Oil+Spill+Response+and+Preparedness Eng

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Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 1 of 19

Prevention and Control against Oil Pollution

I. Background: Oil Spills can arise from a number of different sources ranging from oilloading, unloading or pipeline operation, and from a collision or grounding of vesselscarrying crude oil and product in local ports or coastal waters. They can also arise from

tankers or barges operating on inland waterways, or from exploration and productionoperation and tankers operating in international waters. There are also other nonoperational sources such as urban runoff and natural seepage.

Without a doubt the most crucial aspect of dealing with any emergency is to be prepared.However unlike most emergencies that occur with little warnings but are over in arelatively short period of time, an oil spill incident can also occur with little warning butmay extend for weeks, months or even years.

Therefore planning for oil spills must not only look at the immediate tactical responseand managing the immediate aftermath but must be prepared to cater for a muchlengthier tactical response and must have a more strategic view with regards to an

aftermath that may extend for years.

II. Introduction: Planning for an oil spill emergency helps minimized potential dangerto human health and the environment by ensuring a timely and coordinated response.Well designed local, regional and national contingency plans can assist responsepersonnel in their efforts to contain and clean up oil spill by providing information thatthe response team will need before, during and after spills, occur.

Developing and exercising the plan provides opportunities for the response communityto work together as a team and develop the interpersonal relationship that can mean somuch to the smooth functioning of a response.

Because the approached and methods for responding to oil spills are constantly evolvingand each oil spill provides an opportunity to learn how to better prepare for futureincidents , contingency plans are also constantly evolving and improving ensuringincreased protection for human health and environment from these accidents.

III. Objective: To provide guidelines and model of a timely and coordinated responsemechanism for the containment and recovery of oil spill using the combined resources ofthe government and private stakeholders. It is hope that with the application of this, theimpact and damages on the marine environment caused by an oil spill will be very muchminimized if not totally avoided.

IV. Legal Basis

A. International Conventions

Table 1 shows list of international conventions in which United Arab Emirates is asignatory since joining the International Maritime Organization on 1980.


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Table 1: International Conventions

Convention Objective

CLC PROT 1992 / Protocol of 1992to amend International Convention

on Civil Liability for Oil PollutionDamaged,1969

This convention provides for compensation fordamaged, or response cost incurred, due to spills

of persistent oils within a member nationsterritorial sea or EEZ. Claims are made againstthe vessel owner and insurers.

CLC is based on the principle of strict liability,i.e., the vessel which spilled the oil will payregardless of fault

OPRC 1990, InternationalConvention on Oil PollutionPrevention, Response andCooperation

This convention makes provision for contingencyplans for ships, offshore platforms, coastalterminals and ports, and for the development ofnational response plan

Its also encourages the development ofinternational cooperation in spill preparednessand response

MARPOL 73/78, InternationalConvention for the Protection ofPollution from Ships 1973 asmodified by the Protocol 1978

It sets out a wide range of procedures and shipsdesign and operating requirements aimed atreducing pollution of the sea from ships

Annex 1 deals with oil pollutionLondon Convention 1972,

Convention on the Prevention ofMarine Pollution by Dumping ofWaste and other Matter, 1972, asamended

This convention regulates the discharge of waste,including oily waste, at sea

Intervention 1969, International

Convention relating to theintervention on the high seas incases of oil pollution casualties, 1969

This Convention affirms the right of a coastalState to take such measure on the high seas asmay be necessary to prevent, mitigate, or eliminatedanger to its coastline or related interest frompollution by oil or the threat thereof, following amaritime casualty.

B. Regional Conventions / Protocols

Kuwait Regional Convention for Co operation on the Protection of theMarine Environment from Pollution / Kuwait Convention 1978,

Aims to provide protection of the marine environment from all sources ofpollution and to promote regional cooperation in marine environmental

protection and emergency response management. Established the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine

Environment (ROPME) which developed protocols addressing the critical areasof environmental management. Table 2 shows list of protocols:


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Table 2 shows list of regional protocols that United Arab Emirates has ratified.

Table 2: Regional Protocols

Protocol Objective

Protocol concerning MarinePollution resulting from Explorationand Exploitation of the ContinentalShelf (1999)

To take all appropriate measures to prevent, abateand combat pollution in the Sea Area resultingfrom exploration and exploitation of the bed ofthe territorial sea and its sub-soil and thecontinental shelf.

Protocol for the Protection of theMarine Environment againstPollution from Land-Based Sources(1990)

To take all appropriate measures to prevent, abateand combat pollution by discharges from landreaching the Sea Area whether water-borne, air-borne, or directly from the coast includingoutfalls and pipelines.

Protocol concerning Regional Co-operation in Combating Pollution byOil and Other Harmful Substances

in Cases of Emergency (1978)

Is to provide cooperative and effective preventiveand response measures to deal with marineemergencies caused by oil and other harmful

substances.

C. Federal Laws

a.Federal Law No. 24 of 1999, on the Protection and Development of theEnvironment. Chapter 2 of this law deals with the protection of marineenvironment and it's living and non living natural resources including coast,beach and seaports by prevention, reduction and control from all kinds andforms of pollution regardless of its source.

b.Federal Law No. 23 of 1999, concerning Exploitation, Protection and

Development of living Aquatic Resources in the State of the United ArabEmirates.

D.Local Orders

a.Local Order No. 61 of 1991, Environment Protection Regulations in theEmirate of Dubai has a provision prohibiting discharge of oil to marineenvironment.

b.Local Order No. 11 for the year 2003, concerning Public Health andCommunity Safety in the Emirate of Dubai .

V. Source of Oil Pollution

How does petroleum (oil products) become a pollutant in the coastal and marineenvironment?Accidental or deliberate, operational discharges and spills of oil from ships, especiallytankers, offshore platforms and pipelines, is the most obvious and visible cause of oilpollution of the marine environment.However, oils enter the ocean from the variety of sources, and both natural sources andland based sources account for a large part of the total annual input to the marineenvironment as oil pollution.


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VI. Guidelines:

1. Following Entities are required to develop and maintain oil spill response plancapable to handle Tier 1 or 2 spills ( see definition at part VIII ) emanating fromtheir operations and be submitted to Marine Environment and Wildlife Sectionfor approval;

a) Oil exploration and production activitiesb) Shipyardsc) Oil refineries, terminals and depotd) Port, harbors and marinase) Manufacturing plants and other establishment using persistent oil

2. Ships / Vessels are required to develop and maintain on board a Shipboard OilPollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP).

3. Response plans must clearly indicate the reporting requirements and mustassigned responsibilities for reporting pollution incident. The contact details andrequirements for reporting spills must also be displayed throughout the site in

accordance with Part VII.

4. Companies must maintain oil spill equipment capable of addressing spills fromtheir facilities/vessels including port, harbors and marinas.

5. The response plan must list any critical environmental resources within the likelyimpact areas and the means to protect them.

6. The response plan must list the inventory of all equipment to be maintained atthe site and who is responsible for its maintenance.

7. Enough number of trained personnel to mount effective oil spill responseoperation.

VII. Reporting Oil Spill:

a. Under the Federal Law 24 of 1999, the owner, captain or any person in charge ofthe marine means of transportation, the persons responsible for thetransportation of oil located within seaports or the marine environment of theUnited Arab Emirates and the officials of parties involved in oil extraction arerequired to report immediately any oil spillage incident to the followingAuthorities.

natural seeps

47%

tanker spills

8%trasportation(cargo w ashing,

coastal facility and

pipeline spills)

4%

extraction(plaforms and

produces w aters)

3%

consumption

activities(land-based run-

off,non-tanker

operational releases

and spills)

33%

other(atmospheric

deposition and

jettisoned aircraf t fuel)

5%

Fig.1 drawn from datacontained in NationalResearch Council (2003),Oil in the Sea III: Inputs,Fates and Effects.


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1. Dubai Municipality see details below2. Ministry of Environment & Water 800 9990 (24/7)3. UAE Coastguard 4th Squadron Tel. no. 04 34505204. Dubai Police - Operation Center Tel. no. 04 2694848 / 9995. DP World Control room Tel. no. 04 8835251

b. Basic Information Needed in reporting Oil Spill

i. Location of the spill (by latitude and longitude if possible );ii. Nature of the spill (oil type etc);iii.Approximate quantity of pollutant;iv. Source of the spill;v. Weather , sea state, and tidal conditions in the area;vi. Initial actions taken; andvii.Identification of the reporter (name, contact number etc).

c. Within 24 hours of the incident, Oil Spill Report form (see Annex 1) mustbe faxed to MEWS office, Fax No. 04 7033532 or by email [email protected] and [email protected].

VIII. Concept of Tiered Response

The size, location and timing of an oil spill are unpredictable. Spills can arise from oilloading, unloading or pipeline operations, and from a collision or grounding of vessels

carrying crude oil and products in local ports or coastal waters. They can also arise fromtankers or barges operating on inland waterways, or from exploration and productionoperations and tankers operating in international waters.Oil spill risks and the responses they require should be classified according to the size ofspill and its proximity to a companys operating facilities. This leads to the concept ofTiered Response to oil spills. A company should seek to develop response capability ina way that allows it to be escalated as required for each incident. A contingency planshould cover each Tier and be directly related to the companys potential spill scenarios.The amount of equipment and trained personnel identified at each Tier will vary for eachoperation, depending on a variety of factors such as the risk, location, oil type andenvironmental or socioeconomic sensitivities under threat.

MARINE ENVIROMENT & WILDLIFE SECTIONDUBAI MUNICIPALITY

Sunday ThursdayOffice hours between 07:30 14:30

Contact numbers (04) 606 6815 / 6818 / 6821 / 6822Emergency hotline 223 2323 / 800 900


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Typically Tier 3 plans cover larger oil spills at sea where the operating company may nothave any capability to deploy resources immediately and government takes the leadingrole.

The oil spilled may have an impact on the property or operations of the company, oroccur near a company installation and be too large for the company to handle alone.

Equally, it might be very remote from all company owned or -operated resources. Thelikelihood of such incidents may be low but pollution damage can be considerable andcoastlines over a wide area are potentially at risk.

The contingency plan should aim to access and mobilize local, national and internationalresources (from regional stockpiles and elsewhere) quickly and efficiently. Because suchincidents often become high profile and politically sensitive, the Tier 3 plan will mostprobably form part of a National Emergency Plan headed by an appropriate nationalagency or government department. The contingency plan must identify the agreed rolefor all participants within that National Emergency Plan.

In actual incidents, spills do not always fall into convenient categories and the boundaries

between Tiers will inevitably be blurred. It is, therefore, important to be prepared toinvolve the next highest Tier from the earliest moments. It is easier to stand down analerted system than to try to escalate a response by calling up unprepared reserves at alate stage.

d. ClassificationThe spill dimensions associated with the individual Tier classes are classified in the tablebelow:

Tier Volume ResponseI Up to 10,000 liters (10 m) Facility / Onboard CapabilityII Up to 1,000,000 liters (1,000

m)

Tier I response including the capabilities of

other industries, OSRO (Oil Spill ResponseOrganization) and government agencies

III More than 1,000,000 liters (>1,000 m)

Total national resources and foreign resources

IX. Overall Organization and Responsibilities

A. Incident Organizational Structure (IOS)

In the event of an oil spill, the incident organizational chart shown below shall be

followed:

Fig. 3: Structure for Incident Organization


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B. Preparation of Contingency plan

The movement of oil from the dominant production centers of the world to theworldwide market is achieved primarily by the use of tankers and pipelines. The global

pattern of marine transport is well established. The risks posed by oil transportation leadgovernments, oil companies and ship owners alike to recognize the need to have in placean effective and tested crisis management capability. Oil spill response planning is onefacet of that activity.

An oil spill contingency plan should comprise three parts:

A strategy section,which should describe the scope of the plan, including the geographicalcoverage, perceived risks, roles/responsibilities of those charged with implementing theplan and the proposed response strategy;

An action and operations section, which should set out the emergency procedures that willallow rapid assessment of the spill and mobilization of appropriate response resources;

A data directory, which should contain all relevant maps, resource lists and data sheetsrequired to support an oil spill response effort and conduct the response according to anagreed strategy.

The preferred industry approach to oil spill contingency planning should tacklethree main issues:


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1. To enable effective escalation of a response to changing circumstances companiesshould develop plans based on the tiered response as described in this report.

2. Maximum credible and most likely case scenarios should be identified based on a riskanalysis of the geographic area covered by the plan.

3. A cooperative approach by all parties concerned is essential in ensuring an effective

response. When developing plans companies should seek the cooperation of those whoshare the risk and those who will participate in the response by integrating their planswith those of national authorities and industry partners.

The general the plan should be comprise of three main parts:

1. Strategy Section

Authorities and responsibilities: This should indicate the various authoritiesencompassed by the plan and their responsibilities. It should also outline anystatutory requirements that the plan may be required to adhere to, particularly ifthe plan interfaces with a local authority regulations

Dimension of plan: which will indicate the area the plan covers and itsgeographical limits. For instance it may cover a refineries operations plus the seaapproaches to the marine terminal at the refinery.

Risk: the part will describe he types of risk involved from the chance of a hoseburst or pipeline failure to the possible grounding or collision of an approachingtanker. From these scenarios plus knowledge of types of oils being handled at thefacility an indication of the fate and effect of an incident can be predicted. By

being able to predict the fate and effect shoreline resources can be prioritizedfrom protection.

Response strategy: will define the philosophy and objectives of response. It willindicate the problems due to local limiting and adverse conditions as well assetting out the strategies for sea and coastal zones. Arrangements for dealing withwaste storage and disposal will be outlined.


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Equipment: what equipment is available and how it can be effectively used inthe strategies previously outlined.

Organization and manpower: this sub section will clearly outline themanagement organization from the on scene commander to the clean up workersin the field. It will also show the relationship with the relevant governmentauthorities and how they fit into the incident management system.

Communications: the communications network will also be described in thissub-section, listing the communications equipment fitted into the commandcenter and a description of the field communications equipment. Examples arereports and incident logs etc.

2. Action and Operations Section

Initial Procedures: This set out arrangements for notifying the relevantauthorities of an accident.

Emergency: activation procedures for calling out response team members andsetting up the command center. Emergency activation and mobilizationprocedures that will allow rapid sourcing and deployment of resourcesparticularly from contractors and third parties.

Planning: what requires to be done in the form of planning in the short,medium and long term.

Guidance on specific cleanup operations and the critical factors when decidingthe final and optimum levels of shoreline cleanup.

3. Data Directory Section

Which should contain all the relevant maps, (particularly sensitivity maps) resource listand local wind, weather and environment data sheets to assist in the assessment of thesituations and the development of a strategy for dealing with the situations.

Primary oil spill equipment (manufacturer type, size, location and cost of hirewhere applicable)

Support equipment needed to deploy the equipment. Workboat, tugs, tractorsand trailers etc.

Sources of manpower, contractors, local authorities, etc. Source of experts and advisers Local, national and international contacts who required to be notified of the

incident and who may be able to offer assistance.

Refer to Annex 2 for Proposed Contingency Planning Format for more detailed onwhat should be contained within each of the main section of the response plan.


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X. Oil Spill Response and Strategy

A. General Philosophy and Objectives

Normally, the aims of oil spill response are both to minimize the immediate damage toenvironmental and socio-economic resources and to reduce the time for recovery of

affected resources. These can be best achieved by basing all oil spill responses on theprocess called Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA), meaning the measuresundertaken should be those that will result in the greatest reduction of environmentaldamage for the available means and resources. Below are some of the guidelines incarrying out a NEBA;

1. Collect information about physical characteristics, ecology, human use of theenvironment, and other resources of interest in the area;

2. Review previous spill experiences and experimental results which are relevant inthe area and the response methods that were considered;

3. In the bases of the aforementioned, predict the likely environmental outcomes ofusing the suggested response method;

4. Predict similarly the likely environmental outcomes if the area is left for a naturalclean up;

5. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the response option with those of anatural clean up;

6. Oil should be contained and recovered mechanically if possible;7. Oil should generally be collected as close to the source as possible;8. Focus should be on preventing oil from reaching the shoreline;9. If mechanical recovery is not effective or possible, chemical dispersants should be

considered based on a NEBA;10.Upon protecting shoreline resources, the level of priority should be based on its

environmental sensitivity;11.All oil spill response efforts should be based on a NEBA;12.The natural breakdown processes should be utilized to the greatest extent possible;and13.Consider the No response option in conducting a NEBA.

B. Response Strategy

o Mechanical RecoveryMechanical recovery constitutes the most common approach for combat of marineoil spills. The mechanical recovery operation will typically involve the followingcomponents:

Booms for containment of oilSkimmers for recovery of oil

PumpsOil / water separatorsTemporary storageVessel for towing of booms and operation of recovery units

The operation may involve three or two vessels, depending on how the boom isdeployed. The purpose of the boom is to concentrate the oil to a thick enough layerfor effective recovery to take place. The effectiveness of booms to accumulate theoil is highly dependent on wave conditions, tow speed, boom configuration and oil


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properties. It is commonly assumed that booms lose oil by entrainment at relativespeeds exceeding 0.7 knots, even though some novel inventions show promise forhigher speeds.

o Mechanical removalShoreline cleanup by mechanical removal involves a wide range of different toolsand techniques, reflecting the highly variable conditions that a shoreline area can

represent.Techniques may be ranging from manually removal of oil using sorbents of simpletools to the use of more advances beach cleaning machinery. Here is only listed anumber of techniques/tools commonly applied to remove oil at a shoreline:

Manual sorbent applicationManual removal of oiled materials (hand, shovel, rakes)Manual cutting of vegetationLow pressure flushing at ambient temperatureVacuum trucksWarm water / low pressure washingHigh pressure flushing

Manual scrapingBeach cleaners

o Leave alone, but monitorSometimes the best course of action is a decision not to clean up the spilled oil. Ifthe oil is at sea, and not threatening shore or sensitive areas, it may be sufficient tomonitor the spill while allowing the natural process of dispersion andbiodegradation to take course.

o BioremediationBioremediation is the application of nutrients (fertilizers containing nitrogen andphosphorous) to the shoreline to accelerate the natural biodegradation of the oil. Oil

biodegradation is the natural process by which microorganism oxidizeshydrocarbons, ultimately converting them to carbon dioxide and water. The processis limited by the availability of oxygen, moisture and nutrients needed by microbes.The use of non-native bacteria is not recommended as most areas have indigenousbacteria that are capable of degrading oil.Bioremediation is typically used as a final treatment step after completingconventional shoreline treatment or in areas where other methods are not possibleor recommended.

o BiodegradationThis is natural process whereby bacteria and other micro-organism found in the seabreak down spilled oil. It is one the main ways in which spilled oil is weathered.

When oil is spilled into the marine environment, the growth of indigenous microbesis stimulated as increase amounts of carbon in the oil provide food for the microbes.Biodegradation occurs at different rates depending on the type of oil, the amount ofoxygen and nutrients and temperature levels.

o In-situ burningIn situ burning is carried out at shorelines by igniting the upwind end of the oiledarea and allowing the oil to burn downwind. The method is typically used onsubstrate or vegetation where sufficient oil has collected to sustain ignition, if oil of


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a type that will sustain burning and local air pollution regulations allow. The methodwill kill surface organism in burn area and residue may be somewhat toxic. Themethod will also cause local and time limited air pollution

o DispersantThe use of dispersants will break up the oil film physically, thus reducing thesmothering effect of a slick in plants and animals and they will also accelerate the oil

biodegradation process. The use of dispersant in Dubai water is not recommendedwhere physical recovery of oil is feasible. Below are guidelines for the use ofdispersant.

The use of dispersants is only allowed in Dubai Waters with the followingconditions:

1. Use of dispersant should be taken in accordance with the decision treegiven in figure 4.

2. Use of dispersant in open sea should only take place with approval of thecoordinator nominated within the Dubai Oil Spill Response Plan

3. Use of dispersant within creek, ports, harbors and areas of shallow waters (20m or less within 1 mile of such depth) as well as beaches and rocky shore isonly allowed with written approval from Environment Department.

4. On- site testing must be carried out to check for the effectiveness of thedispersant before using it on the field

5. Only low toxicity dispersant approved by the Regional Organization for theProtection of the Marine Environment (ROPME), below is the list ofapproved dispersant:

a. COREXIT 9500*b. DASIC SLICKGONE NSc. FINASOL OSR 52d. GAMLEN OD 4000 (PE 988)e. NU CRUf. RADIAGREEN OSD* For sea and beach but not for rocky shore

6. In case of using any other product which not approved its considered aviolation and penalty will be imposed

Note: the used of Dispersant, Bioremediation, Biodegradation and In Situ Burning inoil spill response is allowed with approval from the Authority


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Fig. 4: Dispersant use decision tree

Oil Spilled

Can oil be left to disperseand degrade naturally?

Monitor

Reassessmentif necessary

Is physical control andrecovery feasible? Reassessment

ImplementAre control/recoveryactions adequate? Can oil be chemicallydispersed?

Continue actionsWill adverse impactsassociated with chemical

dispersion be less thanthose results withoutchemical dispersion?

Monitor until changein status and consider

resource protection

techniques

Implementdispersion

Was action

adequate?Monitor until change in status

and consider resource

protection techniques

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

Orpartially


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Annex 1: Oil Spill Report form

OIL SPILL REPORT FORM

Fill in this form and send it by fax or email to the Marine Environment & Wildlife Section:

Fax no : 04 7033532 Email: [email protected] or [email protected]

DATE OFOBSERVATION: //20

TIME OFOBSERVATION: .(hour).(min.) am/pm

LOCATION (Coordinates or the nearest land-mark): E: . . .

N: . . . ..

..

SOURCE / CAUSE OFPOLLUTION (X mark):

vessel Oil production facility

oil transfer site land based

Other (specify)...................................................................................

APPEARANCE: silver brown to black

rainbow brown / orange

VOLUME & EXTENT OF SPILL: ..

..

WIND DIRECTION & CURRENT: ..

..

WEATHER CONDITIONS: ..

..

ACTION, BOTH TAKEN AND INTENDED, TO COMBAT POLLUTION & PREVENTFURTHER SPILLAGE. ..

..

..

NAME & CONTACT DETAILS OF INITIAL OBSERVER & INTEMEDIATE REPORTER

INITIAL OBSERVER:

NAME: ..

OCCUPATION:

PHONE NO:

INTERMEDIATE REPORTER:

NAME:

OCCUPATION: ..

PHONE NO: ...

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/REMARKS:

......


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Annex 2: Proposed Contingency Planning Format

What follows sets out the proposed sections and subsections of each part of a typical oil

spill contingency plan and may be used either as a template when writing a new plan or

as a checklist when reviewing an existing plan.

Strategy Section

1. Introduction and scope

1.1 Authorities and responsibilities, coordinating committee

1.2 Statutory requirements, relevant agreements

1.3 Geographical limits of plan

1.4 Interface with other plans/representation at joint control centers

2. Oil spill risks2.1 Identification of activities and risks2.2 Types of oil likely to be spilled2.3 Probable fate of spilled oil2.4 Development of oil spill scenarios

2.5 Shoreline sensitivity mapping2.6 Shoreline resources, priorities for protection2.7 Special local considerations

3. Spill response strategy

3.1 Philosophy and objectives

3.2 Limiting and adverse conditions

3.3 Strategy for offshore zones

3.4 Strategy for coastal zones

3.5 Strategy for shoreline zones3.6 Strategy for oil and waste storage and disposal

4. Equipment, supplies and services

4.1 On water oil spill equipment

4.2 Inspection, maintenance and testing

4.3 Shoreline equipment, supplies and services

5. Management, manpower and training5.1 Crisis manager and financial authorities5.2 Incident organization chart

5.3 Manpower availability (on-site, on-call)5.4 Availability of additional labor

5.5 Advisors and consultants5.6 Training/safety schedules and drill exercise programmed

6. Communications and control

6.1 Incident control room and facilities

6.2 Field communications equipment

6.3 Reports, manuals, maps, charts and incident logs


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T h i l G id li N b 1 Oil S ill P d d R P 18 f 19

9. Oil and waste storage/disposal sites

10. Sensitivity maps/atlas

Lists1. Primary oil spill equipment: booms, skimmers, spray equipment, dispersant,absorbents, oil storage, radio communications, etc (manufacturer, type, size, location,

transport, contact, delivery time, cost and conditions)2. Auxiliary equipment: tugs and work boats, aircraft, vacuum trucks, tanks and barges,loaders and graders, plastic bags, tools, protective clothing, communications equipment,etc (manufacturer, type, size, location, transport, contact, delivery time, cost andconditions)3. Support equipment: aircraft, communications, catering, housing, transport, field

sanitation and shelter etc (availability, contact, cost and conditions)4. Sources of manpower: contractors, local authorities, caterers, security firms(availability, numbers, skills, contact, cost and conditions)5. Experts and advisors: environment, safety, auditing, (availability, contact, cost andconditions)6. Local and national government contacts: (name, rank and responsibility, address,

telephone, fax, telex)

Data1.Specifications of oils commonly traded2.Wind and weather3.Information sourcesReferences:

For more additional information in combating oil spills, the following references andwebsites are recommended:

a. "A guide to Contingency Planning for Oil Spill in Water", IPIECA Report SeriesVol. 2 2nd Edition March 2000

b. "Guide to Tiered Preparedness and Response", IPIECA Report Series Vol. 14c. "Choosing Spill Response Option to Minimized Damage", Net Environmental

Benefit Analysis IPIECA Report Series Vol. 10

d. "Action Against Oil Pollution" , A Guide to the Intergovernmental and Industryorganizations involve in the prevention and mitigation of oil spill in the marineenvironment by IPIECA

e. www.imo.orgf. www.ipieca.orgg. www.itopf.com

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