Deborah Kahn, Publishing Director, BioMed Central

Presentation for the APAME conference,

Tokyo, 3 August, 2013

How open access is changing scholarly publishing

What I will cover

Current trends affecting scholarly publishing • Changing demographics • Continuing growth of article output • The move from print to electronic • Changes in the way research is carried out

Publishing responses to these trends • Researcher Identification • Language services • Portable peer review • Article metrics • Mobile technologies • Research management tools • Open access and open data

How open access is changing scholarly publishing • Pros and cons of open access • Impacts of open access • Open access policies around the world

Changing demographics: Article Output 2001-11 by region

(Source : SCImago. (2007). SJR — SCImago Journal & Country Rank. Retrieved January 16, 2012, from http://www.scimagojr.com)

Country/Region Articles 2001 Articles 2011 CAGR Article Share

2001 Article Share

2011

Northern America 322,673 530,304 5.1% 30.8% 23.7%

Latin America 30,963 86,693 10.8% 3.0% 3.9%

Western Europe 341,758 580,866 5.4% 32.6% 26.0%

Eastern Europe 73,321 132,157 6.1% 7.0% 5.9%

Asia 213,245 695,706 12.6% 20.3% 31.1%

Pacific 28,869 66,851 8.8% 2.8% 3.0%

Middle East 27,871 105,397 14.2% 2.7% 4.7%

Northern Africa 2,563 10,381 15.0% 0.2% 0.5%

Central Africa 1,952 8,280 15.5% 0.2% 0.4%

Southern Africa 6,126 17,401 11.0% 0.6% 0.8%

Total 1,049,341 2,234,036 7.8% 100.0% 100.0%

Growth in output from Asia

Country Articles 2011 Growth 2011 CAGR 2006-11

China 151,689 17.6% 14.3%

Japan 72,822 2.4% -0.3%

India 44,798 8.7% 10.4%

South Korea 43,728 10.6% 9.2%

Taiwan 26,583 9.3% 7.9%

Singapore 9,356 6.9% 7.1%

Malaysia 7,694 31.3% 32.7%

Thailand 5,770 10.5% 13.2%

Vietnam 1,401 13.3% 17.0%

Indonesia 1,123 11.0% 11.7%

Philippines 911 19.1% 12.0%

Total World 1,172,933 6.3% 5.0%

Source: Web of Science, English-language articles only

The move from print to electronic

• 25,282 English language, peer reviewed academic journals world wide

• ~ 18,700 are both print and online

• ~ 3,700 are online only

• ~ 2,900 are print only

• More than 96% of STM journals are available online (fewer in the humanities and arts)

• Why move to online?

• Online versions offer benefits not available in print, e.g. remote access, integrated video, linking and sharing, file management, etc, which better suit user behaviour

• Mobile technology is addressing issues of portability and readability.

• Digital printing allows print on demand for small groups of users who still need access to print.

• LOCKSS /CLOCKSS addressing issues of archiving and preservation.

Source: Ulrichs: The STM report, Mark Ware and Michael Mabe, November 2012

Research is changing

Challenges of changing demographics and increasing article output

• Researcher identification

• Language barriers

• Cultural differences

• Different understanding of how to present research or what constitutes plagiarism

• Appropriate attribution

• Understanding of submission guidelines

• Pressure on peer reviewers

• Assessing quality and impact

• Gaining visibility of research

Researcher identification

Researcher identification

ORCID is

• an open, non-profit, community-driven effort to create and maintain a registry of unique researcher identifiers

• a transparent method of linking research activities and outputs to these identifiers.

• a tool for scholars to distinguish their research activities from those of others with similar names and to easily and uniquely attach their identity to research objects

• a hub that connects researchers and research through the embedding of ORCID identifiers in key workflows, such as research profile maintenance, manuscript submissions, grant applications, and patent applications.

ORCID records hold non-sensitive information such as name, email, organization and research activities.

ORCID reaches across disciplines, research sectors and national boundaries.

Training, tools and services to combat and monitor unethical behaviour

New author services

Challenges in peer review

Peer reviewers overloaded:

• Often many experts need to be invited: good peer-reviewers are very busy and decline many invitations to review manuscripts

• If a manuscript is rejected from a high impact (or broad interest) journal, it is usually submitted to another lower impact (or more specialist) journal

• The manuscript may then be sent to the same reviewers that reviewed it for the first journal

A solution: portable peer review

• Sharing reviewers’ reports between journals can speed up the publication process and reduces the burden on reviewers

Portable peer review

Some initiatives:

Neuroscience Peer Review Consortium (NPRC) Initiated in 2008, currently involves 40 Medline-indexed journals. If a manuscript is not accepted by one journal in the Consortium, the authors can transfer their manuscript and associated reviews to a second Consortium journal

Rubriq

• Provides reviews with a standardized scorecard that can then be submitted to any journal

Peerage of Science

• A community of peers signed up to submit and review manuscripts in a transparent format. Manuscripts are submitted anonymously and any peer can then choose to review it. The aim is to ensure reciprocal participation in the review process.

eLife transfers eLife to journals published by BioMed Central, PLOS and EMBO. If a manuscript is not accepted by eLife, the authors can transfer their manuscript and associated reviews to a journal of their choice

New models of peer review

The IF of a journal is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to recently published articles

2012 Impact Factor of journal X = A/B A: the number of times that articles published by journal X in 2010 and 2011 were cited by other indexed journals in 2012 B: the total number of articles published by journal X in 2010 and 2011

IFs cannot be used to see how many times an individual article has been cited – there is a great degree of variation in the citation rates of different articles in the same journal

The IF of a journal should not be used to judge the quality of individual articles published in that journal

Measuring impact and quality of research

Journal level metric

Article level metrics

Altmetrics or alternative metrics (ALMs) refer to a range of measures which provide insight into 'impact' or 'reach' of an individual article. ALMs aim to measure research impact in a transparent and comprehensive manner beyond citations and usage / downloads. ALMs do not replace but add to traditional metrics, such as the ISI Impact Factor.

New mobile formats Mobile friendly design of journals and articles

• Device-specific formatting for smart phone or tablet users

• Mobile-optimised figure presentation, content navigation and search

• Articles can be saved to read offline and used by apps such as iBooks, Dropbox and Papers

Mobile formats

Platform independent technology: Articles published in BioMed Central and SpringerOpen journals are available in the ePUB format which is compatible with all e-readers (Kindle, iPAD, Nook etc)

New research management tools

Free availability, permitting any user to read or re-use for any purpose

The only constraint and role for copyright is to give authors control over the integrity of the work and to be properly acknowledged and cited

Free access alone is not necessarily open access

Open access

Creative Commons Licensing

Allows users to share and adapt the work AS LONG AS the work is attributed to the author Does not affect the authors other rights

What is different about the open access publishing business model?

Traditional

The research community transfers the rights to the research to the publisher Publisher covers costs by selling access to the content

Open access

No exclusive rights retained by the publisher Publisher is paid for the service of publication

Source: Anatomy of open access publishing: a study of longitudinal development and internal structure, Mikael Laakso and Bo-Christer Björk

BMC Medicine, 2012, 10: 124

Growth in open access articles

8.3%

10.4%

10.4%

9.6%

14.9%

6.4%

5.4%

8.0%

5.1%

7.9%

6.4%

7.9%

Philippines

Indonesia

Vietnam

Thailand

Malaysia

Singapore

Hong Kong

Taiwan

India

South Korea

Japan

China

Open Access adoption in Asia is higher than in most other regions

Share of articles published in full APC OA journals

World average = 5.9%

Sources: Journal Citation Reports 2011, Web of Science, DOAJ

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2000

4000

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12000

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18000

20000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Submissions and publications from Asia to BioMed Central journals

Subs Pubs

Strong Growth in Submissions and Publications from Asia

Some advantages of open access • Unlimited access to all who need it

• Continuous publication

• not limited by page budgets

• Space allows inclusive policies

• Focus on increasing visibility of articles through blogs, blurbs, tweets

• Articles are openly licensed so can be reused

• Allows text mining of data and literature

• No limits on size, number of colour figures, videos, additional files…..

”I will be seeing a doctor who is new to me..... I have a lesion in my shoulder that is ..... causing a lot of pain. I read and copied both the publications on surgical and pain management. They are precise and informative. I believe these articles will prove to be invaluable for all of us as we seek proper care for this disease.”

Reader of Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases

Benefits, issues and impacts of Open Access: Accessibility

Visibility

Research - Plain language summaries of

key research articles - Q&As with authors

Perspective - Summaries of significant

review articles - Comment from field leaders - Thematic series overviews

Community - Discussion of topics important

to authors, reviewers & editors - Open access highlights

BioMed Central’s magazine highlighting the best from BioMed Central: - Covers biology & medicine - Designed for the research community

Benefits, issues and impacts of Open Access: Visibility

Enables new collaborations “ I received comments through my blog, Twitter network where I

have over 6000 followers, Facebook which I use for professional

reasons, and Friendfeed, where there is a scientific community...”

“getting feedback online and being able to ask scientific questions

(through crowdsourcing) were not surprising. What was surprising

though is that scientists who work in the same field as us found us

now easily and we managed to launch new collaborations based on

this (we plan to share the data with a group in the US and combine

our efforts for a new study). From this perspective, publishing in an

open access journal can provide enormous opportunities if the

communication methods of social media are also used by the

authors properly and with strategy.”

http://www.oastories.org/2011/09/hungary-researcher-dr-bertalan-mesko-open-access-

and-social-media/

• No subscription revenue. • Some revenue from reprints and advertising.

• The majority of revenue is generated through article processing charges (APCs), payable on editorial acceptance of articles

• APCs are paid out of research grants, by research funders, universities, societies, governmental agencies, charities … the infrastructure is rapidly evolving

How does the business model of OA publishing work?

35% 46%

24%

19%

8%

15%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Agriculture and Forestry

Business and Economics

Chemistry, Earth Sciences, Physics, and Astronomy

Education, Social Sciences, Law, and

Political Science

Health Sciences, Biology, and Life

Sciences

Technology, Engineering,

Mathematic and Statistics,

Computer Science

Other

Fee waived

Personal funds

Discretionary funds (institutional)

Institutional funding (OA policy)

National funding (OA policy)

Grant or contract

Solomon, D. J. and Björk, B.-C. (2012),Publication fees in open access publishing: Sources of funding and factors influencing choice of journal. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci., 63: 98–107. doi: 10.1002/asi.21660

Who pays?

Open access policies around the world

302 mandates

• 81 Funder Mandates

•177 Institutional

•29 Sub-institutional

•5 Multi- institutional

2841 repositories worldwide containing 26,498,237 items

The RCUK Policy on Open Access aims to achieve immediate, unrestricted, on-line access to peer-reviewed and published research papers, free of any access charge. Our vision is for all users to be able to read published research papers in an electronic format and to search for and re-use (including download) the content of published research papers, both manually and using automated tools (such as those for text and data mining), provided that any such re-use is subject to full and proper attribution. Peer-reviewed research articles which acknowledge Research Council funding that are submitted for publication from 1st April 2013, in journals that are compliant with the RCUK policy on Open Access. Criteria which journals must fulfil to be compliant:

– The journal provides, via its own website, immediate and unrestricted access to the final published version of the paper, which should be made available using the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence, and allows immediate deposit of the final published version in other repositories without restriction on re-use.

– The journal consents to deposit of the final Accepted Manuscript in any repository, without restriction on non-commercial re-use and within a defined period (within 6 months of publication).

Key mandates worldwide: UK

Some unscrupulous people are taking advantage of the open access business model to make money out of researchers by publishing anything submitted to them. They have been called “predatory publishers” by Jeffrey Beall who publishes a list of suspects.

Building trust

Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association

•Criteria for membership

•Code of Conduct

•Ethical standards

•Identifies the members as legitimate open access publishers

Journals should be members of the Committee on Publication Ethics

Interesting New Journals (all OA)

eLife

- Highly selective journal backed by HHMI, Max Planck Society and Wellcome Trust - Reviewing editors lead online discussions resulting in a single concise set of instructions for revisions

F1000 Research - All articles are published within days following an in-house check for obvious inappropriateness - Peer review takes place immediately after publication; reviews and reviewers’ identities are published alongside articles

PeerJ - Authors pay to become members (starting at $99) instead of paying APCs - Must commit to providing at least 1 review each year

Mega journals

For science to progress rapidly, it is important to allow access, analysis and re-use of large data sets such as genome sequences

Open data is the idea that certain data should be freely available to everyone to use and republish as they wish, without restrictions from copyright, patents or other mechanisms of control

Open data is covered by a special Creative Commons licence called CC0:

- The author has dedicated the work to the public domain by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law

- You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission

Open Data

Open Data

Many “regional” journals are converting to open access

• Wider dissemination, visibility and more international reach

• Increase in number and quality of submissions (partly because of growing demand from authors whose funding bodies may require open access)

• Indexing can often be improved (e.g. all BioMed Central journals are indexed in PubMed)

• Improvement of bibliometric performance / impact factor

Case study: Genetics, Selection, Evolution

1.65 1.78 1.78 1.74

1.26 1.40 1.48

2.89

3.494

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1.00

1.50

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2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Owned by INRA and now in volume 45, Genetics Selection, Evolution moved to BioMed Central and from subscription to open access in 2009. Since then its Impact Factor has nearly trebled and submissions continue to rise.

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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (ytd)

Subs Pubs

• Open access publishing is growing globally

• Funding for Open Access is being put in place all over the world

• Open access publishers provide an improved service

─Visibility and impact

─Distribution

─Accessibility

• Future: to support science as it develops

─Data sharing

─Reproducibility

Summary