Nutp for Mam New

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URBAN TRANSPORT AND PLANNING,CEPT UNIVERSITY 2009-2010

1 NATIONAL URBAN TRANSPORT POLICY

BACKGROUND Transport policy at the National and Regional level seeks to achieve greater

integration between modes of transport and between transport and land use

planning.

A principal AIM is to produce an efficient, managed, transport system that

makes a strong contribution to principles of sustainable development.

India informed and facilitated the adoption of India·s first National Urban

Transport Policy by collaborating directly with th e Indian Ministry of Urban

Development and by bringing together experts and government officials

from around the world.

The linking of this funding with the rules and regulations enlisted under the

National Urban Transport Policy has resulted in a demand to design, plan

and implement sustainable transport solutions and non motorized modes by

state and local governments.

Role of Transport policy

The development of a set of constructs and propositions that are established

to achieve particular objectives relating to social, economic and

environmental development, and the functioning and performance of the

transport system.

The mobility of people rather than vehicles . The policy sets the guidelines for cities

that want to receive under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

(note: propositions - The act of making a proposal)

POLICY

Policy is needed on the approach to dealing with the rapidly growing

problem as also offer a clear direction and a framework for future action.

´Policies are developed in response to the existence of a perceived problem

or an opportunity; they never exist in a vacuum.µ By Dr. Brian Slack

Why transport policy?

Transport policies arise because of the extreme importance of transport invirtually every aspect of national life. Transport is taken by governments of all

types, from those that are intervention list to the most liberal, as a vital factor

in economic development. Public policies reflect the interests of decision

makers and their approaches to solving transport problems.



URBAN TRANSPOR T AND P LANNING, ¡

P T UNIVERSITY 2009-2010


VISION

´ To r ¢ £

ognize t¤

at people occup¥ centr e-stage in ou r cities and all plans

would be f o r t¤

ei r common benef it and well being

To make ou r cities t¤

e most liveable in t¤

e wo rld and enable t¤

em to

become t¤

e ´engines of economic g r owt¤

µ t¤

at powe r India· s development

in t¤

e 21 st centu r ¥

To allow ou r cities to evolve into an u rban f o r m t¤

at is best suited f o r t¤

e

unique geog rap¤

¥ of t¤

ei r locations and is best placed to suppo rt t¤

e main

social and economic activities t¤

at take place in t¤

e cit ¥ .µ

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pla ¨ f © r § r ¨ © .

L v ab l ¨ § y r f r § © a urba y § § a § © § r butes to the physical, social

a ental well being and per sonal develop ent of all its inhabitants. # t is

about delightful and desirable urban spaces that offer and r eflect culturaland sacr ed enr ichment.

Key pr inciples that give substance to this theme ar e equity, dignity,

accessibility, conviviality, par ticipation and empower ment.

hat is urban for m?

Elements of the urban transpor t system $ modes, infrastr uctur es and user s $

have a spatial impr int which shapes the urban for m. Consider ing that each

city has differ ent socio-economic and geographical character istics, the

spatial impr int of transpor tation var ies accor dingly. For instance, while ¦ or th

% mer ican cities tend to have an urban for m that has been shaped by the

automobile, cities in other par ts of the world, because of differ ent modal

pr efer ences and infrastr uctur e developments, have differ ent urban for ms."

he urban transpor t system is also composed of spatial interactions r eflecting

its spatial str uctur e.





OBJECTIVES

´Safe, affordable, quic & , comfortable, reliable and sustainable access for

the growing number of city residents to jobs, education, recreation and

other needs

' ncorporating urban transportation as an important parameter at the

urban planning stage rather than being a consequential requirement

Encouraging integrated land use and transport planning in all cities so that

travel distances are minimized and access to livelihoods, education, and

other social needs, especially for the marginal segments of the urban

population is improved

' mproving access of business to mar & ets and the various factors of

production

Bringing about a more equitable allocation of road space with people,

rather than vehicles, as its main focus

Encourage greater use of public transport and non motorized modes by

offering Central financial assistance for this purpose

Enabling the establishment of quality focused multi -modal public transport

systems that are well integrated, providing seamless travel across modes

Objectives are been covered with many issues which are been neglected

by people with regards to their need the travels is been easier to the people

who can afford the cost and luxury of good road and vehicles.

Building capacity (institutional and manpower) to plan for sustainable

urban transport and establishing & nowledge management system that

would service the needs of all urban transport professionals, such as

planners, researchers, teachers, students ,etcPromoting the use of cleaner technologies

Raising finances, through innovative mechanisms that tap land as a

resource, for investments in urban transport infrastructure

Associating the private sector in activities where their strengths can be

beneficially tapped

Ta & ing up pilot projects that demonstrate the potential of poss ible best

practices in sustainable urban transport.µ

Due to escalating vehicle population in city it is difficult for the pedestrians

as well as cyclist to move in coming years. This issues can be moved out by

creating the fundamental objectives ---to have an urban transportation as

an important mode during the planning stage of any cites with relation of

the land use and master plan of the city and with co -ordination to the

geographical location rather than being one of the requirement to develop

a city. The objectives cover the points excluding the pedestrian movement.





Providing safety on road is an important objective of the policy. However

there is no mention of reducing speeds of the private motor vehicles as

speed is an important factor for causing accidents.

Moreover there is no mention about the cycle-rickshaws (passenger

and goods) and the handcarts which are an important component of the

NMTs in most of our cities.

Improving the accessibility and connectivity form outer parts of city to the

central business place of the city to increase the finance and economy of

the city by business with smooth connectivity.

Integrating land use and transport planning

Integrating land use with transport planning will minimize the distance for

number of resident and to their jobs, education, recreations and other

needs, which will make it affordable, easy and quick to the marginal part of

the society with efficient and reliable public transport. Policy speaks about

integrating master plan needs to internalize the features of sustainable

transport systems.

It should enable a city to take urban form that best suits the geographical

constraints of its location and also the key social and economical activities

were government will promote it. And focus on the need of transport

planner in management. As per policy

UNDERSTA NDING A ND CRITIC

The policy makes no attempt to propose how and under what authority the

NUTP might be reconciled with the Master Plans being drawn up by a

number of cities, and equally importantly, with the government's industrial

promotion policy, which identifies automobiles as a cutting-edge industry in

India's overall growth.

Policy does not focus on mixed land use on major corrido rs along with

population density as many Indian cities are more with mix land use form

and willing to grow according to it to have an efficient transport with fewer

trips.

It enable city to take urban for in context to geographical location but no

role for the pattern and completeness of the city which enables the city to

grow in its form, direction and with well complete network for a better

connectivity.





There is an absence in the floor space index-in master plan for the intense

growth along develop corridor to establish public transport and to select the

develop corridors for a better and multi -model transport.

Equitable allocation of road space

Present road spaces are allocated to vehicle which occupies the road first,

so the main priority on road is gain by vehicles rather than people. In

comparison to the carrying capacity of the cars and bus its-cars 4 people

and bus 40 people. Where a bus is allocated ( and half times of the road

space and the maximum space is occupied by the cars which carry ( -4

people.

It this scenario the lower income group people are left to pay high travel

cost and travel time with less efficient transport and alternatives remaining

with less factor of safety.

If the focus of the road is to be people rather than vehicle then much more

space is to be allocated to public transport with reserve lanes and corridors

exclusively for public transport and non-motorized modes of travel and some

lanes reserved for high occupancy vehicles.

Measures- enforcement for using the dedicated lane accordingly, by

introducing provisions in motor vehicle act and with some stringent penalties

UNDERSTA ND A ND CRITIC

Keeping the essence of the form of public places where the majority of

roads are publicly owned and free access. Increased traffic has adverse

impacts on public activities which once crowded the streets such as

markets, parades and processions, games, and community interactions.

Encourage people to use public transport and non -motorise vehicle.) rom a

transportation perspective, the potential benefits of a better integration

between transit and local land uses are reduced trip frequency and

increased use of alternative modes of travel (i.e. walking, cycling and

transit).

Ban on the vehicles in the public and recreational places so as to reduce

the amount of traffic and for safety of the people.

Ideas of moving public transport and areas for pedestrian plazas in public

spaces and in the central business area.

Priority to the use of public transport





Public transport is a more sustainable form of transport.

Measures- government will invest in public transport as a measure.

0 entral government would encourage all state capitals as well other cities

with population more than 1 million to start planning for high capacity public

transport systems.

1 ook over technology around world including waterways-up to 30yrs

0 MP should include the trunk and feeder corridors along the city as well as a

good integration with personal modes, suburban traffic, etc. High cost trunk

route system should have hub-spoke arrangement integrated with feeder

system

Investments-

50% cost of preparing 0 OMPREHENSIVE 0 ITY TRANSPORT P 1 ANS

Equity participation and funding gap to the extent of 2 0% of capital cost of

public transport

50%of cost of project development and through public private partnership

Some allied issues that need to be addressed in this context are:

Quality and pricing of Public Transport

Fares for public transport have been set on the premise that this modes are

been used by poor ,as such fares are kept low as a measure of social equity

which had made many public transport to recover their operating cost.

it helps reduce congestion and air pollution if vehicle user are persuade to

shift to public transport by improving quality and not by low fares. so have to

think about different types of public transport systems for different segments

of commuters those who pace a premium on cost are the poorest section of

society and need to give affordable prices

Measures--- government will encourage the provision of different levels of

services ²a basic service, with subsidized fares and a premium service, which

is of high quality but charges higher fares and involves subsidy.

Fund from NURM for premium service infrastructure such as improved bus

stops and terminals, passenger information system, intelligent transport

systems, restructuring of state transport corporations

Ensure fair charges are fair and reasonable. State government to inter-alia

regulate the prices to be charged by different types of public transport.

Technologies for Public Transport

High capacity and high cost technologies.

Systems like underground metro, low capacity bus systems moving on

shared right of way, elevated sky bus and monorail, electric trolley buses

etc.





These systems are most effective over high density corridors and others as

feeder systems which serve limited sub-areas within a city.

Ropeways waterways etc are been use in parts of India.

Factors such as urban forms, terrain, availability of waterways, level of

demand, direction and extent of sprawl, projections for future growth, extent

of population density etc are major technology that should be chosen.

Particular technology is not possible to prescribe in a generic policy and

such choice will have to be made as a part of a city specific land use and

transport plans.

It would depend on the kind of city that would need to evolve at the

particular location.

Government would encourage all proven technologies and not promote

any specific technology.

It would create a knowledge centre that would provide the

Necessary information required for taking the right technological decisions

for a specific city.

Integrated public transport systems

A good public transport system is one that is perceived by the user as a

single system and allows seamless (smooth) travel between one made and

the other as also between systems managed by different operators.

These smooth interchanges are possible if interchange infrastructure is

available and users are able to use a single ticket over such systems.

3 entral government·s financial support would be contingent on appropriate

authorities/entities being set up to ensure that a coordinated and integrated

Public transport system becomes available.


Sustainability, in a broad sense, is the capacity to endure .

Sustainable - Something that can endure or is able to be maintained for

long periods of time.

Sustainable - The ability to continue/maintain into the future.

It·s more about accessibility and mobility, than about 'transportation'

Sustainable transportation concerns systems, policies, and technologies. The

design of vehicle-free city planning, along with pedestrian and bicycle

friendly design of neighbourhoods is a critical aspect for grassroots activities,

as are telework and teleconferencing.





Mobility is fundamental to economic and social activities, including

commuting, manufacturing, or supplying energy. Each movement has an

origin, a potential set of intermediate locations, a destination, and a nature

which is linked with geographical attributes. Transport systems composed of

infrastructures, modes and terminals are so embedded in the socio-

economic life of individuals, institutions and corporations that they are often

invisible to the consumer

(source- article of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue and Dr.4

laude 4

omtois)

Public transport occupies less road space which causes less pollution per

passenger ²km which is true with the relation with vehicles

Policy talks about a sustainable public transport but the content lack about

different transport and its integration.

It talks about organised transport in the city. But the important issues are

been describe in less manner as compared to the issues in a city due to the

lack of public transport

The other three point mention in the policy like --- pricing of public transport

and technologies for public transport refers to the spectrum of the high cost

and high capacity and systems like metro and low capacity bus systems

running on shared right of ways, sky bus and monorail, electric ,trolley buses

which are effective over high density corridors. If policy consider public

transport for more than 1 million then this are the types of modes of public

transport which could be included which have a difference in technology.

Rather intelligent transport system, passenger information system, global

positioning system, signals synchronization, integrated ticketing system couldbe a objective of the mentioned point under technologies. By referring to its

importance and need to have an efficient transport.

Integrated transport systems could have mention the integration of

technologies ,the different factors as such urban forms, terrain, availability of

waterways, level of demand, direction and extent of sprawl, projections for

future growth, extent of population density with each other and with

reference to the case-studies as they have mention examples. And

integration of existing transport system

The relative characteristics of available public transport technologies as

mention refers to the points in brief rather than specifying the point in detail

according to the transport system it is referring too.

Public transport policy does not speaks or relates any services and quality in

terms to disable people- handicap people, blind people, people with

mental disorder etc.





The investments on part of government with relation to public transport

should be a different supplement to the policy which would refer the detail

of the encourage by government and the involv ement to the public private

partnership in detail referring to the fund in the directed locations along with

reference to the different modes according in order of their energy and

capital intensity and a premium on public affordability.

The subsidies in government fund don·t refer to handicap group of people

and their needs.

Pricing related to the subsidy affairs in different modes which is an important

issue been mentioned.

Financing

23. The Central Government would encourage high capacity public

transport systems being set up through the mechanism of Special Purpose

Vehicles (SPV ) and would offer financial support either in the form of equity

or one time viability gap financing, subject to a ceiling of 20% of the capital

cost of the project, after evaluating various parameters such as:

UNDERSTA NDING A ND CRITIC SPE 5 IA 6 PURPOSE VEHI

5 6 ES--- 6 egal entity created solely to serve a

particular function, such as facilitation of a financial arrangement or creation

of a financial instrument. See also special purpose corporation.

The Viability Gap Funding Scheme provides financial support in the form of

grants, one time or deferred, to infrastructure projects undertaken through

public private partnerships with a view to make them commercially viable.

(Source-finance funding scheme)

5 entral government would encourage the legal entity which create a high

capacity public transport system and would financially support in form of

some loan or grant subjected to ceiling of 7 0% of the total project initial cost

after evaluating various parameter like....

Extent of resources mobilized by the State government through exploitation

of its land resource

Extent of resources li 8 ely from private participation

UNDERSTA NDING A ND CRITIC For any public transport project state government ensure to make any land

area more profitable and important that would make it ready to use by its





various acts to and would make it profitable. And this extent of source of

wealth would be made by involving private participation.

Institutional mechanisms set up by the State government to ensure a well

Coordinated public transport system


An administrative model would be setup by the government to run and

work a coordinated public transport system with private participation

No mention for a coordinated separated institute for each task which will

deal with reference to the main form of administration which would be

guide under state government so that it would state report to central

government.

W illingness to divert funds from projects that add to road capacity towards

public transit systems


If a state undergoes a road project and public transit system project the

financial support would be preferred to public transit systems in favour of

public.

Initiatives ta 9 en to promote non-motorized transport and improve safe

access to public transport.


Some guidelines and schemes should be mention to take initiatives to

promote non motorized transport and improve safe access to public

transport. This can be done by involving private participation too.

W illingness to introduce premium public transport systems that are priced

high but offer better quality with a view to limit the subsidy requirements in

normal services

UNDERSTA

NDING

A ND

CRITIC

Government would encourage to introduce premium public transport

service like intelligent transport system, passenger information system, global

positioning system, signal synchronization, integrated ticketing system which

are standard and costly and would grant subsidy to it rather that limiting its

grant to the normal services.





Other infrastructure subsidy are not mention in the parameters

which would form a part of an efficient transport system like parking,

landscapes etc.

W illingness to involve the private sector in operations under the overall

supervision and coordination of a public agency.


Mention of Single or different private sector should be for different

supervision and coordination is not clear

W illingness to price public transport systems in such a manner as to be

financially sustainable at the operating stage or depend only marginally on

public budgets


The pricing for public transport should be financial maintain for a long time

without a frequent change or growth at its execution stage and if not it

should depend borderline on the public budgets

The time for financial matter at operation stage is not mention and how

many quantities should be there from public budgets.

´The basic principle in financing such public transport systems would be that

the government should provide the infrastructure but the users (direct and

indirect beneficiaries W ithin the city) must pay for the operating costs and

the rolling stoc @ .

25. The Central government A s capital support would ta @ e the form of equity

participation or one time viability gap funding and would be subject to a

ceiling of 20% of the capital cost of the project

. Preference will be given to those who are able to demonstrate additional

resources for the project through dedicated taxes and innovative financing

methodsµ


The principle for financing for public transport explain that government will

provide funds and grants to infrastructure and the user should pay for the

operating cost of that public transport and for the movement of that PT

The funds would be given by government in form of loan or grants




1 B NATIONAL URBAN TRANSPORT POLICY

Over all financing does not mention about the financing for the handicap

group. In infrastructure part also nothing is mention in relation to it

And encouragement for the pedestrian movement and footpaths in cities.

All other issues are been likely covered under finance head.

Role of Para-transit

Para transit is normally expected to fulfil a need that neither public transport

or personal vehicles are able to fulfil. They normally cater to a category of

occasional trips such as trips to airports or rail stations with excessive

baggage, or emergency trips that have to be underta C en immediately and

it is not possible to wait for public transport. Para transit would not normally

be used for regular commute trips to wor C

or school. However, when the

quality of public transport deteriorates, Para-transit tends to substitute for

public transport.

Unfortunately, this has started happening in many Indian cities. As such, this

policy would see C to restore Para-transit to its normal role by persuading the

improvement of public transport.


Para-transit, or Dial-a-Ride, is an alternative mode of flexible passenger

transportation that does not follow fixed routes or schedules. Typically vans

or mini-buses are used to provide Para-transit service, but also share taxis

and jitneys are important providers

( source-web def of para transit)(need to know more about para transit and its need in policy)

Priority to non-motorized transport D ong trip length had made cycling more difficult as well as increasing urban

sprawl and rising income level.

Increase in vehicular growth has increase in risk in accident of the no -

motorized modes.

Non motorized modes are environmental friendly.

Segregated right of way for safety concerns of cyclists and pedestrians.Apart from improving safety, the segregation of vehicles moving at different

speeds would help improve traffic flow, increase the average speed of

traffic and reduce emissions resulting from sub-optimal speeds.

Segregated paths for cycle on arterial as well as on public transport

corridors.

E reative facilities like shade giving landscaping, provisions of drinking water

and resting stations along bicycle corridors.





It is seen to design this tracks and area to create a safe path to be used.

Encroachment of footpath too affects pedestrians safety adversely and

requires strict enforcement coupled with public participation also it is

affected by lack of safe crossing facilities and also at busy intersections.

Measures-

Government will give priority to cycle trac F by national urban renewal

mission

The Central government would support the construction of safe pedestrian

crossings at busy intersections and high traffic corridors.

The Central Government would support formulation and implementation of

specific Area Plansµ in congested urban areas that propose appropriate

mix of various modes of transport including exclusive zones for non-

motorized transit.

The Central Government would also taF e up pilot projects, in a sample set of

cities, to demonstrate the improvements that are possible through the

enhanced used of cycling


Measures are quiet efficiently plotted but implementation is not

appropriately described in terms of the area covered by pedestrians and

cyclist.

Only priority is described and sample set pilot projects are not stated.

G andscape and other design factors are well considered to enhance the

elevation of roads. This makes a good feel and comfort to move on that

track.

Some road safety measures should be clearly stated in relation to pedestrian

and cyclist like zebra crossing, signalizations, and road calming factors.

There is a good approach for the encourage the public bicycle program

were cycles can be rent in a designed area.

Government does not specify the area plans in urban places which are

congested and does not have non-motorized transit.

PILOT PROJECTS

In order to demonstrate the potential benefits from the policy measures

suggested herein, theH

entral Government would take up pilot projects in a

sample set of cities drawn from different regions and different city types so

that tested models of best practices can be established for replication in

other cities.





Parking- understanding

Land is valuable in all urban areas and par I ing occupies large portions of

such land. This determines the principles for allocation of par I ing space.

Levy of a high par I ing fee, that truly represents the value of the land

occupied, should be used to ma I e public transport more attractive.

Preferences for allocation of par I ing space for public transport vehicles and

non-motorized modes.

Par I and ride facilities for bicycle users, with convenient interchange, would

be a measure.

Graded scaled par I ing fee so as to recover the economic cost of the land

which is been used. So as to persuade people to use public transport.

Measures ² state governments would require amending the building bye

laws in cities so that residents and user of the buildings would have

adequate par I ing space.

Multi-level par I

ing complexes should be a mandatory requirement in the citycentres by underground, including below areas declared as green belts.

The par I ing complexes would be encouraged to go for electronic metering

so as to maI e the investments viable and also better recovery of cost of

using valuable urban space in par I ing. The proposal for par

I ing complexes

would be given priority under JnNURM .

Appropriate legislation to prevent use of right of way on road system for

par I ing purposes

CRITIC Maximum and minimum parking fees should need to specify in

consideration of the areas in urban limits.

Freight traffic - understanding

As city grows and expand and increase and economic activities generate

a substantial amount of freight traffic.

W ith limited capacity of the transport system, it is essential that freight traffic

and passenger traffic are so staggered as to ma P e optimum use of the

transport infrastructure.

The off ²peaP

hour is time honoured and tested for freight traffic. Further many cities have by-passes that unable through traffic to go around city

and not add to traffic of city some allow late night hours for movement of

freight and restricts the heavy vehicles during night time.

This are sound practices and would encourage cities for their economic

growth too.

So this government would encourage the built of by-passes, through

innovative and viable public ² private partnerships with some facilities liP e





par Q ing of freight vehicles outside city limits and such facilities would be

considered by national urban renewal mission.

CRITIC

The freight traffic issue have been discussed in an appropriate manner so as

covering the existing problem and conclusion in that.The government would project fund for this issue but till what extend and up

to what kind of need is not specified like funds for terminals is specified but

for the construction of the roads would come under which forms not

mention and other public private undergoing form is also not explain

Legal and A dministrative Issues- understanding

To structure the transport sector and equipped the urban transport

problems.

The central government will recommend the setting of unified transport

metropolitan transport authorities in all cities to facilities more co-ordinatedplanning and implementation of urban transport systems.

The R entral Government would also encourage the setting up of

professional bodies that have the capacity to make scientific assessment of

the demand on various routes and contract services that can be properly

monitored. And over them create main head bodies that regulate the

overall performance of the public transport system and ensure that the city

has a comprehensive public transport system.

They will inter-alien, design networks and routes, assess demand, contract

services, monitor performance, manage common facilities like bus stations

and terminals, etc and will have representation from all the major operators

and stakeholders.

Capacity building

The responsibility for the planning and implementation of urban transport

systems rests with the State governments and the municipal bodies.

R apacity building will have to be addressed at two levels ² institutional and

individual.

Institutional capacity would primarily involve creating a pool of knowledge

and a knowledge management centre that would sustain and enhance

expertise as well as facilitate more informed planning. And also sponsor

regular research to help formulate the right mitigation strategies, the institute

of urban transport under the purview of the ministry of urban development

would strengthen this responsibility.

Advice on new technologies would also be regularly available to

implementing agencies. The institute would become a store house of





information on the various public transport technologies being used in

different parts of the world and would maintain the latest information and

S iterature on the experience with such technologies.

The national level institute would build up a database for use in planning,

research, training, etc

At the individual level, a major exercise of training and skill development of

the public officials and other public functionaries would be taken up to

make such officials aware of the nuances of urban transport planning and

the specific issues involved in managing city transport. It would be targeted

at personnel belonging to the State transport departments, municipal

corporations, metropolitan development authorities, traffic police,

environmental authorities, State Transport T orporations, Public Works

Departments, etc.

Proven technologies for public transport for that the T entral Government

would facilitate joint ventures and collaboration agreements between such

technology providers and suitable Indian companies with providing

necessary incentives academic programs in urban transport, especially at

the post-graduate level, would be strengthened so that a nucleus of

qualified urban transport professionals becomes available in the country.

Use of cleaner technologies

Commonly used fuels were petroleum based fuels now alternatives like CNG

Electric trolley and electric vehicles for reducing the problem of pollution by

vehicles

Renewable sources need to tapped as a measure for sustainable

development.

Central government would encourage research and development and

commercialization of cleaner technologies

In order of the advantages of the technologies concessions and benefits

would enable them to enter and compete.

Vehicle maintenance well be motivated

Emission norms will be introduced. Measures on incentivize the use of fuel

efficient and small size vehicles so that little road space will be utilize with low

pollution .

The central government will establish training centers for the staff for peri odiccheck and for certification.

CRITIC Promotion of the sustainable fuel like CNG is less discussed as well as

encouraged which is be mostly used in many of the metropolitan cities

What kind of concessions and benefits would enable they to have a stable

place in market is not discussed.





Age of vehicles in relation of the its use on road should be restricted as well

as checked after certain duration is not related up in the abstract of cleaner

technology.

Innovative financing mechanisms using land as a resource

A ssociation of the private sector

Need for public awareness and cooperation

As it is huge investment for urban transport problems and projects to be

handled by state government due to lack of resources so central

government would encourage it by dedicated taxes to be credited to

urban transport fund. Such taxes could be in form of a supplement to the

petrol and diesel taxes, betterment levy on landowners or even on

employment tax .A revenues from betterment at a high capacity public

transport corridors.

More use of private buses would be included to reduce the dependency on

public budgets.

The private sector would be included in many of the activities thereby

saving financial resources.

They would be mostly included in activities like operation and maintenance

of parking facilities, certification facilities, repair facilities, construction and

management of terminal facilities, etc.

The Central Government would encourage the State Governments to

involve the private sector in providing public transport services, but under

well structured procurement contracts.U ast but not list the most important the urban transport policies cant success

without full cooperation of all city residents and it can be secured by making

a clear vision for them and the importance of it.

So some program like educating them on the topic like problem of growing

transport in urban areas especially on their health and well beings during

day to day life.

It will encourage people to use public transport and non -motorized vehicles,

their proper use and maintenance and safety driving.

´Green travel habitµ to make travel less polluted and damaging. Mostly

such inputs would be made through including subject for school children.

CRITIC This document has highlighted a number of initiatives which are required to

be put into place such as:

Change the institutional framework regarding, to the relative powers and

functions between central and state government. As the structuring of the





powers and function of the state government. And the power and function

of central government. Other is relating the interchange of power and

function as well as activities to be undertaken under state as well as urban

local bodies as they are mainly responsible for the movement of public

passenger transport.

Conclusion with some addition and challenges

Cities are locations having a high level of accumulation and concentration

of economic activities and are complex spatial structures that are supported

by transport systems.

The most important transport problems are often related to urban areas and

take place when transport systems, for a variety of reasons, cannot satisfy

the numerous requirements of urban mobility.

Urban productivity is highly dependent on the efficiency of its transport

system to move labour, people, consumers and freight between multiple

origins and destinations. Additionally, important transport terminals such as

ports, airports, and railways are located within urban areas, contributing to a

specific array of problems. Some problems are anc ient, like congestion while

others are new like urban freight distribution or environmental impacts.

Among the most notable urban transport problems.

There should be the scenario of the different large transport sector like port,

airport and railways to be related with urban transport as they affect the

transit system and problems related to systems.

The major modes of transport have witnessed an impressive growth in the last

half a century and contributed to the development process in the country.

´Notwithstanding all the achievements, the quality of transport infrastructure

and services is required to be improved along with the expansion of network

both in terms of spread and capacity. This is a big challenge for the coming

millennium.µ (issues in business maze.)

It is necessary to formulate an integrated transport policy to ensure

adequate, efficient and high quality of transport infrastructure and services

with a view to achieving maximum efficiency at minimum cost so that the

mobility of goods and people may be assured.

While formulating such a transport policy, it is important to visualize the

transport system as an integrated structure of different modes and services

functioning as different entities in a level playing field with the element of

inter-modal and intra-modal competition, ensuring organisational efficiency

and individual viability. This will require reorientation in our transport policy.





The emphasis will have to shift from merely providing transport infrastructure

and services to technological up gradation and modernisation of the same

in order to ensure mobility and not only accessibility.

The hurtle will have to be on provision of improved high quality services with

minimum use of cross subsidisation and emphasis on achieving optimal inter

modal mix with appropriate pricing and user charges policy and through

injection of competitive desire.

Coordination is a major issue in transport policy as it is a pronouncedly

interdependent field of public action, not only interlinked with planning,

housing, and land-use policy, but in a much wider sense subject of foreign

policy, economic policy, and regional equalization this are some of the few

a few which could be directly related to a policy co-ordination. The

question of policy design, then, is rel evant for every public policy, of course.

In the field of transport policy, however, we have argued that the chosen

instruments are of special interest for the following reasons:

First, as already pointed out, transport policy has many cross-sect oral

implications, which makes its goals largely interdependent. The policy

design, thus, not only has to influence individual and societal behaviour in

one direction, but in many directions at the same time, like transport is not

only related in moving people it is important but if other issues use of

resources, health, climate & environment and other coming up issues which

society need to think and apply in there day to day life as they use transport

thereby taking into account the cross-sectional character of the policy.

Second, transport policy is treating the general societal phenomenon of

mobility--the very nature of today's society rather than a mere characteristic.

Transport policy treats a core attribute of the modern world. It cannot be the

goal, therefore, to change mobility itself, but rather the patterns of mobility

in order to find a way to make the said nature of today's society compatible

with actual society. Sustainability in this understanding is besides its already

broad meaning also a question of speed--social, economic, and regarding

the use of natural resources. This complexity of political goals in transport

policy makes the question of policy design outstanding interesting for policy

research.

Finally, it is for the same reason that we consider the question of innovation a

third major stake for the analysis of transport policy. Transport is a field, which

is almost as much subject to technical innovation as is the field of

information technologies. This important technological progress offers great




V 0 NATIONAL URBAN TRANSPORT POLICY

opportunities, but embraces also threats. And the threats are made a way

aside.

The policy process has focused on the urgent current issues which every city

is going through and which are identified by the urban local bodies and

resulting in policy recommendations which will hopefully move a long way

as solution comes there are some other problem arise. So it makes us feel

that these are the solution for a short term. It would make a realistic

approach toward long term reality and a clear strategy for bringing that

vision. Might be this would be overlooked and focused in a broad sense to

assess local and international trend affecting transport including advanced

transport systems and their applicability.

Nutp for Mam New

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