open-Access Scholarly Publishing

• •

Open-Access Scholarly Publishing


Malcolm GetzVanderbilt University

June 1, 2004

Malcolm GetzVanderbilt University

June 1, 2004

Two QuestionsTwo Questions

Can open-access scholarship succeed?

Should open-access scholarship succeed?

• The goals are to lower costs and increase access.



• The goals are to lower costs and increase access.

Four TopicsFour Topics

Three Fundamental Ideas

Transition from Paper to Digital

Market Forces

Strategies


Transition from Paper to Digital

Market Forces

Strategies



• Substitutes versus Complements

• Recipient versus Sender Payment

• Packaging and Bundling

• Substitutes versus Complements

• Recipient versus Sender Payment

• Packaging and Bundling

From Paper to DigitalFrom Paper to Digital

• Cost to Universities in 2002

Library subscription fees, average $5,370,000

Library processing and storage, perhaps $1,110,000

• Cost to Universities in 2002

Library subscription fees, average $5,370,000

Library processing and storage, perhaps $1,110,000

Item Print

First Copy$1,8

40

Distribution 320

Accounting 240

Profit1,29

0

Other Serials

1,680

Publication Total

$5,370

Annual Cost in $000s for a Research Library, 2002

Annual Cost in $000s for a Research Library, 2002 Of 21,000 serials titles,

let 10,000 be refereed academic journals.

Following Bergstrom, put first copy costs at $1,840th, distribution at $320th, and accounting at $240th.

Let 2,400 of the journals be high-priced commercial titles. Put profit at $1,290th.

Of 21,000 serials titles, let 10,000 be refereed academic journals.

Following Bergstrom, put first copy costs at $1,840th, distribution at $320th, and accounting at $240th.

Let 2,400 of the journals be high-priced commercial titles. Put profit at $1,290th.

A Research Library’s Expenditures on Serials

A Research Library’s Expenditures on Serials

ItemPrin

t

First Copy$1,8

40

Distribution 320

Accounting 240

Profit1,29

0

Other Serials

1,680

Lib Processin

g790

Lib Storage

320

Total$6,4

80

Annual Cost in $000s for a Research LibraryAnnual Cost in $000s for a Research Library

Add $37 per serial title for library processing.Put the present value of perpetual storage of the current year of each serial at $15.

Add $37 per serial title for library processing.Put the present value of perpetual storage of the current year of each serial at $15.

Publication Plus Library Costs

Publication Plus Library Costs

Compare print to digitalCompare print to digital

• Replace print subscriptions with digital subscriptions.

Digital subscriptions that replace print subscriptions lower the publishers’ distribution costs by $300,000.

Digital subscriptions lower library storage costs by $150,000.

• Replace print subscriptions with digital subscriptions.

Digital subscriptions that replace print subscriptions lower the publishers’ distribution costs by $300,000.

Digital subscriptions lower library storage costs by $150,000.

Item PrintDigit

aldiffere

nce

First Copy$1,84

0$1,84

0$0

Distribution

320 20 $300

Accounting 240 240 0

Profit 1,290 1,290 0

Other Serials

1,680 1,680 0

Lib Processing

790 790 0

Lib Storage

320 170 150

Total$6,48

0$6,03

0$450


Print to

Digital

Print to

Digital

Digital Subscription to Open-Access

Digital Subscription to Open-Access

Lower accounting costs because transactions are with authors rather than with readers.

Lower library processing cost with universal free access on the Internet.

Lower accounting costs because transactions are with authors rather than with readers.

Lower library processing cost with universal free access on the Internet.

Open-access means that authors pay page charges to journals that are available without charge on the Internet.

Open-access means that authors pay page charges to journals that are available without charge on the Internet.

Item Print DigitalOpe

ndifferen

ce

First Copy$1,84

0$1,840

$1,840

$0

Distribution

320 20 20 0

Accounting 240 240 12 228

Profit 1,290 1,290 1,290 0

Other Serials

1,680 1,680 1,680 0

Lib Processing

790 790 420 370

Lib Storage

320 170 170 0

Total$6,48

0$6,030

$5,432

$598


Digital to Open-accessDigital to Open-access

Profit to Non-ProfitProfit to Non-Profit

• Organize the open-access publications exclusively through non-profit publishers.

Eliminate excess profit of high-priced commercial academic journals.

• Organize the open-access publications exclusively through non-profit publishers.

Eliminate excess profit of high-priced commercial academic journals.

Item Print DigitalOpe

nNonPro

fit

First Copy$1,84

0$1,840

$1,840

$1,840

Distribution

320 20 20 20

Accounting 240 240 12 12

Profit 1,290 1,290 1,290 0

Other Serials

1,680 1,680 1,680 1,680

Lib Processing

790 780 420 420

Lib Storage

320 170 170 170

Total$6,48

0$6,030

$5,432

$4,142


Open-access to Non-profitOpen-access to Non-profit

Potential Cost SavingsPotential Cost Savings

• Significant savings are possible by replacing print with digital, moving to open-access, and moving to non-profit organization.

• None of these savings is automatic.

• Significant savings are possible by replacing print with digital, moving to open-access, and moving to non-profit organization.

• None of these savings is automatic.

Distribution

$300

Storage 150

Accounting

228

Processing

360

Profit 1,290

Total$2,3

28

Annual Savings in $000s per Research LibraryAnnual Savings in $000s per Research Library

Citation RatesCitation RatesOpen-access will allow anyone on the Internet to search full-text databases and retrieve page images for any purpose without charge.

Use of Medline increased seven fold after it became open-access. Some 30 percent of use is by people who are not health care providers.

With more adults having BAs and more, use of scholarship might increase.

Open-access will allow anyone on the Internet to search full-text databases and retrieve page images for any purpose without charge.

Use of Medline increased seven fold after it became open-access. Some 30 percent of use is by people who are not health care providers.

With more adults having BAs and more, use of scholarship might increase.

Market ForcesMarket Forces

With large scale, publishers achieve market power, the ability to charge by ability-to-pay rather than cost.

Elsevier’s Market Intelligence Manager looks for ways for libraries to lower operating costs so as to pay Elsevier more.

Open-access could be offered by commercial publishers.

With large scale, publishers achieve market power, the ability to charge by ability-to-pay rather than cost.

Elsevier’s Market Intelligence Manager looks for ways for libraries to lower operating costs so as to pay Elsevier more.

Open-access could be offered by commercial publishers.

Amount of Publication Fee

Amount of Publication Fee

American Economic Review $13,000 per article

Bergstrom estimate of average $1,820 per article

Public Library of Science $1,500 per article

American Economic Review $13,000 per article

Bergstrom estimate of average $1,820 per article

Public Library of Science $1,500 per article

The publication fees needed to support high-quality editing are substantial.The publication fees needed to support high-quality editing are substantial.

StrategiesStrategies

Assure quality of editing of open-access journals.

Tie size of publication fee to citation rate.

Limit publication fees to not-for-profit publishers.

Grow open access journals as ancillaries to indices.

Assure quality of editing of open-access journals.

Tie size of publication fee to citation rate.

Limit publication fees to not-for-profit publishers.

Grow open access journals as ancillaries to indices.

Two ConclusionsTwo ConclusionsCan open-access scholarship succeed?

• Yes. Innovators can gain advantages.


• Yes. It should offer wider access at lower cost.


• Yes. Innovators can gain advantages.


• Yes. It should offer wider access at lower cost.



• • [email protected]@Vanderbilt.Edu

Open-Access Scholarly Publishing

Documents

Transcript of Open-Access Scholarly Publishing