:gfo'lj1fg dl:tis lj1fg o' jf ljBfyL{sf] nflu Ps lrgf/L la|l6; Go' /f] ;fOG; P;f]l;P;g o' /f] lkog 8fgf PnfPG; km/ b a|]g PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software+| -++| 4= -+t|=|t-= {=|={=+ t +t|++ a|+| {e|{-= t t 4++| +=+ ta =|t= {a++ +++=|e+ t =t++ e +=|a +++=|e+ t|t| ++|t +| =-|t+ t{+| r| +=+| |+= + t t a==|t a|t+ -a+|, {a++ e ++|t t+| r+ r|=| -+|++z|+ +=|+| =r+=| +-|+. =+|t+| e t {a+++| -+|++z|+ ==t|++| -+ =t-++ |=|t + t| r|=| +=|a+| t|t++| +++=|e+ +=|+| =t-+rc +-|+. +|e+ e+=|t t -+ =-|+| =r+|| =r+=| + -++|t z|+ + |r-| sr|rc+| +|= -+= -s=| s-eo t{+| 4= -+t|=|t-= {=|={=+ 4{+{ 4++| {+ +|+=|++ ++|+ r|, =e -+|+ +z|+++| +++ , | -+|-+ {+ t|=| -+|+ ||e|+| sa= +|r+|+ ==+ +=+| =t-+r, +++=|e+ +| +=-|+ =-|=| |=+ -|+ +z|++to e{t -+|++|at+| +=||=-= + 4{+{+| |+. 4=-+ =+=| t+ +|-|+ 4s+e =ot t{+| +=-|++| -+++t|+| e| == t|+ t=t+| -|+|+ ==rce 4|t-4|t |-s|rc |+|+| + t +-+| ==re =+=||t| ++|= =et, +=|e+ ==| t -|+|+ =|re+=| t+| -+| ++|+e| |+| +| + |++|t|+| e| http://www.bna.org.uk/ r+r|e| +t|++ a|+| {e|{-= t t 4+ ta|{+| +| s{+ |= ++| t +|+++|e|t =-+-+ +=-|++| =r++| 4|t |++|t| t+ r| ta{++| e+, -+|++z|++| +a+ +| =|+++ e|=+| +-|+=| z|+ 4z|s+ t =-+-++| -+|-+ t t| e|t|+| +-|+| |++|t| =e= t s+a c=| |t + tr+| -+|+ t =+|+=| =-4-| t|e =4o|e s=t ==r+| e|o| =|+=e|t =|++ |t+| t +=e t|-+ ++-|=| -=|t ||+ -+|{+| +-+| ==-+|+| ==||+ +, =+ )=|, r+|+ +t|++ -+|+ +z|++e |-++|+ +=-|+ s{++| |-||| =| r-+||t t t =-+-++| t|r +| -+|+ +z|++| =r++|4|t =+++| 4z|s+ | t += - + t|++ t+| +++ + -+ +a +{ ta{4 +| )-t =-t| 4z| =t-+ + |++|t|+| e| http://edab.net/ r+r|e| t 4= -+t|=|t-= {=|={=+ t =tz+ 4-az = {=|+ - e+te {e : t + + t|t| +|+ =+|+|t 4= -+t|=|t-= {=|={=+ -: += -+++| =+|+|t =t|+ 4= -+t|=|t-= {=|={=++| eo+ +=+4+|, 4=|++ |+|+ +| =| =-4-=| +=+ |-+ =-=|+| 4|r+ -+ ++ =| +=+| ++ + =|+| +c|t+ + |t+ + = +|+ -: |t{=4+. txt-x= += |+|=| to{+| +4-4, =t4e ++=+| -+|+ +| r| + +++| +|-|=+ r|e{+| +-| tz+| =r|++|e rt{+| r| PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit SoftwareNeuroscience: The Science of the Brain (Napali) This is the Napali language translation of the public education booklet. This translation was made for IBRO by: Aastha Dhungana, BSc in Nursing, Assistant Lecturer, Chitwan Academy for Technical Education, Chitwan, Nepal Laxmi Ghimire, M.B.B.S., Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal Abhi Narayan Bhandari, MA, SOS Herman Gmeiner Higher Secondary School, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal The British Neuroscience Association (BNA) commissioned the booklet for the purposes of teaching young people in the UK about the brain and neuroscience, the science of the brain. The booklet contains short explanatory chapters on different subjects written by experts in each topic. The original booklet was published in 2004. In 2005, the International Brain Research Organisation (IBRO) purchased the copyright of the booklet. We have commissioned members of our organisation to translate the booklet in multiple languages. We hope that you will use these translations for the purpose of improving public understanding and awareness of the brain and the importance of brain research. IBRO and the BNA are happy for you to make printed copies of these PDF files. However this should not be done for profit. For more information, please read the additional information that is appended at the end of the booklet. PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software+ta + =|s++| e|. www.bna.org.uk/publications r e|+4|. t 4 -+t| =|t-= {=| ={=+, t|t| t t + 4-a =, {++ - |, e+t e {e = :| t . e|| +. xx +|+| e+ )t) x xx:txx ++|+=. xx +|+| e+ x tt)tt) -+|+ +z|+ . =-+-+ +z|+ == r|=| t=+, t4| =|+| +|-|r =et 4++| e= ).t +e||= +|e ={+|, + |+++ |++ tr+| r- +=e r|=|e|t r|=| +tt+| ++ 4= +, =|-+ t +t| + =|=+ t|+ =|++ =-+-+ t|t+| =4=-t| e r| t ++ tt- + +| +|+ e +-+ r| +| -++| ++| +=||+| e| {+ +|t| r| += -++|=|, =-+-+e +=t| +|= =-+ 4|t r|=|e ++ |++| | t ++ = |-+ 4|+| , =-+ 4|+ +| +=+| +++=| ++ +-|++| +=+ +| +z|++ =|=e +, | ||++ |++z|+to e{t +||=+ =+|+z|+ =| |t|t+ ++|+z|+ t |-||+z|+ -+| ++ +-|+rc=-=+| + +| =4+| =e|e| z|+4| {s| ++| +-|+ 4++| -+|++z|+ =-+-++| +z|+ += -++|=| +| + t{+| =-+-+e t +|= + =+ +t =4 +|= =+t + +==| -+|+ +| -|rc r-+| +=+| +=||+| {+|t r| t +| =4 {+ =|e+| c=| {+|==| |a{t tr+| r-+ +| =|e +=+|+ {+ t|=|+++ +++| -t +-|=| tr- r|=| + =-+-++| +|+ tt|o+| |, +| r+ {+ +=+ + =+ +=e |a|+| + =+ + =+ t +=+| t|=|+++ ++|e |a|+| = +|++ =|++| ++-+|=| =r+| + +=+| + + =|rc r|= | t-++ ++ ==-++ + +|==| =e+ ={+| r-+ {+ =-+-+ | +| =4 =| c +|+ + =+, +| | c=| 4+t |st+, +=+| +-+|t ++|= r- t r|=| +==| =|= e =o ++| +|+ +| 4 +| =+ {+ +| + +e s|+= +|= t+, +4 +=-+ t-++| ++|= r-, -+ a-e+=+| =-+-++| ++|= +=t| r- t {t -+|+ +|-|rc+| 4| =-+ +=t| 4te- +=+| e| -=4|t ++| =e|t -+|+ -e|-=| =+- +| tt+| 4|=| ++| ==|++| + -+|+ -e|-=| =++ t -=t| +=| +r+ tr+| =|+- r|=| += -++|+| =-+-+e e|+ +-4t +|t t|r+ =+ =| +|te -e| +-|+| +====| + +=+|, +| +|t t|r+ =+ +t t.o+| +t| +| , =-+-+ |t+|t+ +t| + +|t t|r +t +| +r| o|+ +| s+ t+ +=e +| =4 + r| rt=-= =|=+ +t r|=|e|t -+ +=e|t ++|+ r- =| +r| r|=|e + r| r|=| +e t ||++ ++|4|t + |++|t| t-| =e t| +-+ -+| s-+ r- -+ r|=| =+ t t|||+ =r== | +-+| ==+=| + t | =r+| r-, +=e r|=|e =-+-+e|t |r+ + |t|= t+ t.o+| +t| +=e|t t| =| | + e|+ =+ ++| +t+|rc -+ +-| te+|a, =e +|-|rc+| =+r + =+, +||+ +4-4, =|++ =-+-+ -++z ==+ t =e++ =| =-=e+ ++= =-+-+ t| |t =4e |++ -+|+ +z|++| =r|t t + r|=| +=e|t +|t = t+ t|s | =| + r| +|+=+ ={| t =-+-+ +=-|+4| t| r+ + r| =|=|+ =|++| 4|t 4+|s+| + +== 4==-+-+e4 +s-=+- te-e= +==-e+- te4++tst-4+-+e+ {+++4- = =-+-+ -=++-=e= +++-4+-+e, t+- = +=-e+++e =-=-e++, +++e ++==+, |-o=s++ |a -- ==s+e=- xx zz szx xzxtxxz 4r- xx szx ztzs ) -+|+ ||e| - - -+|+ t {+=+ | =+e x : t|=|+++ =+| +|r+ x | -|| t =-+-+ t - t |a| )) t - )x + ) = -+|+ ||e|+| ++|= -- a-e +=+| -t ) -e|-=| - )) =+|t t -=t|a : )- ++|+ :t ): +t|| ||e| : )x +t | : )t =-+-+ +4-4 x) ) + += =-+-+ t -+|+ = |e xx ) 4 + r| e+ r + |- x )= -+|+ +|+|-+ t- ) || t |+++|+| tx - - +++ t |=|t t PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software -+|+ ||e| -+|+ ||e| -+|+ ||e| -+|+ ||e| -+t|++| +|-+ =t+|=| {+ +|-| t |= +|=+ tt +ta oa =|=e r-+ +| =+ {+ oae|t {+|+ =+-, =+| +|+ {s| -+t|+4| sa -+t|+= |a{+| -+=| =+| =|t+ + r| +| oae|t a -a|t =+-, +=+| +|+ -+ -+t|++| {+|+x|t| =|t+ ={+| =+| |-+ + r| +| t4 |==e =|t-+|-= +|=+ +-| =-+=| =| e-+ {+=+ |=+e +| t|=|+++ t+ =|+| +|+ - t : r+r|e| -+t|+e|t +-+| e z oe| t =|e=| ++-+ t{+| r-, =+| =|+=4| =-+-+ ||e|=| =+| =|t+ ={+| r- =-+-+ t =-|-+| Spinal Cord t=|t{+| =|++ +-t |+ =-+-+ ||e| =e=+ =t+| =e=+ =t+| =e=+ =t+| =e=+ =t+| -+|+ ||e| -++ =-+-+, =-|-+| -+|+ ||e| -++ =-+-+, =-|-+| -+|+ ||e| -++ =-+-+, =-|-+| -+|+ ||e| -++ =-+-+, =-|-+| Spianal cord t t t t t- -+|+ t+ t- -+|+ t+ t- -+|+ t+ t- -+|+ t+ +| -+ +| -+ +| -+ +| -+ t|+ +|=+ - t|+ +|=+ - t|+ +|=+ - t|+ +|=+ -+|+ +|-| t e+ +|+ +|-| t e+ +|+ +|-| t e+ +|+ +|-| t e+e +|=+ e +|=+ e +|=+ e +|=+ =r|++ +|-| =et 4++| r- =r|++ +|-| =et 4++| r- =r|++ +|-| =et 4++| r- =r|++ +|-| =et 4++| r- -+|+-+t|+ =r+++| +|+ +|t+| r-+ =+t =+t =+t =+t+ -+t|+ + -+t|+ + -+t|+ + -+t|+ +-+| t=-t ==s++ = |a{+| r-+ + 4|rt| t =+| t++| +=-+ +-|+|r a| e|s t+ t +++| t-+ +|, ++, +|-++ t t|=|+++ sa+|+| t++++ =+t+|e t=-tre t+, +|, -, - t -+|t+| =+t+|=+ x++| e| +|= + 4 |e|=| ={+| +|-++, +||+ +| t|=|+++ sa+|+| =|+ ++ =|=|=-t| |a 4z , +4 ++|r ++|r ++|r ++|rce +-+e|t r|+ + =++ t +-| o|e+| t=-t receptor): +|=t=-trc ++|-++ r-+= +=e =t||=+ t+e+= +| |a|+| +=+ s-+ - t |a| =| +|+ t r+r|e| |e+ -+ |e+ -+ |e+ -+ |e+ -+ t|+ t|+ t|+ t|+, =e =|=|+| ++rc+| ++-+| , +|||=r+ rt+ +|t+| ++r|t+| e| satt|+| r-+ =+t+ -+t|+ t |e+ -+t|++| =+-+| -+t|+e|t t-t-+t|+ =+- =|++ =-+-+=| +| +r -+t|+ r- t-t-+t|+e =te t e+=e|t =|+=+ =| +| =-+-++| s-+= +|++| e| + satt|+| r- e|=| ==+ to e+ e+ e+ e+e +| e +| e +| e +|+| +| +| +|+| +|+ -+t|+e|t ==+ + =+-+| +t |+e ++|rce|t =-+-+ ||e|+| ++|=+| =| ++-+ =-+-++| +|+=| {+ =r+| +|t|+++|+| =| =|+- + =z r+|=| ={t + ++|rc -+t|+e =t| =+| =|t|+| +|= t++ =-+-+ t =-|-+| =+t+|e t=-t t =|=|=| {s| e|=| {+|++| =|+=4| |a{+| r-+ =e t- -+|+ 4+|s =-|-+|+| tt+| +|+ r-, +| =te +| ++| -+ a|=| = +| e|+, +|+| +-+e +| +e |-t| r|+|a| | =++, =| + e +| ++|+| -e r| t +=e t|t t =-+-++| 4| t4 t|=| =+| |++|++ + 4|| 4+|s =-+-+ ||e|+| +| =e=+ =t+| =4 z|a ={+| |||=| {+ ==|+ r- =|++ =-+-+e|t + e + 4+|s =+, t|t+| +|+=| =-+-++| |+|t se| r- +=+| +|t| ++|=+| +==| tt-+t|++| =z r+|=| ++ +x r+ r|, =e =|++e|t +|+t|=+| +++|+| +-+ c=| +|+ ++- t|+ =-+-++| |t|t+ =t+| =-+-+=| 4+ -= t =t4e r=-+t =|= e r- 4+ -= r-a 4+, =a4+ t a|t+=|e|+ +|=+ =|=| +=|+ r- r-a 4+, =-|-+|+| +-+|t r| +==| -+|++| ==|e r-, =e |+-+ ++|rt ++e +| +|++| ++-+| r-a 4++| =|-e| =a|4| =|+| =-+-+ =t4e= +++-, =e +|e+|+| ++-+| +| ==+ ++ +=| t= +-t|+ ==+| +=|s +|e+| t a=e+=+| =-4-| +|+ r+r|= =+ =-+-+=| -+|++| ==r ==|+ r-, ==+ ++e +-| +|t+| t|=|+++ t++| =o 4| s+| t+| |t- +t +| =+ =4e =t4e r=-+t =-= |+ t+| r-+ +-+| =|{+| + ++|rce =-+-++| s- +-t=| -+|++| +|+e|t ++-+ + =++ - -- - PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software =|++ =-+-++| =|, +e t |+4| to{+| t+ a|t+=|e|+e|t tt ee |+=| 4|a{+| , e== e== e== e== t r|t| r|t| r|t| r|t| e== e== e== e== e==e =4 =+t+ ||e|4| =t4e ++=e|t sa+| s|s, =e t e===| =-t s|s =-+-+=| r+ +| |a |a+| =+|++| ttz Intriguing +==+| r- =+| +4e {+ t|=| +|r+ rt+ r|t|e==e +=-+ +|++| ++-+| , -+ =|+ +, s+ =| +=e +|+ +|+=| =|= e rt=|++| sa ++-+ =t4e r=-+t=| =t4e r=-+t=| =t4e r=-+t=| =t4e r=-+t=| {+ +-t|+ 4=e 4=e 4=e 4=e e+| e+| e+| e+| r- =| {+ +|+ +t |+e| -+|++| + +tt r- =e ot| t| 4+|st 4=e e+|e +|e+|+| |t-= t ++-+|=| +-t|+ ==+| +=|s +|e+| =| +|+ r+r|e| o-t+| =|=+ -|+=| tr+| =t4e ++= t s|s=| ++|s+| t|4{+| r- =e -+|++| ++| =+r| |+ 4z|s+ ={+ += ++e +-+ =|++ |+=| =-+-++| =+|+ ++=+ |+ r| +| |t-e|+| +e+|=| |t +| se| r-, +| se| =z r+|=| ee |+=| +=|+ r-, ++ |+ |++| +r t =+|++| =-t==| {+ +|4| =-+ r-+ +| =+ |++| +|+ z|+ + -+ t-, +| t ||=+- |+, |e|4| sa+| |s+ =+t+ |+ =|=|{-+ |+ t |e+ |+ =+t+ t=-t4| ++==-= t ++=4| =|=|=-=+| {+ s4| |{+| =| +| s; |- +=t| t|t+| t|+| =|+| +|e+|+| ++-+| ++=+| 4|+| =|e t t +=+| s-| r- +=t|, t|t+| 4|+| =|e, t|+| r=-+te|t =+t+ =++ s|s st|rt|+| e| 4|+| +|++| |+|, =r+++| t|r+ + +==| +| =-+-++| tt +| r-=|e ; +|= t++ ++=+ t|+| t 4|+| =t4e ++= {+ se| |t4t +e |a{+| r-, =e|t + ++ + = = = = ++|e|== ++|e|== ++|e|== ++|e|== =+- |++ -+|++z|++| +|, t|=|+| +||e +-| )= =| |++| ==t| +-+=| =t4e r=-+t =t 4e= 4+ -= e== t r|t|e== e== t r|t|e== e== t r|t|e== e== t r|t|e== to|t{+| = to|t{+| = to|t{+| = to|t{+| =-+-++| 44| -+-++| 44| -+-++| 44| -+-++| 44| +|{+| =| +|{+| =| +|{+| =| +|{+| =| 4=e +|= e+| t + = ++|e|== to|t{+| =-+-++| 44| +|{+| =| =t4e r=-+t += ++|e| == 4=e +|e+|-+-+ ++r, =|-||, 4|||, t s- +|+r -+ =|-+ t +|t + -+| +|=+| e| =t4e ++=+| |++++| +| =+ ++ +|+ =-+-++| t4 =|e + =+ +t +| =+ + r| +|+ 4r+=| ++ {+ +| +| r=-+te t+| |t- +| s- +|+= =-4-+ |+r -+ +||| + t=| =|+==| 4|+| r=-+t=| ={+| |t- a| e|t{+| +=, = t |-+ 4|+| , +-|+. + r| |+++ + o|e+| ={| -+ ++| +=e =t4e ++=+| +|++| +++ -+|++z|+ +=-|++| e| =+|+ t|+ t =++ |+ =+ {+ r| +||et|t| et{+| -+t|+ t +=+| a+a|t+| +-+t +||ex|t| 4+|t{+| -+t|++| +- + ++|rc =t4e=+| r+ t-t+ e+ http://science.howstuffworks.com/brain.htm http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html http://psych.hanover.edu/Krantz/neurotut.html ;/]a|n x]ld:km]o/ ;/]a|n x]ld:km]o/ ;/]a|n x]ld:km]o/ ;/]a|n x]ld:km]o/ / // / a|]lgl:6dsf] a|]lgl:6dsf] a|]lgl:6dsf] a|]lgl:6dsf] aLr ljefhg b]vfpg] dl:tissf] aLr ljefhg b]vfpg] dl:tissf] aLr ljefhg b]vfpg] dl:tissf] aLr ljefhg b]vfpg] dl:tissf] kfZj{lrq, o;sf] Ps lj:tf/ g} kfZj{lrq, o;sf] Ps lj:tf/ g} kfZj{lrq, o;sf] Ps lj:tf/ g} kfZj{lrq, o;sf] Ps lj:tf/ g} ;]/]a]nd xf] . ;]/]a]nd xf] . ;]/]a]nd xf] . ;]/]a]nd xf] . y]n]d; xfOkf]y]n]d; : :: : PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software -=+e+ 4e= += +-+e {++=e+-4 =+= e=+e+ 4= +=e++ + +++, t-+ + +4, += =+= e=+e+ 4= +=e++ + +++, t-+ + +4, += =+= e=+e+ 4= +=e++ + +++, t-+ + +4, += =+= e=+e+ 4= +=e++ + +++, t-+ + +4, += 4 4 4 4 4o= -e ++e +4+ +=- 4+-o-+ -+ t++ ==+-4 4e= =-4 4o= -e ++e +4+ +=- 4+-o-+ -+ t++ ==+-4 4e= =-4 4o= -e ++e +4+ +=- 4+-o-+ -+ t++ ==+-4 4e= =-4 4o= -e ++e +4+ +=- 4+-o-+ -+ t++ ==+-4 4e= =-4 -=+e+ t++ ++s=4+= 4e= +s=+= -+ =4 ++= -e -=+e+ t++ ++s=4+= 4e= +s=+= -+ =4 ++= -e -=+e+ t++ ++s=4+= 4e= +s=+= -+ =4 ++= -e -=+e+ t++ ++s=4+= 4e= +s=+= -+ =4 ++= -e =+4+-e+ += +o=4 ++4+= +| + =+4+-e+ += +o=4 ++4+= +| + =+4+-e+ += +o=4 ++4+= +| + =+4+-e+ += +o=4 ++4+= +| += e=o++ = e=o++ = e=o++ = e=o++ +++=, 4+= -e +++=, 4+= -e +++=, 4+= -e +++=, 4+= -e += +4= 4 +4+ -e=-o-=4+ -e 4 ++-=+ ++s=4+= 4e= += +4= 4 +4+ -e=-o-=4+ -e 4 ++-=+ ++s=4+= 4e= += +4= 4 +4+ -e=-o-=4+ -e 4 ++-=+ ++s=4+= 4e= += +4= 4 +4+ -e=-o-=4+ -e 4 ++-=+ ++s=4+= 4e= +s=+= -e ==-+-+e +s=+= -e ==-+-+e +s=+= -e ==-+-+e +s=+= -e ==-+-+e 4-e+ 4-e+ 4-e+ 4-e+ s+=++=+ ==-4 +-+e4+ ==-o== s+=++=+ ==-4 +-+e4+ ==-o== s+=++=+ ==-4 +-+e4+ ==-o== s+=++=+ ==-4 +-+e4+ ==-o== -e += ==e=-+=+ |+ += 4r+e+ +4+ +e+4+ += 4= -e += ==e=-+=+ |+ += 4r+e+ +4+ +e+4+ += 4= -e += ==e=-+=+ |+ += 4r+e+ +4+ +e+4+ += 4= -e += ==e=-+=+ |+ += 4r+e+ +4+ +e+4+ += 4= +4e+|+== -e++ ==+-4 +-+e4+, - 4== ++ + +4e+|+== -e++ ==+-4 +-+e4+, - 4== ++ + +4e+|+== -e++ ==+-4 +-+e4+, - 4== ++ + +4e+|+== -e++ ==+-4 +-+e4+, - 4== ++ + +t+4+ +t+4+ +t+4+ +t+4+ |+ ==+-4 +-+e4+ |+ 4 += ++= +e4s+=+, ++ 4-e+ 4 |+ ==+-4 +-+e4+ |+ 4 += ++= +e4s+=+, ++ 4-e+ 4 |+ ==+-4 +-+e4+ |+ 4 += ++= +e4s+=+, ++ 4-e+ 4 |+ ==+-4 +-+e4+ |+ 4 += ++= +e4s+=+, ++ 4-e+ 4 ==-+-+e 4t++ =+= ++ s4++ +e += +-+e4 =+=== ==-+-+e 4t++ =+= ++ s4++ +e += +-+e4 =+=== ==-+-+e 4t++ =+= ++ s4++ +e += +-+e4 =+=== ==-+-+e 4t++ =+= ++ s4++ +e += +-+e4 =+=== -=+-4 -=+-4 -=+-4 -=+-4 s++=e+-4+ +=e s++=e+-4+ +=e s++=e+-4+ +=e s++=e+-4+ +=e +4o= =+e 4r+e+ ++ +e4s+=+ +e +4o= =+e 4r+e+ ++ +e4s+=+ +e +4o= =+e 4r+e+ ++ +e4s+=+ +e +4o= =+e 4r+e+ ++ +e4s+=+ +e += ==e=-+=+ +| += e=r+ e=+e 4e= += s+=++ =s=4++ += ==e=-+=+ +| += e=r+ e=+e 4e= += s+=++ =s=4++ += ==e=-+=+ +| += e=r+ e=+e 4e= += s+=++ =s=4++ += ==e=-+=+ +| += e=r+ e=+e 4e= += s+=++ =s=4++ -|t+e |e+ -+t+ t|=ae +| =t4e=+| t+ +| -+|++|-| -+|++|-| -+|++|-| -+|++|-| -+|+ -+|+ -+|+ -+|+ +|-| +|-| +|-| +|-| -+|+ -+|+ -+|+ -+|+ +|-| +|-| +|-| +|-| {+|+ {+|+ {+|+ {+|+ {+|+ {+|+ {+|+ {+|+ {+|+ {+|+ {+|+ {+|+= =e4- e=+e + = ==+-t== -e += 4++ 4s+=, 4 e=+e +e+-+++ +|+ +|t+| -+t|+ +| ==e=-+=+ ==e=-+=+ ==e=-+=+ ==e=-+=+, 4 = t+= = t+= = t+= = t+=, 4e 4r+e 4r+e 4r+e 4r+e 4e= +e4s+- +=-e4+ +e4s+- +=-e4+ +e4s+- +=-e4+ +e4s+- +=-e4+ -+ +++= =|=++ -++ |e+-+e4 +t=-o-+-+e -e++ ==-o-e+, -e+=+4+-e+ 4e= +4e+-++-e+ +s4+=e++ -++ +s=4-e+, += ==e=-+= ==-o=+, += =t+= -e+=+4+=+ 4e= += 4r+e+ +4e+-+ 4 +e=s+ 4== s+4-4+-+e t=4+= += -e|+4+-+e += s+=++ +ss++== ++=+ -e +e +e= =-=+-+e a-a|t -+|++|-| {+|+ =|t-+|-= |-+ =-=e+ =|t| {+ -+|++| =r+ +|t|| |-= 4e +++=, -+ 4+ ++ += +++=+= = ++= =t4e=+ =t4e=+ =t4e=+ =t4e=+ +| e=+e+, 4== +| |4++ +t++4e=+, 4= =4s== 4+e= 4 +++==++e +++==++e +++==++e +++==++e +4+ -+ t-+ s +| +=+ +| +t4 4e= |-4=e+++ s++=-e+ +4+ =r+=e= ++ -e++ ==e=-+=+ 4e= 4r+e+ 4-= = +++= -+ 4 t-+ -= 4 4eo4+ ++=+== +o= += +t4 +==++e +| 4 |4= +=e+ = =-||==e+ s4++ +| 4 e=+e 4= -e +e++4e+ ++-+e, 4 s+=++ +| =44e+==e+ +4+ =|=++ -++ +e 4+-o-+ 4e= +4+ +| -++ e=-+t++ = ==e=-+=+ 4e+= +4s=, +s++-e+ e= +ee=+-+e+ 4e= -+=4-e+ ++=+, 4e= += 4r+e+ ++ e= =e=-e++ 4+ += e=+e ++++=+ ++ +4 4 t-+ += +=, + 4 t-+ += ++|+, ++ ++=+ e+-== e=+e+ 4= 4e -ee= +s4+=e++ +s4+=e++ +s4+=e++ +s4+=e++ =+= +e+-++ +| s++=-e+, +++ 4e|4+== -e += = t+=, +4+ 4= +4e+s++== 4+e+ += +++==++e -e s++t=4e=+ +4+ ++- ++ |+ += ==e=-+=+ 4== ==e=-+- +s-e=+ ==e=-+- +s-e=+ ==e=-+- +s-e=+ ==e=-+- +s-e=+ =+= 4= == -e+-e+ 4r+e+ 4= +++ +| +=- +ee=+-+e+ {++=-e+ +4e+s++== ++ += +s-e=+ 4= -s++4e+ |+ =4+-e+ 4e= 4-e+4-e-e+ e=+e4 +ee=+-o-+ =+= s++=-e+ 4= +e++4e+ +e-e+ +o=, t=-e+ =s4== t e= +e=+ =e +=o= =+e= +=- ++t +-+ 4+-o-+ e===+ |= 4e= +== 4= =e=+ |4++-=+ -+++e=-4 -e+-== += = +4+ ==s -+ 4 +-e+ = =e=s+-e++ +| += 4r+e+ 4++ =+s+e= ++ +==+ 4== +++ |4+++ +++ |4+++ +++ |4+++ +++ |4+++ =+= |4+++ 4= +4=e s -e+-== 4e= +=e +4e+s++== ++ += = t+= == += -e|=e= += =rs=++-+e +| e=+e4 +=e=+ 4e= =e= += 4e|4+= +| e= s++=-e+ =+= =e4t= += e=+e ++ ++ +e+= ==e=-+=+ + 4= =+ ++= =e4- 4e+=+ ++ -++ +4s= + |e+-+e e|+4+-+e, e+-=e++ 4e= =++=e+=+ |+ ++ 4e= |+ += = t+= 4 += +-= a -a|t+ -|t-= (Dendritic spines ) rt+| t+| =|+| =t x xx x -+|+ t {+ -+|+ t {+ -+|+ t {+ -+|+ t {+=+ |-= =+ |-= =+ |-= =+ |-=+e +e +e +e -+|+ -+|+ -+|+ -+|+ =+ =+ =+ =+t+ r+ t+ r+ t+ r+ t+ r+ + ++ +| |e+, se| r+ +| =|+|, ++|r | |e+, se| r+ +| =|+|, ++|r | |e+, se| r+ +| =|+|, ++|r | |e+, se| r+ +| =|+|, ++|r=| ==|+ =| ==|+ =| ==|+ =| ==|+ +t| +| +t| +| +t| +| +t| +| +, +++| ++ += +, +++| ++ += +, +++| ++ += +, +++| ++ +=+|+ t t +|+ t t +|+ t t +|+ t t| || |=|+++ t+ +|t+| r- == =|+++ t+ +|t+| r- == =|+++ t+ +|t+| r- == =|+++ t+ +|t+| r- == +-|++| e| +ae ==|=| +|+ e+ ++|=| =r+| t +-|++| e| +ae ==|=| +|+ e+ ++|=| =r+| t +-|++| e| +ae ==|=| +|+ e+ ++|=| =r+| t +-|++| e| +ae ==|=| +|+ e+ ++|=| =r+| t +-| +-| +-| +-| t-+ =-+-+ | t-+ =-+-+ | t-+ =-+-+ | t-+ =-+-+ || || |e|+| == ++-|++| e| -+|+ e|+| == ++-|++| e| -+|+ e|+| == ++-|++| e| -+|+ e|+| == ++-|++| e| -+|+ e {+ e {+ e {+ e {+|==| |==| |==| |==| =r+| t +-| t+ + =r+| t +-| t+ + =r+| t +-| t+ + =r+| t +-| t+ + a-a|t=| +=+| =-+=| tr+| {+ a-a|t=| +=+| =-+=| tr+| {+ a-a|t=| +=+| =-+=| tr+| {+ a-a|t=| +=+| =-+=| tr+| {+|+ |+ |+ |+4| 4| 4| 4| |-+ ={+| t|=|+++ =++r += |-+ ={+| t|=|+++ =++r += |-+ ={+| t|=|+++ =++r += |-+ ={+| t|=|+++ =++r += + ++ +| || |+ =z + =z + =z + =z + + + + +=| t+++ r-+ +=| t+++ r-+ +=| t+++ r-+ +=| t+++ r-+ +| +| +| +| =z =z =z =z ++, -+ =4 =|t-+|-=+| =z ++, -+ =4 =|t-+|-=+| =z ++, -+ =4 =|t-+|-=+| =z ++, -+ =4 =|t-+|-=+| =z + + + + + ++ += = = = +| + |a +| + |a +| + |a +| + |a-+ -+ -+ -+ +| | +| | +| | +| |t tt t-+ -+ -+ -+ += += += += r-+ r-+ r-+ r-+ t +| =z t +| =z t +| =z t +| =z + + + + + ++ +e|t -+ ++ s|s+ r| e|t -+ ++ s|s+ r| e|t -+ ++ s|s+ r| e|t -+ ++ s|s+ r| +| +| +| +| r|t+ =- r|t+ =- r|t+ =- r|t+ =-+ +|+ + + +|+ + + +|+ + + +|+ + et- += +=+|+ | et- += +=+|+ | et- += +=+|+ | et- += +=+|+ | - -- -+e {+|+ +e {+|+ +e {+|+ +e {+|+4| +e +| -+|++| 4| +e +| -+|++| 4| +e +| -+|++| 4| +e +| -+|++| a-a|t= a-a|t= a-a|t= a-a|t= +| =|t-+| +| =|t-+| +| =|t-+| +| =|t-+|- -- -==-= t +. + ==-= t +. + ==-= t +. + ==-= t +. +r rr r| || | ++| t|r|t- ++| t|r|t- ++| t|r|t- ++| t|r|t- | || |+ + + + | || |e -+|+ e -+|+ e -+|+ e -+|+ r|=|e -e| +|+=| +|+ t-+ -+|+=| a-a|t a-a|t a-a|t a-a|t = == =, -+|+ -+|+ -+|+ -+|+ +|-| +|-| +|-| +|-|, {+|+ {+|+ {+|+ {+|+ t =|t-+|- =|t-+|- =|t-+|- =|t-+|-+ =+-= + =+-= + =+-= + =+-==|= e r-+ +| =t+|e |-+, =-=e+ t =|t| oa+| =| +=+| +|+|=+ s+=|+e|t t+ =||=|| c=| =-+ t|, a-a|te |-+ , -+|+ +|-|e =-=e+ t {+|+e =|t| += |t||e|t +|+t| =+- +++ + =+|+| ++|r +|r +, +| {+ t|=| |a |- -+ ++ =t+| -+ +| {+=| |a{+| r- -+|++| 4|rt| =-e| =-e| =-e| =-e|, -e| t|e 4++| r- +=e|t +e+|+|t t e|=-= -4=e+++ |++| a|e =et 4++| =|t|-+e+ =|t|-+e+ =|t|-+e+ =|t|-+e+e =+++==++e z|++| r-, + {+|+ t a-a|t=-= e{+| r- +| =t+| {+ +e+|+|t +z +|e+| =| e{+| ++|+=|= -+| r- -+|++| +=-+ =| +t-+t +|e r-+, + {+ +. ++-|+| ++| r| =e |+| t |+| +++| ++|+e| t=|s a-a|te |+| |+|t 4t-, +=+| ++| =+|+ 4- =| t|+| t 4 {+ -+|+e +| -+|+= + r| | +| + r| ze| ==|t +4 {+|+e ++| -+= =| 4+|s -+t|+ =+ =+| oa oa oa oar r-+ | ||+e 4++| r- t +|+| +=|| -+|++|-|=| r- t =|t|-+e+ cytoskeleton r t |+|=+ r- a-a|t4| 4|rt +-+{+| =|+| =t+|e|t a-a|t+ -|t-= a-a|t+ -|t-= a-a|t+ -|t-= a-a|t+ -|t-= (dendritic spines) =+-, r| =+ |{+| {+|+e |+| |+. =+|+ 4+|s. -|t-==| +|r+ |+, -+t|+e =+|++|+| =+| t +|+= + =r+| r- +| | + e|+|t 4te- ,4 {s|+| +|= t| r-, +=+| -|+=| +| |s +| =4 +++| e| t-+ |r- t +| -|=+ s| +|to|+| =|t|+|-a+| (mitochondria) r- =e +| =4 ++| 4+|tt|r {+|++| -+ +-te 4x +|t+ 4x +|t+ 4x +|t+ 4x +|t+ +|=+ |+| + =+++| t=|s +| +|t+rce|t =+ r| t- t -+|++|-|=| s|t- r| ++|re -+t|+e ++| =+ae|t =|++ + t += +|te ++| |++| +=|| =|++ + +=e -+ t|+e|t e|=| a-a |t 4+|s+ +| +=+| |+| |+|t +| +|+=| -+ +|e t+++ + =|= 4+|s -+|+ +| -| 4| t -+|+ +| -|=-= rt+ ==+ =+|, |-|+ ++ t =-t+| |t|+ t|+ r- +|+ +|t+| -+ t|+ a-a|t+ -|t-= (Dendritic spines) rt+| tr+| =|+| =t+|r r+ | {+ -+t|++| rt+| a-a|t4| 4|rt +-+{+| r-+ +r| -|+=| =|t-+|-= 4++| r- PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software On the receiving side of the cell, the dendrites have close contacts with incoming axons of other cells, each of which is separated by a miniscule gap of about 20 billionths of metre. A dendrite may receive contacts from one, a few, or even thousands of other neurons. These junctional spots are named synapses, from classical Greek words that mean to clasp together. Most of the synapses on cells in the cerebral cortex are located on the dendritic spines that stick out like little microphones searching for faint signals. Communication between nerve cells at these contact points is referred to as synaptic transmission and it involves a chemical process that we will describe in the next Chapter. When the dendrite receives one of the chemical messengers that has been fired across the gap separating it from the sending axon, miniature electrical currents are set up inside the receiving dendritic spine. These are usually currents that come into the cell, called excitation, or they may be currents that move out of the cell, called inhibition. All these positive and negative waves of current are accumulated in the dendrites and they spread down to the cell body. If they dont add up to very much activity, the currents soon die down and nothing further happens. However, if the currents add up to a value that crosses a threshold, the neuron will send a message on to other neurons. So a neuron is kind of miniature calculator constantly adding and subtracting. What it adds and subtracts are the messages it receives from other neurons. Some synapses produce excitation, others inhibition. How these signals constitute the basis of sensation, thought and movement depends very much on the network in which the neurons are embedded. The action-potential To communicate from one neuron to another, the neuronal signal has first to travel along the axon. How do neurons do this? The answer hinges on harnessing energy locked in physical and chemical gradients, and coupling together these forces in an efficient way. The axons of neurons transmit electrical pulses called action potentials. These travel along nerve fibres rather like a wave travelling down a skipping rope. This works because the axonal membrane contains ion-channels, that can open and close to let through electrically charged ions. Some channels let through sodium ions (Na+), while others let through potassium ions (K+). When channels open, the Na+ or K+ ions flow down opposing chemical and electrical gradients, in and out of the cell, in response to electrical depolarisation of the membrane. {+=+ |-=+e t tt t |-+ + t +|+ e+ |-+ + t +|+ e+ |-+ + t +|+ e+ |-+ + t +|+ e+ +|-|+| |-+ +-t+t, a-|t+| -+ +|-|4| =+{+| {+|+= ++ =-+ r-, ++|r {+ +|4| {+ =t+| t| o4| =|+| + == -+t|ee ;{+| r-+ {s| a- |te +| =|+| {+ -+|+ +| +r -+|+ +| r|t| -+|+rc4| =-+ |-+ + =+ +| == -|+e|t =|t-+|-= =|t-+|-= =|t-+|-= =|t-+|-= Synapse: =+-, +| + t4| |{+| r| =+| {+ =| 4|+ =-+ r- =t4e ++==| tr+| +|-|=| r+ +| =|t-+|-=, a-|t+ -|t-==| -+ r-, | +=|t =+++| o|| tt|o+| =|+| =|t+||+ =t| 4|rt oa| ={+| r-+ +| =-+ +-t=| -+|++| +|+|+| 4 r+ =-+e|t =|t-+|-+ =|t| =+- t +==| {+ t|=|+++ ++| =|=e r- =+| r|=| -e| +|+=| +|+ +| 4 a-|te ++ {+ =+|+|r+ |-+ , | +=e|t s|s+ {+|+ t |-+ + a-a|t+| 4|+| -+t|e rt r+|t{+| r-, +4 |-+ + a-a|t+ -|t+=+ ==|+| +=++ |t| +|r+ r-+ |+. +-+| +|r +|-|=+ |s+ + =e|t sa+| (excitation) =+- +| ++|r +|-|4| 4|rt+t +|r+ r+ =++ =e|t t-r4=+ inhibition: =+- +| =4 |= t += +=+|+ +t a-a|t=| =+ r-+ t ++|r -+|++|-|+t e-+ +t +| + t + =++ ={++ =+ +=+|+ +|r |a + ==|-+ r-+ t |a +r| + rt+ 4 + +t +=++ +|r + + t 4z| ={t {+ -+t4| =| ss =+, {+ -+|+e -+ -+|+ =-t s|s +. -+|+ {+ +|t+| + =|+| ++|e+et r| =e e|+|t |a + t |s+ +=e |a t |s + =++| =-t+| r| + +=e -+ -+|+4| |-+ + r| =|t-+|-=+| sa+| t| t|s =+ + r|e t-r4=+ +| =++e =+t+|, +|t t +++| ||t +=t| 4+|s =-+ +t|, -+|+ -+ ={+| ==|e=| t rt=-= +=t r- {+=+ |-= {+=+ |-= {+=+ |-= {+=+ |-=+e +e +e +e {+ -+|+4| +| -+|+= =-+ 4+|s++| e|, -+|+ =++e =+= {+|+=| +|+| + -+|+e +| +|= +=t| +=+| sat =|++ +| t|=|+++ +|+|=| +r+ s|e|t ++ t|+ + t +| ae|t =|= ce {+ =| =e|s+=| +=t -+|++| {+|+e +=+|+ --t+ ==|t , =e|t {+=+ |-= {+=+ |-= {+=+ |-= {+=+ |-=+e +e +e +e =+- +| +e =| ttr+| a|t|=| +|r+ +tr =t| -+|+ t=|+-+ == +|+| t+ +=e +|= tt|r ++=+ {+|+e =-e|=| |++ -+|+-= ion Channels: tr+| r-, | +=+|+ c=| | ={+| |++e|t +|t|t + t++| e| o|e+ t 4-t r+ =+ + r| -+|+ee =|a+= |++e|t +|t|t r+ t- =+ ce ||=+= |++e|t +|t|t r+ t- 4 +| -+|+e o-+ 4 =|a+=e +| ||=+= k+: |++ +e+t, t|=|+++ t 4=+ +|+|+| +cx, =-e|+| +=+ +|+t|+| +at=| +|-|+| 4|rt t =+ +|r+ r-+ PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software =e 4e 4+-+e s++=e+-4 ++4++ 4+ += = t+=, += |-++ 4ee=+ ++ +s=e 4= -4 4ee=+ s+= +| ++=- -+e+ |4+=+ -e++ += = 4e= 4 e= =+--t- -+ =++4t-+== -+-e 4 --+=+e= e 4 +-=, += +4e+=t4e= o++4+= +-+=+ t 4t++ z r + |-s+ |+ 4e -e+-== =t4e= o++4+= +4+ -+ e=+4+-o= 4t++ s r ++ +e= +4+ -+ s++-+-o= 4t++ r -+ +-+ +s=e+ - 4ee=+, +-++=-e+ 4 s+= +| s++4++- -+e+ ++ |+ ++ +| += =, 4+++ 4+ 4s-= 4+ += -4 -+e+ +4+ |+== -e4=+, 4e= +-+ -e +e 4+=+ += =t4e= s++=e+-4 ++ +-e+ t4 4+4-e ++ -++ +-+-e4 e=+4+-o= o4= +e += -e+-== = 4+-+e s++=e+-4 -+ +o= -+-e =++ +-= +4e -+ +4=+ ++ |- 4 =+=++- -++ +-+ +e 4e= -==-4+= +|| 4+4-e -=44t |= -+e+ +4o=+= += = =t4e= ++ =+ +-+, 4e= += +e=e+4+-+e+ +| -4 4e= - -+e+ -+-e += ++s4+ =+ e++ 4e+= +-+e-|-4e+ =-e+ 4e 4+-+e s++=e+-4 -+=o=, -e += +e+ e, +=+= -+e+ 4= =s+ -e t44e= t -+e ss+ -+e ss+ -+e ss+ -+e ss+ ++= ++t -+ ++ t4= ++ =r=++ ++=- -+e+ -+ 4ss=e+ -e += +4= 4 +4+ 4 +4 =4 -e += +| 4 +4--e+ t+4+ 4e t= +s== -+ t t4-e+ ++ 4+= -+ 4 t=+, -+++ -s4--e+ += +o=4 4t--+ +| += ++ -+++4e= += s=++= +| += 4+= s+e - += t+4+ |+4++ = 4+-+e s++=e+-4 -+ 4e ==+-4 =o=e+, 4t=-+ 4 +s=r +e= -=o= |-t=+ t=4o= -= ==+-4 +e=+++ 4+++ += 4= =++ =||--=e+ +4e -e+4+== -=+, 4e= ++ 4e 4+-+e s++=e+-4 +=e=4+== 4+ +e= s+-e+ =4+=+ 4e++= +4=-=e+ +| o++4+= t=+==e += 4+-o= 4e= =++-e+ =t4e=+ 4=+4=e+ ++ -+ e +-+ 4, += 4+-+e s++=e+-4 -+ 4+-o= s+s=== -e 4 4o= +| ==s+4-+4+-+e +4+ +s=4=+ |+ +e= =e= +| += e=o= |-t= ++ += ++= e 4e4++ +4+ -++ =s + +-e 4t++ += +e=+-+e +| 4+-+e s++=e+-4+ -+ += +o==e+ +| =e=+ 4+e+ 4 |-=+ +s4= 4|+= -+ -+ -+ 4+ +e= =e= = |-++ -+e-+-+e +-++=+ o= 4s-= +4 +s4+ +| 4+-o-+ =+-o4=e+ ++ += -+e+ |+-e+ -e 4e= ++ +| += 4r+e 4+ += +4+-+e +| += 4+-+e s++=e+-4, t+ += +o=4 s++=++-+e +| += +s4-e+ 4o= +s=4=+ += ++ = 4o=++ |=4+= +| e=o= |-t=+ -+ +4+ 4|+= 4 o= t-=| s=-+= +| +-=e= += =|4++ s=-+= += =|4++ s=-+= += =|4++ s=-+= += =|4++ s=-+= += +s=e+ =t4e= =+o=+ -++ =rs++-o= 4s4t--+, =4=-e+ += 4r+e =t4e= |+ += e=r+ 4+-+e s++=e+-4 . +| +-+ 4+ t==e e+e |+ =4+ t4+== +e +e==| =rs=-=e++ +e=+== +-e+ += o= 4+= e=+e+ 4e= +=- 4r+e+ +4+ =r-++ -e =+4-e +=4=4+=+ = 4+= +-= +| +=+= 4r+e+ =e4t== +-=e+-+++ ++ s4= +-e ==++==+ -e+-== ++ =4+= += 4e+-e+ ==+-4 o++4+=+ -+4=4+, 4 +==e ==+-4 =+=-e+ +=e-+= 4== s4+ s4+ s4+ s4+ 4s-e+ 4s-e+ 4s-e+ 4s-e+ -+ =e4t-e+ e=++-=e+-+++ ++ ++= += +o==e+ +| -+e+ +++ -e=-o-=4 -+e4ee=+ -e 4 ++++ +| e=+e+, 4e= ++ 4= o= 44+= =4+==e++ +| +=+= =e++ -e t4-e+ += -= + +e e+4+-e+ += 4r+e+ e+4+-e+ += 4r+e+ e+4+-e+ += 4r+e+ e+4+-e+ += 4r+e+ e 4e 4r+e+, 4+-+es++=e+-4+ +o= 4+e+ =4++e4t =, t+ e++ o= |4++ e ++=+, 4+-+e s++=e+-4+ =4 =+ +-s 4+e+ += e=o= -+ 4ss=e+ t=4+= +e+ ++=+=+ +| += 4r+e 4= 4ss== 4+e= -+ 4 |4++, -e+4+-e+ t4e=+, 4== ++ +| += ++=+== ++ +-4 = =t4e=+, 4== 4 =-e + =-e + =-e + =-e + +=-|+ =|++| =| to{+| -+|+ +-+ 4+| te {+|+e|t +|s, -+|+ ++| t|+| =| ={+| r- =e +tt4| -+|+=| |s+ +=+|+ -||+| t=e=+ +| t +t|-+|e t=|++ r+ =e {+ ++| r-+|t{+| | + +--e+=e|t t|s +| |+ +--e+= -+ =-+ ={+| oa=| {+ +|+ t| e| =e t| =|| ar+ r- -= =+=4 -+ +=-e+ + 4t++ += s++=-e+ +4+ 4= s +-+ =-e +=4+ -+ t4e=+ s=o=e++ += -+e- =e++ |+ =4-e+ ++ -e += +e+ s4= t+, =o= ++ +|+=e += +-4 =+ =s| =4o= 4 -++= +4s -== += 4r+e +e=e+4+=+ -++ -4 4e= - -+e 4ee=+ =+= ++=+ +| -+e 4ee=+ |e+-+e 4+ 4s-|-=+ +4+ t++++ 4e= 4-e+4-e += 4+-+e s++=e+-4 4+ -+ -+=4 +-s+ 4+e+ += e=o= -+ 4e t= o= |4++ e |4+, -e =-e4+== e=+e+, 4+-+es++=e+-4+ 4e 4= 4+e+ 4+ z =+=+ s= +=+e=) +-+e s++=e+-4+ 4o= += =-++-e+-o= 44+=-++- +| t=-e+ 4 4 4 4 + + + + e++-e+ e++-e+ e++-e+ e++-e+- += =+e+ o4 -e +-=, +e -e + +|+=e += + +, += +e 4 +4+ += ++=e++ + =4+-+e +| 4 ++-+ 4e t= =e+=== -e 4 +-e+= = -+ t o4-4+-+e +| += |=+=e +| 4+-+e s++=e+-4+ = +++ =||--=e+ 4r+e+ 4e +e=+ 4+-+e s++=e+-4+ 4+ |=+=e-=+ s ++ z +-=+ s= +=+e= t-t+ e+ t-t+ e+ t-t+ e+ t-t+ e+: http://psych.hanover.edu/Krantz/neurotut.html http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/ ^ 4 -+|+ +|-|=| {+=+ |-=+e+| |t-= r- +4 =+= o-+ -+|+e =|a+= Na+ -+|+e r- =|a+= |+++| {+ --t+ +|-|=+ -t t {+ =e=+-a=+=| {s| ++| =-+e+ -|+ r- {+ ||= =-e||t+| =|- ) =e| =|- +| =-e| =++| =|- =-t| |a 4z , + += e= =e| =|- to e{t |= e= : =e| =|- =-=+| r- +| =-++|e ||=+= K+-+|+e o|- t +=e ||=+= |+++| {+ --t+e|t +|-|4| 4|rt ++e+ |=|r+ +| +|+ =|a+= |++ =+ |st| a+ |+|++ r-, =e t| =-e|+| =+;+| |-=+ee +=+| |++ |t-=+ += =|+ r+ |- {+=+ |-=+e+| +|=, t=| 4e|4a|+| -+ o|-t| t +c-+ 4-t t| e|+ =-t| += ==+= ==|-+ r- +| +|= + +++|++ + r| |++e +|+| =-e|+| t|=++- + t =|t|-e|==| tr+| =|a+= (Na+) t |+= K+ |+++| |t+|, {+ {+=+ |-=+e trt| s-eo+|+ c=| 4te-+ += {t, +| |++e|t |++ - |++ - |++ - |++ -e =-+e+=| t|r, =+| +|+ +ta =|a+= |++e|t 4|rt ++|++ r| +| ++| -+ {s| st|rt| +t|=| +ttr+| {+ ar|+| +-e| =|=| {s| =|+| -+|e t +r|4| =t{+| |+| {s| 4|-+e 4|rt |e-, =e a|+| +-e| =|+| |+|+| t4|+ =rt +t+ =++ |=+|=| ++ +=| -+|st+ {+=+ |-=+e {+ +=+|+ +| r|, += +| + e r- -+|+ +-+e +=+|+ te+|a+| =| +|= += +| t-=ea insulated +|t =-t| + += =|= r- t +=e {+ 4-t=| s-+ ={+| {+=+ |-=+ee +=+| ++- =++ t +|= +-|=| tr+| =-e|+| 4| =|-+| -+ +|+|+| =+| +=+|t {+=+ |-=+e +|+t|+| +t=| =+++|+| =| |a 4z | -+|+ +-++| {+ s4| +| s=-= e- {+=+ |-=+e+| =+|r++| 4|t +|t + +|te|t {+ ==|+ st|rt|e ={+ + =+, =+c {+=+ |-=+e+| =+|r+ =++| +|=| ||+| =-+| {+ s=| e|t=+, +=+| {+ s4| +| s=-= |+ s|+| +|e+| -+ r| re|+ -+e+ ={ sa s|s=| ++ {+t= | =c r- + {+=+ |-=+e+| -e=| {+=+=| =++ t 4|rt+ |+++| ==+-+ r- +t =-+|+| +tz+| |a 4z + == + +-+ =-+ r- -+|+ +-++| {+ t=' + +-|+| +| + =|+ tr+ {+ + t t t t+|+t| +|+t| +|+t| +|+t| + + + + sa =-e|e |++| +-|+ |=+| +. |-+ =e {++ =-e|e|t +| {+=+ |-=+e+| e| ++|t tt t|r +=4|t t +t| t +-| to |r| ={+| + + + r| ==t| |+=| |t+ +-+ se| -+|+ t +++| {+|+e|t e{t t{+| |+++ +=-|+=| +r+ + +| {+|++| +|e |+|te +z|++e|t +=+| =+ ==|+| te+|a t|ot +=+|+ =|-=| |s+ t+++ +=+ =eo+ +-++e| -+| -+| -+| -+| +-+|-z +-+|-z +-+|-z +-+|-z (Patch-clamping)+| =|+=4| -+|+ +z|++rc =4+|t+| -+|+=| ee |++ -+|+e+| 4=| |+++| ++| +++ + == + t +=e +| +|r+| r|=| =-+-++ =tr, +-+ x =|+ r+ t+| {+|++| t- {+|++| t- {+|++| t- {+|++| t-= == = e=+ e=+ e=+ e=+ t=| {+|+=| {+=+ |-=+e s+ r=|4e -t +t t | r|t+ c=| {+=+ |-=+e -+|+= +|-++= s t |- +=+| +|t| {+|++| +-+{+| e|=| =|, e+e +|+| =-e|e 4++|, -e| t| tr+|, t-=ez |+t|e ={+| r- =e|t =|+e+ | =|+e+ | =|+e+ | =|+e+ | =+- ++| +=-|+e r|=|e|t sa |++| 4|t=| 4+|ttr+| + =e =|+e+ =| (myelin sheath) 4+|s +| +|t||e |+++ +|re|t e+ -|+=| |+4| t|+ +t t s|s=| e+e +|-|e s+| | e {+ =|+| -+t|e |a +r| {+|+e |++| =|a+= t ||=+= |++ -+|+e +-t+ |++ -+|+e+| =-|e {--e|+t+| +|= =e {+=+ |-=+ee|t 4z|s t +|+= t|r, t {+=+ |-=+e -+|+= st |- +| +-+ +|4 +4| r+ =+ +|-++=|, =|+e+ +a -+|+=| {+=+ |-=+e e= ) =|t + =+a+| +e t|a+ =+ {+=+ |-=+e+| +-| | r-, +| ==-+ +| -+ ==-+ +| -+ ==-+ +| -+ ==-+ +| -+ r- ++|r+| |+|t=| =-++| r t+, =|+ ++ |+=| ++|r |s+ =-+=| =-++| r- += +|t {+ sa+|+| + +| a ++ {+e +|-|=+ e=| r|-+ =++ {s +t+| =++| {+=+ |-=+e+| |+a=| =-++| r+|e r| =4=-t| =|= {+|+e {+ r|t +| +=+-a+| |+a=| {+=+ |-=+e t|e+ + =+ {e+ r|a+|+ t {-a+ r+=ee -+|+ =++| -||+| ++| +| e|{+|e +|4e t-+|t ++| { s+|rce -e=|s =t+ 4|+|e|| +||e|=| ++++| e| -++a+| +|e {+|+ +| +| t+| { PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software t|=|+++ =+|+|r+ {+=+ |-= {+=+ |-= {+=+ |-= {+=+ |-=+e {+|+ r +e {+|+ r +e {+|+ r +e {+|+ r t =|t-+|-= +|=+ +-| |+=| t =|t-+|-= +|=+ +-| |+=| t =|t-+|-= +|=+ +-| |+=| t =|t-+|-= +|=+ +-| |+=| +|r+ r-, r| sa {+|+e -+ -+|++| a-a|t= +|r+ r-, r| sa {+|+e -+ -+|++| a-a|t= +|r+ r-, r| sa {+|+e -+ -+|++| a-a|t= +|r+ r-, r| sa {+|+e -+ -+|++| a-a|t= =-+ +==| {+ | =|t-+|-+ =| r- | |+. =-+ +==| {+ | =|t-+|-+ =| r- | |+. =-+ +==| {+ | =|t-+|-+ =| r- | |+. =-+ +==| {+ | =|t-+|-+ =| r- | |+. a-a|t+ -|t- a-a|t+ -|t- a-a|t+ -|t- a-a|t+ -|t-|=| -+ |-=|t-+|- |=| -+ |-=|t-+|- |=| -+ |-=|t-+|- |=| -+ |-=|t-+|-+ =| 4| {+ =|+ + =| 4| {+ =|+ + =| 4| {+ =|+ + =| 4| {+ =|+| || | -+t|ee ;{+| r- {+=+ |-= -+t|ee ;{+| r- {+=+ |-= -+t|ee ;{+| r- {+=+ |-= -+t|ee ;{+| r- {+=+ |-=+e+| {+|+ r +e+| {+|+ r +e+| {+|+ r +e+| {+|+ r t |+ t |+ t |+ t |+ +-+|t+| e| +-+|t+| e| +-+|t+| e| +-+|t+| e| satt|+| += satt|+| += satt|+| += satt|+| +=+|+ +|re =|t-+|-+ +|+ +|re =|t-+|-+ +|+ +|re =|t-+|-+ +|+ +|re =|t-+|-+ -+t|ee|t =+ =+t+ -+t|ee|t =+ =+t+ -+t|ee|t =+ =+t+ -+t|ee|t =+ =+t+ +| -+t|e4| +| -+t|e4| +| -+t|e4| +| -+t|e4| r+ -|| r+ -|| r+ -|| r+ -|| -+t||-==t +|=+ t|=|+++ = -+t||-==t +|=+ t|=|+++ = -+t||-==t +|=+ t|=|+++ = -+t||-==t +|=+ t|=|+++ =+|+|r4| t| r- +|+|r4| t| r- +|+|r4| t| r- +|+|r4| t| r- |e|+|t e|=| |+| |t{+| t|=|+++ |-==t =|t-+|-+ z +=+ rt =a r++| e| se r-+ ==+ t =a ==+ t =a ==+ t =a ==+ t =a -+t||-==t {+|++| |t=| tr+| =|t-+|-+ ==+-= +|=+ =|+| |e|+|t e|=| =r+ r-+ +r| ==+ ++| e| ==+-= r-+ t -+|++| -+= =| ++ tr+| ==+-=r +=+++| e| ++|t r-+ {+=+ |-=+e+| |=+e t| |++ -+|+er o-+, =e t| ++|e =+= =+ |s +=e {-|t=e|t =++ 4+|s | ++ =|t-+|-+ |+ =| +|= , =e|t +|s| +|= tt{+| , -+ -++t, +|=+ t 4=++ =ot t{+| =|r=| +z|++ +|+| t++| e| +|-++= t|=| +|= r+ -+|+ +z|++e r|e=| a| e|{+| + + +| =|t-+|-+ |+ +| |=|= +|z (Tagging) t z (Trapping) t t|a-+,=e t| +=+++| e| ++|t =|t-+|-+ ==+-= =-e|= s|+-+ t + + t|=|+++ =+| +|r+e|t -+|++| -e| =|4| 4|rt ++|-+ ++|r=+ +r|+| =+ =|+| -+|++= +e+t r-, =e|t |-=| t =+-, =+| +|= +e=| tr+| |-==te|t =|-+ r| +=e +| {+=+ |-=+e |s+ =-t| |a + t|=|+++ =+|+|r+rce|t sa 4||4| r|t t- +t ++ + + |t+, +| e+e +|-|e |-==te|t |+ t t =+-+=| +. +|+| e| -+|++| -e| =|=| -+ ==+ + ==+-==| +| s|s -+t||-==te|t =|t-+|-=4| r|s++| e| e+e +|-|e + ++-|+ {+=|+ =|+= r|t+ +re+| r| -+|+ +|-|e |-==t |e|t {+| -+|++| -e| =|=| -+|tt- c4e|, |-==te|t =|t-+|-+ +e=| tr+| -+ t=|++e +|a + +|= = == =+|+|r+ =e |++ -+|+e o|- +|+|r+ =e |++ -+|+e o|- +|+|r+ =e |++ -+|+e o|- +|+|r+ =e |++ -+|+e o|- -+t||-==t+| t=-t=+| -+t++| +|e| t |4|+| -+ r- |-==t |4|: t=-t +|e|: = |a+|e |+=| |++ -+|+e o-t +| t=-te|t |++| |+ t=-t =+- + r+r|e|: +t |++ -+|+ee |= |++ =|a+= +| ++|e=+=: e|t + + t{ =+, |= +|r+| =+| 4|te sa+| s-+ r- =e sa+ |- =|t+-+ |-=+e +|=+ =-e| |+e=| s+|t z|4 t| t|s o|=t| {+ -+|+=| se| =z r+|=| =|t-+|= |t+ t ++ {+ ==+=|, +r| =++ r-+ =+ +r| r t++ +t +| sa+, |- =|t-+|-+ |-=+e+| |a, {+ t|| s-+ + =++ -+t=-= t =+, {+ ++| {+=+ |-=+e 4- t =++r |-+++| -+|++| +e+t |- +| 4|t -e| +|+=| 4+|t{+| += +| =+|+|r+ =|t-+|-+ +e +|=+ -- -+|+|=t+| tt|=| e- 4 =|t-+|-+ ==+-=+| =-e| -+|++| -+= =|=| t |t, ++|rc +. 4-+ +| =|t-+|-+ ==+-= +. +|=| |s++| e| -+t||-==te t =t- 4 {+| -+t||-==t +| s=| + +-+ | {+ =e| =+-a=-t| += ==+=| r- +4 +=e +| -+|++| =-e|=| tr+| t=-t +|=+ +-| ||++ =t+|= t-t=| ++| t =|t-+|-+ +e+| +tt e+e +|-|r + =tr+| r-+ |++||+ t=-t 4|+|: =| {+ -+|+e r-, r| 4| =|a+= t ||=+= -+| |++ |- +| -+|+e {+ +++| c=| ++-+, t st+|t =et 4++| r- =|4||+ t=-t t|+|: =| -+|+e rt+ +t +| +|-|+| =-e|+| =+ | |+= |a{t tr- =e =-t |a 4z|s+ =+ l/;]K6/ l/;]K6/ 6fG;ld6/ (ligand) 6fG;ld6/ hL k|f] l6g ltLo ;"rgfk|jfxs Okm]S6/ sf]ifsf] aflx/ Knfhdf lemNnL sf]ifsf] leq PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software =-+-+=| =o sa+ -+t||-==t e|= r| -+|+ +++| ++= x+|+| e| + r| -+|+=| r+ sa+| == -+ -+|++| ++=| ++-+| r+ +| +-|+| ++| (inhibition) t|t| r- +-||=+ =|t-+|==| t=-t+| =+++|e t| |++ -+|+e o- =e =||=+ | |+++| -++|re|t +=+ t- e-+ =-e|+| |-=+e=| t+++ |s =e|t +-| |=+ |- =|t-+|-+ |-=+e |t {= + r+r|= =+- +=e =-e|+| + +|+t|e|t +t| t +=e |-+++| -+t|++| -+|++|-|=| {+=+ | -=+|e+| =c+|+ + t|+ tt +|t+| +-||=+ -+t||-==t r-+ |4| t e|+=+ =|t-+|-+ |-===+ {+ +-+ +|+ ++| r| M {+ =|t-+|-==| {+=+ |-=+e+| |=+ to +| -+t|+=| t|{=|+| sa =-=+| ==+ +-+ +|+ r- {+ =+-a+| )) + +=-+ -+t|+e|t {+t= |t ==+=+=| -+=| e|=+| |++| ==+ ++ ++ r-, +t |-+++| -+t|+=| tr+| t | {-| | {+ ++| t|| Impulse +| =c+|+ ++| e| -=| r t+ =+ t +-|+| ++|e + + r| +t|re|t 4-t ++| e|, +r| -+t|e=| + +|+ ++ r- sa+ =|t-+|-+ | -=+e =++| =-e|+| |-=+e -t|{=| =| =e|+|-4| =e|+|- ++ +-|+ r+ r| +-||=+ =|t-+|-+ |-=+e -|t|{=| +| +=+| +t|+ =|+ r- =|ae r+ =+|+|r+ sa + t +-| |=+ -+t| |-==t+| r|+ + +| e| t{+| o| e -+t| +4| ++e+ se| =zr+|+| -+ t|=|+++ t| +| s-++| 4|t a| e|{+| +|=+ e -+t| ++| =-e|=| = |4| | + t=-t +|=+ | ++| {+ t+ = = -+ ++| t t -+|+ =-4-| ++|e|t =|++ + +| t=-trc=| |++ -+|+e r t ++, ++|r =t + =|t-+|-=+ -|+=| -+ r t ++ t =4 =-t| =r+| +t| ++|rce {+=+ | -=+e+| =c+|+ t ++ r|=|e =| +| | +, +| t= -te -+t| + =+ =ttr+ t|=|+++ ++|+| +|+ zoe| ==|+| + +| =| ae + t += e = |4| |+ t= -t+| +|+ e|t -+t| =| ae =+ =+- = |4| |+ t= -t +| -|+| 4|rt| =|e|t +| -|=+ tr +| t-|t== | a+ e +|=| |t- =e +| -|+| = |4| e=e|t =|++ 4 {+ -+t| |-==te|t {+ = |4| | + t= -te r|+ t 4 |, | | + +|=+ -+t|e =+ t=|| t =-e|= | a{+| -+ t-|t= =|=r+ =| =++ r+ =c + = |4| |+ r|+ -e= |-==t+| 4-+e|t -+e++| =| | = +e+| + =+- +=e |++| | + t= -te -+| =-e|=| |+++| e| z| +| o| -t + +t +=+| =|| | +|+ + -++| -||+ t+|+ =+| +|r+e|t =++ 4+|s ==| ++ t|=|+++ ++|+| zoe| =|= e r- + r + r| = += -+t| ++| = |4|e+ t-+ |t-= r- t +|+ + |- -+t| =| ae =++| =|+r=| =|= e + |++ -+|+e, t= -t, t+r+++| t ++| =+a=| == + t++ + +| t++ +r+| |t-= +-+|t r- t sa + +| +-| |=+ |-==t t|t| =c t{+| =|+=-t| e|=| ==+=-= trtr- t ++|r+| =|+ =|t-+|-==-t| |a =-= |- ++|re {+=+ | -=+e |t-= ++ ={+, -+te + ++ +| =|+=4| t||+| |+|=+=| ++|r+| rt| =|+ r- =+| +|r+e|t =z|+ + ||+ t=-t=| +|+ + ++ =+| +|r+=+ r+ {=|te+|e+, a||=+ t +t{a=+|e+ +| |-==te|t +=++ + -+t|++| +|-|r=| ++ +|t+| =|+ r+ =|+ r|t+ s+|r+| t|t+ =s+ + s-eo+|+ r- +++ ++|r =z r+|=| +r| += r-+ +t ++|r+| {+|+ =-+-+=| +|+ =| |+ r- + r+r|= =|++=-+-+=| ++e ) +t{a+|e+ -+t|+ r-+ +t ++|re =-+-+ t =-|-+|+| =4 =|=| {+|+ s|s + +| -+t|=|aet| |-==te +x =+t+ =+| 4|rt s|st++ +t t{+| -+t|+e ==t|+e|t s+|r+| +|+ 4z|s++| e| {+++ + ++|+ t ++|++| +=-+ +| +at=| +t{a+|e+ +=++ r- t +| +|+|r+ +a+| e +++|e|t ++-+ + =r+| +++e +| |-+ + r- + sa |+ ++|+=| a||=+e =+|t|=+ =|++| =-4-| +-|+|= |a{+| =-+-+ +-t=| +|+ tt + r| t-+e|t sa -++| e| e|=+|t| 4+|s +|+ x r+r|= +=+| +t|+ {-||te+|e|+ t+ +t|+|4| +|+ +=e |++|+ t =|4||+ t+ t=-t=| +|+ =4=-t| re o| t{+| -+t||-==t, +=e |e+ -+t|+to -+a =|=| |t+t=-=+| -+|+ =|=| |a -+t|=-+et z=+ =| =++ s|s++| e| |+++ ++|+| s+| +=e {+ -+t|=|aet+| =| + +|+ + =+ +=e +=t| + +|+ , st|rt|+| e| 4 +|t + r| +t|=| +|+ +-t+ + |r+ r- =+ =-+-+=| tr+| |t+ ++ -+t|+e ++e =-4-+ =+| =|+ e+ +|= Noradrenaline cells are located in the locus coeruleus (LC). Axons from these cells are distributed throughout the midbrain such as the hypothalamus (Hyp), the cerebellum (C) and cerebral cortex. +t{a+|e+ +|-| e|+= +|+ce{= (Locuscoeruleus) {-|-|| =| -+ r-+ +| +|-|rc+| {+|+ =a4+ =t e{+| r-+ -+ r|t|e== Hyp =t4e= (C) t =t4e ++= =|t-+|-=+| 4|t {+ sa= +4=|t : http://synapses.mcg.edu/index.asp = PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software |-|| t =-+-+ |-|| t =-+-+ |-|| t =-+-+ |-|| t =-+-+ +a=| |-||+| +| tt |+| ++|+| +-| t++ + + +|+ t-| ={+| |t- s+|r || tr+ t t| t|+ ++ =|+=| a4tr++| e| sa+ |-||+| +| + -+e |+| -+|+e|t |-+| +-|=| t|r+ =a= |t|=t|++ |-|| +|| + = +-+| t| + e-+, =e s+|rce|t ++ +-|+| ++| c +=+ + t |++| t++ |+++| -+|e|t =-+ =|= 4+|s +| =4 |-||e =-+-+=| -+t||-==t t -+ t|=|+++ =+|+|r+ ||e|= ee c=| -+t++| + +|=|, |-||e |+++ =-+-+ ||e|e|t ++-+|=| e-, +| ||e| =+| =-4- |+-t t =ot +=+= r- t =-++ +-+| =+|+z|++ ++| + | =|+ +, s+, +|+++| =| =+|t t -=t|+| e| + =r+| r-+ t+=+| t +=t+|++| 4|| =-+-+=| +| =-+-++| ta=|t=| +|= + |-|| +=|e r+ =+ -+ to|t += + |-|| =+|t-+ |-||+| +|+| {+t= ; +|+ r- t +|= |a{+| ==-+| =++| +=e t| tc+| +-+|s+ =+ +=+| +|++| ++ =e|= +==| +=t +=t +=t +=t +| t t t t +=+-+ +=+-+ +=+-+ +=+-+=-= r+ =++ s+|rce {+t= + |t|t+ {+ =+| +z|++ e||+| =|=+| +, 4 s+|rce |-|| t+ 4|+|e|t t|++ +=t+|+| +| -+e t| +|++|e|t |-|| e+ t-| s-+ r-, 4 + +-+| + =++| s+|r+| +|=, -+|-+ t t+|t+ -- 4| +|+=|+ +|s+ r| +t +-| ++ =++| =+, +|++|e |-||+| |-++| e| t| + + =+ =|=|+e =+|t -|+ |-|| e+ =4+| {t +==| +=t r t++ +=t t|s+=++ |=+| |-||r=| e e r- +|++ +|++ +|++ +|++, rt|t+ rt|t+ rt|t+ rt|t+ t ++|+ ++|+ ++|+ ++|+ +| =|=e|=| + |o= r- =+ {-+|re {-+|re {-+|re {-+|re, +-+|4= +-+|4= +-+|4= +-+|4=, {+==| {+==| {+==| {+==| t {- {- {- {-=|t+= =|t+= =|t+= =|t+= +| =|=e|=| |o= + r| += r- |-| + +=t+| 4z + +==| t|t t =-+-+ 4-+|t |-||+| 4|t-4|t+| s-+e|t +|s , +t +|-++=| =-+-+=| + t+++ r- =-+ +t| tr-+= r+ +, rt|t+, {-=|t-=, ++|+, +|++ t ++|4=+| +|= + |=+ -e ee r- +t +| =4 | -|+| ==|+ |=+| =++| ++|re =-+-++| +r| |+=| t|=|+++ =+|+|r+ a||=+ a||=+ a||=+ a||=++| +=++e|t 4z|tt- += +| +|++| |-|-t +=++| =c+|+= =-4- r-| =-+ + +-+| =|{+| + |-||+| =|+e r+ a||=++| +=++, =--+=| |+-t |-++| e| {s| =r+| -+= =|=| =| r| +=e +| = +++| +++ =e {+ +ae|t |-|+| +| |t| t|r+ |=|r+ t- |-|| ++|re +=t| +|+ t ++|re|t et|+| o+t|r {-+|re {- {- {- {-+| +| +| +| re re re ree =-+-+=| -+t||-==t ||e| =| +|+ tt sa+ =-te|t =-t t|s+ t -+te =+++|+| +t|e|t |=|r+ + +|= {-+|re+| =|+ {+ a + |t|= t t|=| =+|++|t+| +-| r t |a 4z t +t| e|+ +-| r t ++| rt|s+ -+ |s +r| +|t|e t| e= t+=| s+ t =+|t| e|s+ + {+t= +s|t r-+ t +| +s|t =+|+++ ++|+| + {+t= ==+ r- + r| =|+=r t+=| {t {+t= t=|r| t +|r| + r=+==+ r-+ t t+=| s+ t=+ {++| t+=|=| +=t r+ + e|=| ==+=-= t+=| tt|r+|e t|te|t +|+=|+ -+|s t, +-| t| +e| liver e|t t +=e =-+-+e|t -|+| |+ -+|s+ =+ t+=| =++ + =++| =re|4| -={+| =| =-+-+ |+-+ r+=++ t |t.++ IQ += r+=++ o+t| r- 4+=| t+=|= =-4-+ t|4| ++-| :, =-t| 4z| =|+=+| =+ r- -% % x% ):% )% -% =+| t+= =|t+|+| |-++e|tt +| +=+x|t| +|t+ |-|| +|++ rt|t+ :-% )t% % % )% -:% ++ {+ 4e| s-eo+ |-||+-++| +| + =|+=+| ++ +=t ={+| +|++|+| ++ PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software etr+| t| =r++| o-t =-=- -+|+ |, )==t ++|+ ++|+ ++|+ ++|+ ++|+ =4 =+|-+ s|t+r+| {+ =++ +++ r| ++|+e +-+| =-+-+ t=-t=| +|+ , =e =|=|-+++| -+t||==t {=|te+|e++| r|+ =e =-+-+=| |+++ =++ ++|e|t =++ 4+|s+ +|= += +|t|e, t| s+ +ae +=e|t et| |e|t +|+ +-t+ + ={+ =- t {+ +==+| |t|=+| +=+ =- =-+ |++| +t| r|t+ ==-+| +| +, ++|+ +-+ e+ 4=|s+ t| r| t =|++| -=e|r +=e|t |a t| r+ + e||r4| 4-++| e| + +=e|t +t-+t+| t+ s+ =-=-+ +=+| |+-t e|=| ==+ etr- =-+-+=| ++ o+t+|+ =t ++ ={+ =|+ |+=|+| e| +-+ r|+|+|t+ r- t e|=| ==+=-= +=+| =++ +|e |+=| ++|-=t =| -+ |+=| t = =-4-| t| e|+ =+ ++=| =|+ -+ t|+| +|t| ++ +-| {+ e|o=-t| 4z| =|+=+| =+ r- ++|+|+= ++|+|+= ++|+|+= ++|+|+= ++|+|+=e r|= | =|= {s| == t| t+| ++=+ +=e t|=|+++ 4| ++|+|+= -+ e|+ -+t||-==t+| s+| + =-+-++| {s| =r+| |+++ ||e|=| +|+ t +| ||e|e =|=|+| ++-+| t to|t+| =+t+|e+|+| ++-|+ t 4x=|+|++ s+| t+| oa=| +| +=+|+ =-t==| ++|+|4= {+ +-+ s+|| |-|| =|4+ r+ =+ ++|+|4= {+ +|t+| t+ +=+- r| , + |+-t t+ t |t|= t+ o|e+| r+ =+ t +=e =+| -+| -+ 4+|s ==| +a+| ++, tr t ==++| +=+ +|+t| +==e + r| t+++ r- +=+| + =|+|=| +| +|e +=+| =+ ={+| |t t+, ++ t =|+|=| +| +|e + r| +|++|e + +=+| -++| =|=+| ++ r+=+ 4+=| +|= +-| =++| e= ||=| =|+=rce += = += {++ ++|+|4=+| +| t+| |t- + r| =|+=r +=e|t +|++| =|-++| t+ t +=| +|e sa |-||+| |++| -+ o+t+|+ |-||+| += +| =-4-e|t +|a + =+- =-+=| ++|= + t=|++, ++|++| e| -+ ++|+|+=e|t t|t=+ + t|s+ =4=-t| =|++|t| +t+| =++| +=e|t +|+| =| (Smoking) e+ r| ++|+4=+| +|=| t|= r+o|e+| +-|+| =| r- t +=e|t |+. =+|+| =|=| et- ++|+|4= s+ =|+=r=| |+=|+| t|rc to+ =+ t s+|rc=| |+=|+| ++|-=t r+=++ o+t| r-, r++ +| +t| re=-= =x ==++| + t =+ {+ +|++| +==| +=t r+ =+, +| |-|| 4-+ =|- +=4|t t|=|= |++|t r-+ +=+| + =|+| ++ e+|e |a| e|s+ +| 4x+| s+| ++ +|= + |r| r- +=-+ +|r+| =x ={+| +, ++|+4=+| +=|=| ={+| =|+=re e =|+=+ +|+ + =+t++ r++ re=-= =x ==++| + +|+ + r| =|+ + + ++|rce +=+| 4z| +| +|e =+t+|e +arc=| =|+=+ t| =|++| (Schizophrenia) r+ =+ +. t) r+r|e| {-|=|t-= { {{ {-| -| -| -|=|t- =|t- =|t- =|t-= == = =|++ +=+ t=|++ r+ ==| a+=a+ ( Dexedrine ) -a ( speed ) t {+==| ( ecstasy ) +|=+ ={-|=|t+ a t== ( derivative ) =|= e r-+ +| |-||e tt+| |+++ =| |t+ -+t||-==t+| +=a t|{t =-+-+=| +|+ {s| a||=+ r| =e = =++. {-|=|t-=e r+ =++ sa+| t +=+| |+-tt|+| =|++| +|r+| +| =t|++ (serotonin) r|, | | =-| ={+| +=+ t| + t =+| -+| -+ ==| re=+=+ (hallucination) =|=e r- +-+| t| ++| e| satt|+| =|+- a+=a+ t -ae +-| t| a||=+ t {+==|e =t|+++| +=++e|t |=|r+ t- = + a|e| re=|+|+ a{e{=ae + =-+-+=| =t|++ ++|=| +|+ t {-|=|t-= a|e| =|t+|-=e- (Psycho stimulant) r+ t + =|+|=| e{+| oa=| ++|r o+t+|+ r+ =++ +|+t=| t{+| +|e to|{+| +, {+==|e =t|++ +|+|=| e|=| ==+=-= t =|+t -|+| = +=| |s+ =+ +| =|+t =-+|r|-++| {+==| +|++|e|t r+ =a ++ e (mid week blues) +| e| satt|+| r+=+ ++ +-| t+| ++| +=e|t +| +|e =t+ =+=|+ t|s+ =|++| -+ =|t+|==+| ==-+| a+=a+ t -a e+|e r+=+ +|t =|+t +| =|tr+={+| +, -a e+|e +|te|t t|||=| =r|++| =-+ =+, +t r|t+ +=e +-+| t + rt|t+ rt|t+ rt|t+ rt|t+ rt|t+, =+ +|=+ ++-+ s|t++| =|++ +=+ {+ t|=|+++ +-+ r| ++|+|4=e -+ rt|t+e =-+-++| +-+| ||e|e|t ++-+|=| e-, =e t-a|+ +|=+ |+++ =| se -+t||==t+| s+| ++|r to|t+| ++-+|+| e| =r+| r-+ t +=e ++|rc+| +++| ++t| + |-|| +=| |+=| +-+ =r+| r- rt|t+e|t =t t+=+ +| +|+| =| et- r| +=e +c-+ |+-t+| +=+ t|s +| ==++. e|=+|t| ++|=| {-a-=+| =|++| +|t| r+=+ +| + e+ e|s+ t| r| +t 4 +=t+| 4z + |-, +4 +| |+-tt|+| +=+ rt|{t |- t +=+| =|| +t-+t |+||| t| r- +| +-+ o+t+|+ |-|| r| =+| + r| + =|+|=| e+|e + =+ r+ =+ +=e +|=+|=+| te+= reflex e|t t4|tt- rt|t+e t =|+=+| |++ +| t+| +|++ +|++ +|++ +|++ +|++ {+ +| ++-+ +-+ t|=|+++ t| r| =e =|+ |+-tt|+| +=+ t|s+ =+ =|=| +=e {+ a|e| =|t+|-=e- Psychostimulant +| =| +|+ {-|=|t-= -+ +|++e =-+-+=| + a||=+ t =t||++ se t|s + + rt|t+ -+ +|++ + {+t= o+t+|+ |-|| r| +=+| =|+ e|+| =|+=r +-| t| ++|+ +|=+ +|+| =| +=e|t e+r +c-+ r=+ t sa+ r+ =++. t +=+| + =|+|+| +| |+++ e| |++ r+ =+ +==| +=t+| ++| satt|++ t r- t +|++ e+ 4|+| |t| t|r+ +=+| +|++|r t|=| e|+ =++ =-4-|+ t-t+ =|t: www.knowthescore.info, www.nida.nih.gov/Infofax/ecstasy.html, www.nida.nih.gov/MarijBroch/Marijteens.html ) ) ) ) PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software - t |a| - t |a| - t |a| - t |a| - +-| r- r|+ =e|s+, -4+ + +| ||+|t t+ +=e ==|t= r|=| re| =-+ t|+ r|=| t|t=t =|=||=-=t| t++|+| +=-+ | -, +| t t|t+| -+e|t r|+ + t=-t+| z oe| tr+| r-+ =| |a|+| =+t+|+| e| + -+ tr+| r-+ +=t+| |=+| t|t+| =+r=| t+t+ r- +++ s|s=| sa= e =+t+|e r- -+ | e|+| -|=| =++ -+-|| =r+| r-, -|e =|t ||e|+| =r+| -+t++|+ =++ |a|e r|=|e|t =+ =| r|=| t|t=| r+=++ |++ =+ +=+| 4e+| =|++|=+ =|+ r- t +=+| t|t t =-+-+=| =++ ++-+| tr- ==+t +=+e {+|+ +-= a-+ -+ - c+| -+ +|t+| |e|+| =+r=| ++ +|t+| t =|+| =+t+ t=-t zt tr+| =+{+ +=+e r-+ +=+| +=+| +=+| +=+| =c+|+ |e|4| r- =c+|+ |e|4| r- =c+|+ |e|4| r- =c+|+ |e|4| r- |e|+| =+r+| +e;, a=e +r=| ==|+| t=-r zt 4=+| r-+ =+= ==t+ +-+=| ++|r+| r|+ + + z|+++| +|==| ++|r+| +|=|+t| t{+| =++ =++ =++ =+++ ++ + t = == ==+t =+t =+t =+t +=+-= =+-= =+-= =+-= =+-= a-+ t c+| c+| c+| c+| t-az= e -+| +=-+ |+| +=+ + +| =4 t=-t=| |++ -+|+e r- | +|-++ +|+| +at=| o-t+, -|e {+=+ |-=+ee|t =++ 4+|s, -|e|t == te+|a+| =|+=4| +||=+ =| =eo+ + =+- + r| +-|re +z|++rce |+=| |+ o|e+| +=-|+ t+| {, ==| s+|re {+e =+t+ -+t|+4| =eo t|r+ |++ |e|=| te+|a =|tt |= +=-|+ t+| { +| t es+|t{+| +|+t=| t{+| +| -+ +=-|+4| re |r| |t{+| + re| tt t=-tr | ++e+ r-+ t ++|rce + e 4tetr+ t-a-=-= +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ t aa|r aa|r aa|r aa|r+| +=+ +| + =+|a= e +++| t-+ =+-= a-+ |e|=| -|+| c=| 4++| t-a -=-= +| (Indentations) + =+t+|e r- | | | |+| +=+ 4 + c+| t-az= +-+|t 4te+ t-a-=-=e|t +++| t-+ t=-= |+ t=-= |+ t=-= |+ t=-= |+, =|=||=-=t| t=-t -+ + + {+ =r+| |t|| r| +| |e|=| r+ {+ +-+| |+ r| r| ++ ee t=-te +++| t- =+++ +=+-=+| t=-= |+, ==+t= +=+-= +| +e+|=| t se| r- +| tt t -+ t=-tr =et =++ +, +|t |++| t|t+| t =+r=t rt+ =+t+|+| +=+ + =++r- 4 {+ | sa+| -+ r-, +4 t=-trce =+t+ -+ t|++| =|+=4| t|| s|s + -+t|+ =-|-+|+| -s t|=| + - t=-te|t =-|-+|= |a + {+| + se| =|+e+ a +-+ r-+ -|e 4|rt4| =t4e ++=+ {+t= | =+| =|t| s-a|, =| t |a|+| =+t+| -+==| +|z | ={+| {+|+e |s, -e +r ze| =|t| +|+| t=-te ++ ++ ++ ++e+| e+| e+| e+| + t=|s +e+| +| r+r|= =|=||=-=t| ++= =|=||=-=t| ++= =|=||=-=t| ++= =|=||=-=t| ++= +|=+ ++==| r+ |=+ =+t+ |+=| -+| =+t+|+| || r+=-t| re =ae| t e===| -+| e| te -=+ tr+| r- -+|+e =+to| |t =e t| t|t+| 4|+| =|+| +++ t|+| |e|x e t t|+| =|+| +++ 4|+| |e|xe +|+| ++e+| =-4-| {+ +| +| +| {+t= =te +|te|t {+ =t + e|=| |++| a |r-, -+| + |+e te += 4- =| tt +|-+ |+| |r- {s| +|-+=| e +|+| |+| t +| +|-+=| + =+t| =| |+| r+ 4 +|t {s| +|-+=| |++| t|+| t +|=| 4|+| r|+ a4|s+r|= t +-+|=| {+ =+=-= t|r+r|= 4 |++| r|+ 4|rt ++|-+r|=, +=e|t | =ro| 4+|s+r|= t |++| a r|+=| ==|+r|= +|te|t e|+ + a+| +|=|+ t+ =|; ee , ++ t|t4| |-+ ++e|t t|t+| =+r+| +++ t|t+| =+r+| +++ t|t+| =+r+| +++ t|t+| =+r+| +++ 4+|s++| e| =|=|=-=t| + +=+| +tt ++-+ e =|+++ t- t|t+| + r| =|r -+ +|t+| |e|+| -| t =o=| t=-tr + =z r+|=| r-+ t == =+t+ -+t|+ + s- =z r+|=| r-+ r|=| t|t+| |a+| =|=| |t t=-t t -+t|+ r-+ +=, ==|=-=t| ++==|, -+t|++| -+|+z ++ {s o|e+| r- )) )) )) )) PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software e-+c ++==| 4-+ t|t+| =+r+| ++=| t 4{+| r- +re+|r| +=e|t r|=++e= r|=++e= r|=++e= r|=++e= + =+-, +t +| t|t+| =+r=| {+o|e ++=| e{+| - t=-t+| t++| =| =|- +==|+ r-+| =+, sa +a |+ ++ e +++ to-+| +|t tt tt tt tt +-t +=t +-t +=t +-t +=t +-t +=t t tt t||| ||| ||| |||+| =|+=4| t|t=| r+ ++e =+t+|e+|+| t||| + =++r- + r| t +ee|t + "U" |+|t=| =|a+r|= + r|+| -| -: =.=. e |a +r|= =+ + r|+| e ++= =|a +r|= +=, | o|=| ;| 4|+r|= t {s| =||e|t +| t +e+| -|e +|t+| t|t+| +=-+ =|=| - ++| e| =-+r|= +|te|t {s| -|+| +=+ =+| +| tt|+| + +|te|t +re+|r| tt| -|e t| + {s|e =|+ | {-+| +=+ =+| ++ r|=++e= =|=||=-=t| + +=+| =+r=| t|t+| ++ + =|4| |s+ t=-t+| =z r+|+| +|+=| +a+| + 4+|t{+| ++|r+| =|+ +++ -+ r- +=t +=t +=t +=t+| +| +| +| +- |=+| +- |=+| +- |=+| +- |=+| == ++t| +=+ + |=+| t|t+| +=-+ =|=| ee r- = | e|+| -| t |s=| +| |=+| +-+ t r- |e| ++ =+t+|e r- + +=e {+ =e=t+| =+ =|+| {+ =| + ss+| +-te|t + +|-+ =+ +=+| e| +|te t-+r|+ +ae z + 4e e=| =t| ta + +=-|++| {+ ++||e |+e 4+|s +, +=-+ +|t+| t=-te +=t| +=-+ +|+r -+ 4+|4+| +|=| +=t a| e|s+ +| ++ +-++| |+|t a| e|s+ |t=| +|t|+ t- - ++e {+ +-++ += + r|t+ -|e |-+ t+| =+t+|e|t =|+ +at t- +| +e+|+| =++ ++-+ +e+|+| =++ ++-+ +e+|+| =++ ++-+ +e+|+| =++ ++-+| || |=| + =|=e r- +|t+| r|++| =|= |+| ++-+| + |e+ ++==| tr+| -+t|+ -|e +|t+| |e|r r-e|s, +| -+t|+e | e|+| -|=| ={+| - t=-t4| =+t+ ++ |st r|+4| -e+ e|+| +-+e|t =+t+ t |e+ ||e|+| +=| r+ t+ ==|t+| =|+=4| =-t| = t|=|= +=t| r|+ + =+t+ t |e+ ||e| 4| +|+| =-|-+|+| = te=| |t-= r-, ==| |e+ -+t|++ |+|=-= a+|+ (Proprioceptive Feedback) =|=e r- t +| =|=||=-=t| ||e|+| rt+ -+t=| |t| tr- |=+ =+t+ t |e+ +== (cortices) =-+-+=| {+ +|+| ==|=| tr- =++ -+-|| =++ -+-|| =++ -+-|| =++ -+-|| - +| +=++| e| =r+| r- +-+| +r|= + +|t +=-+ 4+|++| +=| == +=t +|s t r+r-, -+ +=-+ +a| +| -+|-at+| 4=| +|t+| +|t=| +e+| =+ ++ |r t-+e == +=t a| e|s +=+|=| +|t+| | e|+| -| t|rt| +=+|+| =| +|t+| | e|+| -| =|st| +-++| =r+|e +=+|e|t +|t+| | e|+| -| +tt =|st| +-+| ++r|t|=+ +|+| t||=e + ss|s + =-+-+=| +r|+t =-4-+ =+t+ =+|+| +e-|| r- +|+|=+ =-+-+ t=ze =++ + -t|t| 4+|+ +| +-++| r|+ + +==| ++=+| +=-+ |+ =|=e r-+ =-+-+ t=ze =|=||=-=t| |+=| t|t+| ++=| +=++| =| 4te+ =+ =-+ ++ + tt ++e -e|-= ++e -e|-= ++e -e|-= ++e -e|-= Cortical Plasticity +| 4|t -+ t- s-+ + =c+|+ t+| st|rt|+| e| 4e z + t-+r+ +a=| z t| +| r+ |t | e|+| ++e s-+ + =|+|=| r- t +|t 4|s+ +a=| String Player t4 r|++| |e|+| ++e s-+ + r- |a| |a| |a| |a| t=| |a|e|t -+| =| {s| +| +| =+t+|+| =| +|++ t+ ={ +|+ |a| +|-++=| =-+ +|+r t +-+ t+ |t|t+ =s+ ={+| {+ ||e| r| +=+| =o +-|+|r =++| , +| + r-, rt+ +a=| t+ t+ r- t |+++ =| |a|+| t=-te s|s+ =+|e sa+|+| -+=|++| 4|t |t |++|t| t|+ |s+| to|t t |-+ |++| a=|t+| to|t=| |t -+t r- ||+ |+=| |a|e|t {+ =+t+|+| =| +={t {+ =|++|+| =| et-+| +|+t=| {+e =+t+ |t4t=| t{+| =eo+e +-++| |+ + +| ++e |++| +|++| t+ o|e+| sa+| + +++| + s +|-++ sa+| -+ =| +, s +| t ++ +|t+| t|=|+++ sa+| +t +-+| +|re r|=|e|t +a+ +=++| 4|t=| +| c=| + r| + 4+|st++ re ||++ |+ +z|++ +++=e +|=t=-t +|=t=-t +|=t=-t +|=t=-t+| =t+| t +-|+|rce|t 4|rt -+|{+| ++|r=| +-+| t=-t =|=e + -|e x a| =-=+==-t| + =|, +-++| -e|++| t {+ +| |+++ +t| o=| +|+| =++ ++++| + +++| t-+ 4e +|-++ sa+|+ +++| t+ t=-t+| ++| = a| e|+| +, +t ++|r +r| r+ t|te t- |t4t+| tt+| +e r|++|t+ sa+|e|t +++| t- ||++ +|+ =|+e+a |t4t, =e|t A fiber =+- t +-+ ==, ze| , t =|+e+a = |t = |t = |t = |t4t 4t 4t 4t C fiber -+|++| tt+ = =-|-+|=| + +, r| ++|rce =t4e ++=+ |+ -+t|++| z oe|= =|t-+|-= 4+|s ++|re ==|+|-+t |t| r| =|+| =|+=4| +=| + ==| {s|e |a|+| -|+ ++ =+ +| |a|+| =|++|=+ |+| e| satt|+| r- ): ): ): ): PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software df] df] df] df] lk{m lk{m lk{m lk{mg g g g d]6 d]6 d]6 d]6 PGs]km]lng PGs]km]lng PGs]km]lng PGs]km]lng +t|r| =|e +=e|t =+- t+| r- +==| t-a|+= |ta -+ = = = = {-+e+ {-+e+ {-+e+ {-+e+ =r++| -+ t|=|+++ |-=== =|=e r-+ |a| ++|t+ =|+e +r| t=-t=| +|+ , ==| +r| {-a|+= |tae +|+ =-|-+|+| {+ |+4| +e, 4+ -= t ++=+| {=|=| {|t+t =e +| t-=et =-=e+ |+=-=+| |t|r| =|rc +| t| =| =| =|=||=-=t| ++==-t| e =-+ |++t || , ==| {-t {-t {-t {-t+t =z +t =z +t =z +t =z e ++= e ++= e ++= e ++= t t-=et ++= t-=et ++= t-=et ++= t-=et ++= =|=e r-+ r-+|==+| s+| t|t| t+ 4+ t= +|e t| |a|+| ++|e|t ++e |a|+| =+t+|4| +|s+ =-=+ ={+| +|=| =|=e +ae |++| r|+ |-+ o|e+| +|+| |+|=| a4|{ t += s+|rce|t |a|+| +|4+| 4z + +| + +| |a|+| ++|+| e| r-+|==+| =|+=| t|o+| ||+ {==+ |=||| |t|, +| s+|4| a| e|t+| + |a|+| 4e+|+| +=+=| 4te|+ |s t|, =|=||=-=t| ++=+| =+++| ={+| +| =+ |a|+| ++|+| +=+= {-t+t =z e ++=+| =+++| |a{+| +| |a| 4+|+| |++ |a| 4+|+| |++ |a| 4+|+| |++ |a| 4+|+| |++ r|=| |a|+| =|+4| |z tr+ |r-| , -+| + t|++| a|+t, +=+|t| +|t |a|4+|+| |++ ++ t|=| r-+| r|e| =-+ +-+| +r- r|e| +t +-+| r t+ ++=+ |a|+| =o +|+=+ {+ =++| r|=|e|t |a| t| t|s+ -+rc4| |z| tr+ ==| 4+|s+ r| =-|-+|=| + + +|==-+ -+|+=| r+ {+=+ |-=+ee -+|e+ =t||=+ +| ++|+| |t-= , -+ +ae t+e+= (Withdrawl reflex) =| ++|re o+t+|+ +| =+=|+ |+ t-+4| |z tr+ =|t+ + =+| t|+ + |a|+| +| =o +|+ ++e|t t|++ r| +=t| |t|= +|e +-+=| ={+| |+e|t s|+ |+ =t+ +=-tr, +| + =r+| + +++ t-+=| ++ t e|++ +++|r t|+t+ +-+| -+=| 4-+ =|= t|+ ++| e| ++| +z|++| ++|rc+| ++|= ={+| =e |a|e|t |s +| 4z|s =+= a| e|t{+| +-+| =|aet| ++| r| {- {- {- {-a|+= {+|-=+ a|+= {+|-=+ a|+= {+|-=+ a|+= {+|-=++| +=++ =-=|++ |+| t-+=|, -+| + +x ===| =++, |a|+| +=+ {+ |+++ -+t=-= +=+| +|t| s-eo+ t|+| +=++ r+=+ +|+t=| t{+| +|4| a| e|+| + {++a+e t| -+| =-+-+ |++| +=+|+ sa+|e |a|+| -+t=| s-eo+|+ s|+ r- t =a4+4| =-|-+|++| |a| 4z t|+| +-== (Converse) +|e|t r|tt{-=+| r|tt{-=+| r|tt{-=+| r|tt{-=+| =+- ==| =r+ =++ to|t+| -+t+| +=| |s, |a|+| 4e+|=| 4x r- t +re+|r|, sa |+ ==| |a|+| +=+ ={+| , t|+e| r+ t ++|+|t| sa+|+| +-+=| + |a|+| +=+ r+, +| t+ r+=+ +| {+ =o +e++e ==-+| 4-+ =+ r|tt{-=+|=| tte t=-t+| =++|+| =|=| |t|r| |a| =|+| +=-+ -+t+| e +|r =|=e r-+ +==| t|=|+++ 4| =+- ={+| sa+| t t-r4=++| 4+| -+t++| =|=e r- t|+| |a|+| +-|=| to+ r|tt{-=+| sa+|+| +x t t-r+=++| ++++| t||= -+ r- +| =+ t=|+| +|t| =+t+ =+|e|t ++|+ + -+t|++| +++||e+|=| t+++ |s+ r| =-4-+ -+t||-===+| +|+e|t =+- + t= -t |=| =r+| t+++ r- r|tt{-=+|+| +|-|=| r+ ++| =-4-| r|=| 4=|t=| se s-++ ={+| + t|+| |a|+| +e++e s|t |=-= + t.ot e +|-+ + +=-|+ || t-t|+ ++| +=|=| |a|4| t|r+ |s+ {++=t +|=+ ++| s+| t- +| +=| =ta++ == t|t+| +-| -|+=| ==+| =t r|e- t s|t tt+ +ae sa =te|t =|s +| +==| +-+ t| t|s +=e ++ + |a|4| t|r+ =- +t +-+| ++ r- +=e 4+|s+ =++| ++ |e|= +-| re, +=+| +|++ |-++| e| |+=| {s| +=-|+ +||e| oa| t+| +=+| t||=-+c a| e|t+| + +-++| {+ |+++4| r+ +=+|+ sa+|e ={-+e+ -+| t-a|+ +|=+ t-a|+= |ta+| +=a =c r- =+ +| |++++| sa+|=| a|++|+ + =+t+|e {+ ||e| =++ r- += +|+e {+ += oe| +=+|+ ==|++| ++|= =+| 4|+| =e|t |-||+| = |=| |a| += + +| + =+- {+ |t te+|a r|++| r+ +-t=| t|o- t|+| =+ +| |a| ={+| -|+=| t|o- {++-t+| 4|t=| = z {++-t+| 4|t=| = z {++-t+| 4|t=| = z {++-t+| 4|t=| = z + |r+r- +| +4=|t r+ =++r- + |r+r- +| +4=|t r+ =++r- + |r+r- +| +4=|t r+ =++r- + |r+r- +| +4=|t r+ =++r- http://acupuncture.com/Acup/AcuInd.htm ): ): ): ): PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software =|++ t-+| r=|4e +-+ =++ |+ r| =e t++| =-4-| ++ +|+ e++| e| e|+|t |++| |o|+| +| |t= =+| (Primates) -+ |a tr+| |o|+| =|+=4| r|=| t-+| s+| +|+|+t|=| +-+| | 4= ++| e| | | r|=| t|t4| |z| r- +| {+ +|t+| +=+ -4+|+ s| r|, + r|=| |o|=| + t +r| t+|=| tr+| ||t=-t=| +|+ +=+|t| +-+| ++| =c r- =4| -+te t|| |+ r- += +| t-+ =-+-++| =| t ==|e r t |a 4z =a++ t =t4e ++=+ |+ ;|; =|e e e t-+ +|+e|t =+- +t-+ +++| +, |+|t, t +| -+ o|= +-|+|rc+| r|+ t +++ +| =+ =4 r|t+, + r|+| =|+ ++|=-= r r- ++==|, +-| t-+ |+=| t =z r+|=| -+t|+r +=-+ +==+| t-+ +|+ e++| e| +|+t+ r-+ |o|=| +|. |o|=| +|. |o|=| +|. |o|=| +|. | | | | o oo o|=| +| -+ -+ -+ -+ e e e e+| =|+=4| + t +++| +++| +++| +++| t e-= e-= e-= e-=+| =r|++|e |o|+| |a tr+| t+| t+| t+| t+|=| {t |+= r- -+ee|t +tt4|, +| =- +a |tt= |tt= |tt= |tt=e z|++| r-, | o-+ t e+ + =+ =+|t|, +|+| -+t +=|t+| -+e+| |+|t + +| +z + r- |o|e {+ ++|=t| =t| +|+ , =e ==|t+| {s| + 4+|s =+t +=|+ + |+++ r| +t t |4| +| {+ ==+ =||t (Metaphor) r| re|, |o| = etr+ r+|e +r| +r-+ + -t + r t+ t|=| , +t t+|=| 4++| +e =-+-+=| +| + s|s+| =+, sa +e|t r+ +| =|+=+| |++++| + +| =-+-+ =++| +| =|+= {+ +-+ t=+e|t t|+++| +-+, =|=| ++ +|-+++ ++t| 4+| t-+ =-+-+e =-=|s+ + se| ==-+| r|=| |a s=- +=e t-+ ++4|t +|r+| + t +|+ e++| e| |o|4| |{+| +|a t{+| =-t+| +=t| s+| {++ t+|=| |+= ={, t+|+| =+r=| ++-+ )-t =e++ | | | || || |t=-t t=-t t=-t t=-te ==|+| +=+|+ |-=+ee|t s-+ tt +r| s|+{+| +|+| +at t-+ +| =++ =|t-+|-= rt t+| -+ +|-|+| ==|e=-= +, += t+e +| t+e +| t+e +| t+e +|z zz z e e e e++ +|-| ++ +|-| ++ +|-| ++ +|-| =++ r-+, =+| {+|+ =et -+ -+|+ -+ -+|+ -+ -+|+ -+ -+|+ 4+|s ++|rc =-+-+ =+ + + r| ++|re +- +|+ + t-+ |+=| {+=+ |-=+e -|+ + n+ + n + - + z +- +a = -n n- ++ + =-+ -+ +x+ + t+| +|+| |+|=+ -+ -+|++| |t4t t +|-|+| ==|e -+ 4|t|e|t +|-| rt |- + t+|+| |a ta = t +|-==| {t |e- + -n-z- =-+ + =|++ |o| |o|=| + + +|e|t e-=e |o|=| |a tr+| t+|=| |+= +r| ={+| t=-te s|+| r|+ + t |-=a+++| ++|=|+ {+=+ |-=+e s-+ + | -+ -+|+=| |+|=+ + t-+ ++|+| +| =4=-t| =c+|+| +-|+| 4|t=| t |r| ==++| ta ta ta ta = == = +|=+ 4r=z r++ ||t=-tr -=z r++ +|-= +|-= +|-= +|-= =-t| +|= r|t || 4z| =+t+|e r- =| |=|| =-+t|, +|t t|+=| +|t+| ta =+| =r|++|e tr+r- =+ t+=| +|-= +| =r|++|e tr+r- +|-= +|+ +|t+| r-, | +|+| +=-+ +=e- (Wavelength) + =+t+|e r- + + =te 4+|{t =-+ =+- +, +| -=e t|+ t+ 4+|s +t ++|r +=+| e| + =r+| + +t {s t+| +|+| =|+ ttr+| oa=|, +|-=+| +|e +=e|t r| t sa =|+ t+| |t ==+ r|=|e + t+| 4|=| += +|t|+ t- +| r+r| e| !$ ) )) )x xx x PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software-=| -t +-|=| |e|e|-=s+=+ s= +|-==| { +| ++|+ =++=| -t=+ +| x+|+| -|=| + + =r+| o| {+| =| -|+ (Colour Blindness) +| +e+ || | +r| t-e+ +|+| +-++| +|| r-, +=| e+= ==|=+| +|+r tt +|+| +|=++ +|-|+| s-++| -| + +| a| =|+| +| =+ +- +|-| + =|+| r-+ t s=| {= +| (M-type) +| -+|+|=== +|-| r-+ r|=| r+| + {= +|+| +|-|+| =|=|-++|= +r| o|=+| s-=+=+| |s+ =+ +|+ ++=+=| {+ +| +=+| tt s=| | =|+| -+| x= =| +-+|=| : =+-s=-= |+| +|+ +-t+ +r|= - |+| += ;+| |=|+| -+| x==|t ++|-+r|= +=+| tt r=| |=| + +| =|+ +|t =|-+ =++r- +-+| ++ ={+| r|=| t-e+ +e+==| |xr =|= = r-+ == t-e+ +++| ++ |r |+|, , +|=+|, t| |t= +|+ + +| +|-|r +|=-==| ++-+ r-+ t-e+ =| =| -== +|-|+| {se| =r+| | =++| =-e= |x r| | e+|+| {se| |x r| r| +|-|= =---+ +=|t +a t-, =|1 =|, +e+= x+|+| r=| |=|, -+|+= {+ +-| |++e=+, o| +| |+ =+|a= = +x+| t- {se| =r+| o| +| +| +, ++ {+ +|===| =- -+|+= sr| |++e=+ ={+| o| +| |+ +|+ =+| +| -|+| +|=== +r| + |++e=++ =+|a= = +|+ , =|1 +| =+r=| +-+ +=== ={+| r- +=+| =+=- +e+= t-e+ +|-|=| +++| +|r+| ++| =| {+ -++r+ =s+ r- + +| +++|+ =s+ =+ r|t+ t|+| +| -|+| |o|=| r+ ++= {se| +|-|=|t ++ =|=|=-= + + =+- =-+ +| +=+-|e |-++ + =+- =- =+ t+ ||=|=| ={ -+ t-e+ +e+== -=|-e=e| t=|s H t-e+ x+|+| +| +t= ++ |o|+| -e+ -+|+ =-+-+=| { |s- ++ -e+ -+|++| |t- -e+ +|=-=| +|=+ =+|=| |{ |s- {se| -+|++| ||=| |t- +|; x= +r| { +| -e+ -+|++| x= +={+| || |t-= |s- +| |t-+| =-| == -e+ e+|+ -+|s+, ==| t+ |o|-|e |s+ |t- =|== r-+, +| - =-= +e+= + |+ r- |+|+ ++=e -++=+= +|=+ =+|=| r+ =|t-+|-e+ =+| =|+=-|e +r| -|+=| + r|=| ++| t-e+ -|++| |-++ x -- -=| -+ -=| +|+, t- r|+ ;+| t-e+ ++ t|r+ r =-+=| r- =+ t|r+ r|+;+| t- r=-+=| r- +| -+= +++=| tt+e |o|-|e |++|| |{+| r- +== =-+-++| |s; t-e+ |x=| r+ +|-|= =|z =|{ |x =+- ++ + |o|-|e |s+ ++| =| +x+| t- +==|t -|t+|+=e| =+- s+s r-= e|=e+ +== =| t|| t-e+ +e+= -|+| =| ={+| +|-|-|e {+| ++|+ ==o+t|| +r| t=+ + -|+|rc a| =|+| + +==| |++e=+ ++|=+|, sa +|-|+| =-t +|=-+| =s+ ||=|+| -=|-e==e| =|== + +| o|r= +|-= -+| |-+ |{+| +| afofF b[li6ut If]q kfZjL{o h]lgs'n]6 Go'lSno; bfof clK6s :gfo'clK6s sfoHdfs6]{S;tkm{sf] dfu{ b[li6ut s6]{S; s+s r-=e|=e+ +== )tafofb[li6ut If]q PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software +=-|+ || +=-|+ || +=-|+ || +=-|+ || + +|t t-+r|+ r+r- =+ tr+ =++r- ++ =++r-+ += =-+-+=| ={+| t-+ |++| o|4| |r| r+ |{+| +, =+ |c++| 4+| + + r| t-+ |=+| tr+| r+ =+ +r| +ar =+| |=+ t-+ ++= V1 =| -|+| |+ +| r-, s+|r |++| +tt+| +t|rc +tr+ 4+|s+ +t s+|rce|t tr+ +=++ =+{+| =-= ++| e| =++| =+, s+|r +| +|= +-+ x+|= + =++ +| s=++|| +t ++ |+ +|e|t e|t-a=|t (Blind sight) =+- +| =-=++| |o|4| ++=+| -+ =| =-=+| ==|+|-+t =+|+t|t| =+- t{+| r- |e + tr =+t =++ +r+ =++| =|=|-+ +a=| + t+r r+ ++| r| +t +|t +|t e|ttr+| 4e| =+| +|+|= +t| +r- =+, +|t +| ++ |c++| t 4|+++ +t+ ={+| r+ =+, ++ +|t t|=|= +|t e|ttr+ r-, |+ 4a=| t|++r- t +||rc4| 4-+r- += |=+|e +|+|=+ e|t-a =|te|t 4=|s t-+ ++=+| t-+ =+| {+ +-+ ===| |+ +t| r|, =e -+|+ +z|++rce|t reto +-+ 4+|{+| +=-+ +|t+| -+t|+e|t +| ++e +=| ++-+ t{+| r- + {+t= ++ t=| {+|==| 4| {+| r- r|=|e +| 4|t=| 4-e 4= + |e+| | ++|r+| +r| =+|+ sa+ r- =+ +r| t-r4t| (Inhibitory) r- +r| -+|+ +z|++e ==|{+| + + +--+t=| r+ -= -+, +r| ++|+|++e ++|+|++e ++|+|++e ++|+|++e ++e =|t+|=+ ++e =|t+|=+ ++e =|t+|=+ ++e =|t+|=+ r- =4 +==| =r=+ ++ re r|=| =|-| + {s| t-+ |+=| r+ =++| |+=| ={+|= ==|++| r- +t +r| + == ==|++| r+ =+ =e 4=-+ =|e|t t=|s ==| trt t-+ =-+-++| ++ =|e t-+ +++| +=-+ |+| +|r+| t-+ ==+| +++e + r|=|e|t t-+ +e-||+| +=-+ t|=| r+=++ ++|+|4|t -+t- t- 4-|e+| +| =x ++| +|e+| |+e 4|+| 4|-++=| |+|++|t + t +-+| tot++ |+e+| += +|t+| ++-|e to| t |t+| |==z + -+|++| 4 r+ e sa+ t t-r4t| -+t++|4| {+ == s-+ r- ++| +=| t|+| +|-++=| +=|=+ r t+ +t +=| r+e +|te|t += tr+4| t|++ =+t+ +|t+| t-+ ||e|e +| + + += t+=| -+ +-+r=-t| =| {s| =+| += +|+ +| +|+ +|+ +| +|+ +|+ +| +|+ +|+ +| +|+ =t4e ++=+| {+ =o +|+ =++| ++ = |+4| |-+ =+t+ =+|e|t 4+|s+ t +==| +|+ + r| +| +| +| +|+ e+ + e+ + e+ + e+ += |=+|+| =r+| =| r| +| ++|+| =|-+, z|+||t+ +| 4||=+ =| r| se =+t+ =|+e|t +|e+ t sa ==+=| |-+ r+ =++ =+|+= =|+e|t ++ + -+ ++ +|+ + +| ++ + r| +|+ e r-+ t e++| e| e|=| ==+ =|-+ 4+ c + r| =te t -+|e+ r+ =++ {++= =te+= +|+=| + =+t+ ++ t ={+| z|+ 4+| t-t++| =|=e r- s]jn sfnf / ;]tf yf]Knf]x? < s]jn sfnf / ;]tf yf]Knf]x? < s]jn sfnf / ;]tf yf]Knf]x? < s]jn sfnf / ;]tf yf]Knf]x? < ++e +|e| t =+| |-e| ++e +|e| t =+| |-e| ++e +|e| t =+| |-e| ++e +|e| t =+| |-e|rc rc rc rc =c=| += +=| to| t =+r+| r|+ + +s+ r- +t 4 {+| +|te |r| |s+r- + +| {+ a|e==+ ++t r|, +4 sa + 4|rt |s t-+ =-+-+e =+t+ t++| +|r+| + |-+t+ z|++| s+| +|+ e++| -+te ||t 4= + {s| +t+| {+ +ae|t |++| =|=|-+ t++ ++ + t+ t s+|re +=-+ +|+ t| -+t|++| ++ =eo+ + r+=+ r|=| +-+| + =+| + =-+-++| ++ ))) -+|++| ++e|t =e|=+-a x+|+|=| =eo+ + =+| +-+| ={=| r|=|= -+ ++| =|+ r++, +=+| |==z ++ =|-|| +|+ + r+ r|=|e|t +=+| +|r+| + = +s+|t r+ +-+| ++ r-, 4=++| e|, {+ + =|+=r ++ +|+ t+ +=+| +|t|r =|-+r|= r|=| ++ {+ +a + -=++t |t t+| tr| =-+, sa +a | + z + {+| r-, +=| +=e|t = + +| ++e + -z + {+| r+=+ s +r| |++| +|t| +4=|++ s=+| =-+-++| =+++|+| += t s=+| ++r|t+| 4|+| t-t =-4-+| +r+| + +s+ r- +=e +||=+ -+|+ +z|++, ++r|t+ t-+rce|t +x +x +x +x +||=+ ++-+|+| +||=+ ++-+|+| +||=+ ++-+|+| +||=+ ++-+|+| =|+r+=| -+|s+ |r-+ ++ {+ ++ +|+ +|t| tt +=e|t |-+ + =+- +=+| e| =|+=e +|+ -+|= ++ c=| sa +|+e|t |++| =+|a= |=+|e t+| r+ t += |++| +|+ t|t+| +t|+| t+| r+ =+|a= +==+| +|+ +| r|, | t|+ r++| e| +|-+ e r|= ++ + =tr+| +=+| +e-|| ++| e| +|-+ =| =te r|= +=+| {+ t|=| st|rt| sa+|+| -++| 4|t t-+ +|+ e+ ++| ==| |+. tt=-t| 4z sa+| rt++ t ++t+| =| {s| =te ++- r- -+ +|+| ++ -|+ 4z| se| +| -+e| +-+| +|+ =te ={ +|+ +==| +|+ et|+| {s| t| + =|= e r- =+t+ =+| r| t- t +=+| +e-|| t-, et{+| +|++ =r| +| e+ sat r-+ t t{+| +|+ =r| +| +| {+ +=+| ||t=| + t+ =+- += +==+| +=-|+, t-+| =|++ |-+ +| {+ +|t r| + t t+| 4|t +|+ . + t t+| 4|t +|+ . + t t+| 4|t +|+ . + t t+| 4|t +|+ . re+| se| c+| +-|+ t-+ + t-+ + t-+ + t-+ + | || |e+| e+| e+| e+|+| 4|t +|+ e+ +==| -+t|+ +=t| =|=e r- =-+ r| {s| +-+ etr+| + +, ++ t|=| etr+| , +| =|+= t +|+t+| e| +-+ =r+| +|+ r| =|| +|e+|e |+. +| =++ t- + {s| +-+ +| =+| +-+=-t| =-+ r- =|++ =-+-+ t=z +++ +|+ ) +| +| =| t=|++ +|+t=| ee -+t|++| +++| =eo+t|t| =-+-++| |++| 4 =+|++| +=+| | tt +|e+|+| =+| |==z=| =|=e t-+ =-+-++| |+e|t +- |t|t+ |++| c=| a| e|s+ =+- ) ) ) ) PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software A B C D ++| =+t+|e+| +. |=+ t-+ ++= +|1 t|+| t {=. | +|=+ {+ |+ +re+|r| 4|5 =+- =r+ 4|tt+| =-+-++| |+ t+ o ++| + =+t+|e -+t|+ ==| sat = t|=| + r++| +sat=| {+=+ |-=+e +|+. t| r-+ +t +t|+ t|=| r t| +te t| r-+ {= | +| +5 =| tr+| +|-|+| +=-+ -+-=e ++| +=-+ t|+| e| +|a t-+ . + =+t+|e+| =| t{+| +|=| s+| t{+| {+ |e|+|t =| -++ ==| |-e|r ++-+ e =4 t|=| -+ -+ ++ =-4x+| +| =4 |-e| {+ t|=| -+ + ++ =-4x+| |-e|+| =-=|++ t|+| e| 4|tte t+ =++ ++|rc+| =-4x+| 4z t| = 4z re to| +=-+ +|t+| -+-=+| +=+|+ =|t+|-=e=+e =|-+ t|+| +=|+e|t 4tet- +|e| to| {s| 4|tte etr+| |-e|+| +=+| 4|t =te t-+ +|+ et| +=+| {= {= {= {= +| 4 44 4| || |5 =+ ++ {+ |+=| tr+| -+t|+e|t =eo+ t{+| +| |-e|rc ++-+ e t|=| -+ =+ +| =+ |t {s t|=| =tr-+=| +e t|+| +| +|+| +e|++ + +ae +|e+|+| == t|+| +=+| +++| ++ r- +| +|+e|t =e| 4+|s++| e|, |-e|rce|t ++-+ t|=| r|t+ + t |-e|rce|t {+ t|=| e|+|t -+ t{t ++-+ + =+- +| = +s+ 4+|s++| e| e|+|t -+ |-e|+| +|+ |s+ =+- |r| r+ |{+| + 4|5 =| ={+| +|-|+| ++e + =+++| ae|t x+|++ t+ +r| -+t|+e ++| ++ ++ t|e|t t|t +at t-, t 4 t|{+| t|=| -+ |-e|+| +|+ 4z +4 -+ t|++| ++ ++-+ t +|+ e 4z |+++ 4| + r| {+e {+e {+e {+e -+t|+e |-e|+| +|e+| a| e|s+ +|= +=t| + t|=|= + =++ =t| {s| +e|++++| , =|+= r|= +| 4|tte ++r|t+ +++| + =++ =eo + te+|a+| =|+=4| +-+| -+t|++| =|t+|-=e=+ +|e sa 4|tte + =|| ++| +++|=| ||+ r+ =+ +| s-eo+|+ +++ t se| =r+|=| -+t|+r t-+ ++ =+t+|e r-+ t +=e =|+| r+=+ + +|+ + r| -+t|+=| =|+ +={t -+t|++| ++=| +=t r- t+| 4|t=| +|+ +-+ +|te |a 4z +=-|+ || 4+= r+r|e| ++t +++ rt| e|+|t 4tetr+| to- t+|=| + 4tet+ +t r|=| re| ++4+| =|-e| 4|+| ++| r|=| ++ tr| += sa ++| =t+| to- +te +=e|t -| =+r=| {+ |==| +| + to|+| ==r+| c=| to- r|=| t +|t+| t+++|+ +rc tr+ =+| + =+ +r|e|t -+te =+++| 4|t |-+ s+| t-, + =++, t-+ =-+-+e ++ {+ ==+=| ++ |++ =o to- =-+ +|+ e t| +==| =|=e r- !& !& !& !& PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software +=-|+ || +=-|+ || +=-|+ || +=-|+ || t =++ +|-| +r| -+t|+e +=-+ +|t+| +=-+ +=e-+ +=-+ +|t+| ++ to|s+ +re e|=| +=e-+ =+|a= sat t-+ =+ ce ||+ +|t =|-+ =++r- + t -+ ++ +|-+ r+ +t +-+| +r+ =+ 4|+| t t|+|++| +|-| |+t+| +e+| +r|= + +|t =-++| 4+|s+ =++r- +|+| +|+| +|+| +|+| + + + + =|a++ +e|+|t - =| a+++| +|==| +|=+ t |+ +++| -- |z ++ +| e|=|, =+= t || +=e- ={+| +|+| +=-+ =+|+4| s-+|e| |t{+| =e t| ++ -+|+ee +|+| +r| =| t=|s , ++, r|=| +tt+| patches e t| ++|rce|t = =-t| =-t t+| =| s-+|s| 4|1v1 =| =eo+,t|+|++| +|-|e =4 4e|=| sr| rt=-= |+t +=e t| s-+|s t+, +=e o|e| ++ 4| +4-4+ ==+|| +=e- =|e|t +at t- l ll l++|= + + tr+ r| ++|= + + tr+ r| ++|= + + tr+ r| ++|= + + tr+ r| +|5 (V5) |+e t-+ =+t+|+| +e|t t-t +=-t| e 4z| , +=e s-+|t{+| +e|t t-t +t t-+ ee t| |-e|+| ++ {+ |+ +tt+| |-e|+| ++| +|t|e {s| +| +| t|=| =tr+| to{=| |+ ++| == ={=| sa ==+| |+=+ -+t|+e 4|+|+ +| t|+|+ s-+|t{+| ++ =-t|=-t +==e |+t +t + 4+| ++ +=+| =+ t|+|+ +|e r+ o|-+ -+t|+e e 4z| |+e+| =| |+t , ++ot +e|++++|e t| + sa ++-+ + =+e t|+| + =tr+| t +=+| +t|+ t|+| + +| 4|+| + +| -+t|+e +|++| 4|+| =-++|e +e|++++|e ++| z||4|t + +=|+ =-+ t=|s , + + +|e =+t+|+| o|= -+=|+ t-+ +|+ t +|++| st|rt|=| +, +|-+++ 4| -- t-+ e+++| +++|, -+ +|++ ++t ++t ++t ++t +++ +++ +++ +++ + +-+| +==+| sa+e +e|++++|e|t +|++| -+=| t|ot-, ==| s e|+|t {s| +|r+| 4| +|=| =tr- +-+ +==+| +t-x =|+ r- 4 4|+| | o|e s|a| =|+| += tr t t|+| | o|e +=| =|+| += tr t||=-+ |s+ s-+|te|t 4|t+|+et t|t+et| 4|t+|+et t|t+et| 4|t+|+et t|t+et| 4|t+|+et t|t+et| =+-, ++=+ +e|++++|e re| s|a| to|+| =o+| r- =- t +=| to|+| t +. s|a|+| r- =- t +, t-+ ++=+| +=-+ |++| -+ t|+ +4-4+ r-+ 4 +e|++++|+| s-+|t s|a| 4| + =|+t = t|+| + t|+| + t|+| + t|+| + +|4 (V4) +| {s| +|-+++ t =++ +| -|e r|=|e t|+| tr+ =|a+++| {+ |+=| |+t +t c |+=| =+ ++ += |+t ++ 4| += s|+| sr| e ++-++ ={ +|+ +| ++e +at r- +=e +| 4(V4) =-+-++| +-+| |+ r+ =+, =e r|=|e|t t s-+|s+ == 4+|s += + r| -+|+ +z|++e +| + + ++e +| =|+ =|= e + r|=| t-+ ++ {+ t=+ -e r| |o|=+ + + +|e r|=|e|t r|=| +tt+| t++|e|t +tt + == 4+|s ==| =te +-+to e{t r|=|e|t 4r+|s+ t +t=-+|s+ +e|++=-= t e|o| e|o -+t|+ +==| =|=e r-+ =+| +++ +|+| +t|e|t +at t+ t+e ||t=-t+| +|+ to e{t t-+ ++=| + r| +t| +|e + + =+t +|+ + +| 5(V5) |++| -+t|+=-=+| r- +| =4 +t| r|=| =-+-+ =+ +|+= =tr+| -+| to- r|=| +| =4+t| 4+ =+t+| +t -+|+ +z|++e += +-|+=| se| |te| |etr+| + +|e+ e+=|te t-+ ||e| +=t| ++|= r- =-+ 4++| e| se| +|t|+ t{+| + +==| =||+ =-+-+ =+ =|+| +=-+ =| ++| -+t++|+| +++ ++| e| +|-| =+++| +|4| t+ |=| +++ =|= e +, 4|+| t|+| + r|=| {+|+ tr+ =+| rt+| t=| | -+ |t4t =-+e| t = |a+ ++|=|e ++=4| +e = t + |t+t ++= + |+ r|+ =e|s+ +|= OG6/g]6 ln+s OG6/g]6 ln+s OG6/g]6 ln+s OG6/g]6 ln+s: faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chvision.html http://www.ncl.ac.uk/biol/research/psychology/nsg !* !* !* !* PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software ult ult ult ult {s| =+-a|e|t ==|s+ 4|t =|-+r|= =e| +-+ e|+ =+ +t += =te +|+ ++| e| + +|t +| =-+-+e +r| s-eo+|+ +|+ + r|=| +=e|t =r c=| e-|, ++ +==| +|+| t{+| r-: =+-a| r r| +| rer| +| ++ t|4| |ttr+| t ++ | +| |+ +r| =+|+ r- . {s| +ae sa =+-a| ==|++| e| |++| r|+ -++. -+ +=t| =+|+ t +=+| e| ++ +t+| sa= r- t +r| =-|t+ r-. + +|t+| r|+ =r| -|+=| t + +|t+| |e|r =r| ==+=| 4-t r-+ re -+|++z|++e +| |++| + + =-+-++| ++ |+ +==| =|=e r-+ +| |+=| r+ -+te ++ |a{t |t+| {+ +e| z oe| 4+|s {+ =|t += =t4e ++= t 4=e +|z e+|4| =t4e= t =-|-+| =-=+| -+t|=-+et z=+ =| t +=+| =4=-t| +-e| -|+ =-|-+|=| |e+ -+t|+ +|=+ =+| +-| -+|+ +|-|e | +| |+tz+| tt 4z|s +| -+t|++| {+|+ =|=|=| |- r| +=e =++ +|+ +-+|+|te =|=| |t4te|t =++ 4+|s ++ |e+ -+t|++| {+|++| -+= r||e {s| =|=|=+ tr+| =|=+ =r+|+| =|=| |t4t= +-| -+ -+ -+ -+ t|=-+et t|=-+et t|=-+et t|=-+et z z z z = == =+ ++ + 4+|s +e+| + r+r|= {+| |e+ -+t|++| ++ {+=+ |-=+ee -+|++| -e| =|4| -+t||-==t+| +=++ t|s t =|=| |t4t=| ==|+ {+=+ |=+e t| t|s +=e t| ++ =|=| |t4t=| -+.+|-| =a|t4| ++|-=+= |++ (Ca2+) s-+ r- +=e t| =|=| |t4t =++ r- t a +| + s-+ r- =|=|+| =z++ t| ++| e| -+|+e -+t|=-+et z=+=| {+e =|=| |t4t= +-| =-+ 4+|s +=+| ++|==, ++ =|=| |t4t=| -+|+ |t4t |-, +t -+|+4|+| +-|+| +|t|e + r| rt |- += -+= =e -+|+, =|t t-a -e t|+| t+| =| +-| ||++ a+t =| | +| -+t||-==t {=|te+|e+ +=++ ++| e| 4|+| tr- +| +-+t {+ +|+e ==t+ +-++| s+| tt 4+|t{+| +| =|=|+| =| |a{+| +=+|+ +++| t+az te+| =|+||+ ++ r|++| =|=|=| r+ +=+|+ +| {--e|+t+| =|+=4| |e|4| + t+a + =+- t +| +=+ =|+||+ t+az t{=| e|t ++ =|=|=| r+ +++| -+t =|++| e| +| + =+- =|+| + r+r|= =-|-+|e +=-+ t+e+= =|+| =|+=4| =|=|+| ++-+|=| {+ =r+| = =+| o- ++|r=| +te t+e+= =e +|te|t +|o| t +|+| +-+4| 4|s += t| - t+e+= =+| |t|t+ -+=| ==+| r- t =+{+| a|+| = +| +| t+e+=, - t+e+=+| st|rt| r| | e +-| o|e+| ++=+ +==| + +e tt +|t+| -+|+ +|-| =|=e r- =+t+ -+t|+ =e =|=|+| e-4|t+| =+e t- t |e+ -+t|+ =e +|e+| t| t|s | =|t-+|-=+| =|+=4| =+t+ -+t|+= |a{+| r- +| t+e+=r = e t+e+== -|t+e =+ =| {t =-, =e +|+. ++r|te|t =s+ -+ ra t| +| t|at| r|++| +|e4x +|e+| +==| |e+ -+t|++| ==-++ sa+| t t-r+=+ ==+ r- |e+ -+t|+ ra a|e|t +|e 4+|s+ =|=|=-=+| -+= -+= -+= -+= =|=| =| =|=| =| =|=| =| =|=| =| r| +| =-+-+e|t +| +|-|r+| ++e|t ++-+| +, =o ==-+| ++ + +|+ ++| e| +=e ++ =|=|e|t, ++=-= t ++ -+t=| +e 4+|s+ +=+| ot =|t ++= =|t +=+| +t|+ =|, =t4e + +==|, +|e+|+| ++ +++| e| r|t| +|-|rt|t| =z r+ |+| + +| |+|e =++ + + =|c 4| t +e+|++ =tr+| =t4e ++= t =-|-+|+| |e+ -+t|++| 4|=|, 4+ -=+| =r+| |+e =-|-+|4| =| |{+| r|+|a| t =|=| =-4-| =+|e|t =t4e ++=4| +e |t t+| =+|= |a ) ) ) ) PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software + =| {+ +| =e|t +=e e|s |++| =||= +| +| +r|= |++| t|+| r|++| r+e|=| {s| e r z | ++|4 e+r| = 4 +|t+| t|+| r|+4| 4|+| r|+e ++|4 s|-+r|= +|t+| +|= =++| t|+| r|+ -t t|r+ r| +|te|t +| =e| e|+ 4 t| +r|=, 4 +|t+| =||e|t +|t+| r|+4| ++|4 s|-+ =-+r|= t |++| r|+ {+t= -t t|r+r|= +r =|+=e =|+ +=| + =++ +|a+r|= ++ || +|= t 4-e +|t +-+ t+ + =++r+ -+| +|t -++e =|+ +={+| +| ++| ++-+|=| =|=e =-+-++| ++ | + |e+ |e+ |e+ |e+=|t ++= =|t ++= =|t ++= =|t ++= +-++| {+ |+e| ;| r| | =|=||=-=t| ++=+| +| |a4| =-+-++| =+r rt - )- =| r+r|= t|t+| t =|++ +r| . +=-+ r|+|a|=| + s-+ + =-|-+|=| |e+ -+t|+=+| =+|+t|t| +|-|r |||+ 4| ++-+ r-+ t+az te+|a+| s+|4| += =|+++| ++ + =|=| -+|+ |s+ =+- | s+ =||=| + r| ++ r+ =-t| e= ) =e| =+-a + + =++ r- =|t ++==| + +|a ={+| r- =-+ {+ e|=| 4r=+| +-|+ +| + ++==| ={+| +|-|e +-+| +++| e| +|a | {+ +a + |r- +| ee =||+| e| +|a | sa +++| e| =++ r+ += ++| sat + r| =-+ |t+| {+e -+t|+ +| t4+| e| +|a t+ +=+| s|s=| + + + +=r+| +|a =r+| +|a =r+| +|a =r+| +|a +| s+| t- ==| -+t|++| {+ ==r+| |+trt|t| ++ +t t- =|t +|+=+| s+ =|=-+ =r+| =|t |+ r- | +|++| +|+| +=|, ++| e| -|t+e =+ 4+|s+=| t + r+ +| r|s=|s 4=+ +| tt+|=| ez+ 4+|s+ ++|=| =|=e r- ++| =|+|e| ++=| 4|tt=| =tt =tt =tt =tt -+ -+ -+ -+ t|+ t|+ t|+ t|++| o| t, =e +| t4 4e|=| +at t- 4 4| tt r|++| + tr t 4 +| +|+t -++e sa ++ =tt -+t|+ +++| +++e + t ++e|t 4= + +|==| =r+| ={+| =|+- =|t ++=+| |a, t|te ++==| =r+|=| +=-+ ++e |+ t|t+| -|+ =-4-| +++ t r|=| +tt+| t-+ +| + e++| =| =-4-+ r- ++|re {s| =|++ 4|++| to- + r|=| r|+|a| +r| + t r|=| =-t=+| t|+ e+ +r| +| +|e -|s + +|t+| =-+-++| =-=t|=|t |+=|, ce +|t+| +|=+| c+|+ tt{+| t +|te r+ -++| 4|t =-t| +|te t| +|+ |e + -++| 4|t 4z| z|+ r- +| |+r+| |+ ={=| st|rt|+| e| {+ ||+ -|+ , r|=| ++ +-+4|t e+ 4= + =+| +| r|=| +tt+| t++|+| e|t s|+ +| -+|+|t + + =+| +|++ t|te t|te t|te t|te s|| s|| s|| s||+| 4t|=|e +-++ +|+ t+ =|= r-+ o|=t| 4|+|++| t +re + |++| tt+| 4|+| =|+| s|| + + 4=e +|e+| 4=e +|e+| 4=e +|e+| 4=e +|e+| 4=e +|e+| =t4e r=-+t+| rt|t=|, ++=+| +e tr+| |==| |a{+| |++| {+ ==r r| ++|rc ++| c+|++| e| =r+| r-+, ++ ++|rce +| +=t| + = -- + =tt -+t|+e =+|+z|+=| +| +|+ ++ | a{+{e |++z|+=| t. ++|re {++|=+| to| t|+ ++ t =|+=+ |=+|+| ==r+| 4|t =| 4=|s+ ={+ ++ | tr-+=+ 4+t tr+| + t =4|t ++ +| + =+{+| + ++|r |t= =-+-++| ++|=+| e| se| +t= r+ = {= t|=|-+ - - - - PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software -== +|=+|= {+ e= -e =| +|+ +| to-, == +e+=+| |s+| r-=| =+t+, |=+, -e= =--+ |x -|e |-+ r+ +=-+ ++-|e =+| - -== +|=+|+| +-+|=+ =|e +e += |x+ + r- {+ =|=| =|e |, |+-=-= |=| +-+ + =c +=| +s+|t -+| =|| r-+ +| -== +|=+|+| -e=| +| +| -+ r| ==-+| =-+-++| {+ |x, =--e+|+=+| +| +=+| +|=| +| s-++| +|| +| +|= tt{+| r| =| -+|++| +| r+ r| =+| =|=| |+ {+=|+= -== +|=+|=| -+|e|-==e s||=+ +=++ +=+| +=-|+ || r +r|= s||=+ {+=|++| -== +|=+|=| r+| |++| =|+ -+|+=+| ++ ++-| {+t= e= r- +== +=-+ -+| e|-==e -+| =r+| -+x+| -| ==|+ t- =-+-+=| { s||=+=| -t=+ {= s|| +|=+ |-|= s||=++| -+ s|+ + +. -|+ +|+ ) r+ r|= -== +|=+| =+++| =| + =r+| =|+- == = |s+ +|+ |-+ ={+ = -== =-==+| {+ + +|-| == +=+| s-s|te+ -|+| |-||t=+(arborisation) t=|t|o+| +== r|=|= =++ += +++| +| ++| =| |r+ =zr+ ++ |-+ =-== += +++| =| =r+| r- +| {+ =-t -+|+= +-x r|, =+| e= +|-| =---| +-+=|t +-+|= x+ {+| |t- -== +|=+| -+ +| =|e ++-x|= =---+ +e+= |x -+-e= =+|rc+| =| +-+ + =| -+=---+ r- =-===| |+ ={=| +=| = =+|+ +-, =-+=++| =|+, =sos|{+| |+| ++ -||=+ +s+|tr + r+=+ ++ =+=++| +| -+| =|+| =-===| +=|+| a|=| =|+ r- F Sl6{sn Pkm]/]G6;\ +|se ),+e+= e= +-= k'6fd]g s-s |te+ -|t+=| ) s||=+ s||=+ {-e= =|t-+|-= -e{e= -+|+ P;Pg =e+|+=+| +| {={+ =-== =|e z|+ ++=+|+| =| + =r+| r- |+ =- -+-+ +|+rc =|e =+e+| -++ ++-x|=| += r- =-== ++|r+| s-+= ++=+|+| =| =r+| r- st|r|+| =| ==++| =-t==| +==| +-+ ++=+ +e+= ++-| r- +-+| t o- + +| =+t+ ||=|, +e+= =|e |x, =-|-+| - +-e=-|e |{+| +|= =|x|+| =+|=|t {+ s|s=| -+|s++| =| ++=+ ={+| r| += + r| +, +|-| =---+ z|+ x+|=| += r-, ==|t t| + +=|t = e= s+ {=e|s| =+-, == +r| =|t-+|-e+ = +|++| a += t- -=|-e=e =|+| +|+ r+r|=| =-==+| +|+ =---+ ++ =x|-+ + =| +| ||| |t- + +== =|e ||=| +=| +|+ =-+ -|=| {se| =|s= -+|s {+ +|= +|t+| |++ |+| +|-++ +|-+++ ===e + +|t+| e|s+|=x r- +== sa =|s= =|t-+|-e+ -=|-e=e|+| +|-|e -+|s | +=+| e= ==|==x s -=+| r- +== +| =+-s|=|t ==|+r|= =-=+r|= + +|t +| =|e x=+| =- -+ +==| =|== + =|+=|+ t -e+ =++| =-t==| +|++| +|+| -+|s+, +|t+| r|+| s|+| +=|t ||= + +|t+| r|++| |-= +=+=+| ==|+|+ + =- -+=| +|t= = +t+ =+|=|t =| |+ |+ =+=+| ||=| =-==+ |s++ r- s||=++| -|=| {+ +|+ +r|+| +|+ =+ =---| =|+++z|+=| -+|e |-==e s||=+ =|== r- + -== +|=+|=| ={+| -+|+=| +=++ r- r| +== =e|-|e + =|e=| +|+ t +|+ : +r| +== +++| =| || s+a ++ =| =+| =+= +| t++| =| +|+ t {+ z|=| t| + o| +| +, s||=++| +=++ +- s- r- - = +|s +|+ r- |+, s||=+ -+|+ =+|t+| {+ +-|=| =-=-t| =a -|e |+ - =r| +-+|=+ |see ++|=+| +|| |=+ =|e ||=|=|t -=+| -=+ =r|++| t+=| +== +|++= ={+ += +=|t s||=++| =|+| +=++t|| {se| +x==| -|+ =+- , +t e= ++ ++=+ --+| =+ ||=| s||=+ +|s -+| + -++. -+ =+ +| +-t=| |{ +-| | +t +=|t s+= ==+=| + =+, =-=== ==+| o-+ =c ++| ++-x|+| -| -+|++z|++= +=| a| =|{, +=-| =++ t+r|= |-+r|= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/brain/ -)PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software svu3r-+|+||=|+| ++|= =-+-++| ===+ +|+| +|-++ =| r+ +a=| {++|=+| r- =- -++|| |||=| -+ =++ | {+ ==|+ r- +=+| +|| rt=-= += + +=+| ==|=+| == ++| =-+-++| ++|+ ++t|| =|++ r-, = +-| | |+++| |-==| +=+| e=+| +-+| + |=-= + r|=| =-+-++| +=| ++|= r- =-+ +|-|e = | + + e+ x|-++| +|| r|=+| +-|rc=| --e -+t-e |{+| {se| e=|t-s -s| =+r|= st+| |=+| +r|= =|++ | =-+-+ {+ {+= +|-| e=|t-s -s|-|e ++=+ r- + +=| ++|= |++z|++| ++-x| =x|-+ +| r| +, |+| ++ + -+|s++| =| +|= st+| {+ =e r|, =-e r| t+ +| = x, +| == +-+ + r| == += x+|=| +| = +| str+| |=+| +, +| =|s+ {+ ++| +=| -+ r|, ==| e+|s+, =|s+, o|-+ -+| =|=+ =e= {se| = +| -+|s, ==|t =-e+| =| +|+ + o|x |r- {se| =|-|e =c +e+ st+| +=+|=+ =| =|+| =e +|-|+| ++ +| ++|=+| x==| =-+-++| =+|+ s-+ + =|= r- |+++ =, r|=| |+rc s|=| =| +|=+ =+| +|| -+ r- r|= +| =+| +||=| {+| +++=|t -++|t, =-|e =|++ -+|+ ||=|+| ++|=+| =| =r+| =|+{+| + r=|e+ a| =|+| =-+-++| ++|=+| +++ t +| -+|+ +z|++= ++ +|+| +|++| ||| + -| =, -+|+|, +o| ==| ++= ++ +-| ||++ +| +|-| =---| e+|+| -| ||| + +|t|+ t-+ -| =+| =| |t| r- == t| ++ +|-|+| ++|= r+ x==| =|tx|-+|=| r+ =+- ==|+| ++ {+t= e| r-, +=+| += =|+x+ {+| == +x==| |o{+| +o| -+|+| + =---| ++++| =| += s+a r- + ++|r+| s=| =|= == -+x+| =---| -t=|- + =r+| -+ +|-|r =|=|-+ -+=| =|t| + r- +=+| ||| + r=| |t=| =-+-+ ++|=+| r=| +t= +|-|+| +=|+ r| +| =o +t= +|-|+| += t|+| r| ==| r+ {+= +|-|= +=|+ |+ +-| | |-+ -+ -+|+ +| =+= +|-| +=t|+|= +-+r=|t ;|; ++-+ e+ +=|| +|=+ x+| -++, -+|++| +=-+ +| +=-+ -==| = e+ +=||+| r=| =o e+| =|++ =||+-|+| +=| r-+|=| r-, - =| +=|+ r+ +|-|+| +-= tt =+| + =e +| c=| r- -+= -=e t| -{ -+= e+- -- + =||+| : =|+| +| =|++ =| o =|+| =|-=| -s =+r -+|st +| -+= -=e +r| t+ =|=| |s+| =|=| s=| +| -+| --, -+ = -=e -+| =|=| o= r- + -=| --t r- , z, to -=-=+| |+| +=-+ -+ == -+= e+-+| --t+| x=+| +=-+ | t=|{+| -- PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Softwaret|r|| x+| =|-=| =+r=| ={+| +|-|+| {se| =|+| ex|=|t =-+-+ =-|-+| -+|s+ ||st tt- +| +|-|r= -+= -=e +|=+ e+= -+|+e -+| = +| -+|s =+| |s+| =|-|e =-+-+ -- =+ |s-|e =-|-+| +| +|-|+| =+-+ +t+ + =+= +| x+| =+-|e |s == { =+o|+| |-= =|+| =|= | -+|s |-=+ -+|+ |||=|+| +=-+ |x= ++| +=-+ =-= e (Subset) =+a , == +|-|+| + +|-+|-x +|+ ={+| =-+-+ |x+| s+=|t =|+ |+ -+ {+ =|+| , -+= -=e =|+ -, {se| e+- -+|s =|=| s, r| +| =+-++| ts==-|e z|+- = r+ +++ +| +r| =|+|=| r- ==| +| -|+| |+|=| +++, +|-|+| +=|+ -=|t =|t +|-|+| -| ==a + st|r|+| =| -+= e+- += +| +r- + e|s+|+| =| s+| =|= s| +||=| =+ +| x== -++=-t| -++ ++=| -+|s -+=| =o+| -+|+=|t +a+ r|+ t|+ -+= = -+= x-e o z + @^ lbg v @* lbg u #% lbg 3 $( lbg =|| +| + | =|+| =|+ =|+| +| =|++=-+-++| =||+== +=-+ |x +-+|+ r-+ - |= +==| ++ =|s r- -: PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software+r| +| +|=| + r+ =+ -+= e+- --t r+ =++ =+ -|t+= -|ts| + r+ =+, +| +-+| +-| r| + =-|-+|+| +-=| =|=| =|=+ r- +== ++|+ t{ +|+ |++=|t + o+| + =+ r-+ + +=+| +|+ e|s+|; +t --t +={=| {+ =s+ =-+-+ +-+ r+ =+, ==|t {++=|=| =+- |++=| |++| -|+ |-+r|= e+ -++ r+ =x|-+ +| r| + =-+-+ ||=|+| |+ |rc+| |st o |s =|to += =||=| +|-|r=|t |++| -|+ |r| r- == t|, ++ +| -|= |++| -|+ +| ||+= =+|++| ||=| =|+ +, +| =-s=-s ++=| z+ +a= s=+| |++| -|+=|t ++ ++ +-t-|e t| =|+ |+=+ -+ r| ||++ -+=| +== +=| +|+ t =+, =|= -+= e+-=| =zr+|=| -|+|+ |=||tz |x -+|s == =+= |+| =|+ ++ =|==|=|, | |++| =| + =-t| |=+ r-, == t|=+| =|t +|+| |s+-e -+|s -|++| =+t+| t+ ++|+| {+ st|r| =-|-+|+| =|to +==-=+| s|= =-e= | r| -+= e+-+| +=;+| =|= =|++ |e+=|t =+a =+| |+++ +|= =|++ rr| =|++ rr| +=| -=e-|e +=+ r- s|=|= -e= |=| ={+| +|-|=|t ++|r+| +=| -=e=+| t|+| ||=| =|++ ++ ={+| -=|, =|++ rr|= {+ ++| =+a=|t |=|r+ == ++ {+ +|+| t-e-+|+ -+|s = e|z| rt| =| ++ rr|+| - r+ += =|t +|= +| ++| =+a=|t | =|r+ == =|e -+| + -+|s |=+ +| |r| |s+ + +|t +r| |t r+r- - {se| -+|+= |++| +a+ r|+ -+|s +=|+ r+ x= |+-, +- +== (Growth Cone) | +|+ +|=+ {se| ++| e-|=r+ |++| {+|+=|t =-+|s {se| +| ++|+ t+ -+ | +|+ |++| =+| +| |++| ++= =| |-t +-++| --|e |++| =| +-||++ r- +=| + x==| +== {+|+=|t |++| |s =|s, =| {se| ++ =x|+| |s, - +| =+=| += | +|+= |++| |s -z+ =++ a r|s =|t-+|-= -+|s {+|+= =|t+ {+ s-+= |=++| +|+ r|, | | e| =|=| t|=| x r- +| {+ == =|t-ss ++| + r| ==| =+ +|-| {+t= x+|+| =| +|e r+ =|x +={ +r| ++| =| | +|+= +=-+ -|+=| |t +| -+ | +|+=|t | ++ r- sa =|+| =| =|t+= =++ t- == | +|+=|t |+-|+ +| ++-|+ -|e| a| =|s+ =r+| , ++ +| =+++| =+a=|t ++-+ ++| =| sat|+| ||++ x+|+| -| | =|x |r| ={+| ++|+ ++t|| - -+|s+ r++ -+ |++| -|+ =---| --t|--+ ++|r+| =+|+ t-=| s- -+|+ x+| |-=-|e |-+ r-, + -+|+ ||=|+| +r| =|+| +|+ = +|+ ++ ||+ -+|=| =-+, -+ {+|++| +|e| e -+|++| +| +| |+r + -+| =|+ =+ + +=|| -|e =|x | sa= =-+-+ -+|s+ = =-=+ +| +|=+|+ +r+ =+ ++|==|t {+ e+ (a tinkerer) +| =| =+- + +| {se| -+| + r| st|r|+| =|, |o| =-+-+=| -+ |++| -| --t-|e --t=-=+| =|+x| -+|+= +=| |++| {+|+ | +|+ |s+| =|; ={+| -|r =|s+ x==| -+|=e ={+| =|t+ =++r -|+|+ e|z| t-+| =++r | +|++| =| |+-|+ (+) +| ++-|+ (-) r+ =++ +-e ||++ =|t+ =+++| +r| st|r| tt{+| st|r|+| =| |o| =-+-+=| -+|++| - --t-|e --t=-=+| =|+x| | --e -|e tr++| =| |r-, +| e+|=| r+ =|+| e++++ ++|+ +++| =|+=-|e |+ =| |-+ r- =| +|+ +-|=| =+|++| {+ |-=+ += =e -+|t-, += t -e+ ||=|+| ===+ e+ | r-, | -|t=| == |s =|+|+| |+=| =|+==| =|+t {+ +-|+| |+=| r- {+ -++r+ + +| + + +-+| |-=+ ++|=+| +|+x= | = t| -+|++| |+ ={+| +-| -+ -|t= |++=-= |=| +| =-|-+|=| |+ +|= ||+ ={+| +-|=| +. =x+ r+ =+ +| -+=| |+ ==+ {+|+=|t -x r++| =| |=|r+ + =+- + + +==|t +. s+a -|e |s+ =+- =-+ +| = + =+ +=-|++| |x r| +|= +|-+ r|=|= =-+-++| +=||+| =| |r+ ++| =-| =|x {+t= e| |-+ |o+| | ||++ ++ +r+| t=+ a=|t -++|t == t| r|=| ++|=+| x==| ++| =+a=|t r| r==+ e-z sa ++| +|+ ||| + =+| -+| =r+ +|+ =++| +e+ ++-x|+| sa x= a| =|s+ r| == +|-|+| {+ |+|=|t +|+|= =-+-+=| |-+| +| -+|++z|++| -r+ +| +rc =+ {+ r| +=-|+ || -e+ +|-| |+| +-+| +|-| r+ ==| +=-+ +|+| -+ +|-|=| |-++ r+ =++ =|=-+ r- =||+ -e= +|-| +|=+ +r| +|-|rc ++|=+| x==| |s| s-+ r-+ -+ -| + -+|| =| +|= == |=|=|t s++| ++|+ = |s +==| |t- -+|++z|++= ++-+ =-+-+=| |+-+ -+|++| ==++| =| -e= +|-|+| +| + =+- + =+ a| =|s+ o|r+| + r=+| ==+=| +| +|+ +|+=| + {+| + || + { r|=| |+-=-= | -+| +-|= t| |+-+ ={+| =-+-++| |x ==+ + == r+| =-+-++| ++|=+| +r| +-e |=| ++ =+e=| +|t+| =-+-+=| -,t, +|-| -+. += -| |++||+| =| +r |z+r|= http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/dev.html -x PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software PDF Page Organizer - Foxit Software a-e+=+| + +|t =-=+r- z|t =++ ++ |r| r-+| 4|-+ =+| ++|=|=+ st=+ +-+ t|+| , +| =-t| e er+ t z + ||++ =| r|e+| =|++ |+-+|t r| {+ r|t +-| re + r|e| t++|+| =4 =|=| t{+| ==t|+e +=+ t +, 4|e+ r|t| tr {+ =|+| =z r+|+| e ++r =et 4++| r- |=| xx |+= t ++|re|t = =|+| =r+|+| t-+ =+++| =|+=4| -++ + =+- +| =++e|t =++ ==+ e|+ =+ t + r| 4-|rce|t =|+ +s+|t r+=+ +| 4x=+|=| ++ +|t+| +=|e t| ={+| r+ +t ++ r| =+ ++|r+| =-+-+e z ++| e| |r+ +||t t|=|= =++ =+t+ r|=| t=| {+ +|e +| -+ =|+t+| r+=+, =e|t re +=+| -+t|e| +e +|=, ++|= =-4-| a-e+=+|e +- a-e+=+| {+ |= ==-+| r| +| ==-+| r+ 4-|r 4= t++ + s+|rce|t z + ++ t +s+ ++ e| 4+ s+|r |e|t z + =e| e|+ =||=tr 4x=|+ |s + +=e a-e+=+| t.o+| {+ =o +|t| r| 4-|re |=++|= rt|s+, +=e t| s+|r +t| r+ +, +t|r|, |+|=+ t t||==+ r+ =++ ++ a-e+=+|4| |a+ 4-|re -+ |+. oe, +z|+, |+|, +||-+ +| +e|=| |++| +|+| to|s+ =++ , +t +=+| e| z|t=| |{+| |t-=+ ==-+|e s+|r+| t || t |==-=|+ rt|{+| r+ r t+ +=e a-e+=+|+| ++ ||te|t 4= + |=| =r+| =| +=e +-+| =|t+| t|+|==| + +|t|+ t- t|=| +t+|e z + ++| 4= +|e r|=|e|t +| ==-+|+| s|t + +| +=4| +|t| |s+ =| =-+ =+ z + =++ z + t-+ =++e|t s+|rc+| =r += +=|t r|+ +=| +=t r- 4-|e + =|-|| =+t|o+| +=+| ||| ||| ||| ||| t t=| ={+| e e ++|e|t =r +==| =-+ +==| |+=+ =t+|+| +-+-|| =|=e r- =e t| =++rce|t =r ++=| 4t-+ =+- t=|++ a-e+=+|4| |a+ +| +arc t+| ||+ t |+|e|+ +-|+|+| +e-|| 4-+|t t x +t|+|4| + |t t ++e|t x+|= +==| t|r+ =|=+, t-+ t + t+ ++|=| +=t tr- t+ t+| e| t z + =c t| =4 t t+ + r-+ +-+| 4e| ++ |te|t -+ t =r| +==| t|r+ +| ++| =-t|-+| =e| + ++=+ | o|e {s| |t4| +|=| || || + e- | o| {s| |t=| t|+{+| 4e| sa |t s-+|s +t +=+| += =+ +r|4| tt- r| ++ |te|t rt| |o| +-t+ ={+| r- | o|e + tr =-+ +t| | o|+| + =-4-| ||e|4| |-+ |e+ = +++| =| =-=e+ r- t +r| =-+|=|t (Visuomotor) =-=e+= t a-e+=+| ={+| +ae|t ==-+| r- z|t+| 4e| | o|+| ++ + t+at+| +e =|+| + t|+| t 4|+|+| + r- |o|+|