Montreal 12Sep2017 Galactic HI -...

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Future Canadian Prospects in the Galac4c Neutral Atomic Medium Jeroen S4l Department of Physics and Astronomy The University of Calgary VGPS CGPS

Transcript of Montreal 12Sep2017 Galactic HI -...

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Future  Canadian  Prospects  in  the  Galac4c  Neutral  Atomic  Medium  

Jeroen  S4l  Department  of  Physics  and  Astronomy  

The  University  of  Calgary  

VGPS  

CGPS  

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Why  Galac4c  HI?  

 •  It’s  (almost)  everywhere  •  Most  of  the  mass  of  the  ISM  •  Two  orders  of  magnitude  in  temperature  and  density  •  Sub-­‐parsec  scale  structure  (10”                0.1  pc  @  2  kpc)  •  Physics  that  cannot  be  addressed  in  extragalac4c  work  (opacity,  spin  temperature,  phases)  

•  Tracer  for  interstellar  ex4nc4on  

Movie  credit:  J.  Peek,  GALFA  consor4um  

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Cold  HI  Con4nuum  Absorp4on  

Instrumenta4on:  High  angular  resolu4on  (<  10”)  ngVLA  strength  Modest  UV  coverage  No  short  spacings  required,  unless  structure  in  HI  in  front  of  extended  sources  (Leahy  &  Ranasinghe)  

Astrophysics:  Ø  Galac4c  distribu4on  and  opacity  of  

cold  HI  Ø  Tracer  of  spiral  arms  Ø  Kinema4c  distances  of  Galac4c  

con4nuum  sources  (HII  regions,  SNRs)  

Point  source  sensi4vity  propor4onal  to  third  power  of  angular  resolu4on.  

CO  

Average  “off”  spectrum  

“on”    spectrum  

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Cold  HI  HI  Self  Absorp4on  (HISA)  

Instrumenta4on:  Wide  range  of  spa4al  scales      Short  spacings  required  Complete  UV  coverage  with  0.2  K  sensi4vity  on  baselines  up  to  ~  5  km.  

Astrophysics:  Ø  Structure  of  cold  HI  clouds  Ø  Transi4on  state  to  or  from  molecular  gas  Ø  Resolve  near/far  ambiguity  in  kinema4c  

distances  of  molecular  clouds    Ø  Rela4on  to  cold  dust,  molecular  

filaments  (0.1  pc  scale  requires  ~  10”  resolu4on  at  few  kpc)    

“Arch  of  Darkness”,  Knee  &  Brunt  (2001)  Nat,  412,  308  

S.  Gibson  

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Instrumenta4on:  µG  field  detectable  in  emission  with  DRAO  26m  telescope  in  a  few  hours  Single  dish  or  interferometer.  No  short  spacings  necessary?  Polariza4on  purity  in  Stokes  V  and  stray  radia4on  (single  dish).  Beam  squint  problem  in  JVLA  because  of  off-­‐axis  feeds.  

Astrophysics:  Ø  Local  strength  of    (line  of  sight  

component  of)  magne4c  field.  Ø  Similar  magne4c  field  strength  in  

cold  and  warm  HI?  Ø  Magne4c  field  in  IVC/HVC  Ø  Rela4on  to  molecular  filaments?  Ø  Absorp4on  or  emission  

McClure-­‐Griffiths  et  al.  (2006),  Clark  et  al.  (2014)  

Troland  et  al.  (2016)  from  absorp4on  against  M42  (one  of  2  velocity  components)  

Magne4sm  Zeeman  effect,  filaments  

Stellar  polariza4on   Fiber  structure  

Also:  Van  Eck  et  al.  (2016)  

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Not  just  21  cm  Radio  Recombina4on  Lines  of  C+  (CRRL)  

Astrophysics:  Ø  C+  can  exist  where  H  is  neutral  Ø  Main  source  of  cooling  in  HI  regions  

in  crucial  temperature  and  density  range,  T  <  100  K,  AV  =  1-­‐5  mag.  

Ø  CRRL  probe  electron  temperature,  density,  and  line-­‐of-­‐sight  depth.  

 Detec4on  of  cold  HI  independent  of  background  illumina4on      Instrumenta4on:  Low-­‐frequency  interferometer  

For  example:  C272α  at  327  MHz  C441α  and  C555β  at  76  MHz  C575α  at  34.5  MHz  Roshi  &  Kantharia  (2013)  

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Stellar  Feedback  Astrophysics:  Ø  Stellar  wind  bubbles,  SNRs,  Superbubbles  Ø  Broad  wings  of  HI  spectra  Ø  Disk-­‐halo  interface  Ø  Mechanical  energy  input  over  life  4me  of  a  

star  cluster  Ø  Condi4ons  for  ouqlow  into  the  halo    

Image  credit:  Jayanne  English  et  al.  Normandeau  et  al.  (1996),  Nat  380,  687  

Instrumenta4on:  Wide  range  of  spa4al  scales  +  short  spacings  Good  signal  to  noise  and  dynamic  range  Complete  UV  coverage  

S4l  &  Irwin  (2001)   VGPS  

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Galac4c  Halo  

Blagrave  et  al.  (2017),  DRAO  ST  

Astrophysics:  Ø  Dynamics  of  halo  gas  Ø  Structure  and  kinema4cs  of  intermediate-­‐

velocity  and  high-­‐velocity  clouds  Ø  Interac4on  of  disk  with  infalling  gas    Instrumenta4on:  Wide  range  of  spa4al  scales  +  short  spacings  Good  signal  to  noise  and  dynamic  range  Complete  UV  coverage  Beware  stray  radia4on  from  bright  Galac4c  plane  in  single  dish  surveys.      

NASA/ESA/Levay/STScI,  Saxton/Lockman/NRAO/AUI/NSF/Mellinger  

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LMC/SMC/Magellanic  Stream  

Astrophysics:  Ø  Bird’s  eye  view  of  stellar  feedback  on  ISM  in  best  

possible  detail.  Ø  Structure  and  rela4on  to  other  phases  of  the  ISM  

in  a  low-­‐metallicity  environment.  Ø  Dynamics  of  accre4on  of  maser  on  galaxies  

Bart  Wakker  

Kim  et  al./CSIRO  

Instrumenta4on:  SKA.  Match  angular  resolu4on  and  spa4al  dynamic  range  of  op4cal/IR  surveys    

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Conclusions  Galac4c  HI  and  other  spectral  lines  probing  the  neutral  atomic  medium  are  essen4al  for  detailed  observa4on  of  many  astrophysical  phenomena  

–  Stellar  wind  bubbles  and  Supernova  remnants  –  Magne4sm  –  Molecular  cloud  forma4on  and  phase  transi4ons  in  the  ISM  –  Disk-­‐halo  connec4on,  dynamics  of  halo  gas    

•  Significant  progress  with  15”  resolu4on,  good  spa4al  and  intensity  dynamic  range  

•  Many  (not  all)  applica4ons  require  a  50  -­‐  100  m  single  dish  to  fill  short  spacings  (Baseline  <  15m):  Arecibo,  FAST,  GBT,  Parkes,  ….  

•  Most  applica4ons  do  not  require  full  sky  coverage  •  Loca4on:  LMC/SMC  favor  SKA  (but  M31  favors  ngVLA)  •  Circular  polariza4on  capability  for  Zeeman  effect    

Check  out  the  THOR  survey,  JVLA  18”  resolu4on  HI  in  first  quadrant  (JVLA  C-­‐array  +  VGPS)