Model of an Oil Tanker

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Model Of An Oil Tanker

MODEL OF AN OIL TANKER

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

DARSHAN SHAJI

DIBIN JOSEPH

JITHIN K.P

JITHIN R

MAHBOOB ALAM

MAHESH P DAMODARAN

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

MARINE ENGINEERING

K M SCHOOL OF MARINE ENGINEERING

COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COCHIN-682 022

JULY 2011


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that that this is a bonafide record of the project entitled MODEL

OF AN OIL TANKER submitted by DARSHAN SHAJI, DIBIN JOSEPH,

JITHIN K.P, JITHIN R, MAHBOOB ALAM, MAHESH P DAMODARAN to the

department of Kunjali Marakkar School of Marine Engineering towards the partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the VIII semester of the B.Tech Degree course in

Marine Engineering of Cochin University of Science and Technology.

Head of the Department Project guide

K M School of Marine Engineering Asst. Prof. K. Vidhyadharan

Cochin University of Science and Technology


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we bow our heads in all humbleness to the lord almighty who has given us the

strength to prepare this project well above the level of simplicity and into something

concrete.

We would also like to express our deep sense of gratitude to Director Prof K.A Simon for

providing us the necessary facilities.

We are very thankful to our project guide Asst. Prof. K. Vidhyadharan who was always

been there to show us the right track when the team needed the help and guided us

through the different stages of our project work. We are also very thankful to Prof.

(Dr.) P. V. Sasikumar gave us moral support and helped us in the matters regarding to

project report outline and its presentation.

We are equally thankful to our project coordinator Prof. N.G. Nair for his valuable help.

We would also like to thank the course coordinator Associate Prof. Roy.V.Paul for his

valuable suggestions

Last but not least, we would like to thank our parents and friends and all others who

helped us a lot in gathering different information, collecting data and guided us from time

to time in making the project despite of their busy schedule.


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ABSTRACT

The oil tanker model is a replica of a very large crude carrier (VLCC). The design of a ship

of vlcc deadweight range was done up to the stage of calculation of main dimension which

was then scaled down to obtain the models main dimensions. The scale used for the model

is 1:180. Two real ships of vlcc deadweight range were used to study the features of oil

tankers and to check the correctness of the calculated main dimensions.

The model exhibits key features including hull markings, cargo manifolds, ship

superstructure, survival crafts, mooring arrangement, protection for crew on deck, propeller

and rudder.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No

CERTIFICATE ii

ACKNOLEDGEMENT iii

ABSTRACT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES x

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 OIL TANKERS 1

1.2 OIL TANKER CATEGORIES 2

1.3 DOUBLE HULL TANKERS 7

1.4 STANDARDS FOR THE DOUBLE HULL CONSTRUCTION

OF OIL TANKER 7

CHAPTER 2 MODEL FAMILIARISATION 9

2.1 MODEL DIMENSIONS 9

2.2 OTHER FEATURES 10

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN

3.1 MISSION ANALYSIS 19

3.2 PARENT SHIP DATA AND ANALYSIS 23

3.3 FIRST ESTIMATE OF THE MAIN DIMENSIONS AND

COEFFICIENTS 25

3.4 FIRST ITERATION 27

3.5 PRILIMINERY GENERAL ARRANGEMENT 28

CHAPTER 4 FBRICATION 32


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CHAPTER 5 DECK ARRANGEMENTS 49

5.1 MOORING ARRANGEMENTS AND LAYOUTS 49

5.2 SCUPPERS AND BULWARK 50

5.3 ANCHORS AND CABLES 50

5.4 WINDLASS 50

5.5 HOSE HANDLING CRANES 51

5.6 DAVITS 52

5.7 LIFEBOATS 52

5.8 FUNNEL 53

5.9 ENGINE CASING 54

5.10 FIRE MAIN 54

CHAPTER 6 SHIP CONSTRUCTION 55

6.1 BOTTOM STRUCTURE 55

6.2 SIDE FRAMING 55

6.3 DECK 57

6.4 BULKHEADS 57

6.5 SUPERSTRUCTURE 57

6.6 WEATHERTIGHT DOORS 58

6.7 FORE END STRUCTURE 58

6.8 RUDDERS 59

6.9 PROPELLERS 60

CHAPTER 7 TANKER SYSTEM 62

7.1 CARGO TANK VENTILATORS 62

7.2 INERT GAS SYSTEM 63

CHAPTER 8CONCLUSION 66


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REFERENCES 67


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Title Page No

1.1 Cargo tank boundary lines 4

1.2 Cargo tank boundary lines within the bilge for oil tankers 4

1.3 Cargo tank boundary lines for double bottom space 6

2.1 Model of Oil Tanker 10

2.2 General Arrangement 11

2.3 Fore End Structure 12

2.4 Ship Side 13

2.5 Weather Deck 14

2.6 Forecastle Deck 15

2.7 Amid Ship 16

2.8 Superstructure 17

2.9 Aft End Structure 18

3 .1 P r inc ipal Sh ip D imens ions 21

3 .2 O i l T anker Marba t 30

3.3 Cap Victor 31

4 .1 Wood was Selected as the Material 32

4 .2 Dimensions were Marked on the Wood Before Cutting 33

4 .3 The Wood is Cut Accordingly 33

4 .4 Forward Portion is Shaped 34

4 .5 Aft End is Shaped 34

4 .6 Wooden planks of 4cm Thick are Marked on the Block 35


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4 .7 Wooden Planks of 4cm Thick are Cut from the Block 35

4 .8 The Planks are Arranged to the Shape of an Open Box 36

4 .9 The Joints are made by Hammering in Adhesive Applied

Wooden Nails 37

4 .10 Wooden Planks are Inserted at Equal Intervals 38

4 .11 The Parallel Middle Body after Inserting Planks 38

4 .12 Three Parts are Joined by Wooden Nails and Adhesives 39

4 .13 The Parallel Middle Body is Closed 39

4 .14 The Lower Edge of the Parallel Middle Body is Shaped

Using a Plane 40

4 .15 Fully Assembled Hull 41

4 .16 Coating of Filler and Adhesive is Applied 41

4 .17 Inverted and Painted Crimson Red Using a Spray Gun 41

4.18 Painting of Crimson Red Completed 42

4.19 Masking Tape is Applied at Summer Load Line 42

4.20 Deep Blue is Applied on the Freeboard 43

4.21 Stages in Fabrication of Superstructure 44

4.22 Using Knitting Wire the Railings were Made 45

4.23 Anchor 45

4.24 Files used for Fabrication 46

4.25 Lifeboat and Life raft 46

4.26 Propeller Hub 47


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4.27 Overall View of Model from Stern 48

5 .1 Wind lass 51

5 .2 Hose Handl ing Crane 51

5 .3 Davi t 52

5 .4 Funne l 53

6.1 Longitudinally Framed Double Bottom Structure 55

6.2 Side Frame 56

6.3 Deck Plating 57

6 .4 Weather tight Door 58

6.5 Fore End Construction 59

6.6 Rudder 60

7.1 High Velocity Vent 62

7.2 Simple High Velocity Vents 63

7.3 Inert Gas System 65


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LIST OF TABLES

Table No Title Page No

3.1 Parent Ship Analysis 23

3.2 Analysis of Ratios 24

3.3 Ratio of Main Dimensions 26

3.4 Result of Iteration 27

3.5. Model Dimensions 28


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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

1.1 OIL TANKERS

An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is amerchant ship designed for the bulk

transport ofoil.There are two basic types of oil tankers: the crude tanker and the product

tanker. Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefinedcrude oil from its point of

extraction to refineries. Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designed to

movepetrochemicals from refineries to points near consuming markets.

Figure 1.1 Oil Tanker Ab Qaiq

Source: Internet

Oil tankers are often classified by their size as well as their occupation. The size

classes range from inland or coastal tankers of a few thousand metric tons

ofdeadweight (DWT) to the mammoth ultra large crude carriers (ULCCs) of

550,000DWT.

Tankers have grown significantly in size since World War II. A typical T2 tanker of

the World War II era was 532 feet (162 m) long and had a capacity of 16,500DWT.A

modern ultra-large crude carrier (ULCC) can be 1,300 feet (400 m) long and have a

capacity of 500,000DWT.Several factors encouraged this growth. Hostilities in theMiddle

East which interrupted traffic through the Suez Canal contributed, as did nationalization of

Middle Eastoil refineries.[28]Fierce competition among ship owners also played a part. But

apart from these considerations is a simple economic advantage: the larger an oil tanker is,

the more cheaply it can move crude oil, and the better it can help meet growing demands for

oil.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankers#cite_note-hu23-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankers#cite_note-hu23-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankers#cite_note-hu23-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankers#cite_note-hu23-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_ship


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In 1958, United States shipping magnate Daniel K. Ludwig broke the barrier of

100,000 long tons of heavy displacement. His Universe Apollo displaced 104,500 long tons,

a 23% increase from the previous record-holder, Universe Leader which also belonged to

Ludwig. The world's largest super tanker was built in 1979 at theOppama shipyard

by Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. as the Sea wise Giant. This ship was built with a

capacity of 564,763DWT, a length overall of 458.45 metres (1,504.1 ft) and a draft of

24.611 metres (80.74 ft). She had 46 tanks, 31,541 square metres (339,500 sq ft) of deck,

and at her full load draft, could not navigate theEnglish Channel. Sea wise Giant was

renamed Happy Giant in 1989, Jahre Viking in 1991, and Knock Nevis in 1999 (when she

was converted into a permanently moored storage tanker). In 2009 she was sold for the last

time, renamed Mont, and scrapped. As of 2011, the world's two largest working super

tankers are theTI class super tankers TI Europe and TI Oceania. These ships were built in

2002 and 2003 as the Hellespont Alhambra and Hellespont Tara for the GreekHellespont

Steamship Corporation.Hellespont sold these ships toOverseas Ship holding

Group andEuronav in 2004. Each of the sister ships has a capacity of over 441,500DWT,a

length overall of 380.0 metres (1,246.7 ft) and a cargo capacity of 3,166,353 barrels

(503,409,900 l). They were the first ULCCs to be double-hulled.[37]To differentiate them

from smaller ULCCs, these ships are sometimes given the V-Plus size designation.

With the exception of the pipeline, the tanker is the most cost-effective way to move

oil today. Worldwide, tankers carry some 2 billion barrels (3.210 11l) annually and the cost

of transportation by tanker amounts to only US$0.02 per gallon at the pump

1.2 OIL TANKER CATEGORIES

IMO distinguishes three categories of tankers that are:

Category 1 - oil tankers of 20,000 tonnes deadweight and above carrying crude

oil, fuel oil, heavy diesel oil or lubricating oil as cargo, and of 30,000 tonnes

deadweight and above carrying other oils, which do not comply with the

requirements for protectively located segregated ballast tanks (commonly known

as Pre-MARPOL tankers)

Category 2 - as category 1, but complying with protectively located segregated

ballast tank requirements (MARPOL tankers), and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka,_Kanagawa#Oppamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitomo_Heavy_Industries,_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawise_Gianthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_class_supertankershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellespont_Steamship_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellespont_Steamship_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Shipholding_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Shipholding_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronavhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankers#cite_note-wart-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankers#cite_note-wart-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankers#cite_note-wart-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankers#cite_note-wart-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronavhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Shipholding_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Shipholding_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellespont_Steamship_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellespont_Steamship_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_class_supertankershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawise_Gianthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitomo_Heavy_Industries,_Ltd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka,_Kanagawa#Oppama


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Category 3 - oil tankers of 5,000 tonnes deadweight and above but less than the

tonnage specified for Category 1 and 2 tankers

In 1954Shell Oil developed theaverage freight rate assessment (AFRA) system

which classifies tankers of different sizes. To make it an independent instrument, Shell

consulted theLondon Tanker Brokers Panel(LTBP). At first, they divided the groups as

General Purpose for tankers under 25,000 tonsdeadweight(DWT); Medium Range for

ships between 25,000 and 45,000DWT and Large Range for the then-enormous ships that

were larger than 45,000DWT.The ships became larger during the 1970s, which prompted

rescaling.

The system was developed for tax reasons as the tax authorities wanted evidence that

the internal billing records were correct. Before theNew York Mercantile Exchange started

trading crude oilfutures in 1983, it was difficult to determine the exact price of oil, which

could change with every contract. Shell and BP, the first companies to use the system,

abandoned the AFRA system in 1983, later followed by the US oil companies. However,

the system is still used today. Besides that, there is the flexible market scale, which takes

typical routes and lots of 500,000 barrels. Merchant oil tankers carry a wide range of

hydrocarbon liquids ranging from crude oil to refined petroleum products.[3]Their size is

measured indeadweight metric tons (DWT). Crude carriers are among the largest, rangingfrom 55,000DWT panamax-sized vessels to ultra-large crude carriers (ULCCs) of over

440,000DWT.

1.2.1 Suezmax

Suezmax is anaval architecture term for the largest ship measurements capable of transiting

theSuez Canal,and is almost exclusively used in reference totankers.Since the canal has

nolocks, the only serious limiting factors aredraft (maximum depth below waterline), and

height due to theSuez Canal Bridge.The current channel depth of the canal allows for a

maximum of 20.1 m (66 ft) of draft, meaning a few fully ladensuper tankers are too deep to

fit through, and either have to unload part of their cargo to other ships ("transhipment") or to

a pipeline terminal before passing through, or alternatively avoid the Suez Canal and travel

aroundCape Agulhas instead. The canal has been deepened in 2009 from 18 to 20 m (60 to

66 ft).The typicaldeadweight of a suezmax ship is about 240,000 tons and typically has a

beam (width) of 50 m (164.0 ft). Also of note is the maximum head room"air draft"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Average_freight_rate_assessment&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Tanker_Brokers%E2%80%99_Panel&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Tanker_Brokers%E2%80%99_Panel&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Tanker_Brokers%E2%80%99_Panel&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mercantile_Exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_contracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLCC#cite_note-hay2-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLCC#cite_note-hay2-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLCC#cite_note-hay2-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Agulhashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnage#Weight_measurementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_drafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_drafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnage#Weight_measurementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Agulhashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLCC#cite_note-hay2-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_contracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mercantile_Exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Tanker_Brokers%E2%80%99_Panel&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Average_freight_rate_assessment&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_Oil


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limitation of 68 m (223.1 ft), resulting from the 70 m (230 ft) height above water of the

Suez Canal Bridge. Suez Canal Authorityproduces tables of width and acceptable draft,

which are subject to change. Currently the wetted surface cross sectional area of the ship is

limited by 945 m2, which means 20.1 m (66 ft) of draught for ships with the beam no wider

than 50.0 m (164.0 ft) or 12.2 m (40 ft) of draught for ships with maximum allowed beam

of 77.5 m (254 ft 3 in).

Figure 1.2 Oil Tanker Stena Vision

Source: Internet

1.2.2 Panamax

Panamax and New Panamax are popular terms for the size limits for ships travelling

through thePanama Canal. Formally, the limits and requirements are published by

thePanama Canal Authority (ACP) titled "Vessel Requirements". These requirements also

describe topics like exceptional dry seasonal limits, propulsion, communications and

detailed ships design. The allowable size is limited by the width and length of the

availablelock chambers, by the depth of the water in the canal and by the height of

theBridge of the Americas.Consequently, ships that do not fall within the Panamax-sizes

are called Post Panamax. The limits have influenced those constructing cargo ships, giving

clear parameters for ships destined to traverse thePanama Canal.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_lockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_of_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_of_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_lockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal_Authority


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Figure 1.3 Panama Canal Miraflores Locks

Source: Internet

1.2.3 Aframax

An Aframax ship is anoil tanker smaller than 120,000 metric tonsdeadweight (DWT) and

with a breadth above 32.31 m. The term is based on the Average Freight Rate

Assessment (AFRA) tanker rate system. Aframax class tankers are largely used in the

basins of theBlack Sea, theNorth Sea, theCaribbean Sea, theChina Sea and

theMediterranean.Non-OPEC exporting countries may require the use of Aframax tankers

because the harbours and canals through which these countries export their oil are too small

to accommodatevery-large crude carriers (VLCC) and ultra-large crude carriers (ULCCs).

Figure 1.4 The Aframax Tankers Gerd Knutsen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_tankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tanker#Size_categorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tanker#Size_categorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tanker#Size_categorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tanker#Size_categorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_tanker


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Source: Internet

"Super tanker" is an informal term used to describe the largest tankers. Today it is

applied to very-large crude carriers (VLCC) and ULCCs with capacity over 250,000DWT.

These ships can transport 2,000,000barrels of oil/318 000 metric tons. By way of

comparison, the combined oil consumption of Spain and the United Kingdom in 2005 was

about 3.4 million barrels (540,000 m3) of oil a day. Because of their great size, super tankers

often can not enter port fully loaded. These ships can take on their cargo at off-shore

platforms andsingle-point moorings.On the other end of the journey, they often pump their

cargo off to smaller tankers at designatedlighteringpoints off-coast. A super tankersroutes

are generally long, requiring it to stay at sea for extended periods, up to and beyond seventy

days at a time.

Smaller tankers, ranging from well under 10,000DWT to 80,000DWTpanamax

vessels, generally carry refined petroleum products, and are known as product tankers. The

smallest tankers, with capacities under 10,000DWT generally work near-coastal and inland

waterways.

1.3 DOUBLE HULL TANKERS

Double hulls' ability to prevent or reduce oil spills led to their being standardized for other

types of ships includingoil tankersby the International Convention for the Prevention of

Pollution from Ships or MARPOL Convention.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_buoy_mooringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Prevention_of_Pollution_from_Shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Prevention_of_Pollution_from_Shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Prevention_of_Pollution_from_Shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Prevention_of_Pollution_from_Shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_buoy_mooringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage


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A double hull does not protect against major, high-energy collisions or groundings which

cause the majority of oil pollution, despite this being the reason that the double hull was

mandated by United States legislation.

After theExxon Valdez oil spill disaster, when that ship grounded onBligh

Reef outside the port ofValdez,Alaska, the US Government required all new oil tankers

built for use between US ports to be equipped with a full double hull. However, the damage

to theExxon Valdezpenetrated sections of the hull (the slops oil tanks) that were protected

by a partial double hull. The double hull required by the new regulations would not have

prevented extensive loss of oil from the Exxon Valdez, though it might have somewhat

limited the losses. Furthermore, a double-hulled tanker does not need longitudinal

bulkheads for longitudinal strength, as the inner hull already provides this. Eliminatinglongitudinal bulkheads would result in much wider tanks, significantly increasing thefree

surface effect. However, this problem is easily corrected with the addition of anti-slosh

baffles and partial bulkheads.

1.4 STANDARDS FOR THE DOUBLE HULL CONSTRUCTION OF OIL TANKER

MARPOL means the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution by Ships,

1973, and the Protocols of 1978 and 1997 relating to the Convention, as amended from time

to time;

Oil tanker means a self-propelled vessel that is constructed or adapted primarily to

carry oil in bulk in its cargo spaces, and includes a combination carrier, an NLS tanker as

defined in Annex II of MARPOL or a gas carrier that is carrying a cargo or part cargo of oil

in bulk (note that in the Regulations an oil tanker includes both self-propelled and non-self-

propelled vessels);

Oil tanker delivered after 1 June 1982 has the same meaning as in regulation 1.28.4of Annex I where it is defined to mean an oil tanker:

1. For which the building contract is placed after 1 June 1979; or

2. In the absence of a building contract, the keel of which is laid or which is at a similar

stager of construction after 1 January 1980; or

3. The delivery of which is after 1 June 1982; or

4. Which has undergone a major conversion:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bligh_Reefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bligh_Reefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_surface_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_surface_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_surface_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_surface_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bligh_Reefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bligh_Reefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill


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for which the contract is placed after 1 June 1979; or

in the absence of a contract, the construction work of which is begun after 1 January

1980; or

which is completed after 1 June 1982;

Oil tanker delivered before 6 July 1996 means an oil tanker which is not an oil

tanker delivered on or after 6 July 1996, as defined in regulation 1.28.5 of Annex I of

MARPOL;

Oil tanker delivered on or after 6 July 1996 refers to an oil tanker mentioned in

subsection 54(1) of the Regulations and has the same meaning as in regulation 1.28.6 of

Annex I of MARPOL were it is defined to mean an oil tanker:

1. For which the building contract is placed on or after 6 July 1993, or

2. In the absence of a building contract, the keel of which is laid or which is at a similar

stage

Of construction on or after 6 January 1994, or

3. The delivery of which is on or after 6 July 1996, or

4. Which has undergone a major conversion:

for which the contract is placed on or after 6 July 1993; or

in the absence of a contract, the construction work of which is begun on or after 6

January 1994; or

which is completed on or after 6 July 1996;


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CHAPTER 2 - MODEL FAMILIARISATION

2.1 MODEL DIMENSIONS

Length overall : 183cm

Breadth : 30cm

Depth : 15.8cm

Draught : 10.6cm

Freeboard : 5.2cm

2.2 OTHER FEATURES

The ship has been given the name KMSME by our team. The oil tanker belongs to

Category 2 (MARPOL tanker) of IMOs oil tanker classification.

Deadweight : 215000t (Very Large Crude Carrier)

Bulbous bow : provided

Machinery space location : Aft

Stern : Transom

Propulsion : Single screw

Propeller : 4 blade skewed propeller

Rudder : Semi balanced


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Figure 2.1 Model of the Oil Tanker

Source: Team


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Figure 2.2 General Arrangements

Source: Team

1. Poop Deck

2. Engine Casing

3.

Superstructure

4. Pipe Lines

5. Bunker Manifold

6. Weather Deck

7. Fore Castle


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Figure 2.3 Fore-End Structure

Source: Team

1. Name of the ship

2. Freeing Ports

3.

Bulbous bow marking

4.

Anchor

5.

Chafing ring

6. Forward draught marking

7. Bulbous bow


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Figure 2.4 Hull Markings

Source: Team

1. Freeboard

2. Summer Load Line

3. Name of the Ship

4.

Bunker Manifold Markings

5. Plimsoll Marking

6.

Tug Marking

7. Bulbous Bow Marking

8. Forward Draught Marking


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Figure 2.5 Weather Deck

Source: Team

1. Side Railings

2. Gangway

3.

Walkway

4.

Cross Over

5. Catwalk

6. Bulwark Stay


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Figure 2.6 Forecastle Deck

Source: Team

1.

Railing

2.

Bulwark stay

3. Bulwark

4. Bollard

5. Anchor chain

6. Windlass

7.

Forecastle space entry

8.

Forward mast


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Figure 2.7 Amid ship

Source: Team

1. Walkway

2. Cargo hose handling crane

3. Drip tray

4.

Bunker manifold

5. Catwalk


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Figure 2.8 Superstructure

Source: Team

1.

Main mast

2.

Monkey island

3. Bridge

4. Lifeboat

5. Gravity davit

6.

Life raft

7.

Weather tight door

8. Engine casing

9. Funnel

10.Mushroom shaped blower suction


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Figure 2.9 Aft End Structure

Source: Team

1. Aft end draught marking

2. Transom stern

3.

Propeller blade

4. Rudder stock

5. Propeller hub

6. Rudder


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CHAPTER 3 - DESIGN

3.1 MISSION ANALYSIS

The main dimensions have a decisive effect on many of the ship characteristics. It affects

Stability

Hold capacity

Hydro dynamic qualities such as resistance, manoeuvring,sea keeping

Economic efficiency

Determining the main dimensions,proportions and form coeffient is one of the most

important phases of overall design.

Crude oil tankers are essentially slow speed ships carrying imperishable cargo. The

shipment of crude oil over the last two decades has increased tremendously. Hence the need

for eceonomic optimallity in design,capacity etc is necessiated.

The double skin tankers have a slightly reduced L/D ratio as compared to single skin

tankers. But both have similar B/T and L/T ratios.

Type of ship : Double skin crude oil tanker

Type of cargo : Crude oil

Speed : 15 knots

Shape of hull : B.S.R.A

Shape of stern : Transom stern

Shape of stem : Bulbous bow is provided


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Figure 3.1 Principal Ship Dimensions

Source: Ship Construction

After Perpendicular (AP):A perpendicular drawn to the waterline at the point where the

side of the rudder post meets the summer load line. Where no

rudder post is fitted it is taken as the centre line of the rudder

stock.

Forward Perpendicular (FP):A perpendicular drawn to the waterline at the point where the

fore side of the stem meets the summer load line.


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Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP): The length between the forward and aft

perpendiculars measured along the summer load line.

Amidships:A point midway between the after and forward perpendiculars.

Length Overall (LOA):Length of vessel taken over all extremities.

Base Line: A horizontal line drawn at the top of the keel plate. All vertical moulded

dimensions are measured relative to this line.

Moulded Beam:Measured at the midship section is the maximum moulded breadth of the

ship.

Moulded Draft:Measured from the base line to the summer load line at the midship section.

Moulded Depth:Measured from the base line to the heel of the upper deck beam at the

ships side amidships.Extreme Beam:The maximum beam taken over all extremities.

Extreme Draft:Taken from the lowest point of keel to the summer load line. Draft marks

represent extreme drafts.

Extreme Depth:Depth of vessel at ships side from upper deck to lowestpoint of keel.

Half Breadth: Since a ships hull is symmetrical about the longitudinal centre line, often

only the half beam or half breadth at any section is given.

Freeboard:The vertical distance measured at the ships side between thesummer load line(or service draft) and the freeboard deck. The freeboard deck is

normally the uppermost complete deck exposed to weather and

sea which has permanent means of closing all openings, and

below which all openings in the ships side have watertight

closings.

Sheer:Curvature of decks in the longitudinal direction. Measured as the height of deck at

side at any point above the height of deck at side amidships.

Camber (or Round of Beam):Curvature of decks in the transverse direction. Measured as

the height of deck at centre above the height of deck at side.

Rise of Floor (or Dead rise):The rise of the bottom shell plating line above the base line.

This rise is measured at the line of moulded beam.

Half Siding of Keel: The horizontal flat portion of the bottom shell measured to port or

starboard of the ships longitudinal centre line. This is a useful

dimension to know when dry-docking.


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Tumblehome:The inward curvature of the side shell above the summer load line.

Flare:The outward curvature of the side shell above the waterline. It promotes dryness and

is therefore associated with the fore end of ship.

Stem Rake:Inclination of the stem line from the vertical.

Keel Rake: Inclination of the keel line from the horizontal. Trawlers and tugs often have

keels raked aft to give greater depth aft where the propeller

diameter is proportionately larger in this type of vessel. Small

crafts occasionally have forward rake of keel to bring propellers

above the line of keel.

Parallel Middle Body:The length over which the midship section remains constant in area

and shape.

Entrance:The immersed body of the vessel forward of the parallel middle body.

Run:The immersed body of the vessel aft of the parallel middle body.

Tonnage:This is often referred to when the size of the vessel is discussed, and the gross

tonnage is quoted from Lloyds Register. Tonnage is a measure of

the enclosed internal volume of the vessel.

3.2 PARENT SHIP DATA AND ANALYSIS

The relevant data of double skin tankers in the dead weight range of 1,45,000t to 1,55,000t

were analysed and ratios calculated. They are expressed in the tabular form below.

Table 3.1 Parent Ship Analysis

NAME Dwt LBP B D T Vkm L/B B/T T/D L/D Fn=v/(gxl)

African ruby 150173 260 45.0 24.3 16.0 15.5 5.78 2.81 .658 10.7 0.149

Atauilo Alves 152980 258 46.0 24.4 17.2 14.5 5.61 2.81 .705 10.5 0.140

British hunter 151459 264 47.8 23.6 17.0 15.5 5.73 2.62 .72 11.9 0.157

Cap georges 148500 264 45.0 22.8 16.1 15.5 5.52 2.71 .707 11.5 0.152


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Chilinh 150500 277 48.0 25.4 17.0 15.0 6.15 2.97 .669 10.9 0.148

Cosmic 150284 263 51.9 22.4 15.3 15.7 5.48 2.64 .676 11.7 0.140

Cossak Pioneer 151892 268 48.0 25.6 16.2 15.4 5.17 3.14 .633 10.7 0.141

Eliomar 150709 263 46.3 22.4 15.3 15.4 5.48 3.19 .683 11.7 0.142

Fair Way 149748 259 46.0 23.9 16.9 15.0 5.60 3.14 .683 10.8 0.143

Front Glory 149300 258 46.0 23.9 16.8 14.9 5.61 2.75 .705 10.7 0.153

Front Pride 149686 258 46.0 23.9 16.8 15.0 5.61 2.73 .704 10.7 0.143

GenmarArinston 151910 256 46.2 23.8 16.8 14.0 5.61 2.96 .704 10.7 0.144

Genmar Sky 151910 256 44.5 23.8 16.8 14.0 5.54 2.44 .671 10.7 0.143

Genmar Travler 149996 260 46.2 24.2 15.6 14.0 5.84 2.68 .686 10.7 0.144

Hudson 149999 264 48.0 23.1 15.9 14.0 5.50 2.81 .738 11.4 0.142

Table 3.2 Analysis of Ratios

RATIO RANGE AVERAGE

L/B 5.17-6.15 5.76

L/D 10.47-11.58 11.03

T/D 0.63-0.74 0.69

B/T 2.44-3.19 2.83


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3.3 FIRST ESTIMATE OF THE MAIN DIMENSIONS AND COEFFICIENTS

3.3.1 Symbols List and Their Units

Dwt - Dead weight (t)

- Displacement(t)

LBP - Length between perpendiculars (m)

V - Velocity (kn)

g - Accelaration due to gravity (m/s2)

B - Moulded breadth of the ship (m)

D - Moulded deph of the ship (m)

T - Draft of the ship (m)

CB - Block coefficient of the ship

Fn - Froude number

3.3.2 Iterative Procedure for Determining Main Dimensions

1.

Estimate the weight of the loaded ship

2.

[using the typical value of cd=(Dwt/displacement)]

3. ChooseLBP (Using empirical formulae)

4.

Determine B,T,D

3.3.2.1 Estimation of loaded displacement

Displacement is estimated using the deadwight to displacement ratio, cD.

CD = 0.8to 0.86 for tankerss (from existing parent ship data)

CDis taken as 0.85 owing to more steel weight

= 250000/0.85

= 294100 t

3.3.2.2 Estimation of length

a) Schneekluth formula:

LBP = 0.3

x V0.3

x C


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Where,

in tones, V in knots

C = 3.2 if CB is with in the range of 0.48 to 0.85

Assume C = 3.2

LBP = 315m

b) Ashiks formula:

LBP = (5.35+0.4) x 1/3

= 382.3m

3.3.2.3 Range of length selected

From the length obtained by the above formula a range of length is selected.The rage is

from 315 to 382m

3.3.2.4 Estimation of block coefficient (CB)

CB = 0.975-(0.9xFn)+0.02 Dankwart Formula

Fn = V/(gL) schneekluth

CB corresponding to length found above is thus calculated.

3.3.2.5 Determination of B, T, D

B,T and D are calculated from the ratios (L/B, B/T, L/D) obtained from parent ships.

Table 3.3 Ratio of Main Dimensions

Ratio Range Average

L/B 5.17-6.15 5.76

L/D 10.47-11.58 11.03

T/D 0.63-0.74 0.69

B/T 2.44-3.19 2.83


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3.4 ITERATION

Selected length is L = 315m

Breadth

We have the mean value of L/B= 5.76

B=54m

Draught

We have the mean value of B/T=2.83

T =19.18m

Depth

We have the mean value of L/D=11.03

D= 28.5m

CB=0.75

Displacement

= L.B.T.CB x 1.025 x 1.006

= 253000 t

Table 3.4. Result of Iteration

LBP 315m

B 54m

D 28.5m

T 19.18m

CB 0.75

253000t

DWT 215050t


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Scale used for the model is 1:180

Table 3.5. Model Dimensions

Ship Model

LOA 33Om 183cm

LBP 315m 175cm

B 54m 30cm

D 28.5m 15.8cm

T 19.2m 10.6cm

3.5 PRILIMINERY GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

The allocation and dimension of main spaces like length of cargo tanks, width of double

skin and height of double bottom etc of double hull tankers are determined by the regulation

13 F MARPOL 73/78 for the construction of new tankers. All new tankers of dead weight

above 5000 t are to have either a double hull or damage to the hull due to collision or

grounding.

The mid deck arrangement makes use of a horizontal subdivision (mid deck) of the

cargo spaces so that the oil pressure is reduced to level less than the hydrostatic pressure. As

a result of even if hull is damaged there oil out flow will be considerably reduced.

Double hull construction makes use of wing tanks and double bottom spaces through

the cargo region, so that even if the outer is damaged oil out flow will not occur. Double

hull construction is the modern trend.


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3.5.1 Ballast Tank or Spaces

According to regulations 13F AND 13G OF MARPOL 73/78 the entire cargo length should

be protected by ballast tanks or spaces other than cargo and fuel oil tanks.

a)

Wing Tank or Spaces

Wing tank or spaces should extend the hull length of ship side, from the top of the

double bottom to the upper most deck, disregarding a rounded guwale where fitted.

They should be arranged such that the cargo tanks are located in board of section is

measured at right angles to the side shell as specified below.

W = 0.5+Dwt/20000 m

= 0.5+1500000/20000

= 8m

OR W = 2m, whichever is the lesser

The minimum value of W is 1m.

b) Double Bottom Tanks or Spaces

At any cross section the depth of each double bottom tank or space is such that the

distance h between the bottom of the cargo tanks and moulded line of the bottom shell

plating measured at right angles to the bottom shell plating is not less than specified

below:

h=B/15= 3.13m

OR h= 2m, whichever is lesser

The minimum value of h is 1.0m

3.5.2 Size and Arrangement of Cargo Tanks

The length of each cargo tank shall not exceed 10cm or nor of the following values,

whichever is the greatest

When two or more longitudinal bulkheads are provided inside the cargo tanks

i) For wing cargo tanks 0.2LBP

ii) For centre cargo tanks


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-if bi/B>1/5 0.2LBP

-if bi/B


42/78


Figure 3.3 Cap Victor

Source: Team

Length : 274m

Breadth : 48m

DWT : 157700t

Speed ( Max/Avg ) : 16.5 / 15.1

Flag : Greece


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CHAPTER 4 - FABRICATION

After completing the design selection and analysis the fabrication was done in steps.

The hull of the model is fabricated from wood. Due to the difference in technique of

fabrication the hull was made in three pieces and joined. The fore and aft portion of the ship

is shaped from solid block of wood using chisel and mallet. The parallel middle body of the

ship is made by joining planed wooden planks from all four sides. The joint is accomplished

by nailing. The parallel middle body is also provided internally with planks placed

transverse similar to the bulkheads of ship. The lower edge o the parallel middle body is

given a radius using plane along full length. The fore and aft portions have been joined with

the parallel middle body using nailed stiffening pieces from inside along with woodadhesives. After completing the hull form the hull is finished by applying two coatings of

wood protector followed by a fine layer of filler and adhesive which completely eliminates

the joints. The surface is now rubbed gently with emery paper to give a good surface finish.

Now paint is applied over this finished surface.

Figure 4.1 Wood was Selected as the Material

Source: Team


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Figure 4.2 Dimensions were Marked on the Wood Before Cutting

Source: Team

Figure 4.3 The Wood is Cut Accordingly

Source: Team


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Figure 4.4 Forward Portion is Shaped

Source: Team

Figure 4.5 Aft End is Shaped

Source: Team


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Figure 4.6 Wooden planks of 4cm Thick are Marked on the Block

Source: Team

Figure 4.7 Wooden Planks of 4cm Thick are Cut from the Block

Source: Team


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Figure 4.8 The Planks are Arranged to the Shape of an Open Box

Source: Team


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Figure 4.9 The Joints are made by Hammering in Adhesive Applied Wooden Nails

Source: Team


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Figure 4.10 Wooden Planks are Inserted at Equal Intervals

Source: Team

Figure 4.11 The Parallel Middle Body after Inserting Planks

Source: Team


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Figure 4.12 Three Parts are Joined by Wooden Nails and Adhesives

Source: Team

Figure 4.13 The Parallel Middle Body is Closed

Source: Team


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Figure 4.14 The Lower Edge of the Parallel Middle Body is Shaped Using a Plane

Source: Team


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Figure 4.15 Fully Assembled Hull

Source: Team

Figure 4.16 Coating of Filler and Adhesive is Applied

Source: Team

Figure 4.17 Inverted and Painted Crimson Red Using a Spray Gun

Source: Team


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Figure 4.18 Painting of Crimson Red Completed

Source: Team

Figure 4.19 Masking Tape is Applied at Summer Load Line

Source: Team


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Figure 4.20 Deep Blue is Applied on the Freeboard

Source: Team


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The super structure of the model is made according to the drawings made. Copies of

the plan were made and required stencils cut out from it for each member required. These

are then used to get the profiles of all the required pieces marked on the fourex board and

duplex board. It is then cut precisely. Then corresponding fourex and duplex pieces are

joined. The pieces are then joined in order using adhesives to get the shape of

superstructure. Markings are then done on it for completion.

Figure 4.21 Stages in Fabrication of Superstructure

Source: Team


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The railing for the whole superstructure and deck has been made by cutting and

joining fibre threads.

Figure 4.22 Using Knitting Wire the Railings were Made

Source: Team

The ships anchors are shaped from insulating boards using files.

Figure 4.23 Anchor

Source: Team


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Figure 4.24 Files used for Fabrication

Source: Team

The lifeboats and life rafts have been shaped from insulating boards using files.

Figure 4.25 Lifeboat and Life raft

Source: Team

The pipelines on the deck have been made by joining fibre tubes and bents made by

heating.


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The propeller the ship has been made according to the plan. The profile of the skewed

propeller blades are carefully transferred on to the GI sheet and cut using metal strip. The

propeller hub is made from insulating board using files and the blades are attached to it at

required angle.

Figure 4.26 Propeller Hub

Source: Team


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Figure 4.27 Overall View of Model from Stern

Source: Team


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CHAPTER 5- DECK ARRANGEMENTS

5.1 MOORING ARRANGEMENTS AND LAYOUTS

The objective of a good shipboard mooring arrangement is to provide and arrange

equipment to accomplish the following:

a. Provide for an efficient mooring pattern at conventional piers and Sea Islands

b. Facilitate safe and quick mooring, unmooring and line- tending operations with

minimum demand on manpower.

c. Facilitate safe and efficient handling of tugs.

d. Permit safe and efficient conduct of other customary tanker operations such as hose-

handling and mooring alongside of fuel barges.

e. Allow safe and efficient specific anticipated operations such as ship-to-ship transfers

or canal transits.

f. Provide for emergency situations such as excessive winds requiring doubling of

lines, emergency towing of disabled ships, or shipboard fires requiring the ship to be

towed off the berth quickly without shipboard assistance.

The primary concern in the shipboard mooring arrangement is suitability for mooring

at conventional piers and Sea Islands, since this is the requirement most commonly

encountered. The principles for an efficient and safe mooring operation at these terminals

are covered in Section 1. These principles apply to ships of all sizes and may be

summarized as follows:

a. Mooring arrangements should be symmetrical.

b. Breast lines should be as perpendicular as possible to the longitudinal centre line of

the ship.

c. Spring lines should be as parallel as possible to the longitudinal centre line of the

ship.

d. Mooring lines in the same service should have about the same length between the

vessel's winch and the jetty mooring points.


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In addition to the foregoing principles, the following general guidelines should be kept in

mind in laying out the mooring equipment:

a. Keep mooring areas as clear as possible.

b. Locate mooring operations as far forward and aft as possible.

5.2 SCUPPERS AND BULWARK

Scuppers are normally in close proximity to the super structure to ensure that there is

adequate drainage of any water to prevent corrosion where freeing ports are designed to

remove large volumes of water quickly that have been shipped due to weather. Scuppers

and freeing port in bulwarks not functioning satisfactorily could greatly reduce stability,

endangering the ship due to the large raising the centre of gravity and the large free surface

effect. Oil tankers have guard rails fitted instead of normal bulwarks as they have very low

freeboard and large open deck areas, thus require that a minimum of 30 percentage freeing

port area would have to be cut in bulwarks to ensure the rapid drainage of water off the

deck, also retention of water on deck would greatly increase the longitudinal bending

moment and possibly cause cracking. By fitting open rails green seas are not retained on

deck and there is no danger of cracks in the rails spreading into the hull.

A bulwark is an extension of the side shell plating above the upper deck and is asafety barrier for personnel to preventing falling overboard.

5.3 ANCHORS AND CABLES

The forecastle deck houses the windlass or windlasses which raise and lower the anchor and

cable. Various items of mooring equipment, such as bollards, fairleads, etc., are also

arranged around the deck edge. The anchors are housed against the forward side shell,

sometimes in specially recessed pockets. The anchor cable passes through the shell via the

hawse pipe on to the forecastle deck. It travels over the cable stopper and on to the windlass

cable lifter drum. From the cable lifter it drops vertically down into the chain locker below.

5.4 WINDLASS

An anchor windlass is a machine that restrains and manipulates the anchor chain and/or

rope on a boat, allowing the anchor to be raised and lowered. A notched wheel engages the

links of the chain or the rope.


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Figure 5 .1 Wind lass

Source: Team

5.5 HOSE HANDLING CRANES

During tanker loading and unloading operations large hoses have to be lift from the shore to

the ship deck to connect to the cargo manifolds. For this purpose tankers are provided with

hose handling cranes near to the cargo manifolds.

Figure 5.2 Hose Handling Crane

Source: Team


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5.6 DAVITS

Gravity davit is one the most common arrangement for lifeboat launching on merchant

ships.

Figure 5.3 Davit

Source: Team

5.7 LIFEBOATS

Open and partially enclosed lifeboats are no longer allowed on new constructions.

In addition all lifeboats must use buoyancy material, fire retardant resins and an engine

approved by IMO's SOLAS requirements and U.S. Lifeboats must also follow additional

USCG requirements. In tanker vessel fully enclosed life boats are used and it is mandatory

as per the regulations because of the dangers like fire, toxic vapours and in bulk carrier

vessels these dangers are very less. In tanker vessels when accidents happen there is a great

possibility of the cargo oil to spill in the sea and catches fire. In that situation with open

lifeboats no one can steer thru the water safely without getting roasted. So in tanker vessels

Fire retarded life boats with water sprinkler system are mandatory.


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5.8 FUNNEL

The funnel is a surround and support for the various uptakes which ensure the dispersion of

exhaust gases into the atmosphere and away from the ship. The shape of the funnel is

sometimes determined by the ship ownersrequirements but more often by smokeclearingarrangements and the need for streamlining to reduce resistant. The owners housemark or

trademark is often carried on the outside of the funnel structure.

In the funnel ventilation louvers are fitted on the after end below the upper rainflat.

These louvers disperse the exhaust from the various ventilators led up the funnel. Fire flaps

are fitted in the air tight flat beneath these ventilators and are used to shut off the air outlet

from the engine room in the event of a fire. A hinged watertight door is fitted in the funnel

leading out on to the deck upon which the funnel stands. Holes or grilles are cut into the

forward face of the funnel towards the top, and the whistle is fitted on a small seat just aft of

the opening.

Figure 5.4 Funnel

Source: Team

Ladders and platforms are also provided inside the funnel for access purposes. Hugs

are fitted around the outside top shell plating to permit paining of the funnel.


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5.9 ENGINE CASING

The accommodation or upper deck spaces are separated from the engine room or machinery

spaces by the engine casing. Access doors are provided at suitable levels between the engine

casing and the accommodation. The volume enclosed by the casing is made as small as

possible but of sufficient dimensions to allow maintenance and machinery removal from the

engine room. The casing leads up to the upper decks, finishing below the funnel, fresh air is

drawn in through jalousies or jouvers in small fan room off the casing and passes down

trunking into the engine room. The hot air rises up the engine room into the casing and out

of the funnel at the top.

5.10 FIRE MAIN

All cargo ship in excess of 1000 gross tones must have at least two independently driven

fire pumps. Where these two pumps are located in one area an emergency fire pump must

be provided and located remote from the machinery space. The emergency fire pump must

be independently driven by a compression ignition engine or other approved means. Water

mains of sufficient diameter to provide an adequate water supply for the simultaneous

operation of two fire hoses must be connected to the fire pumps. An isolating valve is fitted

to the machinery space fire main.


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CHAPTER 6- SHIP CONSTRUCTION

6.1 BOTTOM STRUCTURE

At the centre line of the bottom structure is located the keel, which is often said to form thebackbone of the ship. This contributes substantially to the longitudinal strength and

effectively distributes local loading caused when docking the ship. The commonest form of

keel is that known as the flatplate keel, and this is fitted in the majority of ocean-going

and other vessels. If a double bottom is fitted the keel is almost inevitably of the flat plate

type. The double bottom of larger ships are usually longitudinally framed.

Figure 6.1 Longitudinally Framed Double Bottom Structure


6.2 SIDE FRAMING

The ships side framingconsists of hold frames at every frame space and web frames at

equal intervals along with longitudinal stiffeners. The plates are welded over this side

framing.


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Figure 6.2 Side Frame



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6.3 DECK

Figure 6.3 Deck Plating


6.4 BULKHEADS

The principal bulkheads subdivide the ship hull into a number of large watertight

compartments.

6.5 SUPERSTRUCTURE

Superstructures might be defined as those erections above the freeboard deck which extend

to the ships side or almost to the side. Deckhouses are those erections on deck which are

well within the line of the ships side.Both structures are of importance in the assignment

of the load line as they provide protection for the openings through the freeboard deck. Of

particular importance in this respect are the end bulkheads of the superstructures,

particularly the bridge front which is to withstand the force of any seas shipped. The bridgestructure amidships or the poop aft are, in accordance with statutory regulations, provided as

protection for the machinery openings. It is possible however to dispense with these houses

or superstructures and increase considerably the scantlings of the exposed machinery

casing. Unless an excessive sheer is provided on the uppermost deck it is necessary to fit a

forecastle forward to give added protection in a seaway. Each structure is utilized to the full,

the after structure carrying virtually all the accommodation in modern ships. The crew may


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be located all aft in the poop structure or partly housed in any bridge structure with the

navigating spaces.

Of great structural importance is the strength of the vessel where superstructures and

deckhouses terminate and are non-continuous. At these discontinuities, large stresses may

arise and additional strengthening will be required locally as indicated in the following

notes on the construction.

6.6 WEATHERTIGHT DOORS

The integrity of houses on the freeboard and other decks which protect the openings in these

decks must be maintained. Access openings must be provided to the houses and

weathertight doors are fitted to these openings. These must comply with the requirements of

the Load Line Convention and are steel doors which may be secured and made watertight

from either side. Weathertightness is maintained by a rubber gasket at the frame of the door.

Figure 6.4 Weather tight Door


6.7 FORE END STRUCTURE

An overall view of the fore end structure, and the panting stiffening arrangements are of

particular importance. These have already been dealt with in detail earlier as they are

closely associated with the shell plating.


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On the forecastle deck the heavy windlass seating is securely fastened, and given

considerable support. The deck plating thickness is increased locally and smaller pillars

with heavier beams and local fore and aft intercostals, or a centre line pillar bulkhead, may

be fitted below the windlass.

Figure 6.5 Fore End Construction


6.7.1 Bulbous Bows

A greater degree of plate curvature is involved, unless a rather convenient cylindrical form

is adopted and fitted into the bow as a single unit. Floors are fitted at every frame space in

the bulb, and a centre line wash bulkhead is introduced when the bulb is large. Transverses

are fitted at about every fifth frame in long bulbs. Shell plating covering the bulb has an

increased thickness similar to that of a radiused plate stem below the waterline.

6.8 RUDDERS

Many of the rudders which are found on present-day ships are semi balanced, i.e. they have

a small proportion of their lateral area forward of the turning axis (less than 20 per cent).


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Pintles on which the rudder turns in the gudgeons have a taper on the radius, and a

bearing length which exceeds the diameter. Rudder stock may be of cast or forged steel, and

its meter is determined in accordance with the torque and any bending moment it is to

withstand. The weight of the rudder may be carried partly by the lower pintle and partly by

a rudder bearer within the hull.

Figure 6.6 Rudder


6.9 PROPELLERS

It is important that the propeller is adequately immersed at the service drafts and that there

are good clearances between its working diameter and the surrounding hull structure. The

bore of the propeller boss is tapered to fit the tail shaft and the propeller may be keyed onto

this shaft; a large locking nut is then fitted to secure the propeller on the shaft. For securing


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the propeller a patent nut with a built in hydraulic jack providing a frictional grip between

the propeller and tail shaft is available. A fairing cone is provided to cover the securing nut.


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7.1.2 Simple High Velocity Vent

A simpler design has two weighted flaps which are pushed open by pressure build up to

achieve a similar nozzle effect. The gauze flame traps and vents tend to collect a sticky

residue which should be cleaned off regularly to ensure unimpeded venting.

Figure 7.2 Simple High Velocity Vents

Source: Marine Auxiliary Machinery

7.1.3 Pressure Vaccum Valve

Moderate pressures of 0.24 bar acting on the large surface in liquid cargo tanks are

sufficient to cause damage and rupture. The pressure on each unit of area multiplied by the

total area gives a very large loading on the underside of the top of a tank or other surfaces.

Distortion can result or the metal plate may be ruptured.

7.2 INERT GAS SYSTEM

The inert gas system is to be so designed and operated as to render and maintain the

atmosphere of the cargo tanks non-flammable, other than when the tanks are gas free.


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Hydrocarbon gas normally encountered in oil tanks cannot burn in an atmosphere

containing less than 11 per cent of oxygen by volume, thus if the oxygen content in a cargo

tank is kept below, say, 8 per cent by volume fire or explosion in the vapour space should

not occur. Inert gas introduced into the tank will reduce the air (oxygen) content.

On an oil tanker, inert gas may be produced by one of two processes:

(1) Ships with main or auxiliary boilers normally use the flue gas which contains typically

only 2 to 4 per cent by volume of oxygen. This is scrubbed with sea water to cool it and to

remove sulphur dioxide and particulates, and it is then blown into the tanks through a fixed

pipe distribution system.

(2) On diesel engine ships the engine exhaust gas will contain too high an oxygen level for

use as an inert gas. An inert gas generating plant may then be used to produce gas by

burning diesel or light fuel oil. The gas is scrubbed and used in the same way as boiler flue

gas.

Non-return barriers in the form of a deck water seal, and non-return valve are

maintained between the machinery space and deck distribution system to ensure no

petroleum gas or liquid petroleum passes back through the system to the machinery space.

The double hull and double bottom spaces of tankers required to have an inert gassystem are to have connections for the supply of inert gas.


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Figure 7.3 Inert Gas System

Source: Internet

7.2.1 Deck Seal

The fan discharge to the deck main via a seal which prevents back flow of gases. The seals

can be classified as wet or dry seals. Both types involves feeding inert gas through a flooded

trough. In dry seal type a venture gas outlet is used which effectively pulls the water away

from the end of the gas inlet at high flows allowing the inert gas to bypass the water trough.

The reason for developing this type of seal was because early wet-type seals frequently

caused water carry-over into the system. As with other components in the inert gas system

the internal surfaces of the deck seal must be corrosion protected usually by a rubber lining.


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CHAPTER 8CONCLUSION

A suitable design was selected. The material used for the hull is wood and the material used

in the construction of the superstructure is hard board. All the equipments on the deck are

made of plastic mouldings. The minute details on the deck are in accordance with the design

of the vessel we had selected as the base.

As our project was supposed to be a still model we have not performed any test and trials on

the model. Thus we believe we have been able to construct the model in a satisfactory

manner and have provided the model with all the necessary details to the best of our

knowledge.


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REFERENCES

1.

Dr. Cowley James, (2004)Fire Safety at Sea,IMarEST, London.

2. Eyres, D. J., (2007) Ship Construction, MPG Books Ltd,Great Britain.

3. McGeorge, H.D., (1995)Marine Auxiliary Machinery,MPG Books Ltd, Great

Britain.

4. Dr. Taylor, D. A., (1998)Merchant Ship Construction,IMarEST, United Kingdom

5.

Consolidated Edition, (2005)Load Lines,IMO Publications, United Kingdom

Model of an Oil Tanker

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