Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to...
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Transcript of Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to...
![Page 1: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN
accelerator workshops.
Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the
accelerator physics.
![Page 2: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/Microcosm/RF_cavity/ex.html
![Page 11: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The result, reported at the January 1931 APS meeting, earned Livingston his Ph.D. and Lawrence $500 from the National Research Council towards the construction of a machine that might be useful for nuclear physics."
![Page 17: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQNpucos9wc
![Page 27: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
RHIC consists of two 3.8 km long rings, called Blue (clockwise) and Yellow (counter clockwise)
It has six interaction regions (IR), four of which are equipped with detectors: PHENIX and some other less important experiments
There are 3(4) pre-injectors and transfer lines involved when filling RHIC.
A briefing on RHIC
SvOutPlaceObject
![Page 28: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Some Basics: Bunched Beam total of 55 bunches per ring
12.8 ms per revolution
Abort gap
Beam is accelerated by Radio Frequency (RF) cavities:
28 MHz for acceleration 200 MHz for storage to
reduce bunch length
28 MHz defines the number of “buckets” = 360, length is 12.8 ms/360=35 ns (or 10 m)
Coasting beam: continuous, no bunch structure (debunched), cannot be accelerated
Bunched (or captured) beam: every 6th (3rd) bucket, i.e. 55+5 (110+10) bunches per ring with 109 Au ions or 1011 protons
Bunch 1
Bunch 55
“cogging”: lock frev of both beams and rotate bunches such that they collide at IRs
![Page 30: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
RHIC ramp with 56 bunches
Acceleration
BLUEFill 56bunches
YELLOWFill 55bunches Transition energy
Storage energy
Correction points (stepstones)
Total Yellow currentBunched Yellow current
Total Blue currentBunched blue current
The beam is accelerated from Injection Energy (10 GeV) to Storage Energy (100 GeV). The acceleration process is called “ramp”.
Injection energy
![Page 31: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
RHIC Run-4 - Low Energy
Stores during last week, Monday to Monday60e9 Au
intensityb
eam
exp
erim
ent
31G
eV/u
set
up
¬ 31GeV operation ®
Luminosity 10x lower(relativistic g, b*)
![Page 32: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
RHIC Run-4
Some statistics (week 22-Mar to 28-Mar), no maintenance, setup for 31.2GeV/u
No of stores : 20Time in store : 77hrs (46% of calendar time)
(53% Run-4 average)
Average store time : 3.9hrs
Av. store-to-store time : 2.0hrs (ex beam exp. & setup) Rms store-to-store time: 2.0hrs
Optimum store length : 3.2hrs (for zero detector turn-on time)
![Page 33: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Delivered Integrated Luminosity
maximumprojection
minimumprojection
physics target
Best 7 days: delivered 179 (mb)-1 to Phenix
![Page 34: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• N1, N2: number of beam particles per bunch. • B: number of bunches per ring • f. Revolution frequency
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A Large Ion Collider Experiment at the LHC: 30 times higher collision energy
ALICE @ PT2
Tunnel radius 27 kilometres (17 mi)
A Large Electron-Positron Collider
![Page 43: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
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• Below the transition energy, high-energy particles take less time (higher frequency) to navigate the accelerator than low-energy particles.
• above the transition energy, when the particle speed is very close to the speed of light, it is the increase of R that becomes the dominant effect, df/f < 0, and thus high-energy particles take longer (lower frequency) to move around the accelerator than do low-energy particles.
• Due to significantly smaller emittance and the phase instability in the synchrotron oscillation, the beam with large enough intensity tends to be very unstable when the transition energy is reached.
• Near the transition energy, the accelerating voltage is jumped in phase (of the synchrotron oscillation) so that the accelerating particles from the rising slope of the synchrotron oscillation would find themselves on the descending slope.
• This way, the particles can be further accelerated to energies beyond the transition energy. After that,all particles, regardless of their slight differences in momentum, take exactly the same amount of time to circle the machine.
Transition Energy
![Page 45: Note: most of the slides shown here are picked from CERN accelerator workshops. Please refer to those workshop for further understanding of the accelerator.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdb5503460f949a5b9d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
• β* is the β (amplitude-function in the phase oscillation) at the collision point.
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Circulate: Betatron Motion
Particles perform oscillations around closed orbit.
The number of oscillations per revolution is called the “tune”. The quadrupole configuration (“optic”) defines the tune (betatron function).
Integer and 1/2 , 1/3, 1/4 … tunes would cause magnetic imperfections to be repetitive and resonant => beam loss
This example: tune = 11.27
1 oscillation
Number of oscillation is
defined by the magnet
configuration.