3922

FOUTIDAL CBNnriR TOR BO mam,

A GUIDE TO PUBLISHED WORKS ON WOMEN AND POLITICS I I

Compiled J u l y 1975 by

V i r g i n i a S a p i r o Department of P o l i t i c a l Science

U n i v e r s i t y of Michigan

"A Guide to Published Works on Women and P o l i t i c s " I I

L a s t year, when the f i r s t e d i t i o n of the Guide was p r i n t e d , Jana E v e r e t t and I wrote, "Although there i s a growing l i t e r a t u r e a v a i l a b l e to those i n t e r e s t e d i n the study of the r o l e s of women i n the p o l i t i c a l realm, a standard b i b l i o g r a p h y and knowledge about what i s a v a i l a b l e i n p u b l i s h e d works a r e almost e x c l u s i v e l y i n the p o s s e s s i o n of those who devote c o n s i d e r a b l e time to t h i s s u b j e c t . " Happily, t h i s statement i s somewhat l e s s t r u e than i t was even a ye a r ago. The l i t e r a t u r e on women and p o l i t i c s has grown, the number of courses on women and p o l i t i c s has i n c r e a s e d , t h e r e have been panels and papers a t p r o f e s s i o n a l con­f e r e n c e s , and the r e have been conferences devoted to the study of women. With t h i s i n mind I s e t out to r e v i s e the o r i g i n a l "Guide". The present "Guide" i s a c o r r e c t e d , updated and expanded v e r s i o n of the o r i g i n a l . As b e f o r e , I t i s r e s t r i c t e d to published works i n E n g l i s h .

Many d i f f e r e n t d i s c i p l i n e s a r e re p r e s e n t e d here. The works c i t e d are chosen w i t h an eye toward r e l e v a n c e to p o l i t i c a l a n a l y s i s of women's r o l e s , s t a t u s and behavior. I n some a r e a s only a few of a v a s t number of a v a i l a b l e works a r e c i t e d ; examples a r e women and the f a m i l y and women i n employment and the economic realm. Judgement of the comprehensiveness of t h i s pamphlet depends to a l a r g e degree on one's d e f i n i t i o n of the p o l i t i c a l — f o r some i t may range too f a r , f o r o t h e r s i t i s only an i n t r o d u c t i o n . For those who wish to go f u r t h e r , a sh o r t l i s t of other b i b l i o g r a p h i c works i s l i s t e d near the end. Some of the c o n s c i o u s l y made e x c l u s i o n s may be l i s t e d here; the v e r y r i c h sources of biography, autobiography, l e t t e r s , memoirs, and f i c t i o n have been omitted, as have many of the works d e a l i n g w i t h women and the law.

The c i t a t i o n s i n the "Guide" a r e grouped under t o p i c a l headings. A r t i c l e s found I n a n t h o l o g i e s a r e r e f e r e n c e d through the author of the a n t h o l o g i e s ; the f u l l c i t a t i o n s may be found i n S e c t i o n X I I I C . While the works a r e not annotated i n f u l l ( I t has been suggested to me t h a t I might f i n i s h my d i s s e r t a t i o n f i r s t ) , g e n e r a l i n t r o d u c t i o n s to each s e c t i o n are provided f o r a t l e a s e some a s s i s t a n c e . Many of the works l i s t e d a r e c r o s s r e f e r e n c e d under more than one heading; however, one would do w e l l to look under a l l of the a p p r o p r i a t e headings.

S p e c i a l thanks to Jana.

A GUIDE TO PUBLISHED WORKS ON WOMEN AND POLITICS . . Page

Table of Contents

I . G l o s s a r y of A b b r e v i a t i o n s of J o u r n a l T i t l e s . . . . 1

I I . The P o l i t i c a l Realm 3 A. General Works 3 B. . P o l i t i c a l and S o c i a l Sex Role S o c i a l i z a t i o n 5 C. Female P o l i t i c a l Behavior: Mass P a r t i c i p a t i o n 8 D. Female P o l i t i c a l Behavior: E l i t e s 11 E. L e g a l and P o l i c y Concerns 13 F. Women and the J u d i c i a l and Penal Systems 16

I I I . Cross N a t i o n a l P e r s p e c t i v e s . . . . . . 18 A. General 18 B. A f r i c a . . 20 C. A s i a and the P a c i f i c , 22 D. E a s t e r n Europe and the S o v i e t Union 24 E. L a t i n ' America 26 F. Western and C e n t r a l Europe 27

IV . S o c i o l o g i c a l , P s y c h o l o g i c a l and Economic P e r s p e c t i v e s . . . 29 A. S o c i o l o g i c a l and P s y c h o l o g i c a l Aspects: General T h e o r i e s and

Mi s c e l l a n e o u s S t u d i e s 29 B. Marriage and the Family 35 C. Employment Occupation and Economics 39 D. A t t i t u d e s Toward Women and Feminism , . 44 E. Self-Esteem, Achievement and Ambition 48 V. Decision-Making, Group P r o c e s s e s and Game Theory 51

V. Some Works on and From the E r a of the Women's L i b e r a t i o n Movement . . . . 54

V I . Feminism, B l a c k Movements and B l a c k Women 58

V I I . H i s t o r i c a l S t u d i e s and Documents 61 A. General 61 B. Pre-Twentieth Century Europe 63 C. Pre-Twentieth Century United S t a t e s 66 •D. The Suf f r a g e Movement: England and the United S t a t e s 69 E. Twentieth Century: Pre-Women's L i b e r a t i o n Movement 71 F. Marxism 73

V I I I . Other U s e f u l Items 74 A. Woman as Academic: Woman as Academic Subj e c t 74 B. Some Methodological Concerns: S c a l e s and Research Problems 77 C. Anthologies on Women . 78 D. B i b l i o g r a p h i c M a t e r i a l 81

I , JOURNAL REFERENCES

AA American Anthropologist HD Human Development

ABS American B e h a v i o r a l S c i e n c e HEQ H i s t o r y of Education Quarterly

ACLR American C r i m i n a l Law Review H i s t The H i s t o r i a n Acta S A c t a S o c i o l o g i c a l IJGT I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l of Group

AJES American J o u r n a l of Economics and - Tensions Sociology U S F I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l of the Soc i o l o g y

AJO American J o u r n a l of Or t h o p s y c h i a t r y of the Family

AJPS American J o u r n a l of P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e I L R I n t e r n a t i o n a l Law Review

AJS American J o u r n a l of Sociology ILRR I n d u s t r i a l and Labor R e l a t i o n s Review

Anth Q An t h r o p o l o g i c a l Q u a r t e r l y IPQ I n t e r n a t i o n a l P h i l o s o p h i c Q u a r t e r l y

AP American P s y c h o l o g i s t I S Insurgent S o c i o l o g i s t

APQ American P o l i t i c s Q u a r t e r l y I S S J I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c i a l Science J o u r n a l

APS American P s y c h o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e JAbSP J o u r n a l of Abnormal and S o c i a l Psychology

APSR American P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e Review JApBS J o u r n a l of A p p l i e d B e h a v i o r a l S c i e n c e AQ American Q u a r t e r l y JASA J o u r n a l of the American S t a t i s t i c a l AS A s i a n Survey A s s o c i a t i o n

ASQ A d m i n i s t r a t i v e S c i e n c e Q u a r t e r l y JASP Journal of Applied S o c i a l Psychology ASR American S o c i o l o g i c a l Review JCCP J o u r n a l of C o n s u l t i n g and C l i n i c a l

Berk JS B e r k e l e y J o u r n a l of Sociology Psychology

BJS B r i t i s h J o u r n a l of Sociology JCP J o u r n a l of C o n s u l t i n g Psychology

BS B l a c k S c h o l a r JEP J o u r n a l of E d u c a t i o n a l Psychology

CD C h i l d Development JGP J o u r n a l of G e n e t i c Psychology

CHR C a t h o l i c H i s t o r i c a l Review JHI J o u r n a l of the H i s t o r y of Ideas

CJAS Canadian J o u r n a l of A f r i c a n S t u d i e s JHR J o u r n a l of Human R e l a t i o n s

CJB C r i m i n a l J u s t i c e and Behavior JIAS J o u r n a l World

of Inter-American Studies and A f f a i r s

CJPS Canadian J o u r n a l of P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e JMAS J o u r n a l of Modern A f r i c a n Studies CPS Comparative P o l i t i c a l S t u d i e s JMF J o u r n a l of Marriage and the Family CQ C h i n a Q u a r t e r l y JNH J o u r n a l of Negro H i s t o r y

Demography JP J o u r n a l of P o l i t i c s OP 0 e v e1o pmenta1 Psychology J Pers J o u r n a l of P e r s o n a l i t y EJ Economic J o u r n a l JPMS J o u r n a l of P o l i t i c a l and M i l i t a r y S o c i o l o c EPM E d u c a t i o n a l and P s y c h o l o g i c a l

Measurement JPSP J o u r n a l of P e r s o n a l i t y and S o c i a l Psychology

Eth Ethnology JPsy J o u r n a l of Psychology FS F e m i n i s t S t u d i e s JSH J o u r n a l of S o c i a l H i s t o r y GPM G e n e t i c Psychology Monographs J S I

JSP J o u r n a l J o u r n a l

of S o c i a l I s s u e s of S o c i a l Psychology

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LARR L a t i n American Research Review MASJ Mid-Continent American S t u d i e s J o u r n a l MEJ Middle E a s t J o u r n a l MFL Marriage and Family L i v i n g MJPS Midwest J o u r n a l of P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e M-PQ M e r r i l l - P a l m e r Q u a r t e r l y MPWS Michigan Papers i n Women's S t u d i e s MQ Midwest Q u a r t e r l y PAR P u b l i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Review PB P s y c h o l o g i c a l B u l l e t i n PM P s y c h o l o g i c a l Monographs POQ P u b l i c Opinion Q u a r t e r l y PO P o l i t i c s Q u a r t e r l y P+S P o l i t i c s and S o c i e t y PS PS PR P s y c h o l o g i c a l Review PSQ P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e Q u a r t e r l y Ps Psychology Reports PT P o l i t i c a l Theory RR R u s s i a n Review RS R u r a l Sociology SF S o c i a l F orces S Foe S o c i o l o g i c a l Focus S I S o c i o l o g i c a l I n q u i r y SJA Southwestern J o u r n a l of America Soc Sociometry SP S o c i a l Problems SR S o c i o l o g i c a l Review SQ S o c i o l o g i c a l Q u a r t e r l y 3 K»ss S o c i a l Research SS S o c i a l S c i e n c e SSI S o c i a l S c i e n c e Information •SSR Sociology and S o c i a l Research SSQ S o c i a l Science Q u a r t e r l y T-T?Q Western P o l i t i c a l Q u a r t e r l y WP World P o l i t i c s V7S Women's S t u d i e s

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I I . THE POLITICAL REALM

A. General Works on Women and P o l i t i c s

There has been an u n f o r t u n a t e l y s m a l l amount of general t h e o r e t i c a l work done on women.and p o l i t i c s . Rather, we are more l i k e l y to f i n d i n v e n t o r i e s of f i n d i n g s t h a t conclude that women have been l e s s involved i n the p o l i t i c a l realm than men due to e i t h e r a l a c k of r e s o u r c e s ( i n c l u d i n g the p s y c h o l o g i c a l , such as e f f i c a c y ) or d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . Perhaps the most o f t e n c i t e d works a r e Duverger's, which i s a . c r o s s -n a t i o n a l European Study, Amundsen's, and the l a t t e r ' s primary data s o u r c e , The American Voter. H o l t e r ' s book i s a very good source for s u r v e y i n g the .area and co n t a i n s a good b i b l i o g r a p h y , though much of i t i s not i n E n g l i s h . The C o l l i e r a r t i c l e i s a pr o v a c a t i v e attempt to s o r t out the " p u b l i c " and "domestic" realms, Polk's a r t i c l e i s a very h e l p f u l d i s c u s s i o n of the n a t i o n of power as i t r e l a t e s to f e m i n i s t views of p o l i t i c s .

Amundsen, K i r s t e n . The S i l e n c e d M a j o r i t y : Women and American Democracy. Englewood C l i f f s : P r e n t i c e - H a l l , 1971

Andreas, C a r o l . Sex and Caste i n America. Englewood C l i f f s : P r e n t i c e -H a l l , 1971

A t h o l l , K a t h e r i n e M. Women and P o l i t i c s . London: A l l a n , 1931

Beecher, Henry Ward. Women's I n f l u e n c e l n P o l i t i c s . Boston: R. F. Wallcut 1860

Bernard, J e s s i e . Women and the P u b l i c I n t e r e s t . New York: A l d i n e -Atherton, 1974

Boyd, Rosamonde. "Women and P o l i t i c s i n the United S t a t e s and Canada." Annals. 375- (Jan. 1968), 52-57

C o l l i e r , Jane. "Women i n P o l i t i c s . " i n Rosaldo and Laraphere, 89-96

DeCrow, Karen. S e x i s t J u s t i c e . New York: Random, 1974

Duverger, Maurice. The P o l i t i c a l Role of Women. P a r i s : UNESCO, 1955

G a r r e t t e , Eve. A P o l i t i c a l Handbook f o r Women: Garden C i t y : Doubleday, 1944

Goode, W i l l i a m J . " C i v i l and S o c i a l R i ghts of Women," i n E p s t e i n and Goode, 55-66

Gruber, Martin. Women i n American P o l i t i c s . Oshkosh: Academia Press, 1968

Heiskanen, Veronica S t o l t e and E l i n a Haavio-Mannila. "The P o s i t i o n of Women i n S o c i e t y : Formal Ideology v s . Everyday E t h i c . " S S I . 6 (1967), 169-88

Henderson, J u l i e . "Impact of the World S o c i a l S i t u a t i o n on Women." Annals. 375 (January 1968), 44-51

H o l t e r , H a r r i e t . Sex Roles and S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e . Oslo: U n i v e r s i t e t s -f o r l a g e t , 1970

. "Sex R o l e s and S o c i a l Change." i n S a f i l i o s - R o t h s c h i l d , 331-43

Kanowitz, Leo. Women and the Law: The Un f i n i s h e d R e v o l u t i o n . Albequerque: U n i v e r s i t y of New Mexico P r e s s , 1971

L e v i t t , Morris. "The P o l i t i c a l Role of American Women." JHR. 15 (1967), 23-35

Lipman-Blumen, Jean. "Role D e - d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n as a Systems Response to C r i s i s : Occupational and P o l i t i c a l Roles of Women." S I . 43 (1973), 105-29

Lynn, Naomi. "Women i n American P o l i t i c s : An Overview." i n Freeman, 364-85

Murphy, I r e n e L. P u b l i c P o l i c y on the St a t u s of Women. New York: D.C. Heath, 1973

New York C i t y Commission on Human R i g h t s . Women's Role i n Contemporary S o c i e t y . New York: Avon, 1972

Oakley, Ann. Sex, Gender and Society., London: Temple Smith, 1972

Polk, Barbara Bovee. "Male Power and the Women's Movement. JApBS. 10 (1974), 415-31

Sandy, Peggy R. "Female S t a t u s i n the P u b l i c Domain." i n Rosaldo and Lamphere, 189-206

Or t n e r , Sherry B. " I s Female to Male as Nature i s to C u l t u r e ? " FS. 1 ( F a l l 1972), 5-32 ( a l s o Rosaldo and Lamphere, 67-88)

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B. P o l i t i c a l and S o c i a l Sex Roles S o c i a l i z a t i o n

The l i t e r a t u r e on s o c i a l i z a t i o n to sex r o l e norms i s massive, though l i t t l e of i t e x p l i c i t l y d i s c u s s e s p o l i t i c a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n . Maccohy's volume i s probably the best p l a c e to begin f or general c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . Her b i b l i o g r a p h y i s comprehensive and q u i t e h e l p f u l . On e x p l i c i t l y p o l i t i c a l sex r o l e s o c i a l i z a t i o n , two sources have i n the past been most of t e n c i t e d : Hess and Torney, and Green s t e i n . While G r e e n s t e i n ! s a r t i c l e i s of t e n the only one c i t e d on the s u b j e c t i t has come under c o n s i d e r a b l e a t t a c k f o r b i a s and should be evaluated c a r e f u l l y . Of the newer works the reader should r e f e r to two i n p a r t i c u l a r . The Orum, e t . a l . p i e c e i s an attempt to e v a l u a t e two competing models of p o l i t i c a l sex r o l e a c q u i s i t i o n among a d o l e s c e n t s . The Jennings and Niemi book d e a l s w i t h a range of s e x - r o l e s o c i a l i z a t i o n i s s u e s .

Bardwick, J u d i t h M. and E l i z a b e t h Douvan. "Ambivalence: The S o c i a l i z a ­t i o n of Women." i n Gornick and Moran, 225-241

Ba r r y , Herbert, Margaret K. Bacon, and I r v i n L. C h i l d . "A C r o s s - C u l t u r a l Survey of Some Sex D i f f e r e n c e s i n S o c i a l i z a t i o n . " JAP. 55 (1957), 327-32

Bern, Sandra and D a r y l . "Case Study of Nonconscious Ideology: T r a i n i n g the Woman to Know Her P l a c e . " i n D. Bern ( e d ) . B e l i e f s , A t t i t u d e s and Human A f f a i r s . Belmont, C a l i f . : Brooks Cole, 1970 ( a l s o Garskof, 84-96)

B i e r i , James. " P a r e n t a l I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , Acceptance of A u t h o r i t y and Within-Sex D i f f e r e n c e s i n C o g n i t i v e Behavior." JAbSP. 60 (1960), 76-79

Brim, O r v i l l e . "Family S t r u c t u r e and Sex-Role Learning by C h i l d r e n . " Soc. 21 (1958), 1-6

Brown, D a n i e l G. "Sex-Role P r e f e r e n c e i n Young C h i l d r e n . " PM. 70 (1956), 1-19

. " M a s c u l i n i t y - F e m i n i n i t y Development i n C h i l d r e n . " JCP. 21 (1957), 197-202 •

. "Sex Role Development i n a Changing C u l t u r e . " PB. 55 (1958), 232-42

Chodorow, Nancy. "Being and Doing: A C r o s s - C u l t u r a l Examination of the S o c i a l i z a t i o n of Males and Females." i n Gornick and Moran, 259-91

D'Andrade, Roy. "Sex D i f f e r e n c e s and C u l t u r a l I n s t i t u t i o n s . " i n Maccoby

Douvan, E l i z a b e t h and Joseph Adelson. The Adolescent Experience. New York: Wiley, 1966

Dowse, Robert and John Hughes. " G i r l s , Boys, and P o l i t i c s . " BJS. 22 (March, 1971), 53-67

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Etaugh, C l a i r e and Ba r r y Brown. " P e r c e i v i n g the Causes of Success and F a i l u r e of Male and Female Performers." DP. 11 (January, 1975), 103-

Forbes, Joseph and Dale D y k s t r a . "Childhood A t t r i b u t i o n of Negative T r a i t s to A u t h o r i t y F i g u r e s , as a Func t i o n of Family S i z e and Sex." Ps R. 28 ( A p r i l ) , 363-66

Frueh, T e r r y and. Paul E. McGhee. " T r a d i t i o n a l Sex Role Development and Amount of Time Spent Watching T e l e v i s i o n . " DP. 11 (January, 1975), 109.

G r e e n s t e i n , Fred I . "Sex-Related P o l i t i c a l D i f f e r e n c e s i n Childhood." JP. 23 (May, 1961), 353-71

H a l l , M a r j o r i e and Robert A. K e i t h . "Sex-Roles P r e f e r e n c e Among C h i l d r e n of Upper and Lower S o c i a l C l a s s . " JSP. 62 (1964), 101-10

H a r r i s o n , Barbara G r i z z u t i . U nlearning the L i e : Sexism i n School. New York: Morrow, 1973

H a r t l e y , Ruth. " C h i l d r e n ' s Concept of Male and Female R o l e s . " M-PQ. 6 (1960), 153-63

Heiskanen, V e r o n i c a S t o l t e . "Sex-Roles, S o c i a l C l a s s and P o l i t i c a l C o nsciousness." Acta S. 14 (1971), 83-95

Kess, Robert and J u d i t h Torney. The Development of P o l i t i c a l A t t i t u d e s i n C h i l d r e n . Garden C i t y : Doubleday, 1967

Hoffman, L o i s Wladis. " E a r l y Childhood E x p e r i e n c e s and Women's Achievement Motives." J S I . 28 (1972), 129-56

I g l i t z i a n , Lynne. " P o l i t i c a l E ducation and Sexual L i b e r a t i o n . " P&S. 2 (Winter 1972)

. "The Making of A p o l i t i c a l Woman: Feminity and Sex-Ste r e o t y p i n g i n G i r l s . " i n J a c q u e t t e , 25-36

Iscoe^, I.jM. W i l l i a m s and J . Harvey. "Age, I n t e l l i g e n c e and Sex as V a r i a b l e s i n the Conformity Behavior of Negro and White C h i l d r e n . " CD. 35 (1964), 451-60

Jennings, M. Kent and Rich a r d G. Niemi. P o l i t i c a l C h a r a c t e r i n Adolescence. P r i n c e t o n : P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1974

Johnson, Miriam M. "Sex Roles L e a r n i n g i n the Nuclear F a m i l y . " CD. 34 (1963), 319-33 —

Kagan, Jerome. A c q u i s i t i o n and S i g n i f i c a n c e of Sex-Typing and Sex-Role I d e n t i t y . " i n M. Hoffman and L. Hoffman ( e d s ) . Review of C h i l d Development Research. New York: R u s s e l l Sage, 1964, pp. 137-67

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Kohlberg, Lawrence. "A Cognitive-Developmental A n a l y s i s of C h i l d r e n ' s Sex Role Concepts and A t t i t u d e s . " i n Maccoby, 82-172

Levy, B e t t y . "The School's Role i n the Sex Role S t e r e o t y p i n g of G i r l s . " FS. 1 (1972), 5-24

Lynn, David. "A Note on Sex D i f f e r e n c e s i n the Development of and Feminine I d e n t i f i c a t i o n / ' PR. 66 (1959), 126-35

Maccoby, Elea n o r ( e d ) . , The Development of Sex D i f f e r e n c e s . Stanford: Stanford U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1966

Macleod, J e n n i f e r S; and Sandra T. Silverman. 'You Won't Do': What Textbooks on U. S. Government Teach High School G i r l s . P i t t s b u r g h : Know, I n c . , 1973

Miln e r , E s t h e r . " E f f e c t s of Sex Roles and S o c i a l S t a t u s on the E a r l y Adolescent P e r s o n a l i t y " GPM. 40 (1949), 231-325.

Mintz, E l l e n . "The P r e j u d i c e of P a r e n t s . " IJGT. 4 (March 1974), 6-20

Morgan, Jan. "Women and P o l i t i c a l S o c i a l i z a t i o n : F a c t and Fantasy i n Easton and Dennis and i n Lane." P o l i t i c s . 9 (May 1974), 50-55

Musgrave, P e t e r and George R. Reid. "Some Measurement of C h i l d r e n ' s V a l u e s . " S S I . 10 (February 1971), 137-53

Mussen, P a u l . " E a r l y Sex-Role Development" i n David G o s h l i n . Handbook of S o c i a l i z a t i o n Theory and Research. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969, 707-31

Orum, Anthony, Roberta Cohen, e t . a l . "Sex, S o c i a l i z a t i o n an^ P o l i t i c s . " ASR. 39 ( A p r i l 1974), 197-209

Osofsky, Joy D. "The S o c i a l i z a t i o n and Education of American Females." i n S c o t t , 29-42

Smith,.S. "Age and Sex D i f f e r e n c e s I n C h i l d r e n ' s Opinions Concerning Sex D i f f e r e n c e s . " JGP. 54 (1939), 17-25

S t e i n , A. and J . S m i t h e l l s . "Age and Sex D i f f e r e n c e s i n C h i l d r e n ' s Sex Role Standards About Achievement." DP. 1 (1969), 252-59

S t e r n g l a n z , Sarah H. and L i s a S e r b i n . "Sex-Role S t e r e o t y p i n g i n C h i l d r e n ' s T e l e v i s i o n Programs." DP. 10 (September 1974), 710-15

U'Ren, M a r j o r i e B. "The Image of Women i n Textbooks." i n Gornick and Moran, 318-28

Walter, Lowe M. and St a n l e y Marzolf. "The R e l a t i o n of Sex, Age, and School Achievement to L e v e l s of A s p i r a t i o n . " JEP.. 42 (1951), 285-92

Weltzman, Lenore J . "Sex-Role S o c i a l i z a t i o n . " i n Freeman, 105-144

C. Female P o l i t i c a l Behavior: Mass P a r t i c i p a t i o n and P u b l i c Opinion

Much of the mass p a r t i c i p a t i o n l i t e r a t u r e has centered on confirma­t i o n or d i s c o n f i r m a t i o n of lower r a t e s of e f f i c a c y , turnout and other forms of p o l i t i c a l involvement among women than among men. Three such works ar e Merriam and G o s n e l l ' s , Campbell and h i s c o l l e a g u e s 1 , and . Amundsens. Lansing's works a r e s i m i l a r , but she poi n t s to changes i n the l e v e l s of female p a r t i c i p a t i o n , f i n d i n g the gaps between men and women c l o s e d and, i n some s e c t o r s , women p a r t i c i p a t i n g a t g r e a t e r l e v e l s than men. Bennett and Goodwin's a r t i c l e i s one of the e a r l i e s t to examine p e r s o n a l i t y c o r r e l a t e s of female p o l i t i c a l behavior. Volgy and V o l g y ! s a r t i c l e i s one of the f i r s t to look a t p o l i t i c a l gender r o l e s among women r a t h e r than sex d i f f e r e n c e s .

Amundsen, K i r s t e n . The S i l e n c e d M a j o r i t y : Women and American Democracy. Englewood C l i f f s : P r e n t i c e - H a l l , 1971

Andersen, K r i s t i . "Working Women and P o l i t i c a l P a r t i c i p a t i o n 1952-1972 " AJPS. 19 (August 1975), 439-55

Bennett, Edward M. and H a r r i e t M. Goodwin. "Emotional Aspects of P o l i t i c a l Behavior: The Woman Voter." GPM. 58 (1958), 3-53

B e r t e l s e n , Judy. " P o l i t i c a l I n t e r e s t , I n f l u e n c e and E f f i c a c y : D i f f e r e n c e s Between the Sexes and Among M a r i t a l S t a t u s Groups." APQ. 2 (October 1974), 412-26

Buhle, Mari Jo. "Women and the S o c i a l i s t P a r t y : 1901-1914." R a d i c a l America. 4 (February 1972), 36-58 ( a l s o A l t b a c h , 65-86)

Campbell, Angus e t . a l . The American Voter. New York: Wiley, 1960

Cole, Margaret. "Women's Vote: What Has i t A t t a i n e d ? " P£. 33 (January, 1962), 74-83

C o t t l e , Thomas, C a r l Edwards and Joseph Pleck.' "The R e l a t i o n s h i p of Sex Role I d e n t i t y and S o c i a l and P o l i t i c a l A t t i t u d e s . " J P e r s i 38 (1970), 435-52

Degen, Marie L o u i s e . The H i s t o r y of the Woman's Peace P a r t y . B a l t i m o r e : John's Hopkin's P r e s s , 1939

E r s k i n e , H a z e l . "The P o l l s : Women's Role." P0£. 25 (Summer 1971), 277-79

Ferdinand, Theodore N. " P s y c h o l o g i c a l F e m i n i n i t y and P o l i t i c a l L i b e r a l i s m . " Soc. 27 (1964), 75-87

Fowler, Marguerite G. ''Feminism and P o l i t i c a l R a d i c a l i s m . " J Psy. 83 (Marcy 1973), 237-42

?reedman, Merven B. "Changes i n S i x Decades of Some A t t i t u d e s and Values Held by Educated Women." J S I . 17 (1961), 19-28

•[1 v i s , L o u i s and A s s o c i a t e s . The 1972 V i r g i n i a Slims American Women's

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H o l t e r , H a r r i e t . Sex Roles and S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e . Oslo: U n i v e r s i t e t s -f o r l a g e t , 1970

Holtzman, Abraham. "Campaign P o l i t i c s : A New Role for Women." South­western S o c i a l Science Q u a r t e r l y (now SSQ). 40 (March 1960)+ 314-20

J o e s t i n g , Joan and Robert J o e s t i n g . " A t t i t u d e s about Sex Roles, Sex, and M a r i t a l S t a t u s of Anti-War Demonstrators: Fu r t h e r Study." Ps R. 32 (June 1973), 1182

K e l l y , E. L o w e l l . "The Reassessment of S p e c i f i c A t t i t u d e s A f t e r Twenty Y e a r s . " J S I . 17 (1961), 29-37

Kruschke, E a r l . " L e v e l s of Optimism as Related to Female P o l i t i c a l Behavior." SS. 41 (1966), 67-75

. The Woman Voter: An A n a l y s i s Based Upon Pe r s o n a l I n t e r ­views . Washington, D.C: P u b l i c A f f a i r s P r e s s , 1955

Lansing , M a r j o r i e . "Women: The New P o l i t i c a l C l a s s . " i n McGuigan, 59-76

. "The American Woman: Voter and A c t i v i s t . " i n Jac q u e t t e , 5-24

Merriam, C h a r l e s and Harold G o s n e l l . Nonvoting. Chicago: U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago P r e s s , 1924

Odegaard, P e t e r . P r e s s u r e P o l i t i c s : The Story of the Anti-Saloon League. New York: Columbia, 1928

Ogburn, W i l l i a m F. and Inez G o l t r a . "How Women Vote: A Study of an E l e c t i o n i n Po r t l a n d , Oregon." PSQ. 34 (1919), 413-33

Rokeach, Milton. "Change and S t a b i l i t y i n American Value Systems, 1968-1971. POT̂ . 38 (Summer 1974), 222-38

Sanders, Marion K. The Lady and the Vote. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1956

S l a t e r , C a r o l . " C l a s s D i f f e r e n c e s i n D e f i n i t i o n of Role and Membership i n Voluntary A s s o c i a t i o n s among Urban Women." AJS. 65 (1961), 616-59

S t a r r , J e r o l d M. "The Peace and Love Generation: Changing A t t i t u d e s Toward Sex and V i o l e n c e Among Co l l e g e Youth." J S I . 30 (1974), 73-106

S t e i n i n g e r , Marion and Harvey L e s s e r . "*"Sex and Generation D i f f e r e n c e s and S i m i l a r i t y i n S o c i a l A t t i t u d e s . " JCP. 21 (1974), 459-60

Strodtbeck, Fred L., W i l l i a m Bezdek and Don Goldhamer. "Male Sex^Role and Response to a Community Problem," S£. 11 (Summer 1970), 291-306

Thompson, K e n r i c k S. and A l f r e d C. C l a r k e e t . a l . "Reactions to My-Lai: A V i s u a l - V e r b a l Comparison." SSR. 58 (January 1974), 122-129

Thorne, B a r r i e . "Women i n the D r a f t R e s i s t a n c e Movement: A Case Study of Sex Roles and S o c i a l Movements." Sex Roles 1 (June 1975) 179 •

T i n g s t e n , Herbert. P o l i t i c a l Behavior. Totawa, N.J.: Bedminster P r e s s , 1963 Chapter 1

T o l c h i n , Susan and Martin T o l c h i n . C l o u t : Women Power and P o l i t i c s . New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, 1974

Verba, Sidney and Norman Nie. P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n America. P r i n c e t o n : P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1974

Volgy, Thomas J . and Sandra Sue Volgy. "Women and P o l i t i c s : P o l i t i c a l C o r r e l a t e s of Sex-Role Acceptance." SS£. 55 (March 1975), 967-974

W i l l e y , M. and S t a r t R i c e . "A Sex Cleavage i n the P r e s i d e n t i a l E l e c t i o n of 1920." JASA. (1924)

Zikmund, W i l l i a m G. and Stephen J . M i l l e r . " I n t e r n a l - E x t e r n a l C o n t r o l of Reinforcement and Women's P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n D i r e c t S o c i a l A c t i o n . " Ps R. 34 (June 1974), 1163-66

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D. Female P o l i t i c a l Behavior: P o l i t i c a l E l i t e s

As the p o l i t i c a l s e x - r o l e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n on the mass l e v e l nar­rows the d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n on the e l i t e l e v e l emerges as a que s t i o n of i n c r e a s i n g importance. Some of the e a r l i e s t s t u d i e s ( B r e c k i n r i d g e , F i s h e r and Whitehead, K i t a y , P a t r i c k ) a r e u s e f u l i n po i n t i n g out the r e l a t i v e l a c k of change i n female e l i t e p a r t i c i p a t i o n and, p a r t i c u l a r l y , i n a t t i t u d e s toward female e l i t e s d uring the course of the tw e n t i e t h ce n t u r y . The B r e c k i n r i d g e book i s a l s o I n t e r e s t i n g f o r other reasons: i t was p a r t of the f i r s t government commissioned s o c i a l i n d i c a t o r s s t u d i e s , ordered by Herbert Hoover. The F i s h e r and Whitehead a r t i c l e I s an update of the e a r l i e r volume. Both of these concern women i n the p o l i t i c a l party, o r g a n i z a t i o n . L a t e r works on women as party e l i t e s i n c l u d e C o n s t a n t i n i and C r a i k , Farah and Hoag (1972 nominating con­v e n t i o n s ) , McGrath and Soule and the book by the T o l c h i n s (1972 Democratic Convention), Jennings and Thomas ( P a r t y a c t i v i s t s ) P o r t e r and Matasar (Chicago Democratic o r g a n i z a t i o n ) , and Wells and Smeal. K i r k p a t r i c k ! s book, P o l i t i c a l Woman i s drawn from a s m a l l survey of female s t a t e l e g i s l a t o r s . Lepper's a r t i c l e on F e d e r a l employees uses f i g u r e s on rank, education, income.

Babchuck, N i c h o l a s . "Men and Women i n Community Agencies: A Note on Power and P r e s t i g e . " ASR. (June 1960), 399-403

Beard* Mary R. '.Woman's Work i n M u n i c i p a l i t i e s . New York: Arno P r e s s , 1972 (I'D 1*5)

B r e c k i n r i d g e , Sophinisba. Women i n the Twentieth Century: A Study of T h e i r P o l i t i c a l , S o c i a l and Economic A c t i v i t i e s . New York: McGraw-H i l l , 1933

B u l l o c k , C h a r l e s S. and P a t r i c i a Lee F i n e l y Hays. "Recruitment of Women fo r Congress:. A Research Note." WPQ. 25 (September 1972), 416-23

Chamberlin, Hope. A Mino r i t y of Members: Women i n Congress, 1920-1970 New York: Praeger, 1972

Comstock, Alzada. "Women Members of European P a r l i a m e n t s . " APSR. 20 (1926), 379-83

C o n s t a n t i n i , Edmond and Kenneth C r a i k . "Women as P o l i t i c i a n s : The S o c i a l Background and P o l i t i c a l C a r e e r s of Female P a r t y L e a d e r s . " J S I . 28 (1972), 217-36

E n g e l b a r t s , Rudolf. Women i n the United S t a t e s Congress: 1917-1972. L i t t l e t o n , C a l i f . " L i b r a r i e s U n l i m i t e d , 1974

Farah, Barbara and Wendy Hoag. "The Changing S t a t u s and Role of Women i n P o l i t i c s . " i n McGuigan, 191-98

Ferree, Myra Marx. "A Woman for President? Changing Responses: 1958-1972." POQ. 38 ( F a l l 1974), 390-99

F i s h e r , Marguerite. "Women i n P o l i t i c a l P a r i t e s . " Annals. 251 (May 1947), 87-93

and B e t t y Whitehead. "Women's P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n Na t i o n a l P a r t y Nominating Conventions: 1892-1941." APSR. 38 (October 1944), 895-903

Haavio-Mannila, E l i n a . "Sex Roles and P o l i t i c s . " I n S a f i l i o s - R o t h s c h i l d ,

Hammond, Nancy and Glenda B e l o t e . "From Devience to Legitimacy: Women as P o l i t i c a l Candidates." MPWS. 1 (June 1974), 58-72

Jennings, M. Kent and Norman Thomas. "Men and Women i n P a r t y E l i t e s : S o c i a l Roles and P o l i t i c a l Resources." MJPS. 4 (November 1963), 469-92

K i r k p a t r i c k , Jeane,. P o l i t i c a l Woman. New York: B a s i c , (1974)

K i t a y , P h i l i p . "A Comparison of the Sexes i n T h e i r A t t i t u d e s and B e l i e f s About Women: A Study of P r e s t i g e Groups." Soc. 34 (1940), 399-407

Krau s s , Wilma R. " P o l i t i c a l Recruitment of Women i n Parliament and L o c a l Government: A Comparative Study." i n Eul a u and Crudnowski ( e d s ) . P o l i t i c a l Recruitment. New York: A l d i n e

Lepper, Mary. "A Study of Career S t r u c t u r e s of F e d e r a l E x e c u t i v e s : A " Focus on Women." i n J a c q u e t t e , 109-30

McGrath, Wilma E. and John W. Soule. "Rocking the C r a d l e or Rocking the Boat: Women a t the 1972 Democratic N a t i o n a l Convention." SSQ. 55 (June 1974), 141-50

Means, Ingunn. " P o l i t i c a l Recruitment of Women i n Norway." WPQ. (September 1972), 491-521

. "Women i n L o c a l P o l i t i c s : The Norwegian E x p e r i e n c e . " CJPS. (September 1972), 365-88

Menon, Lakshmi. "From C o n s t i t u t i o n a l Recognition to P u b l i c O f f i c e . " Annals. 375 (January 1968), 34-43

P a t r i c k , C a t h e r i n e . " A t t i t u d e s about Women E x e c u t i v e s i n Government P o s i t i o n s . " JSP. (February 1944), 3-34

P o r t e r , Mary and Ann B. Matasar. "The Role and S t a t u s of Women i n the Daley O r g a n i z a t i o n . " i n J a c q u e t t e , 85-108

T o l c h i n , Susan and Martin T o l c h i n . C l o u t : Women Power and P o l i t i c s . New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, 1974

W e l l s , Audrey and Elea n o r Smeal. "Women's A t t i t u d e s Toward Women i n P o l i t i c s : A Survey of Urban R e g i s t e r e d Voters and P a r t y Committee-women." i n Ja c q u e t t e , 54-72

Werner, Emmy. "Women i n Congress, 1917-1964" WPQ. (March 1966), 16-30

. "Women i n S t a t e L e g i s l a t u r e s . " WP£. (March 1968), 40-50

and Louise M. Bachtold. " P e r s o n a l i t y C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Women i n American P o l i t i c s . " i n Jac q u e t t e , 75-84

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L e g a l and P o l i c y Concerns

The two most comprehensive volumes on women and law are the Kanowit t e x t and DeCrow's book. Both provide an overview of the l e g a l s t a t u s and r i g h t s of women i n the United S t a t e s and review c a s e s a f f e c t i n g s p e c i f i c concerns of women. The b i b l i o g r a p h i e s of these books may be used to ob t a i n f u r t h e r information on the s t a t u s of women under the law. Bernard and Murphy provide g e n e r a l t e x t s on p o l i c y concerns. Stimpson !s book c o n t a i n s the t r a n s c r i p t s of the f i n a l C o n g r e s s i o n a l hearings on,the Equal R i g h t s Ammendment. (For the o r i g i n s of the ERA con s u l t the h i s t o r i e s — the ERA was f i r s t introduced i n the e a r l y 1920 !s.) See a l s Jo Freeman's chap t e r s on the p o l i c y impact of the women's movement. Mary Beard's volume g i v e s a good h i s t o r i c a l view of the l e g a l s t a t u s on women. Her ch a p t e r s on the impact of Blackstone a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y i n s t r u c t i v e . (See a l s o "Women and the J u d i c i a l and Penal Systems" and "Employment, Occupation and Economics")

B a x a n d a l l , Rosalyn F. "Who S h a l l Care f or Our C h i l d r e n ? The Hi s t o r y and Development of Day Care i n The United S t a t e s . " i n Freeman, 88-102

Beard, Mary. Women as a Force i n H i s t o r y . New York: C o l l i e r , 1946

Beckman, G a i l . "Do Our Tax Laws S a t i s f y the Needs of the Working?" Women Lawyers J o u r n a l . 53 (Winter 1967), 5-9

Ber e l s o n , Bernard and Pa u l F. L a z a r s f e l d . "Women: A Problem of the PAC POQ. 9 (1945), 79-82

Bernard, J e s s i e . Women and the P u b l i c I n t e r e s t . New York: A l d i n e -Atherton, 1974

C a r t e r , Luther J . "New Feminism: A Potent Force i n B i r t h C o n t r o l P o l i c y . " S c i e n c e . 167 (1970), 1234-36

DeCrow, Karen. S e x i s t J u s t i c e . New York: Random, 1974

Dienes, C. Thomas. Law, P o l i c y and B i r t h C o n t r o l . Urbana: U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s P r e s s

Dratch, Howard. "The P o l i t i c s of C h i l d c a r e i n the 1940's. M Science and S o c i e t y . " 38 (Summer 1974), 167-204

Eastwood, Mary. "Feminism and the Law." i n Freeman, 325-34

Frances-Myrna. "Abortion: A P h i l o s o p h i c A n a l y s i s . " FS. 1 ( F a l l 1972), 49-64

Freeman, Jo. "How to D i s c r i m i n a t e Against Women Without R e a l l y Trying." i n Freeman, 194-208

Freeman, Jo. The P o l i t i c s of Women's L i b e r a t i o n . New York: David McKay, 1975

Gold, Sonia. " A l t e r n a t i v e N a t i o n a l Goals and Women's Employment." S c i e n c e . 179 (February 1973), 656-60

Gordon, L i n d a . "Voluntary Motherhood: The Beginnings of F e m i n i s t B i r t h C o n t r o l Ideas i n the United S t a t e s . " FS. 1 ( F a l l 1972), 5-22

G r i f f i n , Susan. "Rape: The All-American Crime." i n Freeman, 24-40

G r i f f i t h s , Martha. "Women and L e g i s l a t i o n . " i n Thompson, 103-14

Hardin, G a r r e t t . "Abortion — or Compulsory Pregnancy?" JMF. 30 (May 1968), 246-51

Harvard C i v i l R i g h t s - C i v i l L i b e r t i e s Law Review. 6 (March 1971)

Husby, Ralph D. "Day Care f o r F a m i l i e s on P u b l i c A s s i s t a n c e : Workfare v s . Welfare." ILRR. 27 ( J u l y 1974), 503-10

I g l i t z i a n , Lynne B. "A Case Study i n P a t r i a r c h a l P o l i t i c s : Women on Welfare." ABS.17 (March 1974), 487-506

Kanowitz, Leo. Women and the Law: The Un f i n i s h e d Revolution. Albequerque: U n i v e r s i t y of New Mexico P r e s s , 1971

Kennedy, David M. B i r t h C o n t r o l i n America: The Career of Margaret Sanger. New Haven: Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1970

Luca s , Roy. " F e d e r a l C o n s t i t u t i o n a l L i m i t a t i o n s on the Enforcement and A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of S t a t e Abortion S t a t u t e s . " North C a r o l i n a Law Review. 46 (June 1968)

McVeety, Dean. "Law and the S i n g l e Woman." Woman Lawyer's J o u r n a l . 53 (Winter 1967), 10-14

Markoff, Helene S. "The F e d e r a l Woman's Program." PAR. (1972), 144-51

M o r r i s , R i c h a r d B. "Women's Rights i n E a r l y Americna Law." i n S t u d i e s i n the H i s t o r y of American Law, (1930), Chapter I I I

Murphy, I r e n e L. P u b l i c P o l i c y on the S t a t u s of Women. New York: D.C. Heath, 1973

Pedersen, I n g e r . " S t a t u s of Women i n P r i v a t e Law." Annals. 375 (January 1968), 44-51

Rainwater,-. Lee and K a r o l Weinstein. And the Poor Get C h i l d r e n . New York: Quadrangle, 1960

Schur, Edwin M. "Abortion and the S o c i a l System." SP. 2 (October 1955), 94-99

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. "Abortion." Annals. 376 (March 1968), 136-47

Smith, David. Abortion and the Law. C l e v e l a n d : Case Western Reserve U n i v e r s i t y , 1967

Stimpson, C a t h e r i n e . Women and the ERA. New York: R.R, Bowker, 1972

Temin, Carolyn E'. " D i s c r i m i n a t o r y . Sentencing of Women Offenders: The Argument f o r ERA i n a N u t s h e l l . " ACLR. 11 (Winter 1973) 355-72

Ven g r i s , Kandis. L e g a l Rights f o r Women. New York: Bantam, 1968

Women and the J u d i c i a l and Penal Systems

T h i s s e c t i o n p r i m a r i l y c o n s i s t s of two ge n e r a l c a t e g o r i e s of works: those t h a t concern women as j u r o r s , and those t h a t concern women as c r i m i n a l o f f e n d e r s . (See a l s o " L e g a l and P o l i t i c a l Concerns" and " D e c i s i o n Making, Group Process and Lea d e r s h i p . " )

Benton, Alan A. " P r o d u c t i v i t y , D i s t r i b u t i v e J u s t i c e and Ba r g a i n i n g Among C h i l d r e n . " JPSP. 18 ( A p r i l 1971), 68-78

Brodsky, Annette M. ( e d ) . "The Female Offender." CJB.. 1 (December 1974)

DeCrow, Karen. S e x i s t J u s t i c e . New York; Random, 19.74

Giallombardo, Rose. S o c i e t y of Women: A Study of a. Woman's P r i s o n . New York: Wiley, 1966

Goyer-MIchaud, Francyne. "The Adult Female Offender: A S e l e c t e d B i b l i o g r a p h y . " CJB. 1 (December 1974), 332-56

G r i f f i t t , W i l l i a m and Thomas Jackson. "Simulated J u r y D e c i s i o n s : The I n f l u e n c e of Jury-Defendant A t t i t u d e S i m i l a r i t y and D i s s i m i l a r i t y . " S o c i a l Behavior and P e r s o n a l i t y . 1 (1973), 1-7

Heide, Wilma S c o t t . "Feminism and the ' F a l l e n Woman'" CJB. 1 (December 1974), 369-73

Kanowitz, Leo. Women and the .Law: The Un f i n i s h e d Revolution., Albequerque: U n i v e r s i t y of New Mexico P r e s s , 1971

K a t r i n , Susan E l l e n . "The E f f e c t s on Women Inmates of F a c i l i t a t i o n T r a i n i n g Provided C o r r e c t i o n a l O f f i c e r s . " CJB. 1 (March lft7A),, 5-12

Pedersen, Inger. " S t a t u s of Women i n P r i v a t e Law." Annals. 3,7/5 (1968), 44-51

P u r c e l l , Susan Kaufman. "Ideology and the Law: Sexism and Supreme Court D e c i s i o n s . " i n Ja c q u e t t e , 131-54

Rasche, C h r i s t i n e E. "The Female Offender as an Object of C r i m i n o l o g i c a l Research." CJB. 1 (December 1974), 301-20

Roots, L l o y d E. "The E f f e c t of Achievement Motivation T r a i n i n g on Women P r i s o n e r s . " CJB. 1 (March 1974), 131-38

Snyder, E l o i s e . "Sex Role D i f f e r e n t i a l and J u r o r D e c i s i o n s . " SSR. 55 (1971), 442-48

Sue, S t a n l e y , Ronald Smith and Renee G i l b e r t . " B i a s i n g E f f e c t s of P r e t r i a l P u b l i c i t y on J u d i c i a l D e c i s i o n s . " J o u r n a l of C r i m i n a l J u s t i c e . 2 (Summer 1974), 163-71

Temin, Carolyn E. " D i s c r i m i n a t o r y Sentencing of Women Offenders: The Ar*um^nt Lor ERA i n a N u t s h e l l . " ACLR. 11 (Winter 1973.), 355-72

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V e n g r i s , Kandis. L e g a l R i g h t s f o r Women. New York: Bantam, 1968

Ward, David and Gene G, Kassenbaum. Women's P r i s o n : Sex and S o c i a l S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e . Chicago: A l d i n e , 1971

Wheeler, Martha. "The Current S t a t u s of Women i n P r i s o n . " CJB. 1 (December 1974), 374-80

I I I . CROSS NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES

The f o l l o w i n g a r e works concerning the s t a t u s and r o l e s of women around the world. H o l t e r ' s volume c o n t a i n s one of the most comprehensive i n v e n t o r i e s of f i n d i n g s ; the Duverger book i s a l s o u s e f u l for Western Europe. Rosaldo and Lamphere's book c o n t a i n s a number of a r t i c l e s t h a t go a long way toward attempting to b u i l d theory, w h i l e the anthology e d i t e d by Seward and Williamson c o n t a i n s a number of f a i r l y s h o r t a r t i c l e s o u t l i n e some of the main concerns i n the study of women i n a number of c o u n t r i e s . Boserup's book i s a good study of women's r o l e s i n T h i r d World c o u n t r i e s as they r e l a t e to economic development. Rowbotham's book i s w r i t t e n from a more r a d i c a l p o int of view. For other works r e l a t i n g to the s t a t u s and r o l e s of women i n Communist c o u n t r i e s , see a l s o s e c t i o n I X F on Marxism.

A. GENERAL

Bamberger, Joan. "The Myth of M a t r i a r c h y : Why Men Rule i n P r i m i t i v e S o c i e t y . " i n Rosaldo and Lamphere, 263-80

Boserup, E s t e r . Women's Role i n Economic Development. London: A l l e n and Unwin, 1970

Duverger, Maurice. The P o l i t i c a l Role of Women. P a r i s : UNESCO, 1955 ( F r a n c e , Germany, Norway, Y u g o s l a v i a )

E v a n s - P r i t c h a r d , E. E. The P o s i t i o n of Women i n P r i m i t i v e S o c i e t i e s . London: 1965

G r e e n f i e l d , Sidney. " I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n and the Family i n S o c i o l o g i c a l Theory." AJS. 67 (1961), 312-22

Haavio-Manila, E l i n a . "Convergences Between E a s t and West: T r a d i t i o n and Modernity i n Sex Roles i n Sweden, F i n l a n d and the S o v i e t Union." Acta S. 14 (1971), 114-125

H o l t e r , H a r r i e t . Sex Roles and S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e . Oslo: U n i v e r s i t e t e s -f o r l a g e t , 1970 ( P r i m a r i l y based on f i v e Norwegian su r v e y s , i n c l u d i n g the 1951 and 1957 Nationwide Voter Surveys. A good review of the l i t e r a t u r e . )

Horoszowski, Pawel. "Women's St a t u s i n S o c i a l i s t i c and C a p i t a l i s t i c C o u n t r i e s . " I J S F . 1 (1971), P a r t I : pp. 35-52 P a r t I I : pp. 160-180

J a n c a r , Barbara. "Women Under Communism." i n J a c q u e t t e , 217-242

Kennedy, Beth C. "On Being a Woman: I n d i a n and American: A Comparative Study." AS. 13 (September 1973), 833-52

Matthiasson', C a r o l y n . Many S i s t e r s : Women i n C r o s s - C u l t u r a l P e r s p e c t i v e . New York: Free P r e s s , 1975

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Munroe, Robert and Ruth Munroe. "A C r o s s - C u l t u r a l Study of Sex Gender and S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e . " E t h . 8 (1969)

P a t a i , Raphael. Women i n the Modern World. New York: Free P r e s s , 1967

Rosaldo, M i c h e l l e and Louise Lamphere ( e d s ) . Women, C u l t u r e and Society. Stanford U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1974

Rowbotham, S h e i l a . Women, R e s i s t a n c e and Revolution. New York:. Vintage, 1972 ( S o v i e t Union, China, A l g e r i a , Vietnam, Cuba)

S a l a f f , Janet and J u d i t h Merkle. "Women i n Revolution: The Lessons of the S o v i e t Union and China." Berk J S . 15 (1970), 166-91 ( a l s o Young, 145-78)

Sanday, Peggy. "Female Status ,in the P u b l i c Domain." i n Rosaldo and Lamphere, 189-206

S e d l e r , Robert. "The L e g a l Dimension of Women's L i b e r a t i o n : An Overview." ILR. ( S p r i n g 1972), 419-56

Seward, Georgene H. and Robert C. Williamson ( e d s ) . Sex Roles i n Changing S o c i e t y . New York: Random, 1970 ( A f r i c a , Sweden, Germany, USSR, I s r a e l , Greece, I n d i a , Japan, China, L a t i n America)

Smith, Dorothy A. J u s t i c e i s a Woman. P h i l a d e l p h i a : Dorrance, 1966

S p i n i e r , L o u i s e and George S p i n d l e r . "Male and Female Adaptation i n C u l t u r a l Change." AA. 60 (1958), 217-33

S u l l e r o t , Evalyne. "Women, S o c i e t y and Change." i n S a f i l i o s - R o t h s c h i l d , 331-43

Tanner, Nancy. " M a t r i f o c a l i t y i n In d o n e s i a and A f r i c a and Among Black Americans." i n Rosaldo and Lamphere, 129-56

B. AFRICA

A l b e r t , E t h e l . "Women of Burundi. A Study of S o c i a l V a l u e s . " i n Paulme, 179-216

Baker, Tanya. " U r b a n i z a t i o n and the P o s i t i o n of Women." SR. 7 (1959), 99-122

Dupire, Marguerite. "The P o s i t i o n of Women i n a P a s t o r a l S o c i e t y . " i n Paulme, 47-92

F a l a d e , Solange. "Women of Dakas and the Surrounding Urban, Area." i n Paulme, 317-30

Gordon, David. Women of A l g e r i a : An Essay on Change. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1968

Hof f e r , C a r o l P. "Mende and Sherbro Women i n High O f f i c e . " ' CJAS. 6 (1972), 151-64 .

Husse i n , A z i z a . "The Role of Women i n S o c i a l Reform i n Egypt." MEJ. (1953), 443-50

Ladner, Joyce. "Tanzanian Women and N a t i o n a l B u i l d i n g . " BS.. 3 (Dec. 1971) 22-29

Lebeuf, Annie. "The Role of Women i n the P o l i t i c a l O r g a n i z a t i o n of A f r i c a n S o c i e t i e s . " i n Paulme, 93-120

L e i s , Nancy B. "Women i n Groups: Ijtaw Women's A s s o c i a t i o n s . " i n Rosaldo and Lamphere, 223-242

L e i t h - R o s s , S y l v i a . A f r i c a n Women: A Study of the Ibo of N i g e r i a . New York: Praeger, 1965

LeVine, Robert. "Sex Roles and Economic Change i n A f r i c a . " E t h . 5 (1966) 186-93

L i t t l e , Kenneth. "The Changing P o s s i b i l i t y of Women i n the S i e r r a Leone P r o t e c t o r a t e . " A f r i c a . 18 (1948), 1-17

Maher, Vanessa. Women and Property i n Morocco. New York: Cambridge U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1975

M b i l i n y i , M a r j o r i e . "The 'New Woman' and T r a d i t i o n a l Norms i n Tanzania." JMAS. 10 (1972)

. "The S t a t e of Women i n Tanzania. CJAS. 6 (1972)

Merr, Fatima. "Women and the Family i n South A f r i c a ' s I n d i a n E n c l a v e . " FS. 1 ( F a l l 1972), 33-48

- ^ I s o n , C y n t h i a . "Changing Roles of Men and Women: I l l u s t r a t i o n s from Egypt." Anth. Q. 41 (1968), 57-77

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Netting, Robert. "Women's Weapons: The P o l i t i c s of Domesticity among the Kofyar." AA. 71 (1969), 1037-46

Paulme, Denise. (ed) . Women of T r o p i c a l A f r i c a . Berkeley, Ca.: U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , 1971

Sunons, Harold. A f r i c a n Women. Evanston: Northwestern U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1968

Van A l l e n , J u d i t h . "Memsahib, M i l i t a n t e , Femme L i b r e : P o l i t i c a l and A p o l i t i c a l S t y l e s of Modern A f r i c a n Women." i n J a c q u e t t e , 304-21

Wipper, Audrey. "Equal Rights f o r Women i n Kenya." JMAS. 9 (Oct. 1971)

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C. A s i a and the P a c i f i c

Asthana, Pratima. Women's Movement i n I n d i a . M y s t i c , Ct. : Verry, 1974

Baig, Tara A l l ( e d ) . Women of I n d i a . New D e l h i , 1958

C h i - h s i Hu. "The Sexual R e v o l u t i o n i n the K i a n g s i S o v i e t . " C£. 59 (July/September 1974), 477-90

C u r t i n , K a t i e . Women i n China. New York: P a t h f i n d e r , 1975

Davin, D e l i a . "Women I n the L i b e r a t e d Areas," i n Young, 73-92

Diamond, Norma. "The S t a t u s of Women i n Taiwan: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back." i n Young, 211-42

. "The Middle C l a s s Family Model i n Taiwan: Woman's P l a c e i s i n the Home." AS. 13 (September 1973), 853-72

Dodd, P e t e r C. "Youth and Women's Emancipation i n the United Arab R e p u b l i c . " MEJ. 22 (Spring 1968), 159-72

Freedman, Maurice. "The Family Under Chinese Communism." P£. 35 (1964), 342-50

F u j i t a , T a k i . "Women and P o l i t i c s i n Japan." Annals. 375 (January 1968), 91-101

Grimshaw, P a t r i c i a . Women's Suffrage i n New Zealand. Aukland: Aukland U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1972

Hinton, W i l l i a m . Fanshen: A Documentary of R e v o l u t i o n i n a, Chinese V i l l a g e . New York: Random, 1966

H s i a , C. T. " R e s i d u a l F e m i n i n i t y : Women i n Chinese Communist F i c t i o n . " C£. 13 (January-March 1963), 158-79

Huang, Jen Lucy. "A Re - e v a l u a t i o n of the Primary Role of the Communist Chinese Woman: The Homemaker or the Worker." MFL. -25 M'963), 162-66

Hussein, A z i z a . "The Role of Women I n S o c i a l Reform i n Egypt." MEJ. 7 (Autumn 1953), 440-50

Koyama, T a k a s h i . The Changing S o c i a l P o s i t i o n of Women..in Japan. P a r i s : UNESCO, 1961

Leader, Shela. "The Emancipation of Chinese Women." WP. -26 (October 1973), 55-79

L e i t h , S u z e t t e . "Chinese Women i n the E a r l y Communist Movement." i n McGuigan, 165-187 ( a l s o i n Young, 47-72)

Milton, Nancy. "Women i n China." Berk J S. 16 (1971-1972), 106-20

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Raksastaya, Araara. "The P o l i t i c a l Role of Southeast Asian Women." Annals. 375 (January 1968), 86-90

Rosner, M. "Women i n the Kibbutz." A s i a n and A f r i c a n S t u d i e s . 3 (1967), 35-68

Saleh , Saneya. "Women i n Isla m : T h e i r Status i n R e l i g i o u s and T r a d i t i o n a l C u l t u r e . " I J S F . 2 (1972), 35-42

Snow, Helen F. Women I n Modern China. The Hague: Mouton and Co., 1967

S p i r o , Herbert. K i b b u t z . Cambridge: Harvard U n i v e r s i t y Press,.1956

. C h i l d r e n of the Kibbutz. New York: Schocken, 1965

Talmon-Garber, Yonina. "The Family i n a Revolutionary Movement: The Case of the Kibbutz i n " I s r a e l . " i n Nirahoff ( e d ) . Comparative Family Systems. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1965, pp. 257-86

- . "Sex Role D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i n an E q u a l i t a r i a n S o c i e t y . " i n L a s s w e l l ( e d ) . L i f e i n S o c i e t y . Glenview: S c o t t Forseman, 1964, pp. 144-55

Touba, J a c q u i l i n e Rudolph. "Sex Role D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i n I r a n i a n F a m i l i e s L i v i n g i n Urban and R u r a l Areas o f a Region Undergoing Planned Change i n I r a n . " JMF. 37 (May 1975) 437-45

EASTERN EUROPE AND THE SOVIET UNION

Bochkaryova, Y. and S. Lyubimova. Women of a New World. Moscow: Pro g r e s s , 1969

Brown, Donald ( e d ) . The Role and St a t u s of Women i n the S o v i e t Union. New York: Teachers C o l l e g e , 1968

C h y l i n s k a , Kamila. " P o l i t i c a l A c t i v i t y of Women i n E a s t e r n Europe." Annals. 375 (January 1968), 67-71

Denich, Be t t e S. "Sex and Power i n the B a l k a n s . " . i n Rosaldo and Lamphere, 243-262

Dobkin, Marlene. " S o c i a l Ranking i n the Woman's World of Purdan: A T u r k i s h Example." Anth. Q. 40 (1967), 65-72

Dodge, Norton T. Women I n the S o v i e t Economy: T h e i r Role i n Economics, S c i e n t i f i c and T e c h n i c a l Development. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins P r e s s , 1966

F i e l d , A l i c e . P r o t e c t i o n of Women and C h i l d r e n i n S o v i e t R u s s i a * New York: Dutton, 1932

Fox, Greer L i t t o n . "Determinants of Modernism i n Ankara, Turkey." JMF. (August 1973), 520-29

G r u n f i e l d , J "Women's Work i n R u s s i a ' s Planned Economy." S Res. 9 (1942), 22-45

H a l l e , Fannina. Women i n S o v i e t R u s s i a . New York: V i k i n g , 1933

. Women i n the S o v i e t E a s t . New York; Dutton, 1938

Kurganoff, I v a n . Women i n the USSR. Ontario: London, 1971

Lapi d u s , G a i l Warshovsky. "Modernization Theory and Sex Roles i n C r i t i c a l P e r s p e c t i v e : The Case of the S o v i e t Union." i n J a c q u e t t e , 243-56

L e n i n , V. I . The Emancipation of Women. New York: I n t e r n a t i o n a l , 1966

Mandel, W i l l i a m M. S o v i e t Women. Garden C i t y : Doubleday Anchor, 1975

Marenko, A. The C o l l e c t i v e Family: A Handbook f o r R u s s i a n P a r e n t s . R. D a g l i s h

S c h u s t e r , A l i c e "Women's Role i n the S o v i e t Union: Ideology and R e a l i t y . " RR. 30 ( J u l y 1971), 260-67

T r o t s k y , Leon. Women and the Family. New York: P a t h f i n d e r , 1970

Volkov, A . Changing of Woman's P o s i t i o n and Demographical Development of the Family. Moscow: So v i e t -S.o.e.ological A s s o c i a t i o n . , 1972

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Winter, E l l a . Red V i r t u e : Human R e l a t i o n s h i p s I n the New R u s s i a . New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1933

Women i n the S o v i e t Union: S t a t i s t i c a l R eturns. Moscow: Progress, 1970

E. LATIN AMERICA

A v i e l , JoAnn. "Changing the P o l i t i c a l Role of Women: A'Costa Rican Case Study." i n Jacquette, 281-303

Blough, W i l l i a m J. " P o l i t i c a l A t t i t u d e s of Mexican Women." JIAS. 14 (May 1972), 201-224

Castro, F i d e l and Linda Jenness. Women and the Cuban Revolution. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970

Chaney, Elsa M. "The M o b i l i z a t i o n of Women i n Allende's C h i l e . " i n Jacquette, 267-280

"Old and New Feminists i n L a t i n America,: The Case of Pery and C h i l e . " JOT. 35 (May 1973), 331-43

Freyre, G i l b e r t o . "The P a t r i a r c h a l Basis of B r a z i l i a n Society." i n Maier and Weatherhead (eds). P o l i t i c s of Change i n L a t i n America. New York: Praegar, 1964

Hass Paula H. "Maternal Role I n c o m p a t i b i l i t y and F e r t i l i t y in- Urban L a t i n America." JSI. 25 (197-2). 111-128

Lewis. "The Female Vote i n Argentia,, 1958-1965"' CPS. 3. (1971):

Morton, Ward. Women Suffrage i n Mexico. G a i n e s v i l l e : U n i v e r s i t y of F l o r i d a Press, 1962

Olesen, V i r g i n i a . "Leads on Old Questions From a New Revolution: Notes on Cuban Women, 1969" i n Epstein and Goode, 134-42

"The Female i n Ibero-America: An Essay on Research, Bibliography and Research D i r e c t i o n s . " LARR. 7 (1972), 125-

P e s c a t e l l o , Denise (ed) . Female and Male I n L a t i n America. P i t t s b u r g h , U n i v e r s i t y of P i t t s b u r g h Press, 1973

Stevens, Evelyn. "The Prospects f o r a Women's Liberation Movement i n Lat-in America." Jtff. 35 (May 1973), 313-21

Williamson, Robert And Georgene Seward. "Concepts of Soci a l Sex Roles Among Chilean Adolescents." HD. 14 (1971), 184-94

WESTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE

Anthony, Katherine. Feminism i n Germany and Scandinavia. New York: Russell, 1975 (1915)

Dahlstrom, Edmund. The Changing Roles of Men and Women. Boston: Beacon, 1971

Devaud, Marcelle S t a n i s l a s . " P o l i t i c a l P a r t i c i p a t i o n of Western European Women." Annals. 375 (January 1968), 61-66

F e r a l , Josette. "The D i a l e c t i c s of Feminist Movements i n France." MPWS. 1 (June 1975), 113-22

Grunberger, Richard. The Twelve Year Reich: A So c i a l H i s t o r y of Nazi Germany 1933-1945" NYl H o l t , R i c h a r t , 1971, esp. Chapters 16,17

Haavio-Manila, E l i n a . F innish Women and Men. Porvoo, 1968

. "The P o s i t i o n of F i n n i s h Women: Regional and Cross-National Comparisons." JMF. 31 (1969) 339-47

. "Sex Roles and P o l i t i c s . " i n S a f i l i o s - R o t h s c h i l d (ed) . 154-72

Haavio-Mannila. "Sex Role A t t i t u d e s i n Finland, 1966-1970." JSI. 28 (1972) i 93-110

Heiskanen, Veronica S t o l t e . "Sex Roles, Social Class and P o l i t i c a l Consciousness." Acta S. 14 (1971), 83-95

K i r k p a t r i c k , C l i f f o r d . "Recent Changes i n the Status of Women and the Family i n Germany." ASR. 2 (1937), 650-58

Women i n Nazi Germany. London: J a r r o l d , 1939

Lambi r i , Jane. "The Impact of I n d u s t r i a l Employment on the P o s i t i o n of Women i n a Greek County Town." BJS. 14 (1973), 240-47

Lamouse, Annette. "Family Roles of Women: A German Example." JMF. 31 (1969), 145-52

de Lauwe, M. J. C. "The Status of Women i n a French Urban Society." ISSJ. (1962), 26-65

Makward, C h r i s t i a n e . "French Women i n P o l i t i c s . 1975." MPWS. 1 (June 1975), 123-28

Means, Ingunn, " P o l i t i c a l Recruitment of Women i n Norway." WPQ.(September 1972), 491-521

. "Women i n Local P o l i t i c s : The Norwegian Experience." CJPS. (September 1972), 265-87

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Rokkan, Stein and Henry Valen. "The M o b i l i z a t i o n of the Periphery: Data Turnout, Party Membership, and Candidate Recruitment i n Norway." Acta S. 6 (1962), 136-

Rosenmayr, Leopold. "The Au s t r i a n Woman. ISSJ. 14 (1962), 157-65

Seward, George and W. R. Larson. "Adolescent Concepts of Soci a l Sex Roles i n the United States and the Two Germanies." HD. 11 (i'968), 217-48

Thonnessen, Werner. The Emancipation of Women: The Rise and Decline of the Women's Movement i n the German S o c i a l Democracy. 18'63T1933. F r a n k f o r t :

. Europaische V e r l a g s a n s t a l t , 1969

Wunderlich, Frieda. "Women's Work i n Germany." S Res. 2 (August 1935), 310-36

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IV. SOCIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES

A. S o c i o l o g i c a l arid Psychological Aspects: General Theories and Miscel-lenous Studies

Many of the most c l a s s i c and provocative works on women are found here. The a r t i c l e s of Freud and Parsons are those author's most concise statements on female r o l e s and nature, and have both appeared as the not so straw men [ s i c ] i n much of the work done by f e m i n i s t scholars. (For works s p e c i f i c a l l y c r i t i c i z i n g the dominant modes of study of women, see the se c t i o n e n t i t l e d "Women as Academic; Women as Academic Subject" and the se c t i o n on methodology.) While t h e i r arguments and assumptions are v a s t l y d i f f e r e n t , they a r r i v e a t s i m i l a r conclusions: f o r the female, f a m i l y must be de s t i n y . Perhaps because of the strengths of the t h e o r e t i c a l underpinnings of Freud and Parsons, the psychologists and s o c i o l o g i s t s w i t h a f e m i n i s t o r i e n t a t i o n have done b e t t e r a t co n s t r u c t i o n a l t e r n a t i v e t h e o r i e s than have t h e i r counterparts i n p o l i t i c a l science. V i o l a K l e in's volume, which surveys the assumptions and t h e o r i e s of gender r o l e s . Acker's a r t i c l e i s an e x c e l l e n t c r i t i q u e of the assumptions made by s o c i o l o g i s t s when they study "the woman question". Bardwick's books, p a r t i c u l a r l y the t e x t , have become very i n f l u e n t i a l among those studying sex r o l e s , as have Hacker's a r t i c l e , "Women as a M i n o r i t y Group" and Komarovsky's work. Hacker's a r t i c l e served as the stimulus f o r much of the l a t e r work on the status of women. For census based i n d i c a t i o n s of the changing status of women i n the t w e n t i e t h century, see F e r r i s ' handbook, which i s a compilation of tables arid .figures, and Knudsen's a r t i c l e , which po i n t s out some of the f a l l a c i e s of any of the p r i o r works t h a t misused the census data.

A n g r i s t , S h i r l e y . "The Study of Sex Roles." JSI. 25 (January 1969),

Baker, Tanya and Mary Bird.. "Urbanization and the P o s i t i o n of Women " SR. 7 (Ju l y 1959), 99-122

Bardwick, J u d i t h . Psychology of Women: A Study of B i o - C u l t u r a l C o n f l i c t s . New York: Harper and Row, 1971 " ~

Acker, Joan Control 152-63

and Donald R. Van Houten. " D i f f e r e n t i a l Recruitment and The Sex S t r u c t u r i n g of Organizations." AS£. 19 (June 1974),

Harper and Row, 1972 (ed). Readings on the Psychology of Women. New York:

t n ̂ n. ~* —*" - • -

Bern, Sandra. " Androgyny.

Sex-Roles A d a p t a b i l i t y : One Consequence of Psychological " foot) n n A i c \ / r ^ / i -\ JPSP. 31 (1975), 634-43

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Bennett, Edward and Lar r y Cohen. "Men and Women: P e r s o n a l i t y Patterns and Contrasts." EPM. 59 (1959), 101-55

Benney, Mark, David Riesman and S h i r l e y A. Star. "Age and Sex i n the In t e r v i e w . " AJS- 31 (Summer 1967) 290-97

Bettleheim, Bruno. "The Change i n Women's Role i n Home and Society." i n Scott , 14-28

Block, Jeanne Humphrey. "Conceptions of Sex Roles: Some Cross-Cultural and L o n g i t u d i n a l Perspectives." AP. 28 (June 1973), 512-26

Bowden, Edgar. "Further I m p l i c a t i o n s of C u l t u r a l Surgency and Sex-Dominance." AA. 75 (Feburary 1975), 176-83

Busby, Linda. "Mass Media Research Needs: A Media Target f o r Feminists." MPWS. 1 (June 1974), 9-29

Calk i n s , M. W. "Community of Ideas of Men and Women." PR. 3 (1896), 426-30

Carlson, Rae. "Understanding Women: I m p l i c a t i o n s f o r P e r s o n a l i t y Theory and Research." JSI. 28 (1972), 17-32

Chafetz, Janet Saltzman and Barbara Bovee Polk. "Room at the Top: Soc i a l Recognition of B r i t i s h and American Females Over Time." SSQ. 54 March 1974), 843-53

Chombart de Lauwe, P. " I n t r o d u c t i o n : Images of Women I n Society." ISSJ. 14 (1962), 7-25

C o l l i n s , Randall. "A C o n f l i c t Theory of Sexual S t r i t i f i c a t i o n . " SP . 19 (Summer 1971) 3-12

C o t t r e l l , Leonard. "The Adjustment of the I n d i v i d u a l t o His Age and Sex Roles." ASR. 7 (1942), 617-20

Crano, W i l l i a m D. " E f f e c t s of Sex, Response Orders, and Expertise i n Con-• f o r m i t y : A D i s p o s i t i o n a l Approach." Soc. 33 (September 1970), 239-5-2

Deckard, Barbara and Howard Sherman. "Monopoly Power and Sex D i s c r i m i n a t i o n . " P&S. 4 (1974), 473-82

Deutsch, Helene. The Psychology of Women. New York: Bantam, 1973 (1944)

Erikson, E r i c . "Inner and Outer Space: R e f l e c t i o n s on Womanhood." Daedalus. 93 (1964), 582-606 (Also i n L i f t o n )

Feldman-Summers, S h i r l e y and Sara B. K i e s l e r . "Those Who are Number Two Try Harder: The E f f e c t of Sex on A t t r i b u t e s of C a u s a l i t y . " JPSP. 30 (1974), 846-55

F e r r i s , Abbot L. I n d i c a t o r s of Trends i n the Status of American Women. New York: Russell Sage, 1971

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Franks, V i o l e t and Vasanti B u r t l e (eds). Women i n Therapy: New Psychotherapies f o r a Changing Society. New York: ,Brunner/Mazel, 1974

Freedman, Merven B. "The Role of Educated Women: An Empirical Study of the A t t i t u d e s of a Group of College Women." Journal of College Student Personnel. 6 (1965), 145-55

Freeman, Jo. "The Soci a l Construction of the Second Sex." i n Garskof, 123-41

Freud, Sigmund. "The Psychology of Women." I n New I n t r o d u c t o r y Lectures i n Psychoanalysis. New York: Norton, 1965

F r i e d l , Ernestine. "The P o s i t i o n of Women: Appearance and R e a l i t y . " Anth Q. 40 (1967), 97-108

Grabiner, V i r g i n i a Engquist and Lynn Barbara Cooper. "Towards a Theoretical O r i e n t a t i o n f o r Understanding Sexism." IS. 4 (1973), 3-13 .

Hacker, Helen Mayer. "Women as a M i n o r i t y Group." SF. 30 (October 1951), 60-69 (also i n Freeman, 402-16)

"Marx, Weber and Pareto on the Status of Women." AJES. 12 (1952), 149

. "Women as a M i n o r i t y Group: Twenty Years Later." IJGT. 4 (March 1974), 122-32

H a l l , Douglas T. "A Model of Coping With Role C o n f l i c t : The Role Behavior of College Educated Women." AS£. 17 (1972), 471-86

H a r t l e y , Catherine G. " I m p l i c a t i o n s of Changes i n Sex Role Patterns." i n J. Edwards (ed). The Family and Change. New York: A l f r e d Knopf, 1969, pp. 212-25

H a r t l e y , Ruth. "Some I m p l i c a t i o n s of Current Changes i n Sex Role Patterns." M-PQ. 6 ( A p r i l 1960), 153-64

. "A Developmental View of Female Sex-Role D e f i n i t i o n and I d e n t i t y . " M-PQ. 10 (January 1964), 3-16

Henley, Nancy M. "Power, Sex and Nonverbal Communication." Berk JS. 18 (1973-74), 1-26

and Jo Freeman. "The Sexual P o l i t i c s of Int e r p e r s o n a l Behavior." i n Freeman, 391-401

H i n k l e , Beatrice. "On the A r b i t r a r y Use of the Terms 'Masculine 1 and 'Feminine'." Psycho-Analytic Review. 7 (1920)

H o l t e r , H a r r i e t . Sex Roles and Social S t r u c t u r e . Oslo: U n i v e r s i t e t s f o r l a g e t , 1970

. "Sex Roles and Social Change." Acta S. 14 (1971), 2-12

Jesser, C l i n t o n J. "Women i n Society: Some Academic Perspectives and the Issues Therein." LJSF. 2 (September 1972), 246-59

J o e s t i n g , Jean and Robert Joesting. " E q u a l i t a r i a n i s m and C r e a t i v i t y : A Tentative R e l a t i o n s h i p . " p 3 R. 32 (June 1973), 1125-26

Kammeyer, Kenneth. "The Feminine Role: An Analysis of A t t i t u d e Consistency. JMF. 26 (August 1964), 295-305

. " B i r t h Order and the Feminine Sex Role Among College Women." ASR. 31 (August 1966), 508-15

K l e i n , V i o l a . The Feminine Character: H i s t o r y of An Ideology. Urbana: U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s Press, 1972

Knudsen, Dean D. "The De c l i n i n g Status of Women: Popular Myths and the F a i l u r e of F u n c t i o n a l i s t Thought." SF. 48 (December 1969), 183-93

Komarovsky, M i r r a . "Functional Analysis of Sex Roles." ASR. 15 (August 1950), 508-16

. "Women's Roles: Problems and Polemics." i n Farber and Wilson, 20-33

Koontz, E l i z a b e t h Duncan. "Women as a M i n o r i t y Group." i n Thompson, 77-86

Kramer, Cheris. "Woman's Speech.: Separate But Unequal?" Quarter ly._Journa1 of Speech. 60 (February 1974), 14-24

Ladner, Joyce. "Women i n Poverty: I t s Roots and E f f e c t s . " i n Scott, 43-56

Larson, Knuds and Henry Minton. " A t t r i b u t e d S o c i a l Power: A Scale and Some V a l i d i t y . " JSP. 35 (October 1971), 37-39

Levihson, Daniel and P h y l l i s Huffman. " T r a d i t i o n a l Feminine Ideology and i t s R e l a t i o n t o P e r s o n a l i t y . " J Pers. 23 (1955), 251-73

Lipman-Blumen, Jean. "Role D e - d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n as a System Response t o C r i s i s Occupational and P o l i t i c a l Roles of Women." S I . 43 (1972), 105-29

Lundberg, Ferdinand and Marynia Farnham. Modern Woman: The Lost Sex. New York: Harper, 1947

Lydon, Susan. "The P o l i t i c s of Orgasm." i n Garskof, 62-67

Marwell, Gerald. "Why A s c r i p t i o n ? Parts of a More or Less Formal Theory of the Functions and Dysfunctions of Sex Roles." ASR. 40 (August 1975), 445-56

hnslow, Abraham H. "Dominance, P e r s o n a l i t y and Soci a l Behavior i n Women." JSP. 10 (1939), 3-39

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Mason; Karen and Larry Bumpass. "U.S. Women's Sex-Role Ideology, 1970." AJS. 80 (May 1975), 1212-1219

Mednick, Martha Shuch and Sandra Schwartz Tangri. "New Social Psychological Perspectives on Women." JS I . 28 (1972), 1-16

Michaelson, Evalyh" Jacobson and Walter Goldschmidt.' "Feminine Roles and Male Dominance Among Peasants." SJA. 27 (1971), 330-52

M i t c h e l l , J u l i e t . Psychoanalysis and Feminism. New York: Random, 1974

Oakley, Ann. Sex, Gender and Society. London: Temple Smith, 1972

Parsons, T a l c o t t . "Age and Sex i n the Social S t r u c t u r e . " ASR. 7 (October 1942), 604-16

and Robert F. Bales. Family, S o c i a l i z a t i o n and I n t e r a c t i o n Process. Glencoe: Free Press, 1955

Pleck, Joseph H. " M a s c u l i n i t y - F e m i n i n i t y : Current and A l t e r n a t i v e Paradigms." Sex Roles. 1 (June 1975), 161-78

P o l a t n i c k , Margaret. "Why Men Don't Rear Children: A Power Analysis." Berk JS. 18 (1973-74), 45-86

Reik, Theodor. The Creation of Woman: A Psychoanalytic I n q u i r y i n t o the Myth of Eve. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960

Richey, M a r j o r i e H. and James J. F i c h t e r . "Sex Differences i n Moralism and Punitiveness." Psychonomic Science. 16 (1969), 185-86

Ridl e y , Jeanne Clare. "The E f f e c t s of Population Change on the Roles and Status of Women: Perspectives and Speculation." i n S a f I l i o s - R o t h s c h i l d , 372-86

Rossi, A l i c e S. "Sex Eq u a l i t y : The Beginnings of an ideology." Daedalus. 93 (Spring 1964) 607-52 (also i n S a f i l i o s - R o t h s c h i l d , 344-53. Garskof, 145-64; Epstein and Goode, 180-92; L i f t o n )

Salzman-Webb, M a r i l y n . "Women as Secretary, Sexpot, Spender, Sow, Civic Actor, S i c k l e . " i n Garskof, 7-24

Schlenker, Barry, Thomas Bonoma,.et a l . "Compliance t o Threats as a Function of the Wording of the Threat and the E x p l o i t a t i v e n e s s of the Threatener." Soc. 33 (December 1970), 394-408

Sherman, J u l i a . On the Psychology of Women: A Survey of Empirical Studies. S p r i n g f i e l d , I l l i n o i s : Thomas, 1971

Shields, Stephanie A. "Functionalism, Darwinism, and the Psychology of Women: A Study i n S o c i a l Myth." AP. 30 (July 1975), 739-54

Spaulding, Charles. "Segregation of the Sexes. : | SSR. 37 .(November-December 1952), 92-97

S t e i n i n g e r , Marion. "Sex Differences i n Open-Ended Responses t o Dogmatism Scale items." Perceptual and Motor S k i l l s , 36 (1973), 916-18

Symonds, Alexandra, Ruth Moulton and Marie R. Badarocco ( e d ) . "The Myth of Feminism: A Panel." American Journal of Psychoanalysis. 33 (1973), 42-55

Treseraer, David and Joseph Pleck. "Sex Role Boundaries and Resistance t o Sex-Role Change." WS. 2 (1974), 61-78

T y l e r , T. "Sex D i f f e r e n c e s . " i n D. S e l l s (ed). I n t e r n a t i o n a l Encyclopedia of the So c i a l Sciences. New York: Crowell, C u l l i e r and MacMillan, 1968

Ulanov, Ann Bedford. The Feminine i n Jungian Psychology and on C h r i s t i a n Theology. Evanston: Northwestern U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1971

Unger, Rhoda K. e t . a l . , "Are Women a ' M i n o r i t y ' Group? Sometimes!" IJGT. 4 (March 1974), 71-81

Va e r t i n g , Mathilde and Mathias Vaerting. The Dominant Sex. New York: Doran, 1923

Vaughan, Margaret M i l l e r . "Social Forms and Sex-Linked Reference Groups as Determinants of Woman's A l i e n a t i o n i n the Workplace." MPWS. 1 (June 1974), 149-62 ^ —

Weisstein, Naomi. "Psychology Constructs the Famale." i n Gornick and Moran, 207-24 (also Garskof, 68-83)

Women's Studies. 2 (1974), "The Androgyny Papers." pp. 139-268

Yachnes, Eleanor, Harry Gershman and Alan M i l l e r . "The Myth of M a s c u l i n i t y A Panel." American Journal of Psychoanalysis. 33 (19,73), 56.-67

Yorburg, Betty and T b t i h a j A r a f a t . "Current Sex Role Conceptions and C o n f l i c t . " Sex Roles. 1 (June 1975,), 135^46

Zeldow, Peter B. and Roger P. Greenberg. "The Process of Sex A t t r i b u t i o n : Methodology and F i r s t Findings." Sex Roles. 1 (J.une 19;75>, 111-20

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B. Marriage and the Family.

This s e c t i o n contains works on the i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s among marriage, f a m i l y and s o c i a l r o l e s of women. I t also includes works on the n o t i o n of power i n the f a m i l y , and the e f f e c t s of f a m i l y s t r u c t u r e on gender o r i e n t a t i o n s of o f f s p r i n g . The l i t e r a t u r e on the f a m i l y i s , of course, massive, and could not be adequately surveyed here. Most of these works have good b i b l i o g r a p h i e s p a r t i c u l a r l y the general t e x t s ( B o t t , Coser, Goode, Komarovsky). The selec­t i o n s presented here can introduce one t o some of the major questions of the r e l a t i o n s h i p between f a m i l y and gender r o l e . A number of them concern s t r u c ­t u r a l v a r i a b l e s such as f a m i l y size and presence of c h i l d r e n i n general (Clarkson, Vogel e t . a l ; Coser; Eagly and Anderson; Elder and Bowerman; Flora and Lynn; Lopata; Lynn and Fl o r a ; McGlaughlin). Others concern the. " d i v i s i o n of p o l i t i c a l l a b l e " and the question of "who governs" i n the f a m i l y (Babchuck and Bates, Byrne and Blaylock, a l l of the Jennings work, L i u , March). The work of perceptions of power dynamics i n the f a m i l y present some i n t e r e s t i n g p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r study. Included here are Bahr, Bowerman and Grecas; Meier; and Niemi. F i n a l l y , f o u r a r t i c l e s on the problems of d e f i n i n g women's s o c i a l s t a t u s w i t h reference t o f a m i l y are l i s t e d : Acker, Lopata, Rubin, and S a f i l i o Rothschild.

A l b e r t , E t h e l M. "The Unmothered Woman." i n Garskof, 25-28

Babchuk, Nicholas and Alan Bates. "The Primary Relations of Middle-Class Couples: A Study i n Male Dominance." ASR. 28 (June 1-963), 377-84

B a r t , Pauline. "The Lonliness of the Long-Distance Mother." i n Freeman, 156-170

Bahr, Stephen, Charles E. Bowerman, and V i k t o r Grecas. "Adolescent Per­ceptions of Conjugal Power." SF. 52 (March 1974), 357-67

Bernard, Jessie. Women, Wives, Mothers: Values and Options. Chicago: A l d i n e , 1975

B o t t , E l i z a b e t h . Family and Social Network. London: Tavistock, 1971

Byrne, Donn and Barbara Blaylock. " S i m i l a r i t y and Assumed S i m i l a r i t y of A t t i t u d e s Between Husbands and Wives." JAbSP. 67 (December 1963), 636-40

Clarkson, Frank E. Susan Vogel, e t . a l . "Family Size and Sex-Role Stereotypes." Science. 167 (1970), 390-92

Coser, Rose Laub (ed). The Family: I t s S tructure and Functions. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1964

D i n i t z , Simon, Russell Dynes and A l f r e d Clarke. "Preference f o r Male or Female Chi l d r e n : T r a d i t i o n a l or A f f e c t i o n a l . " MFL. 16 (1954), 128-30

Eagly, A l i c e H. and Pamela Anderson. "Sex Role and A t t i t u d l n a l Correlates-of Desired Family Size." JASP. 4 (1974), 151-64

Ecktiart, Kenneth W. and Eldon C. Schrines. " F a m i l i a l C o n f l i c t , Adolescent Rebellion and" P o l i t i c a l Expression." JMF. 31 (August 1969), 494-99

Elder, Glen H. and Charles Bowerman.. "Family S t r u c t u r e and Chile Rearing Patterns: The E f f e c t of Family Size and Sex Composition." ASR. 28 (December 1963), 891-904

F l o r a , Cornelia B. and Naomi B. Lynn. "Women and P o l i t i c a l S o c i a l i z a t i o n : Considerations of the Impact of Motherhood." i n Jacquette, 37-53

Furstenberg, Frank. " I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n and the American Family: A Look Backward." ASR. 31 (June 1966), 326-37

G i l l e s p i e Dair L. "Who has the Power? The M a r i t a l S t ruggle." JMF. 33 (August 1971) 445-58 (also Freeman, 64-87)

Glaser, W i l l i a m . "The Family and Voting Turnout." PQQ. 23 (1959), 563-70

Goode, W i l l i a m . * Wori Ld_Reyolutiofis,afid Family. Patterns. New York: Free Press, 1963

Gough, Kathleen, "The O r i g i n of the Family/' J f f i . 33 (November 1971), 760-71 (also Freeman, 43-63)

Halleriback, P h y l l i s N. "An Analysis of Power Dynamics i n Marriage." JMF. 28 (May 1966), 200-203

H o l l i r i g w o r t h , Leta S. "S d c i a l Devices f o r I m p e l l i n g Women to Bear arid Rear Chi l d r e n . " AJS.. 22 (1916), 19-29

Horbszowski, Pawel. "Women's Status i n S o c i a l i s t i c and C a p i t a l i s t i c Countries IJSF. 1 (September 1971), 1-21

Hymari; Herbert and John Sheltori Reed. "'Black Matriarchy' Reconsidered: Evidence from Secondary Analysis of Sample Surveys/' POQi 33 ( i 9 6 9 ) , 347-54

Jacobson, Alver. " C o n f l i c t of A t t i t u d e s Toward the Roles of the Husband and Wife i n Marriage." AgR 17 (1952), 146-50

Jennings, M. Kent arid Kenneth P. Langtori. "Mothers vs. Fathers: The Forma­t i o n of P o l i t i c a l O r i e n t a t i o n s Among Young Americans/' JP. 31 (May 1969), 329-58 -

• ana Richard G. Niemi; "The D i v i s i o n of P o l i t i c a l Labor Between Mothers arid Fathers." APSR. 65 (March 1971), 69-82

and Richard G. Niemi. The. P o l i t i c a l Character of Adolescence Princeton: Princeton U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1974

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Komarovsky, M i r r a . Blue C o l l a r Marriage. New York: Vintage, 1967

L e s l i e , Gerald and Kathryn Johnson. "Changed Perceptions of the Maternal Role." ASR. (December 1963), 919-28

L i u , W i l l i a m T., I r a W. Hutchison and Lawrence K. Hong. "Conjugal Power and Decision Making: A Methodological Note on Cross C u l t u r a l Study of the Family." AJS. (Ju l y 1973), 84-98

L o f t , Bernice E. "Who Wants the Children? Some Relationships Among A t t i t u d e s Toward Childr e n , Parents and the L i b e r a t i o n of Women." AP. 28 (1973), 573-82

Lopata, Helen Znaniecki. "The L i f e Cycle of the Social Role of Housewife." SSR. 51 (October 1966), 5-22

Lynn, Naomi B. and Cornelia B. Fl o r a . "Motherhood and P o l i t i c a l P a r t i c i p a t i o n : The Changing Sense of S e l f . " JPMS. 1 (Spring 1973), 91-103

McGlaughlin, Steven. "Expected Family Size and Perceived Status Deprivation Among High School Senior Women." Dem. 11 (February 1974), 57-74

March, James G. "Husband-Wife I n t e r a c t i o n Over P o l i t i c a l Issues." POQ. 17 (Winter 1953-54), 461-70

Meier, Harold C. "Mother Centeredness and College Youths 1 A t t i t u d e s Toward Social E q u a l i t y f o r Women: Some E m p i r i c a l Findings." JMF. 34 (February 1972), 115-121

Niemi, Richard G. -How Family Members Perceive Each Other. New Haven: Yale U n i v e r s i t y Press 1974

Opler, M. K. "Woman's Soci a l Status and the Forms of Marriage." AJS. 49 (1943), 144

Osmond, Marie W. "Toward Monogomy: A Cross-Cultural Study of Correlates of Type of Marriage." SF. 44 (September 1965), 8-16

Parsons, T a l c o t t , Robert Bales, e t . a l . Family, S o c i a l i z a t i o n and I n t e r a c t i o n Process. Glencoe: Free Press, 1965

Rappoport, Alan F. David Payne and Anne Steinmann. "Perceptual Differences Between Married and Single College Women f o r the Concepts of Self, I d e a l Woman and Man's I d e a l Woman." JMF. 32 (1970), 441-42

Rubin, Zick.- "Do American Women Marry Up?" ASR. 33 (1968), 750-59

S a f i l i o s - R o t h s c h i l d , Constantina. "Family Sociology or Wive's Family Sociology? A Cross-Cultural Examination of Decision-Making." JMF. 31 (1969), 290-301

Schmitt, David R. "An A t t i t u d l n a l C o r r e l a t e of the Status Congruency of Married Women." SF. 44 (September 1965), 8-16

Schneider, David and Raymond T. Smith. Class Differences and Sex Roles i n American Kinship and Family S t r u c t u r e . Englewood C l i f f s : P r e n t i c e - H a l l , 1973

Steimaeim, Anne. "A Study of the Concept of the Family Role of 51 Middle Class American F a m i l i e s . 7 0 GPM. 67 (1963), 275-352

Swinehart, James W. "Socio-Economic Level, Status, A s p i r a t i o n , and Maternal Role." ASR. 28 (June 1963), 391-99

Tanner, Nancy. M a t r i f o c a l i t y i n Indonesia and A f r i c a and Among Black Americans, i n Rosaldo and Lamphere, 129-56

Thomas, L. Eugene. " P o l i t i c a l A t t i t u d e Congruence Between P o l i t i c a l l y A c t i v e Parents and College Age Ch i l d r e n : An I n q u i r y I n t o Family P o l i t i c a l S o c i a l i z a t i o n . " JOT. 33 (May 1971), 375-86

Wilkening, Eugene and Lakshmi K. Bharadwej. " A s p i r a t i o n and Task Involvement as Related To Decision-Making Among Farm Husbands and Wives," RS. 33 (March 1968), 30-45

Yarrow, M. R., P. Scot t , e t . a l . "Child-Rearing i n Families of Working and Non-Working Mothers. Soc. 25 (1962), 122-40

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C. Employment, Occupation and Economics

Again only a small p o r t i o n of the a v a i l a b l e l i t e r a t u r e i s l i s t e d here. Among the other a v a i l a b l e sources a v a i l a b l e are a number of reports published by both the United States government ( E s p e c i a l l y the Department of Labor) and UNESCO. Much of the a t t e n t i o n paid t o women and economic issues i s focussed on the possible c o n f l i c t between f a m i l y and occupational r o l e s ( K l e i n and Myrdal, Rapoport and Rapoport, H a l l and Gordon, Smuts). One r e l a t e d area of concern i s the e f f e c t of maternal employment on c h i l d r e n (Baruch, Siegel and Haas, S t o l t z , Vogel and Broverman e t . a l . ) . Of p a r t i c u l a r concern t o f e m i n i s t scholars are the e v a l u a t i o n , p e r c e p t i o n and ideology of women and work (Baruch, B i r d , Brown, Dombusch and Heer, Epstein, Gross, Haug, Helson, K l e i n and Myrdal, Pollock, Rosen and Jerdee, W i t t a k e r , Wilensky, Bass), and the p a r t i c u l a r case of sex d i s c r i m i n a t i o n (Bern and Bern; Report of the U.S. President's Commission B i r d ; Deckard and Sherman; L e v i t a n , Quinn and Staines; Stimpson; Rosen and Jerdee M a r t i n and Poston; Bass). F i n a l l y , some of these s t u d i e s deal w i t h the f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g women's decisions t o work and the c o r r e l a t e s of work (Baruch, Fox, Gysbers, Hawley, Siegel and C u r t i s , Hoyt and Kennedy, Knudsin, Oppenheimer, Psathas Tangri, T a r v e r ) .

Almquist, E l i z a b e t h and Sh i r l e y A n g r i s t . "Career Salience and A t y p i c a l i t y of Occupational Choice among College Women." JMF. 32 (1970), 242-50

American Women: The Report of the U.S. President's Commission on the Status of Women and Other P u b l i c a t i o n s of the Commission. New York: Scribner's, 1965

Axelson, L. J. "The Working Wife: Differences i n Perception among Negro and White Males." JMF. 32 (1970), 197-214

Bachtold, Louise M. "Women, Eminence and Career-Value R e l a t i o n s h i p s . " JSP. 95 (1975), 187-92

B a i l y n , L o t t e . "Notes on the Role o f Choice i n the Psychology of Professional Women." Daedalus. 93 (Spring 1964), 700-10

Baker, E l i z a b e t h . Technology and Women's Work. New York: Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1964

Baruch, Grace. "Maternal Influences Upon College Women's A t t i t u d e s Toward Women and Work." DP. 6 (1972), 32-37

Bass, Bernard M,, J u d i t h K r u s e l l and Ralph Alexander. "Male Managers' A t t i t u d e s Toward Working Women." ABS. 15 (1971), 221-36

Bern, Sandra and Daryl Bern. "Does Sex-Biased Job A d v e r t i s i n g 'Aid and Abet' Sex D i s c r i m i n a t i o n ? " JASP. 3 Oanuary)

Bernard, S h i r l e y . "Women's Economic Status: Some Cliches and Some Facts." i n Freeman, 238-41

B i r d , Caroline. Born Female: The High Cost of Keeping Women Down. New York David McKay, 1968 (exerpted i n Garskof, 39-57)

Blau, Francie. "Women i n the Labor Force: An Overview." i n Freeman, 211-26

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Bopne, Gladys. The Women's Trade Union Leagues i n Great B r i t a i n and the United States of America. New York: Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1942

Boserup, Ester. Women's Role i n Economic Development. London.: A l l e n and Unwin, 1970

Brown, J u d i t h K. "A Note on the D i v i s i o n of Labor by Sex." AA. 72 (1970), 1073-78

C e c i l , E a r l A. and Robert J. Paul e t . a l . "Perceived Importance of Selected Variables Used t o Evaluate Male and Female Job A p p l i c a n t s . " Personnel Psychology. 27 ( F a l l 1973), 397-404

Clark, A l i c e . Working L i f e of Women i n the Seventeenth Century. London: G. Routledge, 1919

Dahlstrom, Edmund and R i t a L i l j e s t r o m . "The Family and Married Women at Work." i n Dahlstrom, 19-58

Deckard, Barbara and Howard Sherman. "Monopoly Power and Sex D i s c r i m i n a t i o n . " P&S. 4 (1974), 473-82

Dexter, Elizabeht W. Career Women of America, 1776-1840. Francestown, New Hampshire: M. Jones, 1950

Dombusch, Sanford M. and David M.. Heer. "The Evaluation of Work by Females, 1940-1950." AJS. 63 (1957), 27-29

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. Woman's Place: Options and L i m i t s i n Professional Careers. Berkeley: U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a Press, 1970

Falk, G a i l . "Sex D i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n the Trade Unions: Legal Resources f o r Change." i n Freeman, 254-76

Falk, Lawrence L. "Occupational S a t i s f a c t i o n of Female College Graduates." JMF. 28 (May 1966), 177-85

Flanders, Dwight P. and Peggy Engelhardt Anderson. "Sex D i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n Employment: Theory and P r a c t i c e . " ILRR. 26 ( A p r i l 1973), 938-55

Fox, Greer L i t t o n . "Some Observations and Data on the A v a i l a b i l i t y of Same-Sex Role Models as a Factor i n Undergraduate Career Choice." S Foe. 7 ( F a l l 1974), 15-30

Galenson, M a r j o r i e . Women and Work: An I n t e r n a t i o n a l Comparison. Ithaca: C o r n a l l U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1973

Oilman, C h a r l o t t e Perkins. Women and Economics. New York: Harper, 1970

'ross, Edward. "Plus Ca Change? The Sexual S t r u c t u r e of Occupations Over Time." SP. 16 (1968), 198-208

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Gysbers, Norman, Joseph Johnston, and T. Gust. " C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Home-makers and Career-Oriented Women. JCP. 15 (1968), 541-46

Haber, Sheldon. "Trends i n Work Rates of White Females; 1890-1950." ILRR. 26 (Ju l y 1973), 1122-34

H a l l , Douglas T. and Francine E. Gordon. "Career Choices of Married Women: E f f e c t s on C o n f l i c t , Role Behavior, and S a t i s f a c t i o n . " JAP. 58 (August 1973), 42-48

Harrison, Evelyn. "The Working Woman: B a r r i e r s t o Employment." PAR. 24 (1964), 78-85

Hawley, Peggy. "Perceptions of Male Models of Femininity Related t o Career Choice. JCP. 19 (1972), 308-13

Heer, David. "Dominance and the Working Wife." i n Nye and Hoffman, 1963

Helson, Ravenna. "The Changing Image of the Career Woman." JSI. 28 (1972), 33-46

Hoyt, Donald and C a r r o l l Kennedy. " I n t e r e s t and Pe r s o n a l i t y Correlates of Career-Motivated and Homemaking-Oriented College Women." JCP. 5 (1958), 44-48

I s r a e l , Joachim and Rosmari Eliasson. "Consumptive Society, Sex Roles, and Sexual Behavior." Acta S. 14 (1971), 68-82

J o p l i n g , Carol F. "Women's Work: A Mexican Case Study of Low Status as a T a c t i c a l Advantage." Eth. 13 ( A p r i l 1974), 187-96

K l e i n , V i o l a and Alva Myrdal. Women's Two Roles: At Home and at Work. New York: Humanities Press, 1968

Knudsin, Ruth B. (ed). Women and Success. New York: Morrow, 1974

Le v i t a n , Teresa, Robert Quinn and Graham Staines. "Sex D i s c r i m i n a t i o n Against the American Working Woman." ABS. 15 (November-December 1971), 237-54

Loeser, Herta. Women, Work and Volun t e e r i n g . Boston: Beacon, 1974

McKelvey, Jean T. "Sex and the Single A r b i t r a t o r . " ILRR. 24 ( A p r i l 1971), 335-53

•M a r t i n , Walter T. and Dudley Poston. "The Occupational Composition of White Females: Sexism, Racism and Occupational D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n . " SF. 50 (1972), 349-55

Monthly Labor Review. "Women i n the Workplace: A Special Section." 97 (May 1974)

Munts, Raymond and David C. R i l e . "Women Workers: P r o t e c t i o n or Equality?" ILRR. 24 (October 1970), 3-13

Murdock, George. "Comparative Data on the D i v i s i o n of Labor by Sex." SF. 15 (1937), 551-53

Oakley, Ann. Woman's Work: A H i s t o r y of the Hosuewife. Westminster, Md.: Pantheon, 1975

O'Leary, V i r g i n i a E. "Some A t t i t u d i n a l B a r r i e r s t o Occupational A s p i r a t i o n s i n Women." PB. 81 (November 1974), 809-26

Oppenheimer, V a l e r i e Kincade. "The Sex L a b e l l i n g of Jobs." I n d u s t r i a l R e l a t i o n s . 7 (May 1968), 219-34

. "Demographic I n f l u e n c e on Female Employment and the Status of Women." AJS. (January 1973), 946-61

P a r e l i u s , Ann P. "Change and S t a b i l i t y i n College: Women's O r i e n t a t i o n s Toward Education, Family, and Work." SP. 22 (February 1975), 420-31

Peterson, Ester. "Working Women." Daedalus. 93 (Spring 1964), 671-99 (also i n L i f t o n )

P o l l o c k , Nancy J. "Women and the D i v i s i o n of Labor: A Jamaican Example." AA. 74 (1972), 689-92

Psathas, George. "Toward a Theory of Occupational Choice f o r Women." SSR. 52 (1968), 253-68

Rapoport, Rhona and Robert Rapoport. Dual-Career Families. Baltimore: P e l i c a n , 1971

R i t t e r , Kathleen and Lowell Hargens. "Occupational Prestige and Class I d e n t i f i c a t i o n s of Married Working Women: A Test of the Asymmetry Hypthesis." AJS. 80 (January 1975), 934-48

Rosen, Benson and Thomas H. Jerdee. " E f f e c t s of Applicant's Sex and D i f f i c u l t y of Job on Evaluations of Candidates f o r Managerial P o s i t i o n s . " JAP, 59 (August 1974), 511-12

Rossi, A l i c e . "Women i n Science: Why so Few?" Science. 148 (1965), 1196-1202

S c h e i l , V i r g i n i a E. "The Re l a t i o n s h i p Between Sex Role $tefeotype and Requisite Management C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . " JAP. 57 ( A p r i l 1973), 95-100

Schreiner, Ol i v e . Women and Labor. New York: Frederick Stokes, 1911

Seidenberg, Robert. Corporate Wives: Corporate Casualties? New York-Anchor, 1975 '.

Sho r t r i d g e , Kathleen. "Working Poor Women." i n Freeman, 242-53

Si e g e l , A l b e r t a and Miriam Haas. "The Working Mother: A Review of Research." CD. 34 (1963), 513-42

Smuts, Robert, Women and Work i n America. New York: Schocken, 1971

Stimpson Catharine. D i s c r i m i n a t i o n Against Women: Congressional Hearings on Equal Rights, i n Education and Employment. New York: Bowker, 1972

S t o l t z , L o i s . " E f f e c t s of Maternal Employment on Children: Evidence from Research." CD-. 31 (1960), 749-82

Szymanski, A l b e r t . "Race, Sex and the United States Working Class." SP. 21 (June 1974), 706-25

Tangri, Sandra. "Determinants of Occupational Role Innovation Among College Women." JS I . 28 (1972), 177-200

Tarver, James D. "Gradients of Urban I n f l u e n c e on the Education, Employment, and F e r t i l i t y Patterns of Women." RS. 34 (September 1969), 356-67

Vaughan, Margaret M i l l e r . " S o c i a l Forms and Sex-Linked Reference Groups as Determinants of Women's A l i e n a t i o n i n the Workplace." MPWS. 1 (June 1974), 149-62

Vogel, Susan, and Inge K. Broverman e t . a l . "Maternal Employment and Perception of Sex Roles Among College Students." SP. 3 (1970), 384-91

White, Martha S. "Women i n the Professions: Psychological and Soci a l B a r r i e r s t o Women i n Science." Science. 170 (October 1970), 413-16 (also i n Freeman, 227-37)

Whittaker, E l v i , and V i r g i n i a Olesen. "The Faces of Florence Nightengale." Human Organization. 23 (1974), 123-30

Wilensky, Harold. "Women's Work, Economic Growth, Ideology, S t r u c t u r e . " I n d u s t r i a l Relations. 7 (May 1968), 235-48

D. A t t i t u d e s Toward Women and Feminism

Many of these works deal w i t h general evaluations of the "proper" r o l e s and stat u s of women ( A r k o f f ; Dorn; K i r k p a t r i c k 1936; K i t a y ; Kloskowsa; McKay, Wilding and George; McKee and S h e r r i f f s ; Meier; Meredith et,. a l . ; Murphy; Pheterson and Goldberg; S h e r r i f f s and McKee; Spence; Steinmann). Others concern a t t i t u d e s toward women i n the occupational (Bass and Bass; L e v i t a n * Quinn and S t a i n e s ) , and p o l i t i c a l ( P a t r i c k , Wells and Smeal) realms. P h i l Goldberg (1968) touched o f f a ser i e s of a r t i c l e s on a t t i t u d e s of women about women (Epstein and Bronzaft, K e i f f e r t and C u l l e n ) . F i n a l l y , an i n c r e a s i n g amount of a t t e n t i o n i s being paid t o p e r s o n a l i t y c o r r e l a t e s of a t t i t u d e s toward women and feminism (Centers, Eagly, Goldberg 1974, M i l l e r , Sanger and Al k e r , T a v r i s ) .

Acker, Joan and Donald R. Van Houten. " D i f f e r e n t i a l Recruitment and Con t r o l : The Sex S t r u c t u r i n g of Organizaitons." ASQ, 19 (June 1974), 152-163

A r k o f f , ABC, Gerald Meredith, e t . a l . "Male-Dominant and E q u a l i t e r i a n A t t i t u d e s i n Japanese, Japanese-American, and Caucasian-American Students JSP. 64 (1964), 225-29

B a n i k i o t e s , Paul and Florence Banikiotes. "Male and Female Perceptions of Liber a t e d vs. Conventional Sex Roles." Psychonomatic Science. 29 (October 1972), 111-12

Bass, Krussel and Alexander Bass. "Male Manager's A t t i t u d e s Toward Working . Women." APS. (November 1971)

Bayer, Alan E. "Sexist Students i n American Colleges: A D e s c r i p t i v e Note." JMF. 32 (May 1975), 391-99

Broverman, Inge K., Susan Raymond Vogel, e t . a l . "Sex-Role Stereotypes: A Current A p p r a i s a l . " J S I . 28 (1972), 59-78

Centers, Richard. " A u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m and Misogyny." JSP,. 61 (1963), 81-85

Deckard, Barbara and Howard Sherman. "Monopoly Power and Sex D i s c r i m i n a t i o n . P&S. 4 (1974), 473-82

Dorn, Dean S. " I d e a l i z e d Sex Roles Among Young People." JHR. 18 (1970), 789-97

Eagly, A l i c e H. and Pamela Anderson. "Sex Role arid A t t i t u d l n a l Correlates of Desired Family Size." JApSP. 4 (1974), 151-64

Epstein, Gilda F. and A r l i n e L. Bronzaft. "Female Freshmen View t h e i r Roles as Women. JMF. 34 (1972); 671-72

Fernberger, Samuel "Persistence of Stereotypes Concerning Sex D i f f e r e n c e s . " JAbSP. 43 (1948),.97-101

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Goldberg, P h i l i p A. "Are Women Prejudice Against Women?" Transaction. ( A p r i l 1968)', 28-30

, "Prejudice Toward Women: Some Per s o n a l i t y Correlates." IJGT. 4 (March 1974), 53-64

Gump, Janice Porter. "Sex-Role A t t i t u d e s and Psychological Weil-Being." JSI. 28 (1972), 79-92

Haavio-Mannila, E l i n a . "Sex-Role A t t i t u d e s i n F i n l a n d , 1966-1970." JSI. 28 (1972), 93-110

Huang, Lucy. "Sex Role Stereotypes and Self-Concepts Among American and Chinese Students." JCFS. 2 ( F a l l 1971), 215-34

Johnson, Ronald and Joan MacDonnell. "The Rel a t i o n s h i p Between Conformity and Male and Female A t t i t u d e s Toward Women." JSP. 94 (October 1974), 155-56

Kaplan, Robert and Roy Goldman. "Stereotypes of College Students Toward the Average Man's and Woman's A t t i t u d e s Toward Women." JCP. 20 (September 1973), 459-62

K e i f f e r t , Miriam G, and Dallas M. Cullen. "Women Who Discriminate Against Other Women." IJGT. 4 (March 1974), 21-34

K i r k p a t r i c k , C l i f f o r d . "Measuring A t t i t u d e s Toward Feminism." SSR. 20 (July-August 1936), 527-34

_. "Inconsistency i n A t t i t u d l n a l Behavior w i t h Special Reference t o A t t i t u d e s Toward Feminism." JAP. 20 (1936), 535-52

"A Comparison of Generations i n Regard t o A t t i t u d e s Toward Feminism." JGP. (1936)

K i t a y , P h i l i p M. "A Comparison of the Sexes i n t h e i r A t t i t u d e s and B e l i e f s About Women." Soc. 14 (1940), 399-407

K l e i n , V i o l a . "The Stereotype of Fe m i n i n i t y . " J S I . 6 (1950), 3-12

Kloskowsa, Antonina.. "General A t t i t u d e s Towards the Respective Roles and the E q u a l i t y of the Two Sexes and Towards C h i l d r e n . " ISSJ. 1 (1962)

L e v i t a n , Teresa, Robert Quinn, and Graham Staines. "Sex D i s c r i m i n a t i o n Against the American Working Woman." ABS• 15 (November-December 1971), 237-54

Mayer, Steven and Ani t a B e l l . "Sexism i n Ratings of Pe r s o n a l i t y T r a i t s . " Personnel Psychology. 25 (Summer 1975), 239-50

McKay, Ann, Paul W i l d i n g and V. George. "Stereotypes of Male and Female Roles and Their I n f l u e n c e on People's A t t i t u d e s t o One-Parent Families." SR. 20 (February 1972), 79-92

McKee, John P. and Alex C. S h e r r i f f s . "The D i f f e r e n t i a l Evaluation of Males and Females." J. Pers. 25 (1957),'356-71

Meier, Harold C. "Mother Centeredness and College Youth's A t t i t u d e s Toward So c i a l E q u a l i t y f o r Women: Some Emp i r i c a l Findings." JMF. 19 (February 1944), 3-34

M i l l e r , Thomas W. "Male A t t i t u d e s Toward Women's Rights as a Function of Their Level of Self-Esteem." IJGT. 4 (March 1974), 35-44

Murphy, Robert F. "Social S t r u c t u r e and Sex Antagonism." SJA. 15 (1959), 89-98

Neiman, L. "The Influ e n c e of Peer Groups Upon A t t i t u d e s Toward the Feminine Role." SP. 2 (1954), 104-11

P a t r i c k , Catherine. " A t t i t u d e s About Women Executives i n Government P o s i t i o n s . JSP. 19 (February 1944), 3-34

Pheterson, G a i l , Sara K e i s l e r and P h i l i p Goldberg. "Evaluations of the Performance of Women as a Function of Their Sex, Achievement and Personal H i s t o r y . " JPSP. 19 (Ju l y 1971), 114-18

Rosenkrantz, Paul, Susan Vogel, e t . a l . "Sex-Role Stereotypes and S e l f -Concepts i n College Students. JCCP. 32 (1968), 287-295

S c h e i l , V i r g i n i a E. "The Re l a t i o n s h i p Between Sex Role Stereotypes and Requisite Management C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . " JAP. 57 ( A p r i l 1973), 95-100

S h e r r i f f s , Alex and R. J a r r e t t . "Sex Differences i n A t t i t u d e s About Sex Di f f e r e n c e s . " J. Psy. 35 (1953), 161-68

S h e r r i f f s , Alex and John P. McKee. " Q u a l i t a t i v e Aspects of B e l i e f s About Man and Women." J. Pers. 25 (1957), 251-64

Skinmann, Ann and David Fox. "Male-Female Perceptions of the Female Role i n The United States." J Psy. 64 (November 1966), 265-79

Spence, Janet and R. Heimreich. "Who Likes Competent Women?" JApSP. 2 (1972), 197-213

_ . "A Short Version of the A t t i t u d e s Toward Women Scale." B u l l e t i n of the Psychonomic Society. 2 (October 1973), 219=20

Starer, Ruana and Florence Denmark. " D i s c r i m i n a t i o n Against A s p i r i n g Women." IJGT. 4 (March 1974), 65-70

Steinmann, Ann. "A Study of the Concept of the Feminine Role of Fifty-One Middle-Class American F a m i l i e s . " GPM. 67 (May 1963), 275-352

T a v r i s , Carol. "Who Likes Women's L i b e r a t i o n and Why: The Case of the Unli b e r a t e d L i b e r a l s . " JSI. 29 (1973), 175-198

Taynor, Janet and Kay Deaux. "When Women are More Deserving than Men: Equity A t t r i b u t i o n and Perceived Sex D i f f e r e n c e s . " JPSP. 28 (December 1973), 360-67

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Turner, Barbara F. and Castellsno B. Turner. "The P o l i t i c a l I m p l i c a t i o n s of Social Stereotyping of Women and Men Among Black and White College Students." SSR. 58 (January 1974), 155-62

Wells, Audrey Siess and Eleanor C u t r i Smeal. "Women's A t t i t u d e s Toward Women i n P o l i t i c s : A Survey of Urban Registered Voters and Party Committee Women" . i n Jacquette, 54-72

Wolman, Benjamin B. "On Men Who Di s c r i m i n a t e Against Women." IJGT. 4 (March 1974), 45-52

E. Self Esteem, Ego Strength and Need Achievement

Many researchers who study women concentrate on the problem of r o l e c o n f l i c t , or ambivalence. The best known studies i n t h i s area are those by Bardwick and by Komarovsky. Others study a p a r t i c u l a r m a n i f e s t a t i o n of c o n f l i c t ; t h a t i s the "fear of success" problem as pos t u l a t e d by Matina Horner. While some l a t e r studies of need achievement i n women have found p a r t i a l c o n f i r m a t i o n of " f e a r " and, some have r e j e c t e d t h i s n o t i o n as a p a r t i c u l a r l y female problem (French and Lesser; H e i l b r u n ; H e i l b r u n , Kleemeier and Piccola; Houts and Entwisle; Lesser, K r a v i t z and Packard; Levine and Crumrine; Monahan, Kuhn and Shaver; Shaffer and Wegley; V e r o f f , Wilcox and A t k i n s o n ) . Another major concern has been l e v e l s and c o r r e l a t e s of self-esteem i n general (Berger, Cornnell and Johnson, Cox and Bauer, Deaux and Emswiller, Eagly, Gutmann, L y e l l , McClelland, McKee and S h e r r i f f s ) and locus of c o n t r o l (Boor, Carlson, DeBolt and Liska e t . a l . , Sanger and Al k e r , Stewart and Winter, Zikmund and M i l l e r ) .

Bardwick, J u d i t h . Psychology of Women: A Study of B i o - C u l t u r a l C o n f l i c t s . New York: Harper and Row, 1971

and E l i z a b e t h Douvan. "Ambivalence: The S o c i a l i z a ­t i o n of Women." i n Gornick and Moran, 225-41

Berger, Charles R. "Sex Dif f e r e n c e s Related t o Self-Esteem F a c t o r ' S t r u c t u r e . " JCCP. 32 (1968), 442-46

Boor, Myron. "Dimensions of I n t e r n a l - E x t e r n a l Locus of Con t r o l and M a r i t a l Status, Sex, College Class." JSP. 94 (October 1974), 145-46

Carlson, Rae. "Sex Differences i n Ego Functioning: Exploratory Studies of Agency and Communion." JCCP. 37 (1971), 267-77

Connell, David M. and James E. Johnson. "Relationship Between Sex-Role I d e n t i f i c a t i o n and Self-Esteem i n Early Adolescence." DP. 3 (1970), 268-

Cox, Donald and Raymond Bauer. "Self-Confidence and P e r s u a s i b i l i t y i n Women." POQ. 28 (1964), 453-66

Deaux, Kay and Tim"Emswiller. "Explanation of Successful Performance on Sex-Linked Tasks: What i s S k i l l f o r the Male i s Luck f o r the Female." JPSP. 29 (1974), 80-85

DeBolt, Joseph W. and A l l e n E. Liska e t . a l . , "Status-Role Consequences of I n t e r n a l - E x t e r n a l C o n t r o l of Reinforcement." Ps R. 32 (February 1973), 307-11

li a g l y , A l i c e . "Sex Differences i n the R e l a t i o n s h i p Between Self-Esteem and S u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o Soci a l I n f l u e n c e . " J. Pers. 37 (December 1969), 581-91

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French, E l i z a b e t h and Gerald Lesser. "Some C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the Achieve­ment Motive i n Women." JAbSP. 68 (1964), 119-28

Fry, P. S. "E f f e c t s of Male and Female Endorsement of B e l i e f s on the Problem Solving Choices of High and Low Dogmatic Women." JSP. 96 (1975), 65-77

Gutmann, David. "Women and the Conception of Ego Strength." M-PQ. 11 (Jul y 1965), 229-41

H e i l b r u n , A l f r e d . "Sex-Role I d e n t i t y and Achievement M o t i v a t i o n . " PsR. 12 (1963), 483-90

, Carol Kleemeier and Gary P i c c o l a . "Developmental and S i t u a t i o n a l Correlates of Achievement Behavior i n College Females." J Pers. 42 (September 1974), 420-36

Hollender, John. "Sex Dif f e r e n c e s i n Sources of Soci a l Self-Esteem. JCCP. 38 (1972), 343-47

Horner, Matina. "Toward an Understanding of Achievement-Related C o n f l i c t s i n Women." JSI. 28 (1972), 157-76

. "Femininity and Successful Achievement: A Basic Incon-s i s t n e c y . " i n Bardwick, Douvan e t . a l . , (also Garskof, 97-122)

Houts, Peter and Doris Entwisle. "Academic Achievement E f f o r t Among Females: Achievement A t t i t u d e s and Sex Role O r i e n t a t i o n . " JCP. 15 (1968), 284-86

Komarovsky, MIrra. " C u l t u r a l C o n t r a d i c t i o n s and Sex Roles." AJS. 52 (November 1946), 184-189

Lesser, Gerald, Rhoda K r a v i t z and Rita Packard. "Experimental Arousal of Achievement M o t i v a t i o n i n Adolescent G i r l s . " JAbSP. 66 (1963), 59-66

Levine, Adeline and Janice Crumrine. "Women and Fear of Success: A Problem i n R e p l i c a t i o n . " AJS. 80 (January 1975), 964-74

L y e l l , Ruth G. "Adolescent and Adult Self-Esteem as Related to C u l t u r a l Values." Adolescence. 8 (Spring 1973), 85-92

McClelland, David. "Wanted: A New Self-image f o r Women." i n L i f t o n .

McKee, John P. and Alex C. S h e r r i f f s . "Men's and Women's B e l i e f s , Ideals and Self Concepts." AJS. 64 (1959), 356-63

Monahan, Lynn, Deanna Kuhn and P h i l l i p Shaver. " I n t r a p s y c h i c vs. C u l t u r a l Explanations of the 'Fear of Success' Motive." JPSP. 29

P a r e l i u s , Ann P. "Emerging Sex-Role: A t t i t u d e s , Expectations and Strains Among College Women." JMF. (February 1975)

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Phelps, Linda. "Female Sexual A l i e n a t i o n . " i n Freeman, 16-23

Rostow, Edna G. " C o n f l i c t and Accommodation." Daedalus. 93 (Spring 1964), 736-760

Rosenberg, Florence and Roberta Simmons. "Sex Differences i n the Self Concept i n Adolescents." Sex Roles. 1 (June 1975), 147-59

Sanger, Susan Phipps and Henry Alker. "Dimensions of I n t e r n a l - E x t e r n a l Locus of Control and the Women's L i b e r a t i o n Movement." J S I . 28 (1972), 115-29

Schopler, John. "An I n v e s t i g a t i o n of Sex Differences on the I n f l u e n c e of Dependence." Soc. 30 (1967), 50-63

Schwartz, Michael and Mary Anna Baden. "Female Adolescent Self-Concept: An Examination of the R e l a t i v e I n f l u e n c e of Peers and Ad u l t s . " Youth and Society. 5 (1973), 115-28

Seward, Georgene. " C u l t u r a l C o n f l i c t and the Feminine Role." JSP. 22 (1945), 177-94

Shaffer, David R. and Carol Wegley. "Success O r i e n t a t i o n and Sex-Role Congruence as Determinants of the A t t r a c t i v e n e s s of Competent Women." J Pers. 42 (December 1974), 586-600

Stewart, A b i g a i l J. and David Winter. "Self D e f i n i t i o n and So c i a l D e f i n i t i o n i n Women." J Pers. 42 (1974), 238-59

Turner, Ralph. "Some Aspects of Women's Ambition." AJS. 7 (June 1964), 271-85

V e r o f f , Joseph, Sue Wilcox and John Atkinson. "The Achievement Motive i n High School and College Age Women." JAbSP. 48 (1953), 108-19

Zikmund, W i l l i a m G. and Stephen J. M i l l e r . " I n t e r n a l / E x t e r n a l C o n t r o l of Reinforcement and Women's P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n D i r e c t S o c i a l A c t i o n . " Ps R. 34 (June 1974), 1163-66

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F. Decision Making, Group Process and Leadership

Most of these studies concern l e v e l s of competition cooperation and pat t e r n s of i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h i n a gaming s i t u a t i o n . Since women have c l a s ­s i c a l l y been supposed t o be more o r i e n t e d toward " a f f i l l a t i v e " or " a f f e c t i v e " values r a t h e r than the " i n s t r u m e n t a l , " many study pragmatic or goal seeking behavior (Bezdek; Lamphere, Lirtzman and Wahba, M i l t o n ) . Many concern the nature of female groups of d i f f e r e n t types ( F a r r e l l , Freeman, Lamphere, L e i s , M a r r e t t , Ross, V e s c i g i and Vinake, P a w l i c k i and Almquist) and female leadership (Day and S t o g d i l l , Freeman, M a r r e t t , Ross, Roussell). One area t h a t has been of d i r e c t i n t e r e s t I n a p p l i c a t i o n i s the study of female j u r o r s (Snyder; G r i f f i t and Jackson; Sue, Smith and G i l b e r t ; Benton).

Amidj a j a, I . R. and W. Edgar Vinacke. "Achievement, Nurturance, and Competition i n Male and Female T r a i t s . " JPSP. 2 (1965), 447-51

Be d e l l , J e f f r e y and Frank S i s t r u n k . "Power, Opportunity Losses and Sex i n a Mixed Motive Game." JPSP. 25 (February 1973), 219-26

Benton, Alan A. " P r o d u c t i v i t y , D i s t r i b u t i v e J u s t i c e and Bargaining Among Child r e n . " JPSP. 18 ( A p r i l 1971), 68-78

Bezdek, W i l l i a m and Fred L. Strodtbeck. "Sex-Role I d e n t i t y and Pragmatic A c t i o n . " ASR. 35 (June 1970), 491-502

Bond, John R. and W. Edgar Vinake. " C o a l i t i o n s i n Mixed-Sex T r a i d s . " Soc. 24 (March 1961), 61-75

Garment, D. W. " E f f e c t s of Sex Role i n Maximizing Difference Game." JCR. 18 (September 1974), 461-72

C a t t e l , Raymond and Edwin Lawson. "Sex Differences i n Small Group Performance." JSP. 58 (1962), 141-46

Day, David R. and Ralph S t o g d i l l . "Leader Behavior of Male and Female Supervisors: A Comparative Study." Personnel Psychology. 25 (Summer 1972), 353-60

Eagly, A l i c e H. "Leadership S t y l e and Role D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n as Determinants of Group E f f e c t i v e n e s s . " J Pers. 38 (December 1970), 509-24

F a r r e l l , Warren T. "Women's and Men's L i b e r a t i o n Groups: P o l i t i c a l Power W i t h i n the System and Outside the System." i n Jacquette, 171-201

Freeman, Jo. "The Tyranny of Structuralessness." i n Jacquette 202-14

Grant, Malcom J. and V e l i o Sermat. "Status and Sex of Others as Determinants of Behavior i n a Mixed Motive Game." JPSP. 12 (1969), 151-57

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G r i f f i t t , W i l l i a m and Thomas Jackson. "Simulated Jury Decisions: The Inf l u e n c e of Jury-Defendant a t t i t u d e s i m i l a r i t y D i s s i m i l a r i t y . " S o c i a l Behavior and P e r s o n a l i t y . 1 (1973), 1-7

Gruder, C. L. and T. C. Cook. "Sex, Dependency and Helping." JPSP. 19 (1971), 290-94

Guttentag, Maria and Ruth Reed. "The E f f e c t on Risk Taking of Sex and Group members, Group Homogeneity and Problem Content." JSP. 83 ( A p r i l 1971), 305-06

Henley, Nancy M. "Power, Sex, and Nonverbal Communication" Berk JS. 18 (1973-74), 1-26

Hottes, Joseph and Arnold Kahn. "Sex Differences i n Mixed Motive C o n f l i c t S i t u a t i o n . " J Pers. 42 (June 1974), 260-75

House, W i l l i a m C. "Actual and Perceived Differences i n Male and Female Expectancies and Minimal Goal Levels as a Function of Competition." J Pers. 42 (September 1974), 493

Lamphere, Louise. " S t r a t e g i e s , Cooperation and C o n f l i c t Among Women i n Domestic Groups." i n Rosaldo and Lamphere, 97-112

Lansky, Leonard M., Vaughan Cr a n d a l l , e t . a l . , "Sex Differences i n Aggression and i t s Correlates i n Middle Class Adolescents." CD. 32 (1961), 45-58

Latane*, Bibb and James M. Dabbs, J r . "Sex, Group Size, and Helping i n Three C i t i e s . " Soc. 38 (June 1975), 180-94

L e i s , Nancy B. "Women i n Groups: I j a w Women's Associations: i n Rosaldo and Lamphere, 223-242

Li n d s k o l d , Svenn, e t . a l . , "Perception of I n d i v i d u a l and Group S t a b i l i t y . " JSP. 93 (August 1974), 211-18

L l p s i t t , Paul and Fred Strodtbeck. "Defensiveness i n Decision-Making as a Function of Sex-Role I d e n t i f i c a t i o n . " JPSP. 6 (1967), 10-15

Lirtzman, Sidney and Mahmoud A. Wahba. "Determinants of C o a l i t i o n a l Behavior of Men and Women: Sed Roles or S i t u a t i o n a l Requirement?" JAP. 56 (1972), 406-11

M a r r e t t , Cora Bagley. " C e n t r a l i z a t i o n i n Female Organizations: Reassessing The Evidence." SP. 19 (Winter 1972), 348-

M i l t o n , G. "The E f f e c t s of' Sex-Role I d e n t i f i c a t i o n Upon Problem Solving S k i l l . " JAbSP. 55 (1957), 208-12

Minnis, Mhyra. "Cleavage i n Women's Organizations: A R e f l e c t i o n of the Social S t r u c t u r e of a C i t y . " ASR. 18 (February 1953), 47-52

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P a w l i c k i , Robert E. and Carol Alraquist. " A u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m , Locus of Co n t r o l , and Tolerance of Ambiguity as Reflected i n Membership and Non-Membership i n a Women's L i b e r a t i o n Group." Psych Reports. 32 (June 1973), 1331-37

Rapoport, Anatol and A l b e r t Chammah. "Sex Differences i n Factors C o n t r i b u t i n g to the Level of Cooperation i n the Prisoner's Dilemma Game." JPSP. 2 (December 1965), 831-38

Ricks, Frances and Sandra Pike. "Women i n Voluntary Social Organizaitons." Ontario Psychologist. 5- (1973), 48-55

Rooceck, Joseph. "The Soci a l Value of Women's Clubs Programs." SSR. 18 (May-June 1934), 453-61

Ross, A i l e e n . "Control and Leadership i n Women's Groups." SF, (December 1958), 124-31

Roussell, Cecile. "Relationship of Sex of Department Head t o Department Climate." ASQ. 19 (June 1974), 211-220

Sampson, E E. and M Kordusch. "Age, Sex, Class, and Race Differences i n Response to a Two-Person Non-Zero Sum Game." JCR. 9 (1965), 212-20

Simpson, Richard L. and Ida Harper Simpson. "Women and Bureaucracy i n Semi-Professions." i n E t z i o n i (ed). The Semi-Professions and Their Organizations. New York: Free Press, 1969, pp. 196-265

Skotko, Vincent, Daniel Langmeyer and David Lundgren. "Sex Differences as A r t i f a c t i n the Prisoner's Dilemma Game." JCR. 18 (December 1974), 707-13

Snyder, E l o i s e . "Sex Role D i f f e r e n t i a l and Juror Decisions." SSR. 55 (1971), 442-48

Sue, Stanley, Ronald Smith and Renee G i l b e r t . "Biasing E f f e c t s of P r e t r i a l P u b l i c i t y on J u d i c i a l Decisions." J Crim J u s t i c e . 2 (Summer 1974) 163-71

V e s c i g i , Toraas and W. Edgar Vinake. "Strategy i n a Female Game." Soc. 26 (March 1963), 75-88

Vinake, W. Edgar. "Sex Roles i n a Three Person Game," Soc. 22 (December 1959), 343-60

Wiley, Mary Glenn. "Sex Roles i n Games." Soc. 36 (December 1963), 526-41

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V. Some Works on and From the Women's L i b e r a t i o n Movement

Many women have attempted t o document the meaning and development of the Women's L i b e r a t i o n Movement through n a r r a t i v e h i s t o r i e s (Carden, Freeman, Hobbs, Hole and Levine, Salper, Ware), analysis of the s t r a t e g i e s and thought of the movement ( i n c l u d i n g the above plus DeCrow, K e l l y , Komisar, Lewis, Merriam, M i t c h e l l ) and c o l l e c t i o n s of documents of the movement (Abbot and Love, Adams and Briscoe, Altbach, M a r t i n , Morgan, Schneit, Tanner, Thompson). While the h i s t o r i e s are extremely h e l p f u l , anyone who wishes to o b t a i n a good n o t i o n of the mo t i v a t i o n s and development of the movement must r e f e r t o the books and a r t i c l e s which i n l a r g e p a r t set the tone and agenda of the movement. The "godmothers" s t i m u l a t e d developments l n two d i r e c t i o n s : B e t t y Friedan's The Feminine Mystique, recognized as the work t h a t f i r s t s t i m u l a t e d the popular movement i n the United States, and Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex, the much more complex and p h i l o s o p h i c a l work which, although perhaps not read as o f t e n as c i t e d , stands as one of the primary f e m i n i s t statements on women's r o l e s and stat u s and of the Mar x i s t o r i e n t e d f e m i n i s t s . I n t h e l a t e 1960's some of the more i n f l u e n t i a l works included the e x p l i c i t l y M a r x i s t Firestone and M i t c h e l l and the more general works of Greer, Janeway and M i l l e t t . Margaret Benston's a r t i c l e I s very i n f l u e n t i a l among those who do academic analyses of economic r o l e s of women. A l i c e Rossi i s of p a r t i c u l a r importance among academics i n general — many of her works are c i t e d elsewhere i n t h i s guide. Her "Immodest Proposal" has been endorsed innumerable times. F i n a l l y , Jo Freeman's recent book i s one of the best analyses of the movement and i t s impact.

Abbott, Sydney and Barbara Love. Sappho Was a Right-On Woman. New York: Stein and Day, 1971

Adams, E l s i e and Mary L. Briscoe, (eds), Up Aganist the W a l l , Mother A Women's L i b e r a t i o n Reader. New York: Free Press, 1971

A d e l s t e i n , Michael and Jean C. P i v a l . Women's L i b e r a t i o n . New York: St. Martin's Press, 1972

A l l e n , Pamela. Free Space: A Perspective on the Small Group in _ Women,1 s L i b e r a t i o n . New York: Times Change Press, 1971

Altbach, E d i t h H. (ed). From Feminism to L i b e r a t i o n . Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1971

A r n o f f , Catherine. "Feminists and Anti-Feminists as 'True B e l i e v e r s ' . " SSR. 57 ( A p r i l 1973), 300-306

Atkinson, Ti-Grace. Amazon Oddysey. New York: L i n k Books, 1974

de Beauvoir, Simone. The Second Sex. New York: Vintage, 1952 (exerpted i n Rossi, 672-706)

Bengis, I n g r i d . Combat i n the Erogenous Zone. New York: Bantam, 1973

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Bluh, Bonnie Charles. Woman to Woman: European Feminists. New York: .Starogubski Press, 1974

Cantarow, E l l e n , E l i z a b e t h Diggs, e t . a l . , " I am Furious (Female)." in Garskof, 179-193

Carden, Maren Lockwood. The New Feminist Movement. New York: Russell Sage, 1974

Cherniss, Cary. " P e r s o n a l i t y and Ideology: A Personological Study of Women's L i b e r a t i o n . " Psychiatry. 35 (May 1973), 109-25

Cudlippe, Edythe. Understanding Women's L i b e r a t i o n . New York: Paperback L i b r a r y : 1971

Daly, Mary. The Church and the Second Sex. New York: Harper, 1975 (1968)

^ . Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women's Libera­t i o n . Boston: Beacon, 1973

Deckard, Barbara. Women's Movement: P o l i t i c a l , Socioeconomic, and Psychological Issues. New York: Harper-Row, 1975

DeCrow, Karen. The Young Woman's Guide t o L i b e r a t i o n . New York: Pegasus, 1971

Dixon, Marlene. "The New Woman's Movement." i n Scott, 111-131

. "Why Women's L i b e r a t i o n . " i n Garskof, 165-178

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs and W i l l i a m J. Goode. (eds). The Other Half: Roads to Women's E q u a l i t y . Englewood C l i f f s : P r e n t i c e - H a l l , 1971

F a r r e l l , Warren T. "Women's and Men's L i b e r a t i o n Groups: P o l i t i c a l Power W i t h i n the System and Outside the System." i n Jacquette, 171-201

F i r e s t o n e , Shulamith. The D i a l e c t i c o f Sex. New York: W i l l i a m Morrow, 1970

Fischer, Clare B. Women I n a Strange Land: A Search f o r a New Image. Ph i l a d e l p h i a : F o r t r e s s , 1975

Freeman, Jo. The Origins of the Women's L i b e r a t i o n Movement." AJS. (January 1973), 792-811 (also Huber)

. The Tyranny of Structurelessness." i n Jacquette, 202-214

. The P o l i t i c s of Women's L i b e r a t i o n . New York: David McKay, 1975

Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York: D e l l , 1963

Friedman, Jean E. "Contemporary Feminism: Theories and P r a c t i c e . " i n Friedman and Shade, 340-54

G a l l i o n , Jane. The Woman as Nigger. Canoga Park, C a l i f . : Weiss, Day and Lord, 1970

Goldschmidt, Jean, Mary M. Gergen, e t . a l . "The Women's l i b e r a t i o n Movement: A t t i t u d e s and A c t i o n . " J. Pers. 42 (December 1974), 601-17

Gornick, V i v i a n and Barbara K. Moran. (eds). Women i n Sexist Society: Studies i n Power and Powerlessness. New York: Basic, 1971

Greer, Germaine. The Female Eunich. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971

Har r i s o n , Cynthia. Women's Movement i n Media. Ann Arbor: Bowker, 1975

. Women's Movement i n Media: A Sourcebook. Ann Arbor: Bowler, 197

Hobbs, Li s a . Love and L i b e r a t i o n : Up Front w i t h the Feminists. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971

Hole, J u d i t h and E l l e n Levine. R e b i r t h of Feminism. New York: Quadrangle, 1971

Janeway, E l i z a b e t h . Man's World, Woman's Place: A Study i n Social Mythology. New York: W i l l i a m Morrow, 1970.

. Between Myth and Morning. New York: Morrow, 1975

K e l l e n , Konrad. The Coming of Age of Woman Power. New York: Peter H. Wyden, 1972

K e l l y , G a i l Paradise. "Women's L i b e r a t i o n and the New L e f t . " Radical America. 4 (February 1970), 19-25 ( a l s o : Altbach pp. 39-46)

Koedt, Anne, E l l e n Levine, A n i t a Rapone (ed). Radical Feminism. New York: Quadrangle, 197 3

Komisar, Lucy. The New Feminism. New York: Paperback, 1972

Lewis, Linda and S a l l y Baideme. "The Women's L i b e r a t i o n Movement." i n Sargent (ed). New L e f t Thought: An I n t r o d u c t i o n . Homewood, 111.: Dorsey Press, 1972

Lynn, Mary C. (ed). Women's L i b e r a t i o n i n the Twentieth Century. New York: Wiley, 1975

McWilliams, Nancy. "Contemporary Feminism, Consciousness-Raising, and Changing Views of the P o l i t i c a l . " i n Jacquette, 157-70

M a r t i n , Wendy (ed). The American Sisterhood. New York: Harper and Row, 1972

Merriam, Eve. A f t e r Nora Slammed the Door: American Women i n the 1960s: The Unfinished Revolution. Cleveland: World; 1964

M i l l e t t , Kate. Sexual P o l i t i c s . Garden C i t y , New York: Doubleday, 1970

M i t c h e l l , J u l i e t . "The Longest R e v o l u t i o n . " New L e f t Review. 40 (November-December 1966), 11-37 ( a l s o : Glazer-Malbin pp. 45-52, Altbach pp. 93-124)

Woman's Estate. New York: Random, 1971

Morgan, Robin. New Sisterhood. New York: Random House, 1970

Sisterhood i s Powerful. 'New York: Random House, 1970

O' N e i l l , W i l l i a m L. "Feminism as a Radical Ideology." I n A. Young (ed). Dissent: Explorations i n the H i s t o r y of American Radicalism. Dekalb: Northern I l l i n o i s U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1968 pp. 273-300

Polk, Barbara Bovee. "Male Power and the Women's Movement." JApBS. 10 (1974), 415-31

Reed, Evelyn. Problems of Women's L i b e r a t i o n : A Marxist Approach. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970

Rossi, A l i c e . " E q u a l i t y Between the Sexes: An Immodest Proposal." Daedalus. 93 (1964), 607-52 (al s o : Epstein and Goode pp. 180-92; L i f t o n ; Garskofs S a f i l i o s - R o t h s c h i l d 344-53, 145-164)

. "Sex and E q u a l i t y : The Beginning of Ideology." Humanist. 29 (1960), 3-6 (also Thompson, 59-74)

Salper, Roberta. Female L i b e r a t i o n : H i s t o r y and Current P o l i t i c s . New York: Random, 1971

Sanger, Susan Phipps and Henry Alker. "Dimensions of I n t e r n a l - E x t e r n a l Locus of Control and the Women's L i b e r a t i o n Movement." JSI. 28 (1972), 115-29

Schneir, Miriam ( e d . ) . Feminism: The E s s e n t i a l H i s t o r i c a l W r i t i n g s . New York: Random House, 1972

Scott , Anne F i r o r . "Where Have we Been and Where are We Going?" i n Scott, 1-31

Tanner, L e s l i e ( e d , ) . Voices From Women's L i b e r a t i o n . New York: New American L i b r a r y , 1970

Ta v r i s , Carol. "Who Likes Women's L i b e r a t i o n and Why: The Case of the Unliberated L i b e r a l s . " JSI. 29 (1972), 175-98

Thompson, Mary Lou (ed.). Voices of the New Feminism. Boston: Beacon Press, 1970

Ware, C e l l e s t i n e . Woman Power: The Movement f o r Women's L i b e r a t i o n . New York: Tower, 1970

Watts, Alan. Nature, Man and Woman. New York: Vintage, 1970

Wortis, Helen and Clara Rabinowitz (eds.). The Woman's Movement: Social and Psychological Perspectives. New York: AMS Press, 1972

V I . Feminism, Black Movements and Black Women.

Some of these works i n v e s t i g a t e the I n t e r a c t i o n s and p a r a l l e l s between the movements f o r black l i b e r a t i o n and those f o r female l i b e r a t i o n (La-Rue, Lewis, McPherson, Quarles). A la r g e p o r t i o n of the l i t e r a t u r e on black women concerns t h e "black matriarchy" theory. The "Moynihan Report" spurred on a heated debate. Many of the works c i t e d here o f f e r d i f f e r e n t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s from those of Moynihan, or attempt t o r e f u t e him e n t i r e l y (Hyman, Rainwater, Schwartz, Stack, Staples, Strodtbeck, Tanner). Two c l a s s i c works on the black f a m i l y are B i l l i n g s l e y 1 s and F-razier 1 s.

Almquist, E l i z a b e t h , "Untangling the E f f e c t s of Race and Sex: The Disadvantaged Status of Black Women." SSQ. 56 (1975), 129-142

Axelson, Leland. "The Working Wife: Differences i n Perception Among Negro and White Males." JMF. 32 (1970), 457-64

B e l l , Robert. "The Related Importance of Mother and Wife Roles Among Black Lower Class Women." i n Staples ( e d . ) , 248-55

B i l l i n g s l y , Andrew. Black Families i n White America. Englewood C l i f f s : P r e n t i c e - H a l l , 1968

Bogardus, Emory. "Sex Differences i n Racial A t t i t u d e s . " SSR. 12 (January-February 1928), 279-85

. "Race Reactions by Sexes." SSR. 43 (July-August 1959), 439-41

Cade, Toni. The Black Woman. New York: New American Library., 1970

Carson, Josephine. S i l e n t Voices: The Southern Negro WomanJToday. New York: Delacorte, 19769

Cleaver, E l d r i d g e . Soul on Ic e . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968

Cole, Johnetta. "Black Women i n America: An Annotated B i b l i o g r a p h y . " BS, (December 1971)

D i e t r i c h , Katheryn Thomas. "A Reexamination of the. Myth of Black Matriarchy JMF. 32 (May, 1975), 367-74

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. " P o s i t i v e E f f e c t s of the M u l t i p l e Negative: Explain ing the Success of the Black P r o f e s s i o n a l Woman." AJS. 78 (1973), 912-935 (als o i n Huber, 150-173)

Poster, Frances S. "Changing "Concepts of the Black Woman." Journal of Black Studies. 3 (June 1973), 433-54

F r a z i e r , F r a n k l i n . The Negro Family l n the United States. New York: Dryden, 1948 (exerpted, Friedman and Shade, 137-151)

Haden, P a t r i c i a Donna Middleton, e t . a l . "A H i s t o r i c a l and C r i t i c a l Essay For Black Women." i n Altbach, 125-42

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Himes, Joseph S. " I n t e r r e l a t i o n of Occupation and Spousal Roles i n a Middle Class Negro Neighborhood." MFL. 22 (November 1960), 362

Hyman, Herbert. "Black Matriarchy, Reconsidered." P0£. 33 ( F a l l , 1969). 346-47

Jordan, Winthrop D. "The Dynamics of I n t e r r a c i a l Sex i n C o l o n i a l America." i n Friedman and Shade, 60-75

King, Mae C. "Oppression and Power: The Unique Status of the Black Woman i n the American P o l i t i c a l System." SS£. 56 (1975), 116-128

Ladner, Joyce. Tomorrow's Tomorrow. New York: Doubleday, 1971

LaRue, Linda. "Black L i b e r a t i o n and Women's L i b e r a t i o n . " Transaction. 8 (November-December 1970), 59-64

Lerner, Gerda. Black Women i n White America. New York: Random. 1972

Lewis, Helen Matthews. The Woman Movement and the Negro Movement: P a r a l l e l Struggles f o r Rights. C h a r l o t t e s v i l l e ; U n i v e r s i t y of V i r g i n i a , 1949

McPherson, James M. " A b o l i t i o n i s t s , Woman Suffrage, and the Negro: 1865-1896." Mid-America. 47 (January 1965), 40-47

Moynihan, Daniel P a t r i c k . The Negro Family: The Case f o r N a t i o n a l Action. O f f i c e of P o l i c y Planning and Research of the Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. 1965

Murray, Paul!. "The L i b e r a t i o n of Black Women." i n Thompson, 88-102 (also Friedman and Shade, 326-39; Freeman, 351-63)

Pierce, John C., W i l l i a m P. Avery, e t . a l . "Sex Differences i n Black P o l i t i c a l B e l i e f s and Behavior." AJPS. 17 (May 1973), 422-30

Quarles, Benjamin., "Frederick Douglass and the Woman's. Rights Movement." JNH. 25 (1940), 25-44

Rainwater, Lee. "Crucible f o r I d e n t i t y : The Negro Lower-Class Family." Daedalus. 95 (Winter 1966), 172-216

Reid, Inez Smith. Together Black Women. New York: Th i r d Press, 1975

Schulman, Gary I . "Race, Sex and Violence: A Lab Test of the Sexual Threat of the Black Male Hypothesis." AJS. 79 (March 1974), 1260-77

Schwartz, Mortimer. "Northern United States Negro Matriarchy: Status versus A u t h o r i t y . " Phylon. 26 (Spring 1965), 18-24

Stack, Carol B. "Sex Roles and S u r v i v a l S t r a t e g i e s i n an Urban Black Community." i n Rosaldo and Lamphere, 113-128

Staples, Robert ( e d . ) . The Black Family: Essays and Studies. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1971

Strodtbeck, Fred L. "The Poverty-Dependency Syndrome of the ADC Female-Based Negro Family." AJO, 34 (March 1964), 216-17

Szymanski, A l b e r t . "Race, Sex and the U.S. Working Class." SP. 21 (June 1974), 706-25.

Tanner, Nancy. " M a t r i f o c a l i t y i n Indonesia and A f r i c a and Among Black Americans." i n Rosaldo and Lamphere, 113-28

Tutham, C l i f f o r d B. and Elaine L. Tatham. "Academic P r e d i c t o r s f o r Black Students." EPM. 34 (Summer 1974), 371-74

Turner, Barbara F. and Castelleno B, Turner. "The P o l i t i c a l I m p l i c a t i o n s of S o c i a l Stereotyping of Women and Men Among Black and White College Students." SSR. 58 (January 1974), 155-62

Ward, W i l l i a m . "Sex-Role Preference and Parental I m i t a t i o n W i t h i n Groups of Middle Class Whites and Lower Class Blacks." Ps R. 30 (1972), 651-54

Weston, Peter J. and Martha T. Mednick. "Race, Social Class and the Motive to Avoid Success i n Women." I n Bardwick, Readings on the Psychology of Women. New York: Harper and Row, 1972, pp. 68-71

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V I I , H i s t o r i c a l Studies and Documents

A. General

Many of these books attempt t o survey the h i s t o r y of ( p a r t i c u l a r l y ) western c u l t u r e from the p o i t n of view of women (Borgese, Bullough and Bullough, B u t l e r , Davis, D i r e r , F i g e s ) . Beard's book i s p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l f o r understanding women's st a t u s under the law. E l s h t a i n looked at the question of "spheres" by beginning w i t h an A r i s t o t e l i a n viewpoint Putnam's work stands as a c l a s s i c (and w i t t y ) i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the r o l e s of the upper class woman i n d i f f e r e n t eras. Stern argues i n h i s volume t h a t western c u l t u r e has su f f e r e d from a f l i g h t away from the feminine values i n c u l t u r e . Rossi's anthology i s one of the best i n p r i n t a t t h i s time.

Beard, Mary R i t t e r . Women as a Force i n H i s t o r y . New York: C o l l i e r -Macmillan, 1946

de Beauvoir, Simone. The Second Sex. New York: Bantam, 1952

Borgese, E l i s a b e t h Mann. The Ascent of Woman. New York: George B r a z i l l e r , 1963

Bullough, Vern L. and Bonnie Bullough. The Subordinate Sex: A History of A t t i t u d e s Toward Women. Urbana: U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s Press, 1973

B u t l e r , Pierce, e t . a l . Women i n A l l Ages and A l l Nations. New York: Gordon Press, 1975 (10 Volumes)

Davis, E l i z a b e t h Gould. The F i r s t Sex. New York: Putnam, 1972

Diner, Helen. Mothers and Amazons: The F i r s t Feminist H i s t o r y of Culture. Garden C i t y : Doubleday, 1973 (1938)

E l s h t a i n , Jean Bethke. "Moral Woman and Immoral Man: A Consideration of the P u b l i c - P r i v a t e S p l i t and i t s P o l i t i c a l R a m i f i c a t i o n s . P&S. A (1974), 453-74

Figes, Eva. P a t r i a r c h a l A t t i t u d e s . New York: S t e i n and Day, 1970

Gi'ele, Janet Z o l l i n g e r . "Centuries of Womanhood: An Evolutionary Perspective on the Feminine Role." WS. 1 (1972), 97-110

Lerner, Gerda. "New Approaches t o the Study of Women i n America." JSH. 3 ( F a l l 1969), 53-62

MacGuigan, Maryellen. " I s Woman a Question?" IPQ. 13 (December 1973), 507-22

M i l l e r , Roberta Balsted. "Women and American H i s t o r y . " WS. 2 (1974), 105-14

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O'Neill 1,. William'. "Feminism as a Radical Ideology." i n A. Young, (e d . ) . Dissent: E x p l o r a t i o n s i n the H i s t o r y of American Radicalism. DeKalb: Northern I l l i n o i s u n i v e r s i t y Press, 1968, pp. 275-300. (also Friedman arid Shade, 301-325

Putnam, Emily James. The Lady: Studies of Ce r t a i n S i g n i f i c a n t Phases of Her H i s t o r y . Chicago: U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago Press, 1970 (1910)

Rossi, A l i c e . ( e d . ) . The Feminist Papers: From Adams t o de Beauvoir. New York: Bantam, 1974

Stenton, Doris Mary. The English Woman i n H i s t o r y . London: A l l e n and Unwin, 1957

Stern, K a r l . The F l i g h t From Woman. New York: F a r r a r , Strauss and Giroux, 1965

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H i s t o r i c a l Studies and Documents (cont.)

B. Pre-Twentieth Century European H i s t o r y and Documents.

Many of the authors l i s t e d here need no i n t r o d u c t i o n f o r those who are f a m i l i a r w i t h the h i s t o r y of Western Philosophy or p o l i t i c l a theory (Aquinas, A r i s t o t l e , Boccaccio, Godwin, Luther, M i l l , Montesquieu, Plato, Roussau, V i v e s ) . With even a b r i e f glance i t should become c l e a r t h a t women have not been as ignored i n i n t e l l e c t u a l h i s t o r y as our s e l e c t i v e perception would have us b e l i e v e . One time of great female i n f l u e n c e i n c u l t u r a l matters.was the Renaissance. C a s t i g l i o n e ' s book i s a charming e x p l o r a t i o n of the r o l e s of the gentleman and the lady and i s w e l l worth reading. S l i g h t l y l a t e r was Mary A s t e l l , one of the e a r l y advocates of greater educational o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r women. Among the most i n f l u e n t i a l f e m i n i s t s i n h i s t o r y was Mary W o l l s t o n e c r a f t , o f t e n c a l l e d the " f i r s t f e m i n i s t . " For anthology of exerpts of h i s t o r i c a l documents, see B e l l ' s work and the O'Faolain and Martines volumes.

A r i s t o t l e . The P o l i t i c s .

. Nichomachaean E t h i c s .

A s t e l l , Mary. A Serious Proposal t o the Ladies f o r the Advancement of Their True and Greatest I n t e r e s t . (1964)

Baer, Richard. Philo's Use of the Categories Male and Female. Leiden: B r i l l , 1970

Bainton, Roland. Women of the Reformation I n Germany and I t a l y . Boston: Beacon, 1971 .

Banks, Joseph Ambrose. Feminism and Family Planning i n V i c t o r i a n England. New York: Schocken, 1972

B e l l , Susan G. Women: From the Greeks t o the French Revolution. Belmont, C a l i f o r n i a " Wadsworth P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1973

Boccaccio, Giovanni. Concerning Famous Women. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1963

B o l s t e r l l , Margaret. "Talk and Talkers i n Bedford Park: A Public Dialogue on Women's Rights i n 1882-1884." MPWS. 1 (June 1975), 9-21

Bouten, James. Mary W o l l s t o n e c r a f t and the Beginnings of Female Emancipa­t i o n i n France and England. P a r i s , 1922

Burstyn, Joan N. "Religious Arguments against Higher Education f o r Women i n England: 1840-1890." WS. 1 (1972), 111-32

C a s t l g l i o n e , Baldesar. The Book of the C o u r t i e r . Garden C i t y : Doubleday Anchor, 1959 (1528)

Christenson, Ron. " P o l i t i c a l Theory of Male Chauvinism: J. J. Rousseau's Paradigm." PT. 1 (February 1973), 92-103

Clark, A l i c e . Working L i f e of Women i n the Seventeenth Century. C l i f t o n , N.J.: Augustus M. K e l l e y , 1919

Cumming, Alan. "Women i n Greek and Pauline Thought," JHI. 34 (December 1973), 517-28

Davis, N a t a l i e Zemon. " C i t y Women and Religious Change i n Sixteenth Century France." i n McGuigan, 47-58

Donaldson, S i r James. Woman: Her P o s i t i o n and In f l u e n c e i n Ancient Greece and Rome, and Among the Early C h r i s t i a n s . London: Longmans Green and Co., 1907

Godwin, W i l l i a m . Memoirs of Mary W o l l s t o n e c r a f t . New York: Greenberg Pub l i s h i n g Co., 1927

H e r r i c o u r t , Penny. A Women's Philosophy of Women or Woman Aff r a n c h i s e d : An Answer to Michelet, Proudhon, G i r a r d i n , Legouve, Comte and Other Innovators. New York: Carleton, 1964

Kelso, Ruth. Doctrine f o r the Lady of the Rennaisance. Urbana: U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s Press, 1956

Lougee, Carolyn C. "Noblesse, Domesticity and Agrarian Reform: The Education of G i r l s by Fenelon and St. Cyr." HE£. 14 (Spring 1974), 87-114

McNeal, Robert. "Women i n the Russian Radical Movement." JSH. 5 (Winter 1971-72), 143-63

McNamara, Jo Ann and Suzanne Wemple. "The Power of Women Through the Family i n Medieval Europe, 500-1100." FS. 1 (Winter-Spring 1973), 126-41

Maude La Cl a v i e r e , Marie. The Women of the Renaissance: A Study of Feminism. New York: Putnam, 1901

M i l l e r , Robert P. "The Wounded Heart: Courtly Love and Medieval A n t i f e m i n i s t T r a d i t i o n . " WS. 2 (1974), 335-50

Montesquieu. The Persian L e t t e r s . New York: B o b b s - M e r r i l l , 1974

O'Faolain, J u l i a and Lauro Martines (ed.). Not i n God's Image. New York: Harper-Torch, 1973

Oren, Laura. "The Welfare of Women i n Laboring Families: England, 1860-1950." FS. 1 (Winter-Spring 1973), 107-25

Pl a t o . The Republic.

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Poster, Mark (ed.)- Hartnonian Man: Selected W r i t i n g s of Charles Fourier. New York: Doubleday, 1971

Rossi, A l i c e (ed.). Essays on Sex E q u a l i t y . Chicago: U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago Press, 1974 (John S t u a r t and H a r r i e t Taylor M i l l )

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Emile. New York: Dutton, 1955

Sapiro, V i r g i n i a . "Feminist Studies and the D i s c i p l i n e : A Study of Mary Wollstonecraft." MPWS. 1 (February 1974), 178-200

Stenton, Doris. The English Woman i n H i s t o r y . London: A l l e n and Unwin, 1957

Tannenbaum, Susan. "Montesquieu and MMe de Sta e l : The Woman as a Factor i n P o l i t i c a l A n a l y s i s . " PT. 1 (February 1973), 92-103

Tappert, Theodore (ed). Luther's Works. P h i l a d e l p h i a : Fortress Press, 1967

Thomas, K e i t h . "Women i n the C i v i l War Sects." Past and Present. 13 (1958)

V i c i n u s , Martha (ed). Suffer and be S t i l l : Women i n the V i c t o r i a n Age. Bloomington, I n d . " Indiana U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1972

Watson, Foster. Vives and the Renaissance Education of Women. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1912

W o l l s t o n e c r a f t , Mary. A V i n d i c a t i o n of the Rights of Woman. New York: Norton, 1967 (1792) (exerpted i n Rossi, 25-85)

Xenophon. Oeconomicus.

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C. Pre-Twentieth Century American H i s t o r y and Documents

Some of these works are by or about the pre-suffrage f e m i n i s t s ( F u l l e r , Grimke, K r a d i t o r , Murray, W r i g h t ) . Most of the others concern o f t - f o r g o t t e n c o n t r i b u t i o n s of American women to American s o c i e t y .

Andrews, W i l l i a m D. and Deborah C. Andrews. "Technology and the Housewife i n 19th Century America." WS. 2 (1974), 309-28

Benson, Mary Sumner. Women i n Eighteenth Century America:. A Study of Opinion and Social Usage. New York: Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1935

B i r d , I s a b e l l a Lucy. The Englishwoman i n America. Madison: U n i v e r s i t y of Wisconsin Press, 1966

Bl a c k w e l l , A n t o i n e t t e . The Sexes Throughout Nature. New York: G. P. Putnam, 1975

Boatwright, Eleanor M. "The P o l i t i c a l and Legal Status of Women i n Georgia: 1783-1860." Georgia H i s t o r i c a l Q u a r t e r l y . 25 ( A p r i l 1941).

Brown, Dee. Gentle Tamers: Women i n the Old Wild West. L i n c o l n : U n i v e r s i t y bf Nebraska Press, 1968

Bryce, James. The American Commonwealth. New York: MacMillah, 1914)

Bunkle, P h i l l i d a . "Sentimental Womanhood and Domestic Education, 1830-1870." HE£. 14 (Spring 1974), 13-30

Comineti, E l i z a b e t h . "Women i n the American Revolution." New England Qu a r t e r l y . 20 (September 1947), 329^46

Courtney, Janet. Adventurous T h i r t i e s : A. Chapter .in the .W.bmanls_Mbvement. Freeport, New York: Books f o r L i b r a r i e s , 1933

Demos, John* "Husbands and Wives/' i n Friedman and Shade> 30-44

E l l e t , E l i z a b e t h . Women of the American Revolution. New York: Haskell House, 1969

F u l l e r , Margaret. Woman i n the Nineteenth. Century . New York: Norton, 1971 (1855) (also i n Rossi, 144-182)

Gordon, Ann D., Marl Jo Buhle, e t . a l . Women i n Jjnerican Society. A Radical America Pamphlet. (Radical America-, 1878 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, Mass. 02170 50c)

Grimke, Sara N. L e t t e r s oh the Equality, of . the .Sexes.̂ and the Condition of Woman. New York: C o l l e c t o r s E d i t i o n s , Source Book Press, 1970. (1838) (exerpted i n Rossi, 306-318 K r a d i t o r )

K r a d i t o r , A i l e e n . ( ed). Up From the Pedestal: Selected Documents from The H i s t o r y of American Feminism. New York: Quadrangle Books, 1968

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Leonard, Eugenie A., Sophie H. Drinker and Miriam Y. Holden. The American Woman i n C o l o n i a l and Revolutionary Times. P h i l a d e l p h i a : U n i v e r s i t y of Pennsylvania Press, 1962 (Extensive b i b l i o g r a p h y )

Lerner, Gerda. "The Lady and the M i l l G i r l : Changes i n the Status of Women i n the Age of Jackson." MASJ. 10 (1969), 5-15 (also Friedman and Shade, 82-95)

. . The Woman i n American H i s t o r y . Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1971

Lutz, Alma. Crusade f o r Freedom: Women of the Anti-Slavery Movement. Boston: Beacon Press, 1968

Mezvinsky, Norton. "An Idea of Female S u p e r i o r i t y . " MASJ. 2 (Spring 1961), 17-26

M o l l e r , Herbert. . "Sex Composition and Corresponding Culture Patterns of Co l o n i a l America." W i l l i a m and Mary Quart e r l y . Ser. 3, I I ( A p r i l 1945), 113-53

Morgan, Edmunds. "The Puritans and Sex." New England Quarterly. 15 (December 1942) 591-607 (also Friedman and Shade, 16-29)

Murray, J u d i t h Sargent. "On the E q u a l i t y of the Sexes." (1790) i n Rossi

Riegel, Robert .E. American Feminists. Lawrence: U n i v e r s i t y of Kansas Press, 1968

. American Women: A Story of Soci a l Change. Rutherford, New Jersey: F a r l e i g h Dickinson U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1970

Ri l e y , G. "Subtle Subversion: Changes i n the T r a d i t i o n a l i s t image of the American Women." H i s t . 32 ( F a l l 1970), 210-20

Ross, I s a b e l . Sons of Adam, Daughters of Eve: The Role of Women i n American H i s t o r y . New York: Harper and Row, 1969

Scott, Anne F i r o r . The Southern Lady: From Pedestal t o P o l i t i c s : 1830-1930. Chicago: U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago Press, 1970 (exerpted, Friedman and Shade, 124-136)

. The American Woman: Who Was She? Englewood C l i f f s , New Jersey: P r e n t i c e - H a l l , 1971

S i n c l a i r , Andrew. The Bett e r H a l f : The Eamnclpatlon of the American Woman. New York: Harper and Row, 1965

Smith, Daniel Scott. "Family L i m i t a t i o n , Sexual C o n t r o l , and Domestic Feminism i n V i c t o r i a n America." FS. 1 (Winter-Spring 1973), 40-57

Smith-Rosenberg, C a r r o l l . "Beauty, the Beast, and the M i l i t a n t Woman: A Case Study i n Sex Roles and So c i a l Stress i n Jacksonian America." A£. 22 (1971), 562-84

S p r u i l l , J u l i a Cherry. Women's L i f e and Work i n the Southern Colonies. New York: Russell and Russ e l l , 1969 (exerpt r e p r i n t e d : Friedman and Shade, 45-59)

de T o c q u e v i l l e , A l e x i s . Democracy i n America. Garden C i t y : Doubleday, 1969

Weir, Roberta. "Women's Colleges and Domesticity, 1875-1918." HECP. 14 (Spring 1974), 31-48

Welter, Barbara. "The Cult of True Womanhood: 1830-60." AQ. 18 (Summer 1966), 151-74 (also Friedman and Shade, 96-123)

Wright, Frances. Views of Society and Manners i n America. .Cambridge: Harvard U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1963 (also i n Rossi, 86-117)

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D. The Suffrage Movement: England and the U.S.

The number of works on the s u f f r a g e movements i s enormous. Four e a r l y c l a s s i c s are, of course, the " i n s i d e s t o r i e s " — those by Anthony e t . a l . , C a t t , Pankhurst, Stanton. Flexner and K r a d i t o r s books are probably the most w e l l known. Some p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t i n g approaches are those of Grimes, who emphasizes c u l t u r a l c o n t i n u i t y and Morgan, who emphasizes p a r t y p o l i t i c s .

Adams, Mildred. The Right t o be People. P h i l a d e l p h i a : J.B. L i p p i n c o t t , 1967

Anthony, Susan B., E l i z a b e t h Cady Stanton, e t . a l . , H i s t o r y of Women's Suffrage 6 Vols. New York: Arno Press, 1972 (1881) (exerpted, Rossi, 413-470)

"An Appeal Against Female Suffrage." The Nineteenth Century. 25 (1889) 781-88 (Signed by about 100 women i n c l u d i n g the wives of T.H. Huxley, L e s l i e Stephen, Matthew Arnold, Walter Bagehot, Arnold Toynbee)

Brown, I r a V. "The Woman's Rights Movement i n Pennsylvania: 1848-1873." Pennsylvania H i s t o r y . 32 (1965), 153-65

Catt, C a r r i e Chapman. Woman Suffrage and P o l i t i c s : The Inner Story of the Equal Suffrage Movement. S e a t t l e : U n i v e r s i t y of Washington Press, 1969 (1923)

Duniway, A b i g a i l Scott. Path Breaking: An Autobiographical H i s t o r y of the Equal Suffrage Movement i n P a c i f i c Coast States. New York: Source Book, 1970

Eastman, Max. I s Woman Suffrage Important? New York: Men's League f o r Women's Suffrage, 1911

Faber, Doris. P e t t i c o a t P o l i t i c s : How Women Won the Right t o Vote. New York Lothrop, Lee and Shepard, 1967

Flexner, Eleanor. A Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement i n the USA. New York: Atheneum, 1973

Grimes, Alan. The P u r i t a n Ethic and Woman Suffrage. New York: Oxford U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1967

Keneally, James J. "Catholicism and Women's Suffrage i n Massachussetts." Cat h o l i c H i s t o r i c a l Review. 53 (1967), 43-57

^ _ . "Woman Suffrage and the Mass 'Referendum' of 1895." The H i s t o r i a n . 30

K r a d i t o r , A i l e e n . Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement: 1890-1920. New York: Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1965 (exerpted, Friedman and Shade, 219-230)

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McGovern, James. "Anna Howard Shaw: New Approaches t o Feminism." JSH. 3 (Winter 1969-70), 135-53

Morgan, David. S u f f r a g i s t s and Democrats: The P o l i t i c s of Woman Suffrage i n America. Ann Arbor: U n i v e r s i t y of Michigan Press, 1972

. S u f f r a g i s t s and L i b e r a l s : The P o l i t i c s of Women's Suffrage i n England. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and L i t t l e f i e l d , 1974

O ' N e i l l , W i l l i a m L. Everyone Was Brave: The Rise and F a l l of Feminism i n America. New York: Quadrangle, 1969

. The Woman Movement: Feminism i n the United States and England. London: A l l e n and Unwin, 1969

Pankhurst, E s t e l l e S y l v i a . The S u f f r a g e t t e : The H i s t o r y of the Women's M i l i t a n t Suffrage Movement 1905-1910. New York: C o l l e c t o r s E d i t i o n s , Source Book Press, 1968 (1911)

Ri e g e l , Robert. "The S p l i t of the Feminist Movement i n 1869." M i s s i s s i p p i V a l l e y H i s t o r i c a l Review. 49 (1962), 485-96

Rover, Constance. Women's Suffrage and Party P o l i t i c s i n B r i t a i n , 1866-1914. London: Routlage Paul, 1967

Schaffer, Ronald. "The New York C i t y Woman Suffrage Party, 1909-19." New York H i s t o r y . 43 (1962), 269-87

Stanton, E l i z a b e t h Cady. Eighty Years and More. New York: Source Book Press, 1970 (1898)

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E. Twentieth Century, Pre-Women!s L i b e r a t i o n H i s t o r y and Documents.

Again we f i n d some names who are f a m i l i a r to those who have not studied women i n s o c i e t y a t a l l : Adams, Addams, Goldman, L a F o l l e t t e ("his" daughter), Mencken, Russell and Veblen. C h a r l o t t e Perkins Gilman was one of the most i n f l u e n t i a l w r i t e r s of her day. Chafe's book i s probably the best h i s t o r y of women i n t w e n t i e t h century America.

Adams, Henry. Mt. Saint-Michel and Chartres. Boston: Houghton M i f f l i n , 1905

. H i s t o r i c a l Essays. New York: Adler, 1891

Addams, Jane. "Larger Aspects of the Women's Movement." Annals. 56 (November 1914), 1-8

Binkle y , W i l l i a m C. "State E f f o r t s t o Comply w i t h the Nineteenth Amendment." Southwestern P o l i t i c a l Science Quarterly (now SSQ) 1 (December 1920), 266-73

Buenker, John D. "The Urban P o l i t i c a l Machine and Woman Suffrage: A Study i n P o l i t i c a l A d a p t a b i l i t y . " The H i s t o r i a n . 33 (February 1971), 264-79

Chafe, W i l l i a m H. The American Woman: Her Changing S o c i a l , Economic and P o l i t i c a l Roles, 1920-1970. New York: Oxford, 1974

Chamberlin, Hope. A M i n o r i t y of Members: Women i n Congress, 1917-1971. New York: Praeger, 1972

Chambers, Clarke. "The Campaign f o r Women's Rights i n the 1920 !s." i n Friedman and Shade, 260-83

Conway, J i l l . "Women Reformers and American C u l t u r e , 1870-1930." JSH. 5 (Winter 1971-72), 164-77

Degler, C a r l . " C h a r l o t t e Perkins Gilman on the Theory and P r a c t i c e of Feminism: 1898-1923." A£. 8 (Spring 1956), 21-39 (also Friedman and Shade 197-218)

Degler, C a r l . "Revolution Without Ideology." Daedalus. 93 (Spring 1964), 653-70 (also L i f t o n )

Dratch, Howard. "The P o l i t i c s of Childcare i n the 1940's." Science and Society. 38 (Summer 1974), 167-204

Feldman, Egal. " P r o s t i t u t i o n , the A l i e n Woman and the Progressive Imagination." 1910-1915." AQ. 19 (Summer 1967), 192-206

Gilman, C h a r l o t t e Perkins. Women and Economics. New York: Harper and Row, 1966 (exerpted i n Rossi, 566-598)

L a F o l l e t t e , Suzanne. Concerning Women. New York: A l b e r t and Charles Boni, 1926 ( a l s o , Rossi 537-565)

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Lasch, Christopher. "Women as A l i e n . " New Radicalism i n America - 1889-1963. New York: Knopf, 1965 (also Friedman and Shade, 168-188)

Lemons, Stanley. The Woman C i t i z e n : Social Feminism i n the 1920s. Urbana: U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s Press, 1972

Lubove, Roy. "The Progressives and the P r o s t i t u t e . " H i s t . 25 (May 1962), 308-30

McGovern, James R. "The American Woman's Pre-World War I Freedom i n Manners and Morals." JAH. 45 (September 1968), 315-33 (also Friedman and Shade, 237-259)

Mencken, H. L. I n Defense of Women. New York: A l f r e d A. Knopf, 1922

Nottingham, E l i z a b e t h . "Toward an Analysis of the E f f e c t s of Two World Wars on the Role and Status of Middle-Class Women i n the English-Speaking World. ASR. 12 (December 1947), 666-75

Rat, Grace. Women and Repeal: The Story of the Women's Organization f o r N a t i o n a l P r o h i b i t i o n Reform. New York: Harper and Row, 1934

Russell, Bertrand. Marriage and Morals. New York: L i v e r i g h t , 1929

Scott, Anne F i r o r . "The 'New Woman' i n the South." South A t l a n t i c Q u a r t e r l y . 65 (Autumn 1962), 473-83 (als o Friedman and Shade, 187-196)

. " A f t e r Suffrage: Southern Women i n the 1920's" Journal of Southern H i s t o r y . 30 (1963), 298-318

Shulman, A l i x Kates. (ed). Red Emma Speaks: Selected W r i t i n g s and Speeches by Emma Goldman. New York: Vintage, 1972 (exerpted Rossi, 506-516)

Smigel, Edwin 0. and Ri t a Seiden. "The Decline and F a l l of the Double Standard." i n Friedman, and Shade, 284-300

Veblen, T h o r s t e i n . The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: V i k i n g , 1931

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F. Marxism

Marxism has been of p a r t i c u l a r i n f l u e n c e on the Women's L i b e r a t i o n Movement — many of the " i n t e l l e c t u a l s " of the Movement are Marxists. Engels published the " o r i g i n a l " Marxist Statement; Bebel's i s more comprehensive and discusses women more e x p l i c i t l y . The works by Firestone, Jenness, M i t c h e l l and Reed i n d i c a t e some of the d i r e c t i o n s Marxist thought i n the movement has taken.

Bebel, August. Women and Socialism. New York: Schocken, 1971 (exerpted i n Rossi, 496-505)

Benston, Margaret. "The P o l i t i c a l Economy of Women's L i b e r a t i o n . " Monthly Review. 24 (1969) ( a l s o : Warner Module Number 408; Altbach, 199-210; Glazer-Malbin, 119-28; Garskof, 194-205)

Colon, Clara. Enter F i g h t i n g : Today's Woman: A M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t View. New York: New Outlook, 1970

Engels, Frederick. The O r i g i n of the Family, P r i v a t e Property and the State. New York: I n t e r n a t i o n a l , 1972 ( a l s o : Rossi, 478-495)

Fi r e s t o n e , Shulamlth. The D i a l e c t i c of Sex. New York: W i l l i a m Morrow, 1970

Jenness, Linda. Feminism and Socialism. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1972

Lee, George. "Rosa Luxemburg and the Impact of Imperialism." EJ. 81 (December 1971), 847-62

Lenin, V. I . The Emancipation of Women. New York: New World Paperbacks, 1934

Marcuse, Herbert. "Marxism and Feminism." WS. 2 (1974), 279-288

M i t c h e l l , J u l i e t . "The Longest Revolution." New L e f t Review. 40 (November-December 1966), 601-17 (also Glazer-Malbin pp. 45-52, Altbach pp. 39-46)

Reed, Evelyn. Problems of Women's L i b e r a t i o n : A Marxist Approach. New York: Pathfinders Press, 1971

Z e t k i n , Clara. Lenin..on the Woman Question. New York: I n t e r n a t i o n a l , 1927

V I I I . OTHER USEFUL ITEMS

Woman as Academic; Woman as Academic Subject

This s e c t i o n includes a number of types of items. Some of these works discuss the s t a t u s of women i n the academic p r o f e s s i o n ( A s t i n ; Bernard; Converse and Converse; M e r r i t t and Galway; Rossi and Calderwood). Some i n v e s t i g a t e sexism i n s c h o l a r l y w r i t i n g (Bourke and Grossholtz, Carlson, Gordon and Hunt et a l , Hochschild, Kirschner, K l e i n , Millman, Rosen, Schuck, Rossi).

American P o l i t i c a l Science A s s o c i a t i o n . Women i n P o l i t i c a l Science.

A s t i n , Helen S. "Factors Associated w i t h the P a r t i c i p a t i o n of Women Doctorates i n the Labor Force." Personnel and Guidance Journal. 46(1967), 240-46

A s t i n , Helen S. The Woman Doctorate i n America: O r i g i n s , Career, and Family. New York: Russell Sage, 1969

Bernard, Jessie. "My Four Revolutions: An Autobiographical H i s t o r y o f the ASA." AJS.7 ( a l s o : Huber)

. Academic Women. Penn State U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1964

Bourke, Susan C. and Jean Grossholtz. " P o l i t i c s as an Unnatural Prac­t i c e : P o l i t i c a l Science Looks a t Female P a r t i c i p a t i o n . " P&S. 4 (Winter 1974), 255-66

Carlson, Rae. "Understanding Woman: I m p l i c a t i o n f o r P e r s o n a l i t y Theory and Research." JSI. 28(1972), 17-32

Converse, P h i l i p E. and Jean M. Converse. "The Status of Women as Students and Professionals i n P o l i t i c a l Science." PS. 4 (Summer 1971), 328-48

Conway J i l l . "Coeducation and Women's Studies: Two Approaches t o the Question of Women's Studies i n Contemporary U n i v e r s i t y . " Daedalus. 103 ( F a l l 1974), 239-49

Davis, Anne "Women as a M i n o r i t y Group i n Higher Academics." American S o c i o l o g i s t . 5 (May 1969), 95-99

Farley, Jennie. "Faculty Reaction to Women's Studies." WS. 2 (±91**), 115-20

Fee, E l i z a b e t h . "The Sexual P o l i t i c s of V i c t o r i a n S o c i a l Anthropology." FS. 1 (Winter-Spring 1973), 23-39

Feldman, Saul D. "Impediment or Stimulant? M a r i t a l Status and Graduate Education." AJS. 78 (January 1973), 982-94

Ferber, Marianne A. and Jane W. Loeb. "Performance, Rewards and Per­ceptions of Sex D i s c r i m i n a t i o n among Male and Female F a c u l t y . " AJS. 78 (January 1973), 995-1002

. and Joan Huber. "Sex of Student and I n s t r u c t o r : A Study of Student Bias." AJS. 80 (January 1975), 949-63

F i n i f t e r , Ada W. "The P r o f e s s i o n a l Status of Women P o l i t i c a l S c i e n t i s t s : Some Current Data." PS. 6 ( F a l l 1974), 406-19

Fox, Greer L i t t o n , "Some Observations and Data on the A v a i l a b i l i t y of Same-Sex Role Model as a Factor i n Undergraduate Career Choice." SFoc. 7 ( F a l l 1974), 15-30

Gordon, Linda and Persis Hunt, e t a l . "A Review of Sexism i n American H i s t o r i c a l W r i t i n g . " WS. 1 (1972), 133-58

Graham, P a t r i c i a A l b j e r g . "Women i n Academe." Science. 169 (1970), 1284-90

Gross, Alan L., Jane Faggen and Karen McCarthy. "The D i f f e r e n t i a l Pre­d i c t a b i l i t y of the College Performance of Males and Females." EPM. 34 (Summer 1974), 363-65

Groszko, Marie and Richard Morgenstern. " I n s t i t u t i o n a l D i s c r i m i n a t i o n : The Case of Achievement O r i e n t a t i o n of Women i n Higher Education." IJGT. 4 (March 1974), 82-92

Hochschild, A r l l e Russell. "A Review of Sex Role Research." AJS. 78 (January 1973), 1011-1029 ( a l s o : Huber pp.249-67)

Howe, Florence and Carol Ahlum. "Women's Studies and Social Change." i n Rossi and Calderwood 393-424

Kirschner, Betty Frankle. " I n t r o d u c i n g Students to Women's Place i n Society." AJS. 78 (January 1973), 1051-1054 ( a l s o : Huber pp. 289-92)

K l e i n , V i o l a . The Feminine Character: H i s t o r y of an Ideology. Urbana: U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s Press,

Klotzburger, Kay. " P o l i t i c a l A c t i o n by Academic Women." i n Rossi and Calderwood, 359-92

Lowie, Robert H. and Leta S. H o l l i n g w o r t h . "Science and Feminism." S c i e n t i f i c Monthly. 3 (1916), 277-84

L e f f l e r , Ann, Dair G i l l e p s i e and E l i n o r Ratner. "Academic Feminists and the Woman's Movement." IS. 4 (1973), 44-55

Liss Lora. "Why Academic Women Do Not Revolt: I m p l i c a t i o n s f o r A f f i r m a t i v e A c t i o n . Sex Roles, forthcoming

Lunnenborg, P a t r i c e and Carol L i l l e e . "Sexism i n Graduate Admissions: The L e t t e r of Recommendation." AP.28 (1973), 187-89

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Millman, Marcia. "Observations on Sex Role Research." JMF. 33 (November 1971), 772-76

Mintz, Geraldine. "Some Observations on the Function of Women So c i o l o g i s t s a t Sociology Conventions." American S o c i o l o g i s t . 2 (August 1967), 158-59

Rosen, Ruth. "Sexism i n H i s t o r y or W r i t i n g Women's H i s t o r y i s a Tr i c k y Business." JOT. 33 (August 1971), 541-46

Rossi, A l i c e . "Feminist H i s t o r y i n Perspective: S o c i o l o g i c a l C o n t r i ­butions t o Biographic A n a l y s i s . " i n McGuigan, 85-108

Rossi, A l i c e and Ann Calderwood (ed.) Academic Women on the Move. New York: Sage, 1973

Schuck, V i c t o r i a . "Sexism and Scholarship: A B r i e f Overview of Women, Academia, and the D i s c i p l i n e s . " SSQ. 55 (December 1974), 563-

Simon, R i t a J., S h i r l e y M e r r i t t and Kathleen Galway. "The Woman Ph.D: A Recent P r o f i l e . " SP. 15 ( F a l l 1967), 221-56

Stimpson, Catharine. "What Matter Mind: A Theory About the P r a c t i c e o f Woman's Studies." WS. 1 (1973), 293-314

Tatham, C l i f f o r d B. and Elaine L. Tatham. "Academic P r e d i c t o r s f o r Black Students." EPM. 34 (Summer 1974), 371-74

Tobias, Sh e i l a . "Educating Women f o r Leadership: A Program f o r the Future." i n McGuigan, 109-114

Z i e g l e r , Harmon. "Male and Female: D i f f e r i n g Perceptions o f the Teaching Experience." i n H. Z i e g l e r . The P o l i t i c a l L i f e of American Teachers. Englewood C l i f f s : P rentice H a l l , 1967

B. Some Methodological Considerations: Scales and Research Problems

This I s a l i s t i n g of a few a r t i c l e s w r i t t e n s p e c i f i c a l l y on some methodological problems one might encounter i n attempting t o measure sex-r o l e s and sex-role change.

Ballweg, John A. "Husband-Wife Response S i m i l a r i t i e s i n Evaluative and Non-Evaluative Survey Questions." P0£. 33 (Summer 1969), 249-54

Benney, Mark, David Riesman and S h i r l e y A. Star. "Age and Sex i n the I n t e r v i e w . AJS. 31 (Summer 1967), 290-97

Berkowitz, Leonard, Sharon Klanderman, Richard H a r r i s . " E f f e c t s of Experimenter Awareness arid Sex of Subject and Experimenter on Reactions to Dependency R e l a t i o n s h i p . " Soc. 27 (September 1964), 327-37

Bielauskos, Vytautas, Simon Miranda and Leonard Lansky. "Obviousness of Two Masculinity-Femoninity Tests." Journal of Consulting Psychology. (1968), 314-19

Constantinople, Anne. "Masculinity-Femin±iity: An Exception t o a Famous Dictum?' PB. 80 (November 1973), 389-407

Hinkle, Beatrice. "On the A r b i t r a r y Use of the Terms 'Masculine' and 'Feminine' Psychoanalytive Review. 7 (1920), 15-30

K i l p a t r i c k , Dean G. and Alma D. Smith. "A V a l i d a t i o n of the Spence-Helmreich A t t i t u d e s Toward Women Scale." PS R. 35 (August 1974), 461-62

Knudsen, Dean D. "The De c l i n i n g Status of Women: Popular Myths and the F a i l u r e of F u n c t i o n a l i s t Thought." SF. 48 (December 1969), 183-93

Land i s , Judson R., ' D a r y l Sullivan; and Joseph Sheley. "Feminist A t t i t u d e s as Related t o Sex of the I n t e r v i e w e r . " P a c i f i c S o c i o l o g i c a l Review. 16 (July'1973), 305-14

Lunneborg, P a t r i c i a W. "Stereotypic Aspects i n M a s c u l i n i t y - F e m i n i n i t y Measure­ment." JCCP. 34 (1970), 113-18

"Dimensionality of MF." Journal of C l i n i c a l Psychology. 28 (July 1972), 313-17

" V a l i d i t y of A t t i t u d e s Toward Woman Scale." Ps R. 34 (June 1974), 1281-82

Mayer, Steven E. and Ani t a I . B e l l . "Sexism i n Ratings of Pe r s o n a l i t y T r a i t s . " Personnel Psychology. 28 (Summer 1975), 239-49

Mehrabian, A. "Male and Female Scales of the Tendency t o Achieve." EPM. 28 (1968), 493-502

Sannito, Thomas and Ronald Walker e t . a l . "A Test of Female Sex I d e n t i f i c a t i o n : The Thorne F e m i n i n i t y Study." Journal of C l i n i c a l Psychology. 28 (October 1972), 531-39

Spence, Janet T., Robert Helmreich and Joy Stapp. "A Short Version of the A t t i t u d e s Toward Women Scale." B u l l e t i n of the Psychonomic Society. 2 (October 1973), 219-20

C. Anthologies on Women

Some of the best sources f o r i n f o r m a t i o n on women are anthologies. A r t i c l e s which can be found i n these anthologies are l i s t e d i n t h i s "Guide" under the appropriate heading e d i t o r of the anthology.

Adams, E l s i e and Mary Briscoe. Up Against the Wall, Mother... Beverly H i l l s : Glencoe, 1971

Altba c k , E d i t h Hoshina. From Feminism t o L i b e r a t i o n . Cambridge: Schenkman, 1971

Bardwick, J u d i t h . Readings on the Psychology of Feminism. New York: Harper, 1972

Bardwick, J u d i t h , E l i z a b e t h Douvan, e t . a l . Feminine P e r s o n a l i t y and C o n f l i c t . Belmont, C a l i f . : Wadsworth, 1970

B e l l , Susan G. Women: From the Greeks t o the French Revolution. Belmont, C a l i f . Wadsworth P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1973

Dahlstrom, Edmund (ed). The Changing Roles of Men and Women. Boston: Beacon, 1967

Edwards, Lee, Mary Health and Lisa Baskin. Women: An Issue. Boston: L i t t l e , Brown and Co., 1972

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs and W i l l i a m J. Goode. The Other H a l f : Roads t o Women's E q u a l i t y . Englewood C l i f f s : P r e n t i c e - H a l l , 1971

Farber, Seymour M. and Roger H. L. Wilson. The Challenge to Women. New York: Basic, 1966

Freeman, Jo. Women: A Feminist Perspective. Palo A l t o : M a y f i e l d , 1975

Friedman, Jean E. and W i l l i a m G. Shade. Our American S i s t e r s : Women i n America L i f e and Thought. Boston: A i l y n and Bacon, 1973

Garskof, Michele Hoffnung. Roles Women Play: Readings Toward Women's L i b e r a t i o n : Belmont, C a l i f . : Wadsworth, 1971

Glazer-Malbin, Nona and Helen Youngelson Waehrer. Woman i n a Man-Made World. Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1973

Gornick, V i v i a n and Barbara Moran. Women i n Sexist Society. New York: Basic 1972

Har r i s o n , Cynthia. Women's Movement i n Media: A Sourcebook. Ann Arbor, Bowker, 1975

Honslin. Studies i n the Sociology of Sex. New York: Meredith Corp.: 1971

Huber, Joan. Changing Women i n a Changing Society. Chicago: U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago Press, 1973

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Jacquette, Jane S. Women i n P o l i t i c s . New York: Wiley, 1974 ( P r i m a r i l y papers from the 1973 APSA meeting.)

Knudsin, Ruth B. Women and Success. New York: Morrow, 1974

Koedt, Ann, E l l e n Levine and A n i t a Rapone. Radical Feminism. New York: Quadrangle, 1973

K r a d i t o r , Aileen S. Up From the Pedestal. Chicago: Quadrangle, 1968

L i f t o n , Robert Jay. The Woman i n America. Boston: Beacon, 1964

Lynn, Mary C. Women's L i b e r a t i o n i n the Twentieth Century. New York: Wiley, 1975

Maccoby, Eleanor E. The Development of Sex Differences. Stanford U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1966

McGuigan, Dorothy Gies. A Sampler of Women's Studies. Ann Arbor: U n i v e r s i t y of Michigan, 1973

Morgan, Robin. Sisterhood i s Powerful. New York: Random, .1970

O'Faolain, J u l i a and Lauro Martines. Not i n God's Image. New York: Harper Torch, 1973

Pescate l l o , Ann. Male and Female i n L a t i n America. P i t t s b u r g h : U n i v e r s i t y of P i t t s b u r g h Press, 1973

Reeves, Nancy. Womankind: Beyond the Stereotypes. New York: Aldine, 1971

Rosaldo, M i c h e l l y and Louise Lamphere. Woman, Culture and Society. Stanford U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1974

Rossi, A l i c e . The Feminist Papers. New York: Bantam, 1974

and Ann Calderwood. Academic Women on the Move. New York: Sage, 1973

Roszak, Betty and Theodore Roszak. Masculine/Feminine: Readings i n Sexual Mythology and the L i b e r a t i o n of Women. New York: Harper and Row, 1969

S a f i l i o s - R o t h s c h i l d , Constantia. Toward a Sociology of Women. Lexington: Xerox, 1972

Salper, Roberta. Female L i b e r a t i o n : H i s t o r y and Current P o l i t i c s . New York: Knopf, 1972

Schneir, Miriam. Feminism: The E s s e n t i a l H i s t o r i c a l W r i t i n g s . New York: Vintage Books

Scot t , Anne F i r o r . What i s Happening t o American Women. A t l a n t a : Foundation Seminar Books, n.d.

Seward, Georgene H. and Robert C. Williamson. Sex Roles i n Changing Society. New York: Randon, 1970

Sochen, June. The New. Feminism i n Twentieth Century America. Lexington: D.C. Heath, 1971

Tanner, L e s l i e B. Voices From Women's L i b e r a t i o n . New York: Signet, 1970

Thompson, Mary Lou. Voices of the New Feminism. Boston: Beacon, 1970

V i c i n u s , Martha. S u f f e r and Be S t i l l : Women i n the V i c t o r i a n Age. Bloomington, I n d . " Indiana U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1972

Wolf, Margery. Women i n Chinese Society. Stanford: Stanford U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1975.

Ward, Barbara. Women i n the New Asia: The Changing So c i a l Roles of Men and Women i n South and Southeast Asia. P a r i s . UNESCO, 1963

Young, M a r i l y n .B. (ed). Women i n China. Ann Arbor: Center f o r Chinese Studies, 1973

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D. B i b l i o g r a p h i c M a t e r i a l

A u s t i n , Helen S. Women: A Bibliography on t h e i r Education and Careers. New York: Behavioral P u b l i c a t i o n s , 1974

Bruemmer, Linda. "The Condition of Women i n Society Today: Annotated B i b l i o g r a p h y . " Journal of the N a t i o n a l Association of Women Deans and Counselors. 33 (Winter 1970), 89-95

C i s l e r , Lucinda. Women: A Bibl i o g r a p h y . 1970 (P.O. Box 240, New York C i t y , 10024)

Center f o r the American Woman and P o l i t i c s . A Selected B i b l i o g r a p h y : 1965-1974. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Eagleton I n s t i t u t e , 1974

Cole, Johnetta B. "Black Women i n America: An Annotated Bibliography." Black Scholar. 3 (December 1971), 42-53

Jacobs, Sue-Ellen. Women i n Perspective: A Guide f o r Cross-Cultural Studies. Urbana: U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s Press, 1974

Krauss, Wilma Rule. " P o l i t i c a l I m p l i c a t i o n s of Gender Roles: A Review of the L i t e r a t u r e . " APSR. 68 (December 1974), 1706-1723

Krichmar, A l b e r t . The Women's Rights Movement i n the United States: 1848-1970. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1972

Leonard, Eugenie Andruss. The American Woman i n Co l o n i a l and Revolutionary Times, 1565-1800: A Syllabus w i t h B i b l i o g r a p h y . P h i l a d e l p h i a : U n i v e r s i t y of Pennsylvania Press, 1962

Morgan, Robin. " B i b l i o g r a p h y . " i n Sisterhood i s Powerful. New York: Random, 1970, pp. 567-83

Oetzel, Roberta M. "Annotated B i b l i o g r a p h y . " Eleanor Maccoby (ed). in The Development of Sex Dif f e r e n c e s . Stanford: Stanford U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1966, pp. 223-321

Women Studies Abstracts. ( Q u a r t e r l y a b s t r a c t s on works on women)

Rosenberg, Marie Barovic and Len V. Bergstrom. Women i n Society: A C r i t i c a l Review of the L i t e r a t u r e w i t h a Selected Annotated Bibliography. Beverly H i l l s : Sage P u b l i c a t i o n s , 1975