1

BANGALORE UNIVERSITY

M.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY

SEMESTER SCHEME

2006-2007 Onwards

2

ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION:

B.Sc. degree of Bangalore University or any other University equivalent thereto with

50% marks (45%) for SC/ST) in all the three optionals in aggregate. The applicant

should have studied Chemistry/Biochemistry as an optional subject along with any

one of the following subjects:

A: Optional subjects:

(a) Biotechnology

(b) Botany/Applied Botany

(c) Zoology/Applied Zoology

(d) Microbiology/Industrial Microbiology

(e) Genetics/Applied Genetics

(f) Sericulture

(g) Environmental Science

(h) Life Science/Biological Science

(i) Home science

B. The following graduates are also eligible to apply:

(j) Bachelor in Agricultural Sciences

(k) Bachelor in Horticulture

(l) Bachelor in Fisheries

(m) Bachelor in Dairy Sciences

(n) Bachelor in Forestry

(o) B.Sc. Hons in Biotechnology, Microbiology, Botany, Zoology or Biology

(p) B.Sc. Biotechnology, B.Sc. Biotechnology ( Integrated course)

Students who have studied the courses mentioned in B are eligible provided they

have studied Chemistry/Biochemistry as one of the papers. The average marks

scored in all optional subjects will be considered for eligibility.

3

SCHEME OF STUDY AND EXAMINATIONS

I Semester (BT)

Code

No.

of the

Paper

Paper Title

Theory

(Hrs/

Week)

Practical

(Hrs/

Week)

Total

No. of

Hrs/Sem.

Duration

of Exam.

(Hours)

Max.

Marks

(Exam.)

Continuous

Evaluation

Total

Marks

BT

P101 I Cell Biology 4 52 3 80 20 100

BT

P102 II

Molecular

Genetics 4 52 3 80 20 100

BT

P103 III Microbiology 4 52 3 80 20 100

BT

P104 IV Biomolecules 4 52 3 80 20 100

BT

P105 Pract.I

Cell Biology

& Genetics

2

Practicals

4Hrs each

104 4 50 50

BT

P106 Pract.II Microbiology

2

Practicals

4Hrs each

104 4 50 50

Total Marks 500

4

SCHEME OF STUDY AND EXAMINATIONS

I Semester (BT)

Code No.

of the

Paper

Paper Title

Theory

(Hrs/

Week)

Practical

(Hrs/

Week)

Total

No. of

Hrs/

Sem.

Duratio

n of

Exam.

(Hours)

Maximum

Marks

(Exam.)

Continuous

Evaluation

Total

Marks

BT P101 I Cell Biology 4 52 3 80 20 100

BT P102 II Molecular

Genetics 4 52 3 80 20 100

BT P103 III Microbiology 4 52 3 80 20 100

BT P104 IV Biomolecules 4 52 3 80 20 100

BT P105 Pract.I Cell Biology &

Genetics

2 Practicals

4Hrs each 104 4 50 50

BT P106 Pract.II Microbiology 2 Practicals

4Hrs each 104 4 50 50

Total Marks

500

5

M.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY

SEMESTER SCHEME SYLLABUS

I SEMESTER:

BT P101. Cell Biology

BT P102. Molecular Genetics

BT P103. Microbiology

BT P104. Biomolecules

BT P105 Cell Biology & Genetics

BT P106. Microbiology

II SEMESTER:

BT P201. Molecular Biology

BT P202. Biochemistry

BT P203. Immunology & Immunotechnology

BT P204. Bio-informatics & Biostatistics

BT P205. Molecular Biology & Biochemistry

BT P206. Immunology, Immunotechnology & Bioinformatics

6

I SEMESTER

BT P101 CELL BIOLOGY

52 hrs

Unit 1

Ultra Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, Structure and functions of

specialized cells-muscle, nerve, paracrine and endocrine cells, components of blood

plasma-RBC, WBC & types, platelets and their functions. 8 hrs

Unit 2

Structure and organization of cell wall, functional properties and significance of cell

wall in plants, Plasma membrane-structural organization, Lipid bilayer, membrane

carbohydrates, membrane proteins, compartmentalization of higher cells and its

functional significance, Membrane transport: Transport of nutrients, ions and

macromolecules across membranes-passive diffusion, osmosis, active transport,

permease, Channels, ABC transporters Na and K – pump, Ca 2++

ATPase pump, co-

transport, symport, antiport, endocytosis and exocytosis, Membrane vesicular traffic,

movement of molecules across double-membrane organelles 12 hrs

Unit 3

Cell to cell interactions and signal transduction: Junction between cells-desmosomes,

plasmodesmata; synapse, gap and tight junctions, cell to cell adhesion, Chemical

signaling in unicellular organisms and between cells in higher organisms,

Recognition, interaction and communication between plant cells, Local chemical

mediators, Hormones and neurotransmitters, conduction of nerve impulses,

transmission of nerve impulses, synaptic plasticity and memory, cell surface and

intracellular receptors and their role in signal mediation. Importance of second

messengers in signal transduction-(cAMP, cGMP, Calcium ions, phosphatidyl

inositol phosphatase, phytohormones), Various mechanisms involved in the

adaptation of target cells. 12 hrs

Unit 4

Cytoskeleton and its importance: Cilia, flagella of eukaryotes and prokaryotes,

Structure of cilia, cytoskeletal proteins, muscle contraction, myosin and actin, actin

binding proteins in nonmuscle cells, cell motality 8 hrs

Unit 5

Cell mechanisms: cell cycle events, cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, inhibitors,

control of cell division in multicellular organisms. Mechanism of division in plant

and animal cells, gamete formation in animals, spore formation in plants, control of

cell division, senescence, cell death and apoptosis, Cellular mechanisms of

7

development: blastulation, gastrulation, neurulation and somite formation, early steps

in pattern formation using mouse as an example, morphogenetic movements,

mechanisms involved in cell determination and differentiation.

12 hrs

References: 1. Alberts B., Bray, D. Lewis, J., Raf, M., Roberts, K. and Watson, J.D. (1994) 3

rd

edition, Molecular Biology of THE CELL

2. Cooper G.M. (1997) The Cell: A molecular approach, ASM Press, USA

3. Darnell, J. Lodish, H and Baltimore, D. (1990) Molecular Cell Biology< Scientific

American Books Inc. N.Y.

4. Edwards and Hassall (1980) Biochemistry and Physiology of cell (2nd Edition)

McGraw Hill company

5. Garrett, R.H. and Gresham, C.M. (1995 Molecular aspects of cell Biology,

International edition, Saunders College Pub.

6. Holy Ahern (1992) Introduction to Experimental Cell Bioogy, Wm. C. Brown

Publishers

7. Karp, G. (1996) Cell and Molecular Biology concepts and experiments, John Wiley

and Sons Inc. N.Y.

8. Lodish, H, D. Baltimore, A. Berk, B.L, Zipursky, P. Mastsydaira and J. Darnell

(2004) Molecular cell Biology, Scientific American Books Inc. NY

9. Tobin and Morel (1997) Asking about “Cells” Saunders College Publishing

10. Wolfe, S.L. (1991) Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wordsworth Pub. Co.

8

BTP 102 MOLECULAR GENETICS 52 hrs

Unit 1

Chromosome organization: organization of viral genomes into their protein coats.

Organization of bacterial chromosomes into supercoiled loops. Loops, domains and

scaffolds in eukaryotic chromosomes. Difference between interphase chromatin and

mitotic chromosomes. Telomeres, Heterochromatin and Euchromatin

Nucleosomes: organization of the histone octamer, organization of DNA around the

histone octomer. Experimental evidence for the organization of DNA in the

nucleosome. Assembly of nucleosomes in the chromatin. Modes of epigenetic

inheritance – involvement of histones. 6 hrs

Unit 2 Genome organization: organization of E.coli genome- functional classes of predicted

genes. Common features of the genome of Archaea and eukaryotes. Genome size and

organization in yeast, Arabidopsis, C.elegans, Drosophila and human. 6 hrs

Unit 3

Sex determination and dosage compensation: Triggers for sex determination, sex

determination in mammals, secondary sex determination, sex determination in

Drosophila, Dosage compensation in mammals and Drosophila. 4 hrs

Unit 4

Genetic recombination at molecular level. Breakage and reunion of DNA, Double

strand breaks initiating, recombination, Specialized recombination involving

breakage and re union at specific sites. synapsis of homologous duplexes, Role of

RecA in recombination. Topological manipulation of DNA. 4 hrs

Unit 5

Horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Mapping with molecular markers. Intergenic

recombination and mapping. Bacterial conjugation, transformation and transduction,

mechanism and their application in genome mapping.. 4 hrs

Unit 6

Transposable genetic Elements: Bacterial and Yeast transposons, insertional

sequences (IS), composite transposons. Replicative and non replicative transpositions,

common intermediates for transpositions. Role of transposase and resolvase.

Controlling elements in transposition. Role of transposable elements in hybrid

dysgenesis. Ac-Ds system in maize, P elements in Drosophila, Transposable elements

in humans. Retrotransposons. 7 hrs

9

Unit 7

Mutation: Molecular basis of spontaneous and induced mutations and their role in

evolution. Luria-Delbruck fluctuation test, Adaptive mutations in bacteria. Detection

of mutations. Ames test. Use of base analogs and alkylating agents for mutagenesis.

Use of ionizing radiations. Molecular mechanism of radiation and chemical

mutagenesis. Chloroplast mutations in Chlamydomonas, Variegation in Mirabilis.

Mitochondrial mutations in yeast and eurospora. Human disorders caused by

mutations in Mitochondrial genomes. 10 hrs

Unit 8

Molecular organization and gene products of chloroplast and Mitochondrial genomes.

Maternal effect and genomic imprinting. 5 hrs

Unit 9

Quantitative genetics: models, additive genetic effects, environmental effects,

dominance and epistasis, genotype-environment interaction, measuring genetic

variation, mapping genes of quantitative traits, speciation.

Molecular evolution and phylogeny-evolution of homologous genes, unequal crossing

over, taxa and trees, principles of building tree 6 hrs

References:

1. Dale, J.W. Molecular Genetics of bacteria, 1994, John Wiley & Sons

2. Lewin B. 2002. Genes VIII, Oxford

3. Miller, J.H. Short coursein Bacterial genetics, 1992, CSH Laboratories

4. Stanley, R., Maloy, John E. Cronan, JR., David Freifelder, 1994. Microbial

genetics, Jones & Barlett Pub., Boston

5. Streips and Yasbin. Modern microbial Genetics. 2001. Niley Ltd.

6. Lodish, H.D., Baltimore, A., Berk, B.L. Zipursky, P., Mastsydairs and J. Darnell.

2004. Molecular cell biology. Scientific American Books Inc., NY

7. John Ringo. 2004. Fundamental Genetics. Cambridge University Press

8. Klug, W.S. & Cummings, Concepts of genetics, 7th Edn. 2003. Pearson Educations.

10

BT P103 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 52 hrs

Unit 1

Characteristics, classification and importance of microorganisms, codes of bacterial

nomenclature and taxonomy; Type cultures, criteria for classification, numerical

taxonomy, Chemotaxonomy, Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology 10 hrs

Unit 2

Viruses: structure and their genetic system and replication

(i) Plant viruses: TMV, Potato virus, X and Y,SBYV. CaMV, CMV, TYMV,

WT Virus, Plant rhabdovirus

(ii) Animal viruses; Vaccinia, Adeno, FMDV, influenza, Poliomyelitis, Hepatits

B, HIV

(iii) Bacterial Viruses: Lytic and lysogenic cycles (T4 &lambda); Transduction

(Restricted as in lambda) Phage P1 and generalised transduction, Phage Mu

and M13. 2 hrs

Unit 3 Viroids and Prions 2 hrs

Unit 4

Prokaryotic organisms-structure and reproduction: Important groups of prokaryotes,

Eubacteria (E.coli). Rickettsiae, Actinomycetes, Mycoplasmas, L-forms of bacteria,

Spirochetes and Cyanobacteria; Acetic acid bacteria, budding and appendaged

Bacteria, spirilla, gliding and sheathed bacteria, pseudomonads, lactic and propionic

acid bacteria, endospore forming rods and cocci, Fission and Conjugation,

Transformation, Transduction . 6 hrs

Unit 5

Domain Archaea. Salient features in structure; unique enzymes; Environmental

Phylogenetic significance 2 hrs

Unit 6

Eukaryotic micro-organisms: structure and reproduction, Protozoa and yeast and

filamentous fungi. 3 hrs

Unit 7

Methods in microbiology: Pure culture techniques: Theory and practice of

sterilization, composition of culture media and types-special purpose media, selective

media, differential media, enrichment media and microbial assay media. 7hrs

11

Unit 8

Microbial growth and nutrition: Definition of growth; growth curve; mathematical

expression of growth; measurement of growth and growth yields; synchronous

growth, continuous culture 4 hrs

Unit 9

Microbial ecology :Effect of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, water

availability and oxygen on growth, Rhizosphere and phylloplane microflora,

mycorrhiza, air microflora, water microflora. Sampling of microorganisms from soil,

water and air. 6 hrs

References: 1. Alexander M(1977) Introduction to soil microbiology, John Wiley and sons Inc. N.Y.

2. Atlas R.M. (1998) Microbiology, Fundamentals and appliations (2nd edition) Mc

Millan Publishing Co

3. Brock, T.D. & Madigan, M.T. (1992) Biology of Microorganisms, 6th Edition,

Prentice Hall, Englewood cliffs N.J.

4. Frazier, WC. & Westhaff, D.C. (1998) Food Microbiology, Tata McGraw Hill Pub.

Delhi

5. Grabiel Balton (1994) Waste water Microbiology, Wiley Liss Inc. N.Y.

6. Holt, J.S. Kreig,N.R., Sneath P.H.A & Williams S.T. (1994) Bergey’s Manuak of

Systematic Bacteriology (9th Edition) William and Wilkins, Blatimore

7. Pelczar Jr.M .J Chan ECS and Kreig N.R. (1993) Microbiology,McGraw Hill Inc.NY

8. Prescott, L.M., Harley, T.P. and Klein, D.A. (1996) Microbiology, Wm.C. Brown

publishers

9. Stacey, R.H. & Evans, H.J. (1992) Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Chapman Hall Ld.

London

10. Sullia S.B. & Shantharam, S. (1998) General Microbiology, Oxford and IBH

Publishigng Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi

11. Mathews, R.E.F (2005) Plant virology

12

BT P 104 BIOMOLECULES

52 hrs Unit 1

Chemical and physical forces involved in chemical bond formation between atoms and

molecules; mechanisms of bond formation based on electronic orbitals; sigma, pi bonds,

covalent, ionic, electrostatic, co-ordinate bonds; hydrophobic and Vanderwaals interaction

and their properties. 4 hrs

Unit 2

Properties of water, acids, bases, pH, buffers, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, zwitterions.

4 hrs

Unit 3

Carbohydrates-Properties and characteristics of Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides &

Polysaccharides, Mucopolysaccharides, Glycoproteins; Derived sugars 4 hrs

Unit 4

Lipids - Classification, phospholipids, glyco and Sphingolipids, Structure, Properties and

reactions of lipids. 4 hrs

Unit 5

Amino acids and proteins – classification structure and properties of amino acids,

Classification of proteins, Structural organization of proteins- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary &

Quaternary structures (Haemoglobin). Conformational analysis, Ramachandran’s plot. 10 hrs

Unit 6

Nucleic acids- Structure of nucleotides, DNA and RNA, Conformation of DNA, RNA –

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA. 4 hrs

Unit 7

Heterocylic compounds – Structure of secondary metabolites, Antibiotics, Isoprenoids,

Flavonoids, chlorophyll. 2 hrs

Unit 8

Biochemical techniques–Principles, instrumentation and applications of centrifugation,

chromatography, electrophoresis, spectrophotmetry, Fluorescence techniques and tracer

technique. 12 hrs

Unit 9 Analytical methods: Viscometry, flame photometer, Atomic absorption & plasma emission

spectroscopy, Mass spectrometry, X-ray crystallography, NMR and ESR, ELISA, radio

Immuno assays. 8 hrs

References: 1. Cram D.J. and G.S. Hammond, Organic Chemistry, McGraw Hill

2. Freifilder, D. W.H. Physical Biochemistry, Freeman & Company

3. Glick, B.R. & Pasternak,J.J.(1998) Molecular Biotechnology, ASM Press, ashington D.C.

4. Irwin H. Segel, Biochemical calculations,.John Wiley and Sons Inc.

5. Linus Pauling, General chemistry, W.H. Freeman & Company

6. Rao, CNR , (1999) Understanding Chemistry, University Press, Hyderabad,

7. Voet D. and J.G.Voet, (2004) Biochemistry, J. Wiley and Sons

13

PRACTICALS

BT P105 Cell Biology & Genetics 8 x 13 wks = 104 hrs

1. Vital staining of mitochondria

2. Localization of Barr bodies

3. Blood smear –differential staining

4. Mitosis – Onion root tip

5. Meiosis – Grasshopper testis, flower buds

6. Cell fractionation-chloroplast and mitochondrial isolation

7. Isolation of chloroplast/protoplast using enzymes

8. Cryopreservation of cells

9. Normal and abnormal human karyotypes

10. Polytene chromosomes-salivary gland of Drosophila

BT P106 Microbiology 8 x 13 wks = 104 hrs

1. Staining techniques: (a) Simple staining (b) Differential staining-Gram staining

(c) endospore staining (d) Capsule staining

2. Bacterial motility:

3. Biochemical tests: (a) Indole test (b) Methyl red test (c) Voges Proskaeur test

(d) Citrate utilization (e) Triple sugar vion agar test (f) Starch hydrolysis test (g)

Gelatin hydrolysis test (h) catalase test (i) oxidase test

4. Soil Microbiology: (a) Isolation of rhizosphere microflora (b) Isolation of

phylloplane microflora (c) Isolation of actinomycetes from soil (d) Isolation of

Rhizobioum from legume root nodules (e) identification of Rhizobium and

Agrobacterium (f) Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) (g) Isolation of

sporocarp by sieve method

5. Air Microbiology: (a) Isolation of air microflora - exposure plate method,

Rotorod sampler method

6. Water microbiology: Testing for quality of water (coliform test), H2S strip

method

14

II SEMESTER

BT P201 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

52 hrs

Unit 1

Introduction to Molecular Biology & Genetics: Historical Background, Nature of

genetic material, experimental proof for DNA as genetic material, different forms of

DNA (A, B, & Z) , Properties of DNA, DNA denaturation and renaturation, Central

Dogma Principle, Special characteristic of DNA like satellite DNA, Tandem repeats

etc. 6 hrs

Unit 2

DNA Replication: Mechanisms of Prokaryotic DNA replication, Semi-conservative

model of replication, Mechanism of DNA replication-discontinuous synthesis of

DNA, RNA primer for DNA synthesis, DNA polymerases I, II, III and their role in

DNA replication; Eukaryotic DNA replication, Eukaryotic DNA polymerases, DNA

ligases – mechanism of action & role in DNA replication; Role of other proteins in

DNA synthesis, Fidelity of replication, nearest neighbour frequency analysis,

Replication of Viral DNA- rolling circle model. 6 hrs

Unit 3

DNA Repair: Photo-reactivation, excision repair, post replication repair, SOS repair

etc. 4 hrs

Unit 4

Transcription: RNA polymerase in prokaryotes- its molecular composition, role of

each component of RNA polymerase, mechanism of transcription, Eukaryotic

transcription and Eukaryotic RNA polymerases. Transcription factors and their role.

Inhibitors of RNA synthesis. 5 hrs

Unit 5

Modification in RNA: 5’-CAP formation, 3’ -end processing, Polyadenylation,

Splicing, Editing, Nuclear export of mRNA & mRNA stability. Processing of other

RNAs, Ribosome formation. 5 hrs

Unit 6

Translation: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation, Mechanisms of initiation,

elongation & termination, Amino acid activation, Inhibitors, Regulation of

translation, Co-& posttranslational modification of proteins. 5 hrs

15

Unit 7

Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes: Transcriptional control; enzyme

induction and repression, constitutive synthesis of enzymes. The operon hypothesis:

genes involved in regulation - regulatory gene, promoter gene, operator gene, and

structural gene, role of cAMP and cAMP receptor protein (CRP) in the expression of

eg. Lac operon, Arg operon, Tryptophan operon, His operon. Catabolite repression.

Regulation of gene expression in Eukaryotes: Cis control elements, promoters,

enhancers, Transacting factors, DNA binding motifs of transcription factors, post

transcriptional control. 6 hrs

Unit 8

Protein localization: Synthesis of secretory and membrane proteins, import into

nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast and peroxisomes, Receptor mediated

endocytosis.Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes: Viral and cellular 6 hrs

Unit 9

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes from humans, structure, function and

mechanism of action of p53 tumor suppressor proteins. 4 hrs

Unit 10

Antisense and ribozyme technology: Molecular mechanism of antisense molecules,

inhibition of splicing, Polyadenylation and translation, Disruption of RNA structure

and capping, Biochemistry of ribozyme, hammerhead, hairpin and other ribozymes,

strategies for designing ribozymes, application of antisense and ribozyme

technologies. 5 hrs

References: 1. Davis R.W. D. Boltstein and Roth J.R. (1990) A manual for genetic Engineering,

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

2. Glick,B.R and Pasternak J.J. (1998) Molecular biotechnology, Principles and

applications of recombinant DNA, Washington D.C. ASM Press.

3. Howe, C. (1995) Gene cloning and manipulation, Cambridge University Press, USA

4. Josef.F. and Michel G. (1993) Prokaryotic genetics, genome organization, transfer

and plasticity, Blackwell pub.Boston

5. Lewin, B., Gene VI New York, Oxford University Pres

6. Rigby, P.W.J. (1987) Genetic Engineering Academic Press Inc. Florida, USA

7. Robertson D and Shore Miller D.M. (1997) Manipulation and expression of

recombinant DNA, Laboratory Manual Academic Press Inc. USA

8. Sambrook et al (2000) Molecular cloning Volumes I,II & III, Cold spring Harbor

Laboratory Press, New York, USA

9. Sandhya Mitra (1988) Elements of Molecular Biology, McMillan Pub. Delhi

10. Wallker J.M. and Gingold, E.B. (1993) Molecular Biology & Biotechnology (Indian

Edition) Royal Society of Chemistry U.K.

16

BT P202 BIOCHEMISTRY

52 hrs

Unit 1

Bioenergetics: Principles of thermodynamics: free energy, important energy rich

molecules, Standard free energy change, concept of redox reactions. 3 hrs

Unit 2

Enzymes: Definition, properties and classification of enzymes. Co-factors and co-

enzymes. Kinetics of enzyme catalysed reaction-Michaelis- Menten equation, Km

and Vmax, Single substrate and double substrate reaction, lineweaver and Burk

modification, enzyme kinetics.

Mechanism of enzyme action – induced fit hypothesis, nature of catalysis

Enzyme regulation- covalent and allosteric regulation; activation and inhibition of

enzyme activity, Iso enzymes. 8 hrs

Unit 3

Photosynthesis: Chemistry and structural components of photosystems, cyt b/cyt. f

complex, ATP synthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis-chlorophylla,

chlorophyll b, bacteriochlorophyll, bacteriorhodopsin, Absorption spectrum and

active spectrum, mechanism of light reaction and carbon fixation, C3, C4 and CAM

pathways, Photorespiration and its impact, Bacterial photosynthesis. 10 hrs

Unit 4

Metabolism of carbohydrates: main sources of carbohydrates, enzymatic

conversion and mobilization of glucose, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, fermentation

reaction, terminal oxidation/oxidative phosphorylation, mechanism of ATP synthesis,

rate controlling steps & regulation, pentose phosphate pathway, Gluconeogenesis

8 hrs

Unit 5

Metabolism of lipids: Beta-oxidation and channelling of the products to ATP

production: oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids; oxidation of odd chain fatty acids,

peroxisomal Beta-oxidation, minor pathway of fatty acid oxidation, (alpha and omega

oxidation)

Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Ketone bodies, membrane

lipids-cholesterol, phospholipid and glycolipid; biosynthesis of fat soluble vitamins;

biosynthesis of eicosanoids (prostaglandin, leucotrienes and thromboxane) 14 hrs

Unit 6

Metabolism of amino acids: General metabolism-Transamination, Deamination,

Decarboxylation; Basic glutamine and glutamic acid pathway, Urea cycle, Uric acid

biosynthesis 5 hrs

17

Unit 7

Biochemistry of hormones: Steroid hormones-structure and biosynthesis.

4 hrs

References: 1. Conn, E.E. and Stumpt, P.K. (1976), outlines of biochemistry, John Wiley and sons

Inc, New York.

2. Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M.(2004), Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, CBS

Publishers and Distributors. New Delhi.

3. Devlin, T.M. (1997) with clinical correlations, Wiley-Liss, Inc.New York.

4. Hall, D.D. and Rao, K.K. (1995), Photosynthesis Cambridge University Press.

5. Zubey, G.L., Parson, W.W. and Vance, D.E., (1994), Principles of Biochemistry,

Wm.C. Brown publishers.Oxford

6. Stryer, L. (1995), Biochemistry (4th Edition) W.H. Freeman & Company, New York.

7. Mathews, C.K. and Holde, K.E.V. (1996), Biochemistry, The Benjamin/ Cummings

Publishing Co., Inc., New York.

8. Dey, P.M. and J.B. and J.B. Harborne. (1997), Plant Biochemistry: Academic Press,

Inc. San Dugo, California.

9. Albert, Bruce, Bray, D. Lewis, J.Raff, M. Roberts, K., and Watson, J.D. (2004).

Molecular Biology of Cell, Garland Publishing, Inc, New York and London.

10. Jackowski, S., Cranan, J.E. and Rock, C.O. (1991), Lipid Metabolism in Prokaryotes.

In Vance, D.E. and Vance, J.E. and Vance, J.E. Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipid

protiens and membrane. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

11. Edwards and Hassall, (1980), Biochemistry and Physiology of the cell, (2nd Edition)

McGraw Hill Company (U.K.) Limited.

12. Horton, H.R., Moran, L.A., Ochs, R.S, Rawn, J.D., and Scrimgeour, K.G. (1996),

Principles of Biochemistry, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall International, Inc.

13. Elliott, W.H., and Elliott, D.C. (1997) Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oxford

University press.

14. Voet, D and Voet, J.G. (2004), Biochemistry, 2nd Edition.

15. Mathews and Van Holde (1995), Biochemistry 2nd Edition, Benjamin/Cummings

Publishing Company Inc.

18

BT P203 IMMUNOLOGY AND IMUNOTECHNOLOGY 52 hrs

Unit 1 Immune System and Immunity Structure, functions and organization of cells and organs involved in immune system

– T-cells, B-cells, macrophages, antigen-processing cells, Eosinophils, Neutrophils,

Mast cells and killer T-cells; microbial infections and immune responses – innate

Immunity, acquired Immunity; clonal nature of immune response;

Immunohaematology – blood groups, blood transfusion & Rh incompatibilities.10 hrs

Unit 2 Antigens and Antibodies Antigens – structure and properties – types - Iso and alloantigens – haptens; adjuvants

-antigen specificity. Immunoglobulins – structure –heterogeneity - types and

subtypes – properties (physico-chemical and biological); Complement – Structure,

components, properties and functions of complement; complement pathways and

biological consequences of complement activation. Generation of Immunological

diversity; Effector mechanisms.

T-cell cloning: mechanism of antigen recognition by T and B-lymphocytes; Structure,

function and synthesis of lymphokines; Importance of antigen and MHC class II

molecules in T-cell cloning; Antigen specific and alloreactive T-cell cloning, use of

T-cell cloning in understanding the immunologically relevant antigens and T-cell

subtypes; Application of T-cell cloning in vaccine development. 12 hrs

Unit 3 Major Histocompatibility Complex and Tumor Immunology

Structure and functions of MHC and the HL-A systems. Gene regulation and Ir-

genes; Tumor immunology – tumor specific antigens, Immune response to tumors,

Theory of sureveillance, immune diagnosis of tumor, tumor markers-alphafoetal

proteins, carcinoembryonic antigen cells etc, genetic control of immune response

6 hrs

Unit 4 Immune responses and Transplantation:

Immunity to bacterial, viral and protozoan infections with suitable examples,. HL-A

and tissue transplantation – Tissue typing methods for organ and tissue

transplantations in humans; graft versus host reaction and rejection; autoimmunity,

xenotransplantation, immunosuppressive therapy, Autoimmune diseases –

Hashimoto’s disease, Systemic lupus erythematosis, Multiple sclerosis, Myasthenia

gravis) and their treatment 8 hrs

19

Unit 5 Hypersensitivity Reactions Definition of allergy, Antibody-mediated Type I. Anaphylaxis; Type II. Antibody

dependent cell cytotoxicity; Type III. Immune complex mediated reactions; Type IV.

Cell mediated hypersensitivity reactions. The respective symptoms, immunological

methods of their diagnosis. Lymphokines and cytokines – their assay methods.

Immunological tolerance. Production of interleukins and interferons and their

applications. 8 hrs

Unit 6 Immunization

Vaccines (conventional; subunit vaccines; DNA vaccines) toxoids; antisera;

common immunizations: small pox, DPT, polio, measles, hepatitis-B, vaccines from

plants-banana, watermelon etc.(plantibodies) 8 hrs

References:

1. Abul K Abbas, Andrew K Lightman, Jordan S Pober. (1998). Cellular and Molecular

Immunology. Saunders College Pub.

2. Eli Benjamine, Cocoi & Sunshine (2000) Immunology 4th Edn.– Weily – Liss.

Publ.NY

3. Borrebacc.C.A.K. (1995) Antibody Engineering, 2nd dn. Oxford University Press

4. Dimmock, N,J, and Primrose, S.B. (1994) Introduction to Modern Virology,

Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford

5. Hyde, R.M. (1992) Imunology, 2nd edn, Wiliams and Wilkins, Baltimore

6. Jawetz, Melnuk and Adelgerg (1971) Medical Microbiology, Appleton & Lange

7. Kuby, J (1994) Immunology II Edition. WH. Freeman and Company, New York.

8. Klaus D. Elgert(1996) Immunology-understanding of Immune system. Wiley-Liss

NY.

9. Roitt, I.M. (1998) Essential Immunology. ELBS, Blackwell Scientific Publishers,

London.

10. Richard A. Goldsby, Thomas J. Kindt, Barbara A. Osborne.2000. Kuby Immunology.

4th edition. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York

11. Topley & Wilson’s (1995) TextBook on Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and

Immunology, IX Edition (5 volumes) Edward Arnold, London.

12. Tizard I.R. 1995. Immunology. 4 ed. Saunders College Pub.

13. William E. Paul (1989) Fundamentals Immunology 2nd Edn. Raven Press N.Y.

20

BT P204 BIO-INFORMATICS & BIOSTATISTICS 52 hrs

SECTION A: BIO-INFORMATICS

Unit 1

Computer Architecture, Internal and External devises, computer software, operating

system windows, Unix, Application software like word processor, spread sheet,

Database, RDBMS. Computer Network-Adventages of network, types of network

(LAN, WAN & WAN), Network protocols, Internal protocol (TCP/IP), File transfer

protocols (FTP), WWW, HTTP, HTML, VRL. 4 hrs

Unit 2

Algorithm and flowchart, C-programing-Structure of C program, Header file, Global

declaration, Main function, variable declarations, Control statement-conditional,

looping and uncondition control statement-sub fuctions. Introduction to PERL,

Application of Bio perl. 8 hrs

Unit 3

Databases: Introduction to data bases-Relational databases-Oracle, SQL, Database

generation, Sequence databases-Resources-Human Genome Project (HGP), Microbial

genomes, Structural databases-protein data Bank (PDB), PDB retrieval, Organization

of databases, Navigation through databases, Accessing bibliographic databases,

Sequence retrieval from nucleic acid and protein databases, Sequence formats,

submission tools, database mining and applications. 8 hrs

Unit 4

Principles behind computational analysis, Sequence analysis, sequence alignment,

scoring matrices for sequence alignment, Restriction mapping, Similarity searching

(FASTA and BLAST), Pair wise comparison of sequences, Multiple alignment of

sequences, Identification of genes in genomes and phylogenetic analysis with

reference to nucleic acids, identification of ORFs, Identification of motifs; Sequence

analysis, phylogenetic analysis with reference to proteins. 8 hrs

Unit 5

Introduction to protein structure-secondary structure prediction, tertiary structure

prediction, protein modeling, principles of homology and comparative modeling.

Threading, structure evaluation and validation and antigen-antibody interaction.

Modeling, Applications-drug designing, RNA folding, 5 hrs

21

SECTION B: BIOSTATISTICS

Unit 6

Method of central tendency & dispersion, linear regression & correlation-test of

significance, ANNOVA, T-test, SPSS (statistical package) for various applications in

Bio-statistical programme. 4 hrs

Unit 7

Frequency distribution - Arithmetic mean, mode, median and percentiles. Measures

of variability: Range, mean deviation, Analysis of variance. standard deviation and

co-efficient of variation. Skewness and Kurtosis 3 hrs

Unit 8

Probability: Definitions; events; sample space; addition and multiplication rules of

probability; conditional probability (simple problems).

Probability Distributions: Discrete, continuous, binomial, poisson and normal

distribution. Simple correlation of regression. 4 hrs

Unit 9

Population and sample: Random sample, use of table of random numbers, parameter

and statistics, sampling distribution of sample means, Standard error; confidence

intervals. 4 hrs

Unit 10

Hypothesis testing: Basic concepts and definitions, tests based on normal, student T,

chi square and F distribution (no proofs) 4 hrs References:

1. Bioinformatics 1998, Baxavanis

2. Bioinformatics 2000. Higgins & Taylor, OUP

3. Nucleic acid research, 2001, Jan. Genome Database issue

4. Introduction to Bioinformatics-2002, Dhananjaya, www.sd-bio.com series

5. Bliss, C.I.K. (1967) Statistics in Biology, Vol.1 Mc Graw Hill, New York

6. Campbell R.C. (1974) Statistics for Biologists, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge

7. Daniel (1999) Biostatistics (3rd edition) Panima Publishing Corporation

8. Swardlaw, A.C. (1985) Practical Statistics for Experimental Biologists, John Wiley

and Sons, Inc. NY

9. Green, R.H. (1979) Sampling design & Statistical methods for environmental

Biologists, Wiley Int. N.Y.

10. Khan (1999) Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Panima Publishing Corporation

11. Bazin, M.J.(1983) Mathematics in microbiology Academic press, N.Y. Green, R.H.

(1979) Sampling design &statistical methods for Environmental Biologists, Wiley

Int, N.Y.

12. Fry, J.C. (1993) Biological Data Analysis. A practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford.

22

PRACTICALS

BT P205 BIOCHEMISTRY

8 x 13 = 104 hrs

1. Buffers: Preparation of buffers

(a) Citrate

(b) Tris-HCl

(c) Phosphate buffer.

2. Extraction and estimation of macromolecules

(a) Total protein

(b) Total sugars

(c) Reducing sugars

(d) Fractionation of total lipid by column chromatography

(e) Fractionation of phospholipid by TLC

(f) Estimation of glycogen from animal tissue

3. Extraction and estimation of pigments

(a) Chlorophyll a

(b) (b) Chlorophyll b

4. Colorometric assay of enzyme activity

(a) Amylase

(b) Invertase

(c) Protease

5. Spectrophotometric assay of enzyme activity

(a) Lactose dehydrogenase

23

BT P 206 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY

8 X 13 wks =104 hrs

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

1. Study of conjugation in E. coli

2. Study of transduction in E. coli

3. Plasmid gene mapping in E. coli

4. Tns-5 induced mutagenesis in E. coli

5. Transformation in E. coli

6. Study of mutations in E. coli

7. Isolation of plasmid DNA from different type of bacteria by adopting different

methods, purification and calculation of molecular weight of plasmid DNA;

plasmid curing (acridine orange, heat shock)

8. Isolation of genomic DNA from bacteria

9. Isolation of genomic DNA from plant cells/animal cells

10. Restriction mapping of genomic/plasmid DNA

IMMUNOLOGY

1. Serum separation from whole blood

2. Precipitation of Immunoglobulins (igs) from serum by ammonium sulphate

precipitation

3. Dialysis of ammonium sulphate precipitated Immunoglobulins. Dialysis

against phosphate buffered saline

4. Ouchterlony double diffusion

5. Electrophoresis of the immunoglobulin preparation

6. Separation of lymphocytes from blood.

7. Single radial immuno-diffusion and determination of Ig concentration

8. Blood group testing

9. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis

10. Immunoprecipitation test